Proxemics and Cognitive Health in Architecture. Towards a Rubric in Liviability

THESIS SPRING 2019

PROXEMICS & COGNITIVE HEALTH IN ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS A RUBRIC INÂ LIVABILITY

Julia Schray Praxis Final Presentation ARCH 747P Takeuchi University of Hawai'i School of Architecture

Background POPULATION, PROXEMICS COGNITIVE HEALTH

Introduction PROBLEM STATEMENT WHO, WHY, HOW.

Theories LITERATURE REVIEW

Methodology QUANTITATIVE - DATA, DIGITAL TECH QUALITATIVE - PHENOMENOLOGICAL, SURVEYS

Goals What's Next DESIGNING THE PARTICIPANT STUDY RESEARCH GRANT THESIS SCHEDULE

Contents

References

STUDIES AND STATISTICS

BACKGROUND

Change in Regulation

Statistics

Comparative Data

*rel·e·gate /ˈreləˌɡāt/ to consign or dismiss to an inferior rank or position.

65,000 “

According to a recent study commissioned by the Hong Kong government, more than 65,000 families are living in tiny homes.

- BBC, 2013

BACKGROUND - PROXEMICS

The less fortunate are relegated* to compact living

Statistics

Urbanization Population Density by Country, 2015

1373 321

160

51 124

1307

254

United Nations' data estimates that we could reach 8.5 billion by 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050 humans on earth *population in millions per country

https://www.newgeography.com/content/002060-the-evolving-urban-form-seoul

~11 BILLION ON EARTH IN 2100 12,500,000,000

World Population PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE

YOU ARE HERE

10,000,000,000

7,500,000,000

Architects build for the future, problem solve and address the needs of our growing population.

5,000,000,000

How does this affect urbanization?

2,500,000,000

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/

19 00 19 30 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90 20 00 20 10 20 20 20 30 20 40 20 50 20 60 20 70 20 80 20 90 21 00

0

“ Happiness and well-being tend to be

higher in rural areas than in urban ones.

Urban areas also see higher rates of mental illness and poverty. Due to chronic underinvestment in infrastructure and housing, many cities are doing a poor job of keeping pace with the ow of new arrivals, eroding the quality of life for everyone.

Ingraham for the Washington Post, 2018

80.7% Americans live in Urban areas

2010 U.S.Census

BACKGROUND - HEALTH

Cognitive Health

1 in 5 men, 1 in 4 women take psychotropic prescription drugs for mental illness, 2005

LIVING IN 7' X 10's In 2015, International Residential Code amended the minimum room size allowance. The living space nearly halved to only 70 square feet (6.5 meters), risking the possibility of smaller, new construction in high density, urban areas.

Rent costs rising 3-4% every year in America

BACKGROUND - PROXEMICS

U.S. Rent Rising, Space Shrinking

OUTDOORS 7.6%

OFFICE-FACTORY 5.4% BAR-RESTAURANT 1.8%

68.7%

OTHER INDOOR 11%

IN A VEHICLE 5.5%

Americans are spending 68.7% of their days in their homes. Statistics show increases annually.

TOTAL TIME SPENT INDOORS (86.9%)

IN RESIDENCE

TOTAL n = 9,196

68.7%

NHAPS - United States, Percentage Time Spent 2003 - 2012

BACKGROUND - HEALTH

Inside the Built Environment

American’s Correlation v. Causation DATA IN REVIEW: TRENDS OVER THE PAST 20 YEARS MAY BE THE RESULT OF A BIGGER ISSUE

areas make up only 3% “ Urban of the entire land area of the country but are home to more than 80% of the population.

Conversely, 97% of the country’s land mass is rural but only 19.3% of the population lives there.

America Counts Staff for the Census.org, 2017

275.2 million Americans in urban areas 3% of U.S. land is city with 80% of the population 16.5 hours of the day spent inside in their homes 55 to 68.8 million urbanites medicated for mental illness 38.5 million people in urban poverty

Problem Statement

Who Why How.

INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT

A GLOBAL CRISIS

‘Affordable living’ standards unlivable: Spatial design and social stratum

Architects design with considerations in health and well-being for the occupants, however recent amendments to codes may impede in these efforts. Space is regulated by cost, therefore, by basic rules of economy the impoverished will be allotted less urban domain. There is potential for adverse effects in the occupants’ psychological and physiological state.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of the floor area (size) in relation to the proximity of people and things as a design criteria for the indoor environmental quality in residences.

INTRODUCTION PROBLEM STATEMENT

problem is, there’s often a “ The discrepancy between housing

What's too small?

standards and actual housing conditions. Countless New Yorkers illegally share apartments, and current zoning rules can create poor living environments—dilapidated kitchens or dark, dingy rooms with a window that opens onto a brick wall. A worst case scenario would yield hundreds of thousands of micro-apartments and poor conditions.

J. Urist for The Atlantic, 2013

Urban environment residents, with relatively small living spaces. High density countries in Western and Eastern cultures.

WHY is this affecting their lives?

Studies show correlation between our indoor environment quality and well-being.

The size of the oor-area could be a variable.

HOW is this affecting their lives?

Mental illness is prevalent and prevention is valuable for everyone. Architects can help.

Who Why How.

INTRODUCTION

WHO does this affect?

LITERATURE REVIEW

THEORIES

Edward T. Hall Proxemics

Sorokowska, et al.

Cross-cultural

WELL Institute Architectural Design

Edward T. Hall Findings published in “The Hidden Dimension” showed patterns amongst diverse personalities and backgrounds, charting a four-zone matrix. The “informal distance classification” is measured in feet, with the subcategories near and far phases.

These incremental distances area framework to factor spatial relationships into everyday nonverbal interaction. The way we behave in groups tells us about how people feel and their reactions/interactions.

Figure: Edward T. Hall Proxemics, Informal Distance Classification, "nonverbal cues include facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, posture, body movement, tones of voice, dress, grooming, touch" and paralanguage.

Nonverbal communication (2013). Network Journal, 20(3), 50.

PROXEMICS

Comparative Example Countries Social Distance (Stranger)

Personal Distance (Acquaintance)

Intimate Distance (Close Person)

Hong Kong India South Korea USA

Hong Kong India South Korea USA

Hong Kong India South Korea USA

110 cm 105 cm 100 cm 95 cm

87 cm 87 cm 87 cm 70 cm

70 cm 60 cm 67 cm 47 cm

Sorokowska, et al.

The study “Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison” accumulated data from 8,943 participants in 42 countries, explaining preference in proxemics. It takes in consideration the participants’ characteristics, as well as the environmental factors such as the outdoor temperature.

CROSS-CULTURAL DISTANCE COMMONALITIES

A research group that created a list of criteria that promotes human health in the built environment.

They address a variety of buildings types, including multifamily residential. With over 1,500 projects certiďŹ ed, they are a fast growing company that focuses on new global benchmarks for design.

WELL International Building Institute

Air Water Nourishment Light Fitness Comfort Mind Innovation

ARCHITECTURE AND PERFORMANCE-BASED CRITERIA FOR WELL-BEING

RESEARCH DESIGN - STUDY

METHODOLOGY

Quantitative - Tech

Qualitative - Surveys

Data Collection

Record spatial imagery/motion of points, heart rate variability, and patterned behavior for biometric analysis in stress levels.

The computational design isolates variables in volume.

Quantitative Procedures

METHODOLOGY -QUANTITATIVE

IN-HOME COMPUTATIONAL DATA

elitehrv.com/

HEART RATE VARIABILITY AND CHRONIC STRESS Over 37 studies have shown that HRV is an indicator of chronic stress and measuring the frequency and intervals of the heartbeat.

Now everyday wearable technology can read the pulses and determine stress levels.

‘During chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is hyperactivated, causing physical, psychological, and behavioral abnormalities.

METHODOLOGY - QUANTITATIVE

Quantitative Data Analysis

HEADBAND

ALTIMETER DIGITAL CAMERA SOCIOMETRIC BADGES

“ Levels of social interaction

(also known to affect general well-being) can be monitored using proximity detections to others with Bluetooth- or WiFi-enabled devices.

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTROMYOGRAPH

CAMERA CLIPS

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ELECTRODERMOGRAPH LOCATION GPS

SMARTWATCHES

MICROPHONE OXIMETER

SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CLOTHING

BLUETOOTH PROXIMITY

METHODOLOGY - QUANTITATIVE

Wearable Tech

ACCELEROMETER

PRESSURE THERMOMETER

reliawire.com/wearable-technology-health/

Digital surveys review the psychological state and behaviors of the participants and address the outlying variables that may skew computational data. Additionally, surveys collect conďŹ dential demographic and biographic information.

Qualitative Procedures

METHODOLOGY

PHENOMENOLOGY

standard.wellcertified.com/mind/self-monitoring

Sample Population

Digital Data and Surveys

Tested Theory and Observations

Participants who live in urban environments

HRV monitoring through wearable devices and online surveys for stats

When comparing participant groups, is the test group's stress levels higher? Is that correlated to living in a small space?

Test Group: avg. rooms ~70 sf Control Group: avg. rooms 120-150 sf

Data Collection

INFORMING AND REFORMING

PROJECT GOALS Research, experimentation, interpreting data

Comprehensive rubric of living space limitations

Utilizing biotech for physiological and psychological response

Improved mental health through size-appropriate living spaces.

Understanding the relationship of personal space and the psyche

Amending Codes and Regulations

ARCHITECT'S VALUES

What does home mean to you?

BeneďŹ ts Good design, codes and regulations means a step towards equity, and mentally and emotionally healthy living.

SUMMER 2019 TO SPRING 2020

WHAT'S NEXT

Designing the Participant Study

Research Grant

Thesis Schedule

Designing the Participant Study SUMMER & FALL 2019 Preliminary Steps

1

2

3

Collaborate with Thesis Chairs

Logistics, Parameters and Variables

Institutional Review Board

Direction of thesis and approach to running the study

Completed outline and proposal

Ethical considerations: Application and certiďŹ cation

Designing the Participant Study VARIABLES “Situational Variables” Single-space:

Self-administered online sign-up and data entry: - Surveys - Device Data

Test Group: 70 - 120 SF/room Control Group: 120 - 150 SF/room

Main Independent Variable: livable single-space, any room in residence (size of living space) Independent variable: number of occupants per single-space (social-proxemics) Main Dependent Variable: physiological reaction of participant (chronic stress levels, daily avg) Dependent variable: income, socioeconomic standing

Opacity of enclosure Permeability/porosity: interior to exterior for sound and light Scale, volume, proportions: floor area, ceiling height Condition of space: quality, safety *Extraneous or confounding: Participant’s personal experience and preference, ie. room temperature “Participant Variables” Time: length, tolerance Activity: what a human does inside of space Personal data: age, gender, country of origin, personality traits *Extraneous or confounding: mood, anxiety, intelligence, awareness

Designing the Participant Study VARIABLES - CROSS-CULTURAL & SOCIAL ANALYSIS Living small, shared, and simply is potentially better.

What are some of the influences that change how we feel about proximity?

South Korean personal histories, ideals, and values: 1. Environmental Influence Mountains, limited flat land Connection to nature 2. Cultural Confucianism, Dosanseowon Zen Buddhism 3. Homogeneity 1-kan multi-use space, shared rooms, multigenerational Togetherness, openness and sharing

*Extraneous or confounding variables: Participant’s personal experience and preference, ie. room temperature

PAID PARTICIPANT STUDY

Research and Multidisciplinary Affiliates

Collaboration for Advancement in Architectural Research www.jhsph.edu

Writing Grant Proposals

Funding Participants and Technology

Research Grant

PAID PARTICIPANT STUDY

Cost Analysis for Grants Paying participants - stipend amount Devices, if not provided or sponsored

number of participants in United States and Eastern countries, depending

Recruiting (Paid) Study Participants Online*: www.callforparticipants.com/ www.surveycircle.com/en/ www.in-mind.org/ www.socialpsychology.org/expts.htm www.researchgate.net/ www.ďŹ ndparticipants.com/ brl.mit.edu/participant/ or researcher/

Collaboration for Advancement in Architectural Research *healthpsychtam.com/2017/06/02/recruitment/

Research Grant

Thesis Schedule 2018 - 2020, PRAXIS, DOC 1, DOC 2

FA 2018 RESEARCH WRITING FUNDING 6-WK STUDY ANALYSIS FINALIZE

SP 2019

SUM 2019

FA 2019

SP 2020

Brief Overview PROXEMICS & COGNITIVE HEALTH IN ARCHITECTURE Towards a Rubric in Livability

1. Population growth, predicted 2. Theories in Architecture and Social Psychology 3. Culture and Behaviors 4. Experimentation/ Participant Study Test if people in smaller spaces have more chronic stress than those in average size residences 5. Evaluate data in Doc 1, Fall 2019

Image: Collect data from wearable tech outside of home, arriving, and compare to spending time at home.

Dewan, Shaila. "In Many Cities, Rent Is Rising Out of Reach of Middle Class." The New York

International Code Council. “International Building Code.” Falls Church, Va.:International Code

Times. April 14, 2014. Accessed April 26, 2019.

Council, 2015, 46-7.

https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/business/more-renters-find-30-affordability-ratio-u nattainable.html?ref=us&_r=2.

Kim, H. G., Cheon, E. J., Bai, D. S., Lee, Y. H., & Koo, B. H. 2018. “Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature.” Psychiatry investigation, 15(3), 235–245.

Frank, Richard G., Rena M. Conti, and Howard H. Goldman. "Mental Health Policy and

doi:10.30773/pi.2017.08.17

Psychotropic Drugs." The Milbank Quarterly. June 2005. Accessed April 26, 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690138/.

Piwek L, Ellis DA, Andrews S, Joinson A (2016) The Rise of Consumer Health Wearables:

Hobbes, Michael, and Michael Hobbes. "America's Housing Crisis Is A Ticking Time Bomb."

Promises and Barriers. PLoS Med 13(2): e1001953. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001953

HuffPost. June 19, 2018. Accessed May 10, 2019. https://www.huffpost.com Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Piotr Sorokowski, Peter Hilpert, Katarzyna Cantarero, Tomasz Gruebner, Oliver, Michael A. Rapp, Mazda Adli, Ulrike Kluge, Sandro Galea, and Andreas Heinz.

Frackowiak, Khodabakhsh Ahmadi, Ahmad M. Alghraibeh, et al. “Preferred Interpersonal

"Cities and Mental Health." Deutsches Arzteblatt International. February 2017. Accessed April

Distances: A Global Comparison.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 4 (May 2017):

26, 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5374256/.

577–92. doi:10.1177/0022022117698039.

Haddad, Leila, Axel Schäfer, Fabian Streit, Florian Lederbogen, Oliver Grimm, Stefan Wüst,

"Thousands Living in Tiny Homes in Hong Kong." BBC News. July 30, 2013. Accessed April 26,

Michael Deuschle, Peter Kirsch, Heike Tost, and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg. 2015. "Brain

2019.https://www.bbc.com/news/av/business-23497424/thousands-living-in-tiny-homes-i

Structure Correlates of Urban Upbringing, an Environmental Risk Factor for Schizophrenia."

n-hong-kong.

Schizophrenia Bulletin 41 (1):115-122.

Media Content: Ingraham, Christopher. "Americans Say There's Not Much Appeal to Big-city Living. Why Do so

The Noun Project, Inc.

Many of Us Live There?" The Washington Post. December 18, 2018. Accessed April 26, 2019.

Conra.com

https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/12/18/americans-say-theres-not-much-a

agingfree.org

ppeal-big-city-living-why-do-so-many-us-live-there/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.32ea00dc41 fd.

References