Antiquities: The Beauty of Qing Chinese Life

Antiquities: The Beauty of Qing Chinese Life Jonathan Becker (白宗恒)

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Table of Contents (目录)

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Introduction (前言)

Translator's Introduction (译者的前言)

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Translation: Yang Seals and Yin Seals (翻译：阳文印和阴文印）

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Reading Reflection 1: Courtyards, Cushions, and Curtains (合院，床榻和帷帐)

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Reading Reflection 2: The Four Treasures of the Study (文房四宝)

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Reading Reflection 3: The Four Gentlemen (四君子)

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Reading Reflection 4: "The Quatrain of Seven Steps" (《四步诗》)

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Reading Reflection 5: Lunar New Year's Eve (除夕）

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Bibliography (参考文献)

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Introduction (前言)

During this break, I have had the opportunity to work through 古物记 (gǔwùì j ), a Chinese book that examines various artifacts from the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1912 AD). By investigating the origin of these artifacts, the author illuminates many fascinating aspects of daily life in the last dynasty of Imperial China, both for Qing nobility and for common people. Over the course of this project, I have learned over 1800 new words and studied over a dozen artifacts. As a culmination of all that I have learned, I have compiled this zine. It contains a short introduction to the text and my translated version of a section, along with bilingual reflections on five parts of the book. By completing this project, I have been able to continue to improve both my Chinese abilities and my knowledge of Chinese culture and history as a whole.

Translator's Introduction (译者的前言)

This book, published in 2020, describes the daily life of people living during the Qing Dynasty through the many artifacts they would encounter in daily life. From cooking to marriage practices, these artifacts are indispensable when trying to better understand what life was like at that time.

For the section that I translated, I chose my favorite part of the book. It describes the two main types of Chinese seals, a fun bit of trivia that I find fascinating. As a matter of fact, my own seal for my Chinese name (白宗恒) follows the conventions described in this chapter.

Although I have experience translating short stories and technical documents in Spanish, this is the first time I have attempted to translate from Chinese. Among other things, Chinese’s looser grammar certainly presented unique challenges. However, I feel like I was able to do my best to overcome them and hope that my translation (along with the rest of this zine) can help others to learn about this fascinating period of time.

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Yang Seals and Yin Seals

Every year on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, a festival known as “Qixi” occurs. It is a long-standing folk custom to worship the mythological “Weaver Girl” (Zhi Nü) at night on Qixi because it is said that she is skilled, beautiful, and virtuous. On the one hand, people pray that Zhinü can bestow them with skill and wisdom, and on the other hand, they also pray for Zhinü to bless and protect their happy married life.

During ancient times, it was standard for couples to worship Zhinü. On the evening of the Qixi Festival, they would prepare incense sticks, candles, and fruits, and the husband and wife would worship her together.

There is a record of such an activity in “Six Records of Floating Life,” written by Qing Dynasty author Shen Fu. To mark the occasion, Shen Fu also specially engraved two seals, one is a Yang seal and the other is a Yin seal. Both seals read “May you spend your whole lives from era to era as husband and wife.” From this, we can discover a tender affection that’s truly touching.

What is a Yang seal and what is a Yin seal?

First, since ancient times, the word “yang” has almost always been used to describe men, while the word “yin” has been used to describe women. Therefore, if the seal is personified, the yang script is male, and the yin script is female. It seems likely that Shen Fu used the Yang seal himself, leaving the Yin seal for his wife Yun. This is similar to the way couples might wear matching watches or matching rings in modern society to express their affection. All of these different things communicate the message that “we are a couple” and “our relationship is extremely good and will last forever.”

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阳文印和阴文印

每年农历七月初七俗称“七夕”，在这天晚上拜织女，是一项 由来已久的民间习俗，因为传说织女是一个心灵手巧、美丽贤惠的姑 娘， 妇女们借着拜织女这样的仪式，一方面祈祷织女能够赐予自己 巧手和智慧，另一方面也希望织女能够保佑自己婚姻幸福。

古代的夫妻还有拜织女的说法，在七夕的晚上会准备香烛瓜 果， 夫妻一起拜织女。 《浮生六记》中就有这样的记载，为此，沈复还特别镌刻了 两枚 印章，一个是阳文印，一个是阴文印，文字则都是一样的，都 是“愿生生世世为夫妇”，由此展现的绵绵情意，真是非常动人。

什么叫做阳文印，什么又叫做阴文印呢?

第一，自古以来， “阳刚”一词几乎都是用来形容男性，而“阴 柔”一词则都习惯于用来形容女性，因此，如果把印章拟人化，阳文 印 是男性，阴文印就是女性。可想而知沈复一定是拿了那枚阳文印， 而 把阴文印给芸，与现代社会情侣或夫妻之间戴“对表”(手表)、 “ 对戒”(戒指)以及穿情人装是一样的意思，都是想要表示“我们是一 对 儿” “我们的感情好得不得了，而且要永远地好下去”。

第二，所谓的“阳文”和“阴文”，都是一种篆刻手法。印章 的文字 或图像有凹跟凸两种形体，凹下的通称阴文，凸起的通称阳 文。

阴文印文字图像的色泽以白色居多，给人一种空旷、宽敞和愉 快 的感觉，所以阴文又称“白文”，盖出来底色是红色的，红白两色 的搭

配很有我们的民族色彩，视觉效果很艳丽，又洋溢着节庆欢 快的味 道，非常符合一些节日盛典。 5

Second, the so-called Yang seal script and Yin seal script are both seal cutting techniques. The text or image of the seal has two shapes: concave and convex. The concave is generally called Yin seal script, and the convex is generally called Yang seal script.

The mark that a Yin seal makes is mostly white, giving people a feeling of openness, spaciousness, and pleasure. Naturally, this type of seal script can also be called “white script” (because the empty space within the design is red while the word is white). Making use of red, which is commonly used in Chinese festivals, the visual effect produced by a Yin seal is very bright, full of festive and cheerful flavor.

Yang seal script, also known as “vermillion script,” originated during the Six Dynasties era (220-589 AD) and prevailed in the Tang (618-907 AD) and Song (960-1279 AD) Dynasties. It keeps the lines of the Chinese characters clear (generally red) while carving out the blank space.

Bi Sheng of the Northern Song Dynasty invented the “clay movable type printing technique,” which is considered to be the earliest movable type printing technique in the world and which was a great breakthrough for cultural dissemination. This movable type technique was based on the basic way that Yang seals were carved.

Most of the earliest seals we can see now are the ancient seals of the Warring States Period (476-221 BC). The dynasties that came afterward all have their own representative seals, like Qin seals, Han jade seals, etc.

Of course, the literati of all dynasties also liked to use seals to express their emotions and display their talents. Shen Fu’s carving of two special seals for himself and for his wife is a good example of this.

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阳文称为“朱文”，始于六朝，盛行于唐宋，就是把字形图画 的线条保留，再刻掉空白部分。北宋的毕昇发明了“胶泥活字印刷 术”，被 认为是世界上最早的活字印刷术，使得文化传播发生了飞跃 性的突破，这些“活字”就都是采阳文来篆刻。 我们现在所能看到的最早的印章大多是战国的古玺，接下来历朝 历 代都有不同的代表性印章，譬如秦印、汉玉印等等，当然，历代文 人 也都很喜欢用印章来展现自己的情感和才思。沈复为夫妻俩刻了两 枚带有特殊意义的印章，就是一个很好的例子。

Fig 1: 阳文印和杨文印 (Yang Seals and Yin Seals)

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Reading Reflection 1: Courtyards, Cushions, and Curtains (1-22)

This opening section introduces a few examples of ancient Chinese architecture and furniture.

First, it discusses courtyard-style houses. This type of house was really popular during the Qing Dynasty because it was an especially convenient way to live. In addition, the people living in courtyard-style houses could enjoy all four seasons because they had a lot of room for movement, and the walls kept out the cold wind during the winter. There are many types of courtyards, for example, the “hall well style” house was a type of courtyard that was especially useful in rainy climates because of its many covered spaces.

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Fig 2: 一个中式合院 (A Chinese-Style Courtyard)

第一篇读后感：合院，床榻和帷帐

这个部分介绍了古代中国的一些建筑和家具。

第一个就是合院式民居。这样的民居很受清朝人的欢迎，因为 住在合院里很方便。另外，住在合院的人能享受中国四季因为合院活 动的空间比较大。合院在冬天也可以比较好的阻挡寒风。合院的种类 很多，比如厅井式是一种在多雨气候里很有用的合院因为它有很多被 屋檐遮住的空间。

第二个就是床榻.床榻是中国古代的一种很常见的家具，也是“ 下榻”这个词语的词源。塌没有床那么大，所以它很便携。如果人们想 招待客人，他们可以把塌取出来，让客人在塌上睡觉。这就是为什么现 在“下榻”就是入住的意思。

Fig 3: 一个床榻 (A Tà Bed) 9

Second, it discusses “tà,” which is a type of couch/bed (almost like a futon). This type of furniture is also the origin of the Chinese expression “xià tà” or “take down the tà” which means to check in to a hotel. In ancient times, “tà” was a type of furniture. Because it was smaller than a bed, it was very portable. If people wanted to host guests, they would usually take a “ta” down off the wall. Then, their guests would sleep on the “tà.” This is why “take down the tà” is one way to say “to check in to a hotel.”

Third, it discusses curtains. In ancient times, people really emphasized the difference between men and women, so the two sexes could not casually touch one another. In addition, all of the doctors were men. So, what were doctors supposed to do when examining women? To resolve this issue, ancient Chinese people made use of “wéi zhàng” or “curtains.” Wéi zhàng are similar to regular curtains, but they are a bit more useful. People used wéi zhàng to divide rooms, decorate their beds, and more. But aside from these daily uses, there were more important uses. During that time, female patients would sit behind a wéi zhàng and describe their symptoms to a doctor. In addition, doctors could use a string to take the patients’ pulses.

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第三个是帷帐。在古代，人们很注重男女有别，所以男女不能随 便接触。另外，所有的医生都是男性。所以，医生怎么治疗女病人呢？为 了解决这个问题，中国古人使用了“帷帐”。帷帐跟窗帘比较像，但是帷 帐比窗帘更有用一点。古人用帷帐来分隔房间，装饰床，等等。但是除 了这些日常生活的用法以外，帷帐有一个很重要的用法。在古代，女病 人可以坐在帷帐后面向医生描述她的症状。医生还可以通过一根细线 来诊脉。

Fig 4: 帷帐 (Wéi Zhàng curtains)

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Reading Reflection 2: The Four Treasures of the Study

Whether we are talking about ancient or modern China, painting and calligraphy have always been some of the most famous parts of Chinese art. In particular, calligraphy has long played an important role in Chinese culture. Even so, many westerners perhaps aren’t very familiar with Chinese-style calligraphy. To practice Chinese-style calligraphy, China’s “Four Treasures of the Study” are essential. The “Four Treasures of the Study” are the tools necessary for Chinese calligraphy, including the following: brush, ink, paper, and inkstone.

Brush: The brush is a type of writing implement made of wood and hair. Although according to archeological records it dates back to China’s Warring States Period, according to Chinese legend it was invented by General Meng Tian of the Qin Dynasty. At that time, people used a bamboo shaft to attach the brush’s wood and hair. With the passage of time, the form of the brush has changed several times, but the basic structure is still the same.

Ink: Whether or not you have a brush, if you don’t have ink then you cannot write even a single Chinese character. This is because ink allows you to write, making what you write visible. Originally, ink was made of some sort of mineral such as lead. In fact, the origin of ink can help you to understand the formation of its Chinese character. In the top half, there’s a component meaning black, since ink at that time was generally black. In the bottom half, there’s a component meaning soil or earth, signaling the ink’s source.

Paper: Paper is a daily essential for the whole world. To do Chinese calligraphy, it’s a necessity as well. In fact, the inventor of paper was Chinese! In the Han Dynasty, a court eunuch named Cai Lun invented paper. After that, it was passed on to the Western world. Although the modern papermaking process is very different from Cai Lun’s, his impact on our world is still very important.

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第二篇读后感：文房四宝

无论是古代中国还是现代中国，书画都是中国艺术最受欢迎的 部分之一。因此，书法在中国文化中扮演着一个很重要的角色。不过， 大部分的西方人也许对中式书法并不熟悉。在中式书法中，中国“文 房四宝”是必备的。文房四宝是中式书法的工具，它包括：笔，墨，纸和 研。

笔:笔（又称毛笔）是一种用木头和动物毛发制成的书写工具。 虽然根据考古研究，毛笔是在战国时代发明的，但是在民间传说中毛 笔是被秦朝的将领蒙恬发明的。那时候，人们用一根竹子来连接笔的 毛和木头。随着时间的流逝，笔的形状被改变了数次，但是它的基本设 计是一样的。

墨：无论你有没有一支毛笔，如果没有墨的话你是一个汉字也 写不成的。早期的墨由矿物（比如铅）制成。实际上，墨的来源还可以 帮你理解它汉字的来源。上边有“黑”的汉字，这是因为那时候墨都是 黑色的。下边有一个“土”的汉字。这是代表它的来源：土。

纸：纸就是我们全世界的必需品。对中式书法来说，它也是必 备的。实际上，纸的发明者是一位中国人！在汉朝，一名被称为蔡伦的 太监发明了纸。后来，它被传到西方世界。虽然现代纸的做法跟蔡伦 的做法不一样，但是蔡伦对我们世界的影响依然很重要。

研：研（又称砚台）是中国传统把砚台磨成墨汁的方法。首先， 你把砚台磨成粉末。 然后，将它和水混合以制成墨汁。砚台的发明之 前，人们一般用研钵和研杵。不过，砚台比那样的方法简单得多。因为 砚台，制作墨汁变得方便了很多。

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Grindstone: Using a grindstone is the traditional Chinese way to grind inkstones into liquid ink. First, you take the inkstone and grind it into powder. Then, you combine the powder with water to create liquid ink. Before the invention of the grindstone, people usually used mortar and pestle. However, the grindstone is much simpler. Because of the grindstone, people could conveniently create their own ink.

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Fig 5: 文房四宝 (The Four Treasures of the Study)

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Reading Reflection 3: The Four Gentlemen

In Chinese painting, depicting flowers and birds is especially common. As such, that type of painting has its own name: “Flower Bird Painting.” “Flower Bird Painting” is a type of ink and wash painting and is very popular. It’s also an important part of Chinese cultural heritage.

I am now going to introduce the most common plants from this style of painting.

The four most popular types of plants depicted in “Flower Bird Painting” are referred to as The “Four Gentlemen.” This is because, for Chinese people, the plants represent many Confucian virtues and can help Chinese people remember these virtues year-round. The “Four Gentlemen” are plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum.

Because I am very interested in this topic I did some research into it.

According to the Baidu Baike encyclopedia, the reason these four types of plants are regarded as four gentlemen is:

Plum Blossom: Represents winter. “Exploring the snow, cutting through both the snow and the ice. Very proud of itself, with the character of a nobleman.”

Orchid: Represents spring. “Placed in a lonely valley to admire itself. With its elegance and fragrance, it is like a wise man.”

Bamboo: Represents summer. “Sifting through the wind to make way for the moon while living freely and confidently. It lives a simple life like a modest gentleman.”

Chrysanthemum: Represents fall. “Drifting through the approaching snow, it lives unconventionally. In no hurry to exert its power, it’s like a wandering hermit.”

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第三篇读后感：四君子

在中国画中，花和鸟特别常见。因此，那样的画有自己的名字： 花鸟画。它是一种很受欢迎的水墨画也是中国文化遗产的一个很重要 的部分。今天，我要介绍一下花鸟画中最常见的植物。

花鸟画最常见的四种植物被称为“四君子”。这是因为它们对中 国人来说代表了许多儒家美德，可以帮中国人全年记住这些美德。四 君子包括：梅，兰，竹和菊。因为我对这个话题很感兴趣，所以我研究 了一下。根据百度百科，这四种植物之所以被视为君子是因为： 梅：冬季的代表。 “ 探波傲雪，剪雪裁冰，一身傲骨， 是为高洁志士” 兰：春季的代表。 “ 空谷幽放，孤芳自赏 ，香雅怡情，是为世上贤达” 竹：夏季的代表。 “ 筛风弄月，潇洒一生 ，清雅澹泊，是为谦谦君子” 菊：秋季的代表。 “ 凌霜飘逸，特立独行，不趋炎势，是为世外隐士”

Fig 6: 四君子 (The Four Gentlemen) 17

Reading Reflection 4: “The Quatrain of Seven Steps” The Quatrain of Seven Steps by Cao Zhi (Translated by Jonathan Becker) Beanstalks are ignited to boil beans Inside the cauldron, the beans cry out: “We were originally born of the same root, Why are you in such a rush to fry me?”

According to popular Chinese folklore, this beautiful, highly allegorical poem was written by the historical figure Cao Zhi around 220 AD (during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history). Cao Zhi’s father Cao Cao was a powerful warlord who had conquered great stretches of land at the end of the Han dynasty, and he seemed to favor Cao Zhi as his heir. However, given that Cao Zhi was one of the younger sons, his older brother Cao Pi took over instead upon their father’s death.

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第四篇读后感： 《七步诗》 《七步诗》 曹植，三国 煮豆燃豆萁， 豆在釜中泣。 本是同根生， 相煎何太急！

根据中国民间传说，这首优美的诗是由三国曹魏文学家曹植在 公元 220 年左右写成的。曹植是魏武帝曹操之子，很受父亲的喜爱。曹 操也有意立曹植为太子。不过，由于曹植是小儿子之一，父亲过世后， 他的哥哥曹丕即位，成为魏文帝。

或者是因为皇室关系紧张，或者是因为曹植没有参加父亲的葬 礼，新帝曹丕召见了他的弟弟。这时，曹丕向曹植提出各种挑战，威胁 说如果他失败就会被杀。

最著名的挑战产生了“七步诗”。相传曹丕让曹植作一首以兄弟 为主题的诗，但是不能用“兄弟”那两个字，而且要在七步的时间里做 成。神奇的是，曹植写出的出这首诗，表面看似乎只是讲豆子的，但实 际上与曹植和曹丕的关系有很深的联系。

诗中，豆茎被点燃来煮豆子，寓意曹丕和曹植虽然是同胞兄弟， 但却想杀死他的弟弟。曹植通过这样一首诗，阐明了一个兄弟杀了另一 个兄弟的悲剧。据说这让曹丕颇为动容，突然开始大哭。最后曹丕选 择把他的弟弟送走，而不是杀了他。

时至今日，这首诗在中国依然非常有名，也出现在中国四大名 著之一里。

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Either because of tension surrounding the royal lineage or because Cao Zhi did not attend his father’s funeral, newly-crowned Emperor Cao Pi summoned his brother before a court of people. At that point, Cao Pi presented Cao Zhi with various challenges, threatening to kill him should he fail.

The most famous of the challenges resulted in “The Quatrain of Seven Steps.” According to legend, Cao Pi ordered Cao Zhi to come up with a poem about brothers without using the word “brother,” all within the time it would take to take seven steps. Miraculously, Cao Zhi was able to come up with the poem, which at first glance may seem to just be about beans but in fact has deep connections to Cao Zhi and Cao Pi’s relationship.

In the poem, the beanstalk happily being ignited to cook the beans represents Cao Pi being so eager to kill his brother, in spite of their shared roots. Through presenting such a poem, Cao Zhi was able to illuminate the tragedy of one brother killing another, which reportedly led to Cao Pi crying and choosing to send his brother away instead of killing him.

To this day, this poem is very famous in China, appearing in one of the Four Classics that make up the Chinese canon.

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Fig 7: 曹丕和曹植 (Cao Pi and Cao Zhi)

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Reading Reflection 5: Lunar New Year’s Eve

In the past few decades, many Westerners have become more familiar with Lunar New Year (also known as Chinese New Year) because of the rising Asian cultural influence in certain parts of the world. For example, the San Gabriel Valley in California has a significant population of Asian Americans, resulting in a great deal of cultural diversity for this area. Every year, visitors to the Santa Anita Mall can see beautiful decorations for Lunar New Year and appreciate them regardless of their cultural background. However, do you know what Lunar New Year’s Eve is? In fact, this day can actually be seen as the most important part of the whole holiday for many Chinese people. Although “Lunar New Year customs are as numerous as the hair of a cow,” according to this book, I hope to lay out some of the most common.

Banquet: In general, particularly in southern China, it’s common on Lunar New Year’s Eve to get together with your family for a large banquet-style dinner. People generally sit at the table according to their status within the family, which could be compared to the seating for a guest of honor in the West. Depending on how traditional a family is, they may or may not offer sacrifices to ancestors at the dinner. Either way, though, the meal is long and filled with delicious food.

Food: There are too many foods that can be eaten on Lunar New Year’s Eve to even hope to name most of them. This is highly dependent on the region where a family is from. For example, eating dumplings is common in northern China but not in southern China. However, a fascinating theme that is common throughout all of China is eating food based on the auspiciousness of its name. For example, nián gāo (glutinous rice cake) is a food with a legacy stretching thousands of years. The reason it is eaten, aside from the fact that it is delicious, is because its name is very auspicious nián (年) means year and gāo (糕) is a homophone for gāo ( 高), another word meaning “high.” As a result, it’s a common food to eat and gift because the name can sound roughly like “higher/better year.”

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第五篇读后感：除夕

在过去的几十年里，由于亚洲文化在世界某些地区的影响，许 多西方人对农历新年（也称为中国春节）也很熟悉。比如，加州的圣盖 博谷有大量亚裔美国人，导致那些地区存在大量文化多样性。每年， 圣安妮塔购物中心的顾客都可以看到和欣赏美丽的农历新年装饰， 无论他们的文化背景是什么样的。但是，你知道什么是除夕夜吗？虽 然“农历春节的习俗多如牛毛”，但我希望根据这本书列出一些最常见 的。

宴会：一般来说，特别是在中国南方，除夕夜和家人聚在一起吃 一顿丰盛的晚餐是很常见的。人们通常根据长幼顺序坐在餐桌旁，就 像西方的贵宾席位一样。根据家庭的传统程度，他们可能会在晚餐时 向祭拜祖先。不管怎么样，这顿饭都很长，而且充满了美味的食物。

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Entertainment: Since the 1980s, every year the government-owned Chinese Central Television network has aired the CCTV New Year’s Gala.

This event, involving a wide range of songs, dances, and skits has cemented itself in Chinese culture. On Lunar New Year’s Eve, many Chinese families watch some or all of the broadcast together until the new year actually begins.

Fig 8: 除夕的一个插图 （An Illustration of Lunar New Year's Eve)

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食物：除夕夜可以吃的食物太多了，菜品琳琅满目。新年吃的菜 在很大程度上取决于家庭所在的地区。比方说，吃饺子在中国北方很 常见，但在中国南方并不常见。然而，中国人普遍会选择名字或者含义 吉祥的食物。例如，年糕（糯米糕）是一种传承了数千年的食品。除了 好吃之外，年糕的的名字也很吉祥。年是年的意思，但是糕是“高”的 谐音。因此，它是一种常见的食物和礼物，因为这个名字带有“更高/更 好的年份”的寓意。

娱乐：自1980年代以来，中央电视台每年都会播出春节联欢晚 会。这一活动涉及歌曲、舞蹈和小品，在中国文化中扮演着一个很重 要的角色。除夕夜，许多中国家庭一起观看春晚，迎接新的一年的开 始。

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“2022除夕就是年三十吗 2022年除夕是大年三十吗-今日天气网.”

Lyishu.com, 2022, www.lyishu.com/knowledge/58832.html. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022. “曹丕如何保住自己的‘太子’之位？_曹操.” Sohu.com, 21 Mar. 2019, www.sohu.com/a/302807511_118889. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022. “宫廷风落地蚊帐双层公主风结婚用大红色防1.8m2m床新品蚊帐纱 帷帐.” Taobao.com, 2021, www.taobao.com/list/item/610925848991. htm?spm=a21wu.10013406.taglist-content.1. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022. “贵妃榻，榻上有一朵绽放的花- 中国风.” Zhongguofeng.com, 2017, www.zhongguofeng.com/yizi/51687.html. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022.

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“篆刻的阴文和阳文_篆刻中的阳文和阴文的使用上有什么讲究？_三 人行教育网_www.3rxing.org.” 3rxing.org, 2021, www.3rxing.org/ question/5fa3722d08201702165.html. Accessed 18 Jan. 2022.

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