Dissertation on Revival of Abandoned Industrial Buildings via Adaptive Reuse

REVIVAL OF ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS VIA ADAPTIVE REUSE

Date: 29th April, 2022 Jatin Rawat

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTABILITY

COMPLETION OF RESEARCH WORK

Registered with: Ar. Tanya Gupta Degree followed – Bachelor of Architecture I hereby certify that Mr. / Ms. Enrollment no. – 05218001618 is a registered student of the Institute has completed his/her B. Arch Research Paper in accordance with the requirements as laid down by the department& as per GGIPU syllabus.

The work is acceptable for examination.

Title of Research Paper : REVIVAL OF ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS VIA ADAPTIVE REUSE

Signature of Internal Guide (Ar. Tanya Gupta) Designation - HOD

Signature of Research Paper Coordinator Signature of HOD (Ar. Charu Jain/Ar. Nidhi Sachdeva) (Ar. Tanya Gupta) HOD, School of Architecture Delhi Technical Campus (GGSIPU) Greater Noida

Date – 29th April, 2022

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

CANDIDATE DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the Research Paper (AP-403), titled REVIVAL OF ABANDONED INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS VIA ADAPTIVE REUSE. For partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE, submitted in the School of Architecture, Delhi Technical Campus, GGSIPU is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from July-December 2020 under the supervision of Ar. Tanya Gupta.

Place: Greater Noida

Jatin Rawat

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Jatin Rawat 2018-2023 Date: 29th April. 2022

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

ACKNOWLEDGEMNT

The Research Paper presented here would not have been possible without the guidance & support of Ar. Tanya Gupta, HOD, School of Architecture for extending her support whenever wherever required.

Ar. Tanya Gupta, my Guide & mentor for her/his relentless pursuit of high academic standards, the can-do attitude & imbibing professional ethics, has helped this project meet high academic standards & professional working.

My parents who have taught me to strive for perfection in everything I do.

Any other person And also, my friends & colleagues who were always around to help me.

Appreciation & gratitude is owed to them.

Jatin Rawat 2018 – 2023 Date: 29th April, 2022

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and List of Tables 1. Prelude .......................................................................................................... 18-30 1.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 18-6 1.1.1. The Case of Industrial Buildings ...................................................................... 19

1.1.2. Types of Industrial Buildings ............................................................................ 19 1.1.3. The Fall and Rise of Industrial Buildings, India ............................................... 20 1.1.4. Types of Adaptive Reuse ................................................................................... 20-21 1.2. Need of Study .................................................................................................................. 22 1.3. Aim ................................................................................................................................... 23 1.4. Objective .......................................................................................................................... 23 1.5. Objective Matrixes ........................................................................................................... 24 1.6. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 24 1.7. Methodology Matrixes ..................................................................................................... 25 1.8. Scope ................................................................................................................................ 26 1.9. Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 26 1.10. Hypothesis ...................................................................................................................... 26 1.11. Literature Study Brief ..................................................................................................... 26-27 1.12. Case Study Brief ............................................................................................................. 28-30 1.13. Questionnaire .................................................................................................................. 30

2. Literature Study ........................................................................................................... 31–76 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 33 2.1.1. Industrial Buildings ............................................................................................ 34 2.1.1.a. Importance of Industrial Buildings .................................................................. 34 1. Structural Transformation ............................................................................. 35 2. Source of Employment .................................................................................. 35 3. Enhancing further the Economic Growth ...................................................... 35 4. Infrastructural Growth ................................................................................... 35 5. Share in GDP .................................................................................................. 35 2.1.1.b. Industrial Buildings all over the world .............................................................. 36 1. China ............................................................................................................... 36 Jatin Rawat

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2. U.S ............................................................................................................... 36 3. Japan ............................................................................................................ 36 4. India ............................................................................................................. 36 2.1.1.c. Industrial Revolution - The Case of India ...................................................... 37 2.1.1.d. Industrial Buildings - The Case of India ........................................................ 38 1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region ................................................................. 39 2. Hugli Industrial Region................................................................................ 39

3. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region ................................................... 39 4. Gujarat Industrial Region ............................................................................ 39 5. Chotanagpur Industrial Region ................................................................... 40 6. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Industrial Region ................................................ 40 7. Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Industrial Region ................................................... 41 2.1.1e. Abandoned Industrial Buildings - The case of India ....................................... 42 2.1.2. About Adaptive Reuse ....................................................................................... 43-44 2.1.3. Importance of Industrial Adaptive Reuse .......................................................... 45 1. Maintains Cultural Heritage ........................................................................ 45 2. Slows Urban Sprawl .................................................................................... 45 3. Creates a new community beacon ............................................................... 45 2.1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Reuse .......................................... 45 2.2. Principles of Adaptive Reuse ......................................................................................... 46 2.2.1. Basic Principles ................................................................................................. 46 2.3. Elements of Adaptive Reuse .......................................................................................... 47 2.3.1. Façade ................................................................................................................48 2.3.2. Structural Constraints ........................................................................................49 2.3.2.a. Foundation Basement ......................................................................... 50 2.3.2.b. Structural System ............................................................................... 50 2.3.2.c. Floor System ....................................................................................... 50 2.3.2.d. Exterior Walls ..................................................................................... 50 2.3.2.e. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment’s .............................................. 50

2.3.2.f. Electrical .............................................................................................. 50 Jatin Rawat

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2.3.2.g. Stairways and Exits ............................................................................ 51 2.3.2.h. Windows and Doors ........................................................................... 51 2.3.2.i. Roof ..................................................................................................... 51 2.3.2.j. Design to Save Energy ........................................................................ 51 2.3.3. Materials ............................................................................................................ 52 2.3.4. A sense of past ................................................................................................... 53 2.4. Benefits of Adaptive Reuse ............................................................................................ 54

2.4.1. Environmental ................................................................................................... 54 2.4.2. Decreased Public and Social Cost ..................................................................... 54 2.4.3. Takes Advantage of Urban Revitalization Trends ............................................. 55 2.4.4. Preservation of Local Identity and Sense of Place ............................................ 55 2.4.5. Cost Saving on Demolition ............................................................................... 56 2.4.6. Economic Sustainability .................................................................................... 56 2.5. Criteria for Adaptive Reuse ........................................................................................... 57 2.5.1. Societal Value of Site .........................................................................................57 2.5.2. Historical Importance ........................................................................................ 57 2.5.3. Ecological Conditions ....................................................................................... 57 2.6. Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development ......................................................... 58 2.6.1. Control of Urban Sprawl ................................................................................... 59 2.6.2. Studying the Urban Societies ............................................................................60-61 2.7. Theories of Adaptive Reuse ........................................................................................... 62 2.7.1. Typological Approach ....................................................................................... 62 2.7.2. Technical Approach ........................................................................................... 63 2.7.3. Strategic Approach ............................................................................................ 63 2.7.3.a. Wrap ................................................................................................... 63 2.7.3.b. Weaving .............................................................................................. 64 2.7.3.c. Juxtaposition ....................................................................................... 64 2.7.3.d. Parasite ............................................................................................... 65 2.7.3.e. Insertion .............................................................................................. 66

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 2.8. Industrial Buildings Conversion (Study through Cases) ............................................ 67 2.8.1. Office Space ...................................................................................................... 67-68 2.8.2. Art Schools ........................................................................................................ 69-70 2.8.3. Gym’s ................................................................................................................ 71-72 2.8.4. Mixed Land Use ................................................................................................ 73-74 2.9. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 75 2.10. Inferences ...................................................................................................................... 76

3. Case Study ................................................................................................... 77-147 3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 79 3.2. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara ................................................ 80-95 3.2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 80 3.2.2. Regional Context ............................................................................................... 81 3.2.2.a. Location .............................................................................................. 81 3.2.2.b. Approach ............................................................................................ 81 3.2.2.c. Surrounding Context .......................................................................... 82 3.2.3. Cultural Context ................................................................................................ 83 3.2.4. Social Context ................................................................................................... 84 3.2.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) ......................................................... 85 3.2.6. Architectural Context ........................................................................................ 86 3.2.6.a. Function .............................................................................................. 86 3.2.6.b. Architectural Style .............................................................................. 87 3.2.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure .............................................................. 88 3.2.6.d. Scale of Industry .................................................................................89 3.2.6.e. Structural System ............................................................................... 89 3.2.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials ............................................... 90 3.2.7. Adaptive Reuse Of Industrial Structure ............................................................ 91 3.2.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ..................................................... 92 3.2.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse ........................................................... 92-93

3.2.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ............................................................ 94 3.2.9. What to use What to not .................................................................................... 94 3.2.10. Conclusion and Inferences .............................................................................. 95 Jatin Rawat

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 3.3. Google Headquarters, L.A ............................................................................................ 96-112 3.3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 96 3.3.2. Regional Context ............................................................................................... 97 3.3.2.a. Location .............................................................................................. 97 3.3.2.b. Approach ............................................................................................ 97 3.3.2.c. Surrounding Context .......................................................................... 98 3.3.3. Cultural Context ................................................................................................ 99 3.3.4. Social Context ................................................................................................... 100 3.3.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) ......................................................... 101 3.3.6. Architectural Context ........................................................................................ 102 3.3.6.a. Function .............................................................................................. 102 3.3.6.b. Architectural Style ............................................................................. 103 3.3.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure .............................................................. 104 3.3.6.d. Scale of Industry .................................................................................105 3.3.6.e. Structural System ............................................................................... 106 3.3.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials ............................................... 107 3.3.7. Adaptive Reuse Of Industrial Structure ............................................................ 108

3.3.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ..................................................... 109 3.3.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse ............................................................ 110 3.3.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ............................................................ 111 3.3.9. What to use What to not .................................................................................... 111 3.3.10. Conclusion and Inferences .............................................................................. 112 3.4. Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai ....................................................... 113-128 3.3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 113 3.3.2. Regional Context ............................................................................................... 114 3.3.2.a. Location .............................................................................................. 114 3.3.2.b. Approach ............................................................................................ 114 3.3.2.c. Surrounding Context .......................................................................... 115 3.3.3. Cultural Context ................................................................................................ 116 3.3.4. Social Context ................................................................................................... 117 3.3.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) ......................................................... 118

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 3.3.6. Architectural Context ........................................................................................ 119 3.3.6.a. Function .............................................................................................. 119 3.3.6.b. Architectural Style .............................................................................. 120 3.3.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure .............................................................. 121 3.3.6.d. Scale of Industry ................................................................................ 122 3.3.6.e. Structural System ................................................................................122 3.3.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials ............................................... 123 3.3.7. Adaptive Reuse Of Industrial Structure ............................................................ 124 3.3.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ..................................................... 125 3.3.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse ............................................................ 126 3.3.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ............................................................ 127 3.3.9. What to use What to not .................................................................................... 127 3.3.10. Conclusion and Inferences .............................................................................. 128 3.5. The Design Village, Noida, U.P .................................................................................... 129-144

3.3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 129 3.3.2. Regional Context ............................................................................................... 130 3.3.2.a. Location .............................................................................................. 130 3.3.2.b. Approach ............................................................................................ 130 3.3.2.c. Surrounding Context ...........................................................................131 3.3.3. Cultural Context ................................................................................................ 132 3.3.4. Social Context ................................................................................................... 133 3.3.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) ......................................................... 134 3.3.6. Architectural Context .........................................................................................135 3.3.6.a. Function .............................................................................................. 136 3.3.6.b. Architectural Style .............................................................................. 137 3.3.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure .............................................................. 138 3.3.6.d. Scale of Industry ................................................................................ 138 3.3.6.e. Structural System ................................................................................139 3.3.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials ............................................... 139 3.3.7. Adaptive Reuse Of Industrial Structure ............................................................ 140 3.3.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ..................................................... 141 Jatin Rawat

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 3.3.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse ........................................................... 141 3.3.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse ............................................................ 142 3.3.9. What to use What to not .................................................................................... 142 3.3.10. Conclusion and Inferences .............................................................................. 144 3.6. Comparative Case Study Chart .......................................................................................145-147

4. Analysis Chart .............................................................................................. 148

5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................149-150 6. Referencing ..................................................................................................151-156

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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Google LA Headquarters: Air plane Hangar Transformation Figure 2: E&C Factory Figure 3: Indospace Logistics

Figure 4: APM Terminals Figure 5: Dharampura Haveli Figure 6: Bell Works, U.S Figure 7: Museum of Military History, Germay Figure 8: Water Tower into Student Housing Figure 9: The Highline Figure 10: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodra Figure 11: Sections Figure 12: Google Airplane Hangar Headquarters, L.A Figure 13: Vikhroli Social, Mumbai Figure 14: The Design Village, Noida, U.P Figure 15: Industrial Buildings Illustrtaion Figure 16: Illustration showing increase in per capital income because of improvement of industries Figure 17: A power plant in Tianjin

Figure 18: North American Warehouse Figure 19: Japanese chemical industry Figure 20: TATA Jamshedpur Figure 21: Women workers in a booming Bombay textile mill, circa 1941-1943 Figure 22: Total FDI equity inflow in the manufacturing subsectors Figure 23: Government Initiatives Figure 24: Cotton Industry Figure 25: Jute Industry Figure 26: Cotton Industry Figure 27: Petrochemical Industry Figure 28: Heavy Industry Figure 29: Petroleum Refinery

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Figure 30: Software Figure 31: Industrial Regions in India Figure 32: Delhi Thermal Power Plant, Types and thier Impact Figure 33: Abandoned Industrial Buildings in Delhi, Bhopal and U.P Figure 34: Brewing Company Figure 35: Danish International Maritime Museum (Conversion) Figure 36: CaixaForum Barcelona (Restoration) Figure 37: Air Force Academy Figure 38: Jails in Netherlands and U.K converted into Luxury Hotels Figure 39: Gohar Mahal Bhopal now a museum Figure 39.a: Types of Adaptive Reuse Figure 40: Antwerp Port House, Belgium Figure 41: Gucci Art Lab Figure 42: CaixaForum Figure 43: Anish Kapoor Studios Figure 44: Haveli Dharampura Figure 45: Vikhroli Social

Figure 46: The Momentary Figure 47: Convent De Sant Francesc Figure 48: 18 Septemberplein Figure 49: Tammany Hall Figure 50: Various Industrial Buildings of different materials Figure 51: Zeitz Museum Figure 52: Soro Pub

Figure 53: Pratt Street Power Plant Figure 54: Dryades Public Market Figure 55: Otto Milk Condominiums Figure 56: Walmart SD Grocery Figure 57: Aloft Orlando Downtown Figure 58: 100N Laura Street

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Figure 59: Societal Value of Site Figure 60: Urban Sprawl Illustration Figure 61: Urban Sprawl Las Vegas Figure 62: Urban Sprawl Texas Figure 63: Venn diagram showing the overlap in perceptions Figure 64: Bunny Lane House Figure 65: Neues Museum Figure 66: Higgins Halls, Pratt Institute Figure 67: Hearst Tower, New York Figure 68: Westminster Arcade Figure 69: Gusto Headquarters Figure 70: Gusto Headquarters Figure 71: Gusto Headquarters Figure 72: Allez UP Silos Figure 73: Allez UP Silos Gym Figure 74: Allez UP Silos Climbing Figure 75: Nantes Métropole Higher School of Fine arts Figure 76: Nantes Métropole Higher School of Fine arts Figure 77: Art School Exterior and Interior Spaces Figure 78: Crosstown Concourse

Figure 79: Crosstown Concourse Figure 80: Residential Area of Crosstown Concourse Figure 81: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development Vadodara Figure 82: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development Vadodara Figure 83: Context Mapping of Alembic Industrial Heritage Development Figure 84: Growth of Town Figure 85: Industries Distribution Figure 86: Indo-Saracenic Style Figure 87: Arched Door and Windows Figure 88: Exposed Brick work

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Figure 89: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara Figure 90: Load bearing wall Figure 91: Partition Walls Figure 92: Roof Trusses Figure 93: Brick Walls Figure 94: Terracotta Tiles

Figure 95: Purlin and Rafters Figure 96: Google Headquarters, L.A Figure 97: Google Headquarters, L.A Figure 98: Context Mapping of Google Headquarters, L.A Figure 99: Growth of Town Figure 100: Industry Mapping C.A Figure 101: Industry Mapping L.A Figure 102: Art Deco Style Figure 103: Google Headquarters, L.A Figure 104: Art Deco Style Figure 105: Google Headquarters, L.A Figure 106: Spruce Goose Hangar Structure Figure 107: Hangar Construction Elements Figure 108: Wood joinery details Figure 109: Hangar Glulam Trusses Figure 110: Acoustic Panels Figure 111: Building within a Building Figure 112: Wooden Pillars Figure 113: Large Windows Figure 114: MEP Figure 115: Vikhroli Social, Mumbai Figure 116: Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

Figure 117: Context Mapping of Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai Figure 118: Urban Sprawl of Mumbai, 1984-2021

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse FIG 119: Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai FIG 120: Prominent Material at Vikhroli Social, Mumbai FIG 121: Landscaping FIG 122: Imagine Studios at the Trees (Before & After), Vikhroli, Mumbai FIG 123: Corten Silos FIG 124: Concrete Structure

FIG 125: Corten Silos are now used as hardscape area in the landscape of the site FIG 126: The Design Village, Noida, U.P FIG 127: The Design Village, Noida FIG 128: Context Mapping of The Design Village, Noida FIG 129: Urban Sprawl of Noida, 1977-2011 FIG 130: Architecture Style of The Design Village, Noida FIG 131: Architecture Style of The Design Village, Noida FIG 132: Architecture Style of The Design Village, Noida FIG 133: Brick Walls FIG 134: Steel Structures FIG 135: Manufactuting Units as Art pieces

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

CHAPTER 1 PRELUDE

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.1. Introduction As times change, the need for various types of spaces diminishes. These buildings, whose function is no longer required, become subjects of abandonment. In many situations, the types of buildings most likely to be forgotten include industrial buildings, political buildings and community buildings. One of the possible lifelines for such buildings is adaptive reuse as it reaffirms their presence in the neighborhood. By doing so, one less building is added to the urban fabric and there is a lesser negative impact on the environment. The context, though undergoing a change, can still hold onto a bit of its past. [1]

FIG 1: Google LA Headquarters: Air plane Hangar Transformation

(Source: Google, Spruce Goose, ZGF)

The project demanded a unique design approach and was restored and transformed through the development of a 450,000+ SF, four-level “building-within-a-building” inside the seven-story, 750-foot-long historic wooden structure. Built by Howard Hughes in 1943 for the construction of the Hercules IV airplane the hangar now comprises workspace, meeting and event spaces, and employee amenity spaces. https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion.

Revitalizing the existing built fabric by finding a new use or purpose for obsolete buildings can be a wonderful resource to a community by "keeping neighborhoods occupied and vital". [2] Recycling has become second nature to modern communities as we strive for environmental sustainability. ‘‘As an Architect, you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is esentially unknown.’’

~ Norman Foster

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[1] (All Answers Ltd, 2021)

[2] (Abdulameer & Abbas, 2020)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.1.1. The case of Industrial Buildings Industrial buildings being a major part of country or a city’s economy will be just a piece of abandonment in the coming years. Huge amount of factories and industries are getting closed due to their environmental impacts, lack of greenfield and various other aspects.

Industrial buildings are commonly used to generate goods in large quantity which means a huge chunk of land is needed for a industry or a factory to construct, so after their abandonment these huge chunk of land stays waste with no other use. Here “Adaptive Reuse plays a major role in reviving these abandon structures, giving them a new life with a sense of its past”.

But how do we distinguish between Industrial Buildings?

1.1.2. Types of Industrial Buildings Industrial Buildings may appear similar but there are unique aspects and different use for each type of industrial space. Depending on the usage or the demand it complete, we can distinguish industrial buildings majorly into 3 types.

1. Heavy Industrial Buildings/Manufacturing Facilities.

These buildings are large in size and used by companies that manufacture steel, cement or things like automobiles.

These facilities usually have large store houses for keeping raw material and finished goods. These buildings can be built to suit and rarely find alternative usage. For example, a manufacturing facility for steel cannot be used for making cement or anything else. [3]

FIG 2: E&C Factory (Source: ManufactureToday) https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/people/7 898-building-new-age-manufacturing-plants

2. Warehouses

There are buildings that are used for storing goods on behalf of other companies. These are called warehouses.

Although warehouses can be of different sizes, they are usually large and are located outside city limits. They can also have a small office set up inside the premises. [3]

FIG 3: Indospace Logistics

(Source: WordPress)

https://www.supplychainquarterly.com/articles/4978demand-for-warehouse-space-gains-steam

3. Cold Storage Buildings These are especially built to store large amounts of food products and keep them under refrigerated conditions for long periods. These buildings are located mostly along state and national highways and in places where there is good supply of electricity. [3] ‘‘Huge wealth, Blood, Sweat and Tears goes into making an Industrial Building, so what makes them ~ Author Abandoned and why?’’

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[3] (Seven different types of industrial buildings | Housing News, 2022)

FIG 4: APM Terminals

(Source: Bairdmaritime)

https://www.bairdmaritime.com/ship-world/portworld/apm-terminals-launches-cold-storagewarehouse-in-india/

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.1.3. The Fall and Rise of Industrial Buildings, India Many cities and regions have benefited from industry as a source of employment and economic revenue. The development and subsequent abandonment of ex industrial complexes highlight the end result of complex processes and situations deeply entrenched in the surrounding area’s social and economic history.

As per data provided by the Indian Government there are 22 major industrial centres in India, West Bengal being at top with over 38 Industrial Towns.

Table 1 Number of Industrial Buildings in India

India

Heavy Industrial Buildings or Manufacturing Facilities.

Warehouses

Cold Storage Buildings

2,42,395

3,50,000

8,200

India’s Industrial Sector is prominent for the economical growth of the country, major people depend on it for their life. Being the most important sector for employment development, these buildings are getting closed or shut down because of various reasons, some of which can be mentioned are: 1. Pandemic Situation.

2. Bankruptcy of the owner 3. Environmental issues 4. Decade use of Industrial building Several states has different reasons to ban Factories, some of which are: Delhi: Shutting down industries in India's capital New Delhi and neighboring cities could help reduce a toxic smog.

Kanpur: The decline of the textile industry in Kanpur, has been, more often than not, attributed to the trade unions and their calls for strikes. However, the policy restructuring by successive governments, the resultant bureaucratic insouciance, and private corporates’ lack of interest have been the principal factors responsible for the industry’s decay. [4] Delhi and Kanpur are industrial hubs but due to some reasons, industries there are declining and are being abandoned . Those are needed to be revived or they will be ruined for life.

To overcome from this situation Architects and Designers can opt for Adaptive Reuse which is a sustainable way of approaching these sites. [5] But what are the types of Adaptive Reuse are there?

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[4] (How the Once Flourishing Kanpur Textile Mills Decayed, 2018)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.1.4. Types of Adaptive Reuse 1.1.4.a. Historical Preservation: Reusing a historic building with an effort to preserve or restore its original state. For example, an art museum in an old factory that partially preserves elements of the original building. The term refers specifically to the preservation of the built environment, and not to preservation of, for example, primeval forests or wilderness. [6] 1.1.4.b. Renovation: Renovation that replaces much of the building that may be in poor repair.

In many cases, the basic structure and external appearance of the original building is maintained but the inside is completely different. The renovation process can usually be broken down into following processes: 1. Planning 2. Engineering 3. Structural repair 4. Rebuilding [6] 1.1.4.c. Facades: Use of one of more external walls of a building as a facade for a new building. This can allow a new building to have a historic look while being useful and energy efficient. A façade can be a compromise for a building that is excessively poor repair or a site with little historical value. [6]

FIG 5: Dharampura Haveli

(Source: Haveli)

https://havelidharampura.com/

FIG 6: Bell Works, U.S

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/972149/bell-works-alexandergorlin-architects

FIG 7: Museum of Military History, Germay

(Source: Architectural Digest)

https://www.archdaily.com/172407/dresden%25e2%2580%2 599s-military-history-museum-daniel-libeskind

1.1.4.d. Integration: Building around the original structure such that it remains but is encompassed by a new building. [6] 1.1.4.e.

Infrastructure: Infrastructure Repurposing of infrastructure such as an elevated highway that is converted into an linear park. [6] 1.1.4.f.

Mill Conversion: Mill Conversion or mill rehab is a form of adaptive reuse in which a historic mill or industrial factory building is restored or rehabilitated into another use, such as residential housing, retail shops, office, or a mix of these non-industrial elements (mixed-use). [7] Jatin Rawat [6] (Spacey, 2016)

05218001618 [7] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2022)

FIG 8: Water Tower into Student Housing

(Source: Inhabitat)

https://inhabitat.com/denmark-water-towerrennovation/jaegersborg-water-tower-3/

FIG 9: The Highline

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/24362/the-new-york-high-lineofficially-open

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.2. Need of Study 1.2.1. Adaptive reuse is seen as an effective way of reducing urban sprawl and environmental impact. Through adaptive reuse old, unoccupied buildings can become suitable sites for many different types of use.

From an urban perspective, adaptive reuse is a valuable strategy for revitalizing post-industrial cities, creating density and mitigating urban sprawl, or helping shrinking cities redefine their urban fabric. [8] 1.2.2. Adapting a building is sustainable at the most fundamental level, and it also helps preserve the urban context while adding richness and vitality.

Sustainable architecture begins with designing for longer lifecycles and reuse. Looking to create more inclusive and viable futures, architects explore adaptive reuse as one of the best strategies to address the climate crisis and promote social justice. Reuse keeps the culture of an area alive, bridging between old and new as projects push the boundaries of circular and adaptive design. [9] 1.2.3. Adaptive reuse is a solution that maintains the character of the building while not compromising on its functionality and integrity. [10] Adaptive reuse allows older buildings to be redeveloped and repurposed instead of demolished.

These projects adapt the internal and external structure of a building so the character of the old influences the format of the new, which often leads to some quirky and inspirational features.

1.2.4. Constructing a building from scratch takes up a lot of time, in this fast pace world time has the most value. Reusing a constructed building helps in saving time.

Building a new structure usually takes significantly longer than rehabbing an existing building.

Many spaces in an old building may be habitable after only minimal refurbishment, so even if the project is still ongoing, owners can open parts of the building for business.

1.2.5. In India the cost of construction drastically increased in past few years because of huge urban sprawl. Adapting a industrial building will help in lower construction cost.

Adaptive reuse has a significant financial advantages and cost savings. On the whole, adaptive reuse uses more labor than it does building materials, and while material costs have skyrocketed in the last few decades, labor costs have increased only slightly. Adaptive reuse also forgoes all demolition expenses, which are often expensive and a significant portion of a construction budget.

1.2.6. Industrial Buildings takes up a large area of land, so after their abandonment those huge areas are left vacant with no future scope, here Adaptive Reuse can take a part for a sustainable approach to revive those buildings.

Adaptive reuse of industrial buildings will have various advantages like: large vacant space, more alterations opportunities, possibilities of better revival strategies.

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[8] (Andreea Cutieru, 2021)

[9] (Rethinking Carbon, Sustainability and Social, 2021)

22 [10] (Mohan, 2021)

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.3. Aim Strategic use of site-sensitive design for Industrial structures can contribute to physical life improvements, impact social behavior and contribute to lifestyle enhancements within the community.

It is natural that buildings become redundant for many reasons, such as changes in economic and industrial practices, cost of maintenance, and people’s perceptions. Most of these buildings are no longer suited for their original function and a new use has not been decided for them.

Adaptive reuse enables the conversion of existing, obsolete buildings and sites into new, mixeduse developments that will play an essential role in enhancing local communities. [11]

1.4. Objective 1.4.1. To study the concept of Adaptive Reuse, its components and design element.

Literature study of deign elements, components and various terms will be studied.

1.4.2. To explore various theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings.

Study of theories developed by various practitioner and understand the true meaning of Adaptive Reuse 1.4.3. To study incorporation of Adaptive Reuse on Industrial Buildings that seeks to reduce Urban Sprawl and Environmental Impacts.

Various case studies will be studied which had incorporated Adaptive Reuse Strategies in their Design to reduce Urban Sprawl.

1.4.4. To analyze the feasibility, design considerations and success of Adaptive Reuse on an Abandoned Building.

Case Studies and Literature study will be analyzed and common factors will be noted down which can be used in Industrial Buildings for their revival.

1.4.5. To provide with ways of providing the much-needed sensitive approach in adaptive re-use, while making minimum interventions and alterations, making them function able for contemporary times.

This topic will help in providing the Design considerations for a sensitive approach towards industrial buildings.

Jatin Rawat [11] (Donghwan, 2018)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.5. Objective Matrix Strategic use of site-sensitive design for Industrial structures can contribute to physical life improvements, impact social behavior and contribute to lifestyle enhancements within the community.

Objective 1

Objective 3

Studying the Concept of Adaptive Reuse.

Literature Study

Objective 4

Incorporating Adaptive Reuse that seeks to reduce Urban Sprawl.

The meaning of Urban Sprawl and its effects, advantages & disadvantages.

Analyzing the feasibility, design considerations and success of Adaptive Reuse.

This will be done by analyzing case studies and literature study.

A common parameter table can be designed in this objective.

Components and Design Elements Objective 2

Case Studies

Theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings

Typological, Technical and Strategic Approach

1. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

2. Google Headquarter, L.A

3. Vikhroli Social, Mumbai

Analysis of Case studies and Literature study Objective 5 Ways of providing the much-needed sensitive approach in adaptive re-use, while making minimum interventions and alterations, making them function able for contemporary times.

Future Possibilities

Outcome/Conclusion

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.6. Methodology To study the concept of Adaptive Reuse, its components and design element.

By looking into the design recommendations and what is happening in the present context of Adaptive Reuse.

To explore various theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings.

Studying various books, articles, journals related to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings.

To study incorporation of Adaptive Reuse that seeks to reduce Urban Sprawl and Environmental Impacts.

By studying the meaning of Urban and how it can be controlled through Adaptive Reuse

To analyze the feasibility, design considerations and success of Adaptive Reuse on an Abandoned Industrial Building.

By going through various Case Studies which shows the success of Adaptive Reuse.

Providing the sensitive approach in adaptive re-use, while making minimum interventions, making them functionable.

By concluding all the above studies and data.

Selection of Topic

Adaptive Reuse of Abandoned Factories

Understanding area of Research Data collection

Literature Study

Case Studies

Study of available research papers, reports, manuals, etc.

1. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Understanding the importance of Adaptive Reuse

2. Google LA, Headquarters

Future Possibilities, Analysis of the whole study, Conclusion

Mentioning Aim, Hypothesis and Formulating Objectives Defining Limitations and Scope

Comparison of Literature data with Case study

Analysis

Conclusion

Objectives 3. Vikhroli Social, Mumbai Inferences

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.8. Scope 1.8.1. The Study shows us the importance of alternative use of Abandoned Structures.

1.8.2. This study will opens the wider perspective of people in terms of using Brown Field Projects instead of Green Field.

1.8.3. This study will point out specific design principles or interventions which can be implemented on an Abandoned Industrial Building without much alterations with its structural system.

1.8.4. Urban sprawl being a major cause of land exhaustion will be deal in this study.

1.9. Limitations 1.9.1. Study focuses on Industrial Buildings/Factories.

1.9.2. Structural Constraints can be there.

1.9.3. The boundation of time and resources doesn't allow to research more on other types of Abandoned Buildings.

1.9.4. The research will be not specific for a particular region or climate.

1.10. Hypothesis Adaptive Reuse has a spirit of Sustainability, Conservation and Minimal Transformation, making it best fit for the future low availability of resources in the future.

The study will provide design principles & elements we can incorporate on an abandoned industrial building to make it more sustainable and thus making it better fit for the future.

1.11. Literature Study Brief The literature study states theories and principles of Adaptive Reuse. It orients the study towards Industrial Buildings Revival techniques and its elements. Highlighting the advantage of Adaptive Reuse and its typologies Suitable to design, the study analysis the data and establishes an interrelation between Adaptive Reuse - Industrial Buildings and how they can be a effective way to reduce Urban Sprawl.

1.11.1. Introduction 1.11.1.a. Industrial Buildings 1.11.1.b. About Adaptive Reuse 1.11.1.c. Importance of Adaptive Reuse 1.11.1.d. Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Reuse 1.11.2. Principles of Adaptive Reuse 1.11.2.a. Basic Principles 1.11.2.b. Principles related to Industrial Design Jatin Rawat

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 11.3. Elements of Adaptive Reuse 1.11.3.a. Façade 1.11.3.b. Structural Constraints 1.11.3.c. Material 1.11.3.d. A sense of past 1.11.4. Benefits of Adaptive Reuse 1.11.4.a. Environmental 1.11.4.b. Decreased Public and Social Cost 1.11.4.c. Takes Advantage of Urban Revitalization Trends 1.11.4.d. Preservation of Local Identity and Sense of Place 1.11.4.e. Cost Savings on Demolition 1.11.4.f. Economic Sustainability 1.11.5. Criteria for Adaptive Reuse 1.11.5.a. Societal value of site 1.11.5.b. Historical importance 1.11.5.c. Ecological Conditions 1.11.6. Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development 1.11.6.a. Control of Urban Sprawl 1.11.6.b. Studying the Urban Societies 1.11.7. Theories of Adaptive Reuse 1.11.7.a. Typological Approach 1.11.7.b. Technical Approach 1.11.7.c. Strategic Approach 1.11.8. Industrial Building Conversion (Study through Cases) 1.11.8.a. Office Space 1.11.8.b. Art schools 1.11.8.c. Gym’s 1.11.8.d. Mixed Land Use

Wrap

Weaving

Juxtaposition

Parasite

Insertion

‘‘Old Buildings, New Forms”

~ Francoise Bollack Jatin Rawat

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

1.12. Case Study 1.12.1. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

FIG 10: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodra

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates

The first-ever Alembic industrial building in Vadodara has seen multiple surgical interventions.

Similar to many old factory buildings, the building got altered over time due to change in the original purpose of the facility. The space within is meant to serve the Alembic Museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café. [12] Topics that will be covered in this Study: 1.12.1.a. Study of Industrial Structure The types of Industry it was and how it undergo these decades. Study of its component will be done.

1.12.1.b. Revival criteria The strategy used to revive this industrial setup.

1.12.1.c. What to reuse what to not What elements of the original structure we can use and which we cannot, to have a sense of its past.

1.12.1.d. Use of Space Hierarchy of spaces or Spatial Planning 1.12.1.e. Materials Used Type of Material used and how a material will give it a new look by conserving its past.

FIG 11: Sections

Jatin Rawat

(Source: ArchDaily)

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[12] (Alembic Industrial Heritage and Re-Development / Karan Grover and Associates, 2019)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 1.12.2. Google Headquarters, L.A

FIG 12: Google Airplane Hangar Headquarters, L.A

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

Built by Howard Hughes in 1943 for the construction of the Hercules IV airplane the historic hangar now comprises office, meeting, food service and event spaces, and employee amenity spaces. The project included extensive restoration of the original wood frame, and the new architecture is set within the vast, open volumes of the hangar on either side of its fully restored central spine. [13] Topics that will be covered in this Study: 1.12.2.a. Study of Industrial Structure, Hangar The types of Hangar it was and how it undergo these decades. Study of its component will be done.

1.12.2.b. Space Distribution How the office spaces are designed in this huge Hangar.

1.12.3. Vikhroli Social, Mumbai

FIG 13: Vikhroli Social, Mumbai

(Source: StudioLotus)

https://studiolotus.in/showcase/imagine-studio-at-the-trees/144

An adaptive re-use project in Mumbai, the Imagine Studio weaves nature, heritage, and urbanism through a compelling narrative of evolving contexts. The erstwhile industrial site was transformed into an experiential journey consisting of a Studio, Workshop, Café, Legacy Park, Urban Farm, Open Air Theatre and Market Plaza to demonstrate the underlying principles of ‘Live, Learn, Work, Play’ in a mixed-use development. [14] Jatin Rawat [13] (Baldwin, 2018)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Topics that will be covered in this Study: 1.12.3.a. Landscaping Industrial Landscaping and green buffer areas will be studies as the site is adjacent to housing complex of Godrej.

1.12.3.b. Mixed Use Development How an industry can be used as a mixed use development will be studied.

1.12.4. The Design Village, Noida

FIG 14: The Design Village, Noida, U.P

(Source: archello)

https://archello.com/project/tdv-the-design-village-campus

An old abandoned Kattha (catechu) factory with huge design and renewal potential. [15] Topics that will be covered in this Study: 1.12.4.a. Live Case Study This will be a Live Case Study, covering all the aspects that were covered in secondary case studies.

1.13. Questionnaire 1.13.1. What is Adaptive Reuse?

1.13.2. What are the Principles and Element that guide Adaptive Reuse?

1.13.3. How Reusing a building adaptively helps in reducing Urban Sprawl and Environmental Impacts?

1.13.4. How in present world a building can be designed in such a way that in future it can have multiple adaptive reuse opportunities.

1.13.5. In how many a types a building can be reused?

1.13.6. To how much extent a Industrial buildings structural system is effected due to Adaptive Reuse?

1.13.7. How can we differentiate between, which Industrial building can be reused which can be not?

1.13.8. What more is yet to come in Adaptive Reuse?

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[15] (http://www.facebook.com/advanirajesh, 2018)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

CHAPTER 2 L I T E R AT U R E S T U D Y

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2. Literature Matrix Objectives

Parameters

Studying the Concept of Adaptive Reuse.

Theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings

Incorporating Adaptive Reuse that seeks to reduce Urban Sprawl.

The meaning of Urban Sprawl and its effects, advantages & disadvantages.

Literature study of deign elements, components and various terms will be studied.

Study of theories developed by various practitioner and understand the true meaning of Adaptive Reuse

Various case studies will be studied which had incorporated Adaptive Reuse Strategies in their Design to reduce Urban Sprawl.

Analyzing the feasibility, design considerations and success of Adaptive Reuse.

This will be done by analyzing case studies and literature study.

A common parameter table can be designed in this objective.

Case Studies and Literature study will be analyzed and common factors will be noted down which can be used in Industrial Buildings for their revival.

Ways of providing the much-needed sensitive approach in adaptive re-use, while making minimum interventions and alterations, making them function able for contemporary times.

This topic will help in providing the Design considerations for a sensitive approach towards industrial buildings.

Jatin Rawat

Literature Study About Adaptive Reuse Importance of Adaptive Reuse Benefits of Adaptively Reusing a building Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse Principles related to Industrial Buildings Elements of Adaptive Reuse

Typological Approach Technical Approach Strategic Approach Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development Control of Urban Sprawl Studying the Urban Societies Adaptive Reuse a better way to counter Urban Sprawl Advantages of Adaptively Reusing an Industrial Building

Criteria for Adaptive Reuse Societal Value of site Historical importance Ecological conditions

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Conversion of Industrial Buildings (Study through Cases) Office Space Art Schools Gym’s Housing Concert Halls

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1. Introduction The literature study states theories and principles of Adaptive Reuse. It orients the study towards Industrial Buildings Revival techniques and its elements. Highlighting the advantage of Adaptive Reuse and its typologies Suitable to design, the study analysis the data and establishes an interrelation between Adaptive Reuse - Industrial Buildings and how they can be a effective way to reduce Urban Sprawl.

Adaptive reuse ordinarily alludes to the reuse of locales or structures for reason other than they were initially constructed or intended for. These new purposes can offer monetary, social, social and inventive advantages to their surroundings. Adaptive reuse manages issues of manageability. protection and conservation of assembled structure as well as techniques and strategies. When old designs become inadmissible for their utilitarian and automatic necessities or has stayed unused, versatile reuse turns into a reasonable choice for recovery of locales and thusly, the likely worth of the property will be augmented by adjusting the space. Adaptive reuse is characterized as a renewal technique which utilizes a progression of connected methodology to anticipate, stock, gain, oversee and reuse excess or deserted land. [16]

“Cities are an immense laboratory of trial and error, failure and success, in city building and city design.” ~ Jane Jacobs This chapter studies various Literature available for the Adaptive Reuse of Industrial Structures and will be helpful in understanding that how, an Adaptive Reuse buildings helps its surrounding, environment, peoples and all the other things linked to that structure.

It discusses about how, Industrial Buildings are getting abandoned all over the world and what majors are taking in consideration to them and how we will implement this study in Indian context.

Literature Study will be helpful in determining and carrying out various Guidelines related to Adaptive Reuse.

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.1. Industrial Buildings A structure straightforwardly utilized in assembling or in fact useful endeavors. Industrial Buildings are not for the most part or commonly open to other than laborers. Industrial Buildings incorporate structures utilized straightforwardly in the creation of force, the assembling of items, the mining of natural substances, and the capacity of materials, oil based commodities, wood and paper items, synthetic compounds, plastics, and metals.

“Includes a building or part thereof wherein products or material are fabricated, assembled or processed, such as assembly plants, laboratories, power plants, refineries, gas plants, mills, diaries and factories, etc.” ~ Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs [17]

2.1.1.a. Importance of Industrial Buildings Following focuses draw out the significance of industry in an economy: 1. Structural Transformation: Industrial improvement achieves underlying change in the economy. It implies that the reliance of our economy on horticulture will be decreased.

2. Source of Employment: Huge talented labor force which is as yet jobless. foundation of industries which can produce work valuable open doors for a huge scope.

3. Enhancing further the Economic Growth: As industrialization advances, the capital merchandise industry additionally begins to thrive. This aides in additional financial development and encourages industry and development.

“Whenever there is improvement of industries in the country, there will be the venture of enormous capital, utilization of current apparatuses, serious level of specialization and huge scope activities.” ~ Author

FIG 15: Industrial Buildings Illustrtaion

(Source: Pixabay)

https://pixabay.com/vectors/cranes-cityscape-silhouette-city-4074519/

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[17] (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, 2019)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 4. Infrastructural Growth: With the spread of industrialization, the requirement for financial frameworks, for example, streets, dams, banking, protection and correspondence offices likewise rises and this prompts their development. Likewise with the improvement in personal satisfaction, the interest for social foundation i.e., offices connected with wellbeing and instruction, additionally rise and prompts their turn of events. [18] 5. Share in GDP: Industries add to the GDP of the country. During the years, the portion of the modern area has expanded from 16.6% in 1950 - 51 to around 30% in 2011-12 (at steady costs).

Strengthening the Economy: Industries help to reinforce the economy in followings ways: (a) With the development of the capital products industry, the nation can create various merchandise in enormous amounts and for minimal price. (b) It helps in the foundation of framework products like dams, rail lines, and so forth, which can't be imported (c) Industrialization has assisted our country with becoming free in defense products. [19]

Improvement of Industries

Investment of large capital

Use of modern machineries

Greater Productivity

Large scale operations

High degree of specialisation

Higher National Income

Increase in per capital income Brings benefits to the nation by increasing per capital income

Improvement of industrial sectors

FIG 16: Illustration showing increase in per capital income because of improvement of industries (Source: Pixabay) https://pixabay.com/illustrations/chartbusinessman-money-statistic-4065756/

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[18] (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)

35 [19] (Contribution of Agriculture Sector towards GDP, 2021)

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.1.b. Industrial Buildings all over the world Industries plays a major role in a country betterment and overall development. These are the vital organs for a country GDP and economy.

Following countries has been on the top in industrial outputs: 1. China: China has the world's biggest industrial result. In 2016 it is assessed that the nation delivered $4.566 trillion of industrial result. Solid processing plant yield, stable retail deals, and an always developing commodity market have pushed China live up to its financial assumptions. In the second from last quarter of 2017, the GDP developed by 6.8%. The industrial result developed by 6.6% in September 2017 contrasted with a year sooner. [20] 2. U.S: Notwithstanding being the biggest economy, the United States positioned behind China and the European Union as far as industrial result. In 2016 the U.S industrial result added up to $3.602 trillion. Around the same time, the U.S traded merchandise worth $1.620 trillion. The second from last quarter of 2016 saw a genuine result of $1.92 trillion the most noteworthy ever in a quarter since the Great Recession of 2008. [21] 3. Japan: Japan positions third in the worldwide positioning, and Asia's subsequent state. 10 years prior, Japan was the second biggest economy until it was outperformed by China. In the new past, Japan's economy monetary could has been placed into question specific after the atomic implosion in Fukushima and its segment piece.

In 2016 Japan's absolute industrial result was $1.368 while its commodity income added up to $683.85. [22] 4. India: Since the start of the thousand years, India has substantiated itself as a monetary force to be reckoned with. The nation has arisen to be the world's quickest economy as indicated by the CSO and the IMF. The Indian economy is relied upon to develop by 6.7 percent for the year 2017-18. Before the finish of 2018, the figure is relied upon to ascend to 7.2 percent. The assembling business is among solid support points. In 2016 the country's industrial production delivered about $672 billion. Among April and June 2017 the economy developed by 5.7 percent year-onyear. [23]

Jatin Rawat

FIG 17: A power plant in Tianjin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_China

FIG 18: North American Warehouse

[21] (Economy & Trade, 2013)

(Source: nawarehouse)

http://www.nawarehouse.com/industries_serve d.html

FIG 19: Japanese (Source: japanindustrynews) chemical industry https://www.japanindustrynews.com/2015/07/j apanese-chemical-industry/

FIG 20: TATA Jamshedpur

(Source: livemint)

https://www.livemint.com/Industry/l1eSlrFCAgy PahiONKSR4H/Tata-Steel-is-buying-iron-ore-for1st-time-in-its-history.html

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[20] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2021)

(Source: Wikipedia)

36 [22] (AsialinkBusiness, 2021)

[23] (India’s Lead Global, 2018)

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.1.c. Industrial Revolution – The case of India It was when there was no, power, radio, TV, PC, web, vehicles, and so forth and individuals work with their hands so by this they burn through a great deal of time in their works. Yet, after the Industrialization, their life completely changes. Those work which requires some investment presently effortlessly done in minutes. Industrial Revolution makes human existence more development and rich. Many individuals on the planet partake in the advantages of Industrialization. People of this age really do considerably less work than the past age. An enormous number of individuals appreciate great wellbeing offices, schooling, travel, a day to day existence which is never conceivable without Industrialization. Industrial development likewise assumes a vital part in giving work and expanding the economy of the country. [24] “Father of Industrial Revolution in India” ~ Jamshedji Tata “Jamshedji Tata is referred as One-Man Planning Commission” ~ Jawaharlal Nehru FIG 21: Women workers in a booming Bombay textile mill, circa 1941-1943 (Source: historyofmassachusetts) https://historyofmassachusetts.org/whereindustrial-revolution-take-place/

The industrial revolution arrived behind schedule to India, because of its muddled political and financial relationship with Great Britain. In spite of the fact that India, which was a British settlement, ruled the worldwide cotton material business sectors in the eighteenth century, the Indian material industry endured a shot when the modern upheaval started in Great Britain. The utilization of steam power in British factories diminished the expense of British cotton by 85%, making its material merchandise universally serious interestingly. [25] New pioneer regulations constrained Indian ranchers to give the greater part of their fields to cotton crops, rather than food, which prompted broad starvation and neediness in India.

In this manner, the modern insurgency switched India's financial relationship with Great Britain so it was currently simply a provider of unrefined substances for Great Britain and a shipper of British materials, rather than a maker of material merchandise.

Therefore, it required a long time before India began taking on current modern practices, for example, steam power and automated turning and winding, in its material assembling.

The industrial revolution at last came to India in 1854, when the main steam-fueled cotton plant in Asia opened in Bombay. Development was slow however and the extension of these modernized cotton factories didn't get until the 1870s and 80s.

India presently has the 6th biggest economy on the planet.

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[24] (“History of Technology Timeline | Britannica,” 2022)

37 [25] (Verma, 2017)

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.1.d. Industrial Buildings – The case of India Producing has arisen as one of the great development areas in India. Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi, sent off the 'Make in India' program to put India on the world guide as an assembling center and give worldwide acknowledgment to the Indian economy. Government means to make 100 million new positions in the area by 2022.

1. India's (GDP) at current costs remained at Rs. 51.23 lakh crore (US$ 694.93 billion) in the principal quarter of FY22, according to the temporary assessments of GDP for the main quarter of 2021-22. The assembling GVA at current costs was assessed at US$ 97.41 billion in the principal quarter of FY22.

2. India can possibly turn into a worldwide assembling center point and by 2030, it can add more than US$ 500 billion every year to the worldwide economy.

3, According to the study led by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), limit usage in India's assembling area remained at 72.0% in the second quarter of FY22, showing huge recuperation in the area.

4. The general record remained at 134.0, as of July 2021. This ascent in the record was upheld by development underway of petroleum gas, steel, concrete, composts, coal, processing plant items and power. [26] Automobile Industry (30.5) Chemicals (other than fertilizers) (18.7) Drugs and Pharmaceuticals (18.1) Food Processing Industries (10.4) Electrical Equipment’s (10.4) Cement and Gypsum products (5.3) Textiles (including dyed, printed) (3.8) Electronics (3.2) FIG 22: Total FDI equity inflow in the manufacturing subsectors between April 2000 and June 2021 (US$ Billiion)

(Source: IBEF) https://www.ibef.org/industry/manufacturing-sector-india/infographic

National Manufacturing Policy FIG 23: Government Initiatives (Source: IBEF) https://www.ibef.org/industry/manufacturing-sector-india/infographic

“The above data provided shows us the importance of Industrial sector in India and its scope of massive expansion. Industrial Structures will rise and fall, be it will take many years, but we should be prepared for a better use of that structure which is Adaptive Reuse.”

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[26] (Press note on second advance estimates of national income 2021-22)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse India has several industrial regions like Mumbai- Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, etc.

The Industrial region are discussed below: 1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region 2. Hugli Industrial Region.

3. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region 4. Gujarat Industrial Region 5. Chotanagpur Industrial Region 6. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Industrial Region 7. Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Industrial Region 1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region: The seeds of its development were planted in 1774 when the island-site was gotten for development of Mumbai port. The kickoff of the primary rail route track of 34 kms among Mumbai and Thane in 1853, opening of the Bhor and Thai Ghats individually to Pune and Nashik and that of Suez Waterway in 1869 prompted the advancement of Mumbai.

The development of this industrial region is completely associated with the development of cotton material industry in India. Cotton was developed in the dark cotton soil region of the Narmada and Tapi bowls. [27] 2. Hugli Industrial Region: Situated in West Bengal, this district stretches out as a thin belt running along the stream Hugli for a distance of around 100 km from Bansbaria and Naihati in the north to Birlanagar in the south. Foundation of first jute plant at Rishra in 1855 introduced the time of modem industrial bunching around here. A chain of jute plants and different production lines could be laid out on by the same token side of Hugli River with the assistance of Damodar valley coal. The port site was the most appropriate for send out of unrefined substances to England and import of completed merchandise from that country. [27] 3. Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region: This region is a cotton-growing tract and is dominated by the cottontextile industry. In fact cotton textile industry was the first to take roots in this region. But it has large number of silk manufacturing units, sugar mills, leather industry, chemicals, rail wagons, diesel engines, radio, aluminum, cement, etc. [27]

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[27] (Industrial Regions: 8 Major Industrial Regions of India, 2013)

FIG 24: Cotton Industry (Source: goodsonmove) http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/mumbai -pune-industrial-region.html

FIG 25: Jute Industry

(Source: goodsonmove)

http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/huglikolkata-industrial-region.html

FIG 26: Cotton Industry (Source: goodsonmove) http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/bangalo re-tamil-nadu-industrial-region.html

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 4. Gujarat Industrial Region: This area became significant textile region with the downfall of cotton material industry in Mumbai. Mumbai has the inconvenience of paying twofold cargo charges for first bringing the crude cotton from the peninsular hinterland and afterward dispatching the completed items to inland consuming focuses in India. The revelation and creation of oil at various spots in the Gulf of Khambhat region prompted the foundation of petrochemical ventures around Ankleshwar, Vadodara and Jamnagar. Petrol processing plants at Koyali and Jamnagar give fundamental unrefined components to the legitimate development of petrochemical ventures.

5. Chotanagpur Industrial Region: Other than natural substances, power is accessible from the dam locales in the Damodar Valley and the nuclear energy plants in view of the neighborhood coal. This district is encircled by exceptionally populated provinces of Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal which give modest work.

Heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilizers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals are some of the other important industries in this region.

6. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Industrial Region: Created farming and rich mineral assets in the hinterlands of these ports give strong base to the industrial development around here. Coal fields of the Godavari bowl are the principle source of energy. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. set up at Vishakhapatnam, set up in 1941 is the principle center.

Petroleum refinery at Vishakhapatnam facilitated the growth of several petrochemical industries.

Vishakhapatnam has the most modern iron and steel plant which have the distinction of being the only plant in India having coastal location.

7. Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Industrial Region: This region developed after independence, but is one of the fastest growing regions of India. It consists of two industrial belts adjoining Delhi. One belt extends over Agra-MathuraMeerut and Saharanpur in U.P. and the other between Faridabad-Gurgaon- Ambala in Haryana. Sugar, rural executes, vanaspati, material, glass, synthetic substances, designing, paper, hardware and cycle are a portion of the significant industries of this district. One petroleum treatment facility has been set up at Panipat.

Jatin Rawat

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[27] (Industrial Regions: 8 Major Industrial Regions of India, 2013)

FIG 27: Petrochemical (Source: goodsonmove) Industry http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/gujaratindustrial-region-development.html

FIG 28: Heavy Industry (Source: goodsonmove) http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/chotana gpur-industrial-region.html

FIG 29: Petroleum Refinery

(Source: goodsonmove)

http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/vishakh apatnam-guntur-industrial-region.html

FIG 30: Software Industry

(Source: goodsonmove)

http://blog.goodsonmove.com/2017/03/gurgao n-delhi-meerut-industrial-region.html

40

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

INDIA INUSTRIAL REGIONS

PAKISTAN 1

Gurgaon Delhi Meerut

CHINA Bareilly

Gwalior

13

4 9

Lucknow Kota

Jabalpur

3

10

12 Gorakhpur

Jalpaiguri Purnia

Bhopal 11

Nagpur

Cuttack

Gujarat

Hugli Chota Nagpur

8 MumbaiPune

Hyderabad

Vishakhapatnam Guntur

5 Bangalore Tamilnadu

ARABIAN SEA 6 7

BAY OF BENGAL Major Industrial Region

Kollam Thiruvananthapuram

Minor Industrial Region

SRILANKA

FIG 31: Industrial Regions in India (Source: patnauniversity) https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/econtent/social_sciences/geography/M AGeog14.pdf

Industrial District

Table 2 Data of Indian Industries

Industries

Total Numbers

Mining

1,531

Chemicals and Petrochemicals

12,168

Cottage (SSI) Defence Products

Industries

Total Numbers

Heavy Industries

_

Manufacturing

2,42,395

128.44 Lakh

Oil and Natural Gas

50 Labs 4 Defence Shipyards 12 Defence PSU

23 Refineries

Pharmaceuticals

10,500

Fertilizers

128

Textiles

3,400

Food Processing

37,175

Automobiles

14,000

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.1.e. Abandoned Industrial Buildings – The Case of India It is natural that Industrial buildings become redundant for many reasons, such as changes in economic and industrial practices, cost of maintenance, and people’s perceptions. Most of these buildings are no longer suited for their original function and a new use has not been decided for them. Adaptive reuse enables the conversion of existing, obsolete Industrial buildings and sites into new, mixed-use developments that will play an essential role in enhancing local communities. Recently, many coal-fired power plants in the Delhi Region have been retired because of the environmental regulations. Through adaptive reuse, coal-fired power plants and abandoned industrial sites can contribute to life enhancement as a new source of vibrancy for the community. [28]

G.T S.T

Gas Turbine 4

Delhi Thermal Power Plants 2,195 MW

2

6

Steam Turbine

Coal

Delhi’s Coal power plant are on a verge of extinction and thus those huge acre of land will be of no use, here Adaptive Reuse plays and important role in reviving these dying Industrial areas and make communities around it more enhanced and also help in reducing Urban Sprawl.

FIG 32: Delhi Thermal Power Plant, Types and thier Impact

840 MW NTPC Badarpur: 705MW (884 Acre) IPGCL Rajghat: 135 MW (42.96 Acre)

(Source: Downtoearth, Wikipedia, NTPC )

https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/delhis-coal-conundrum-49488

FIG 33: Abandoned Industrial Buildings in Delhi, Bhopal and U.P

(Source: Various)

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/uttar-pradesh-abandoned-rubber-factoryturns-into-stray-tigers-den/articleshow/74665936.cms https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rare-look-inside-bhopal-factory-india-2014-12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarpur_Thermal_Power_Station

Jatin Rawat [28] (Donghwan, 2018)

05218001618

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.2 About Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion. Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational and commercial performance of built assets. Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an existing building for a purpose other than which it was originally built or designed for. It is also known as recycling and conversion. Adaptive reuse is an effective strategy for optimizing the operational and commercial performance of built assets.

Adaptive reuse in architecture denotes the process of building conversion so as to accommodate new functional requirements.

FIG 34: Brewing Company

(Source: ModeArchitects)

http://comptonllc.com/a-guide-into-adaptive-reuseconstruction/

Since the whole process is shaped within the possibilities of an already architecture structure the term adaptive reuse is labelled as ‘re architecture’ by Cantacuzino.

The process involves, in the first place: 1. The preparation of an architectural design project/scheme according the possibilities/potentialities offered and the constraints imposed by an existing building which is often of historical importance.

2. And in the second place the necessary alterations/conversions are to take place, generally, within the boundaries defined by the building envelope and in line with the new project.

FIG 35: Danish International Maritime Museum (Conversion)

(Source: RTF) FIG 36: CaixaForum Barcelona (Restoration)

(Source: RTF)

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architects-lounge/a318-10-most-creative-adaptive-reuse-projects/

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse The possibility of versatile reuse of structures to produce space for new useful prerequisites is neither something new or contemporary nor is it restricted to engineering. It has been applied to practically a wide range of curios since hundreds of years. It has been liked to destruction and revamping in different areas of the planet and a plenty of old furthermore, outdated constructions have been adjusted to different usages since days of yore.

There are various instances of: 1. Military structures adjusted as schools.

2. Correctional facilities as lavish inns.

3. Castles as social structures like historical centers and craftsmanship exhibitions 4. Theater scenes as royal residences 5. Industrial structures for practically a wide range of useful prerequisites.

FIG 37: Air Force Academy (Source: RTF) https://www.rethinkingthefuture.com/architects-lounge/a129015-examples-of-military-architecture/

FIG 38: Jails in Netherlands and U.K converted into Luxury Hotels

(Source: magazine.trivago) FIG 39: Gohar Mahal Bhopal now a museum

https://magazine.trivago.com/prisons-converted-hotels/

(Source: RTF)

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-freshperspectives/a1099-8-instances-of-adaptive-reuse-in-india/

In addition, it's implied that adaptive reuse isn't likewise an area of concern which is situated to just to structures with verifiable significance or to structures with reach design highlights. The interaction addresses itself to a wide range of structures and is considered as a panacea for a wide range of obsolescence's be it useful, practical or even physical. In other words the use of the course of adaptive reuse closely related with the obsolescence’s of structures and practical attainability of the `project.

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.1.3. Importance of Industrial Adaptive Reuse 1. Maintains cultural heritage. In communities with historic architecture, adaptive reuse is a form of historic preservation. It restores culturally significant sites that would otherwise be left to decay or demolished to make room for new buildings or parking lots.

2. Slows urban sprawl. When builders search for new construction sites, they must often choose land further outside of a city center since the land within a city is usually claimed by old buildings or more expensive real estate. This fuels the process of “urban sprawl,” a term for the unrestricted expansion of urban areas, contributing to air pollution and other environmental impacts, dangerous traffic patterns, higher infrastructure costs, and social isolation. Adaptive reuse offers a counter to urban sprawl.

3. Creates a new community beacon. Adaptive reuse architecture is functional and often incredibly beautiful.

2.1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Reuse Table 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Adaptive Reuse

Advantages

Disadvantages

Existing inventory of well built structures

Potentially high cost of development due to governmental processes such as permitting, planning and historic permissions

Access to financing incentives

Potentially high construction cost due to common environmental issues

Potentially low acquisition cost

Higher design cost to address change-of-use, update infrastructure such as outdated HVAC and electrical systems

Proximity to large population centres

Existing building design layout and site constraints

Environmental benefits, such as reduced waste from demolition of old structures and reduced energy from generating new materials

Historic preservations designation can limit façade or exterior alterations

Adaptive reuse help in reducing Urban Sprawl and thus solves the problem of Land Exhaustion

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.2. Principles of Adaptive Reuse 2.2.1 Basic Principles The challenge come in finding the desired balance between change, adaptation and restoration to appease the stakeholders. In finding the right balance, adaptive reuse projects should integrate following principles into the design: 1. Perform the functions well for which they are redesigned.

2. Be long lasting and adaptable to new uses.

3. Respond well to their surroundings and enhance their context.

4. Have a visual coherence and create ‘delight’ for users and passers by.

5. Be sustainable – non-polluting, energy efficient, easily accessible and have a minimal environmental impact.

Table 4 Checklist to ensure propose adaptive reuse principles

Adaptation Principles

Assessment

Analysing and understand the significance of the place

Using the assessment of heritage value and fabric analysis to guide the proposal.

New use to be appropriate to heritage significance

New use as art gallery and small library retains some commercial functions and enhance public access/interpretation

Ensuring reversibility of alterations and avoiding the use of process or materials whose future removal would damage the original historic fabric

The new proposal will be simply undertaken, minimizing its impact on the structured fabric.

Promoting minimum interventions based on respect for the existing building

Historical structures need carefully conserve, the new use demand only a light touch

Adaptations are of 3 types: Small scale, Medium scale and Large scale

The scale of adaptations needed to be taken care of while reusing any building.

Small scale: Housing, local shops, cafe’s, etc Medium scale: Commercial, Hospitals, etc Large scale: Industrial buildings

The principles which are related to Industrial Buildings are marked bold and italic. [Refer Table 4]

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.3. Elements of Adaptive Reuse Adaptive Reuse elements are very crucial in determining the number of alterations to be done in a building for its reuse. Industrial buildings need high amount of alterations as its use is changed.

An industrial building is always converted into a different use because of environmental issues.

Converting a building needs design elements which is to be fused within the structure. [29] Elements of Adaptive Reuse which are most commonly used are following: 1. Façade 2. Structural Constraints 3. Material 4. A Sense of Past 5. Hierarchy of Open Spaces

2.3.1 Façade Preserving a society’s cultural and architectural heritage while balancing city growth is a difficult task. Many older buildings feature beautiful and historical designs, but require heavy changes to the actual building structure. Techniques such as architectural facadism—preserving the façade of a building while constructing a new internal structure behind it—offer an opportunity to compromise and preserve through adaptive reuse. [30] There are several strategies of adaptive reuse for old buildings. Four different sketches representing the adaptive reuse method for historic buildings.

• The first drawing shows a retrofitting type which deals with an old facade. It is one method to consider historic significance or improve energy performance of old buildings.

• The second drawing represents a common typology of demolition conducted in many architectural projects, meaning that many developers want to demolish old buildings by deciding their economic value.

• The third one is a method to convert the ground level into public use, which is a modern solution for considering historic significance of old buildings. Furthermore, it is possible to make more open public spaces for visitors and neighbors. Many architects and planners have been opening the ground level for public use because it is attractive to people and enables a city to be more walkable.

• The last drawing is the type of adaptive reuse involving an addition, which it might be a great solution to provide more floor areas in dense cities for promoting spatial components and also help to keep the old buildings from being demolished.

FIG 39.a: Types of Adaptive Reuse

(Source: Donghwan Kim)

KIM-THESIS-2018.pdf

Jatin Rawat [29] (Strumillo, 2016)

05218001618 [30] (How Architectural Façadism Keeps the Old New, 2017)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

Façade Development Existing Structure FIG 40: Antwerp Port House, Belgium

(Source: DeZeen)

https://www.dezeen.com/2016/09/22/zaha-hadid-architects-faceted-port-house-antwerp-belgium/

Mural design of creative director of Gucci Michele Whimsical

FIG 41: Gucci Art Lab

(Source: thespaces)

https://thespaces.com/the-most-innovative-adaptive-reuse-projects-of-2018/

The CaixaForum is an urban magnet, attracting art and design lovers from Madrid and beyond. After the removal of the building’s original base, the structure — a heavy mass — appears daringly detached from the ground, in defiance of gravity. The only material from the old power station that was both reusable and retained was the building’s brick shell. [31] FIG 42: CaixaForum (Source: architizer) https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/fill-in/

Each volume has a unique spatial identity, all are linked by the decorative front façade made out of ornamental bricks and blue stone. The façades were improved to achieve greater wellbeing for visitors and employees. [32] FIG 43: Anish Kapoor Studios (Source: architizer) https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/fill-in/

Jatin Rawat [31] (Etherington, 2008)

05218001618 [32] (https://www.facebook.com/archellocom, 2016)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.3.2. Structural Constraints Before starting an adaptive reuse project and even considering refurbishment, it is important that the condition of the existing building is thoroughly assessed. A condition assessment primarily inspects a building's structural integrity. roofing, masonry, plaster, wood-work, tiling and the mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. The in-depth inspection of buildings can be expensive. Nevertheless, building condition assessment is critical to the success of an adaptive reuse project and must not be avoided at any cost because this expense is insignificant relative to the injury or loss of life that a building failure might cause. [33] Structural strength assessment involves know-how and is one of the most critical in terms of safety for workers. Inspection at the premises and an evaluation of current floor plans will assist engineers in assessing structural stability. In some situations, engineers may need to scratch the plaster out to expose the underlying structure if the design plans may not be usable. Structural device wooden members should regularly be inspected for red or thermite infestation. Corrosion or missing bearings or bolting of iron or steel must be tested. During the construction with the structural strength of the existing building, both dead and living loads should be considered.

FIG 44: Haveli Dharampura

(Source: DeZeen) FIG 45: Vikhroli Social

https://havelidharampura.com/

FIG 46: The Momentary

(Source: DeZeen)

https://www.dezeen.com/awards/2020/longlists/the-club-at-the-trees/

(Source: Redshift)

https://redshift.autodesk.com/adaptive-reuse/

2.3.2.a. Foundation Basement

The architect and engineer may look for signs of cracking of masonry wall or the settling of basement floors or upper floors which direct them to a problem in the foundation. These signs can also be detected from window sills and cornices. Appropriate survey instruments such as plumb bobs and spirit levels are recommended for use instead of a naked eye inspection.

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[33] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2022)

49

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 2.3.2.b. Structural System Analyzing the structural strength requires expertise and is one of the most crucial in terms of occupant safety. On-site inspection along with a study of existing floor plans can help engineers determine the structural stability. In some case, when the building drawings may not be available, engineers may have to scrape of the plaster to reveal the underlying structure. Wooden members of the structural system should be especially checked for rot or termite infestation. Iron or steel must be checked for corrosion and loose bearings or bolting. Additional future dead and live loads must be kept in mind while designing with the structural strength of the existing building. [34] 2.3.2.c. Floor System The floor system in old buildings is usually strong enough to satisfy present codes. If not, additional supporting members may be necessary. The floor and ceiling height should be able to accommodate additional stairways, vertical plumbing, electrical and HVAC. In some cases, an elevator may have to be installed. The only floor that need be considered is the bottom floor. It may be a slab on grade or built over a crawl space. In these cases, insulation should be considered. If the perimeter of a slab on grade is insulated from the weather, this is all that can be hoped for. Over a cold crawl space, a two-in blanket under the floor will cut the heat loss by at least 50%.

2.3.2.d. Exterior Walls The building envelope should be examined thoroughly for cracks, water tightness (infiltration or leaks) and mortar joints. It is important to examine these exterior walls for future fenestration and air conditioning ducts.

2.3.2.e. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment's Buildings undergoing adaptive reuse often lack modern and energy efficient MEP systems and appliances. Heating: Determining the capacity of the heating plant for the new building use and occupancy. Existing heating systems involving boilers and burners and metal piping could be salvaged for recycling.

2.3.2.f. Electrical While the electrical wiring may still be intact, the panel boards, junction boxes and electrical feeders may not be as per the present day fire codes. Additionally, the switch boards may be outdated and have to be replaced. The architect and engineers must also determine of additional transformer vaults and feeder lines are necessary.

Jatin Rawat

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[34] (Mahadik & Jaiswal, 2014)

50

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 2.3.2.g. Stairways and Exits The stairway requirement for a building should be derived from present day building codes for fire and safety. Strategic placement of new staircases and layout for maximum access should be done in order to maximize space utility and minimize the burden on the structural system.

2.3.2.h. Windows and Doors The fenestration in an external wall assembly are the biggest wasters of energy. They waste heat by conduction, radiation and infiltration. This can be controlled to an extent by using multiple layered glazing systems and using low-e coatings on the glass.

Additionally, it is important to seal the window and door systems to avoid infiltration. Similarly, in hot and sunny climates, it is important to shade windows to avoid heat gain due to solar radiation.

FIG 47: Convent De Sant Francesc

(Source: DeZeen)

https://www.dezeen.com/2012/07/26/convent-de-santfrancesc-by-david-closes/

2.3.2.i. Roof An exposed roof is the greatest source of heat loss during cold months and heat gains during hot months.

Therefore, roof insulation becomes very crucial in extreme climate conditions. Another passive technique is to separate living spaces from roof by adding dead buffer spaces such attics under the roof.

FIG 48: 18 Septemberplein

(Source: UnStudio)

https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/12329/18septemberplein

2.3.2.j. Design to Save Energy Some of the most important methods of energy conservation are, reducing heating and cooling loads through building envelopes, maximizing natural ventilation potential, using daylighting and energy efficient lighting fixtures and so on.

FIG 49: Tammany Hall

(Source: Dezeen)

https://www.dezeen.com/2020/08/04/bksk-glassdome-tammany-hall-building-new-york/

‘‘To understand the importance of Adaptive Reuse, one must first appreciate the value of old buildings and architecture.”

~ Schmidt Associates

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2.3.3. Materials Building materials are generally procured from the Earth's strata or are end products of processed natural components. These resources are limited. Irresponsible extraction of natural compounds for building material manufacture can deplete these natural compounds from the earth. Moreover, extraction can cause harm to the natural habitat and biodiversity of the region where materials are extracted. Therefore, a project that uses minimum new building material and uses more of recycled materials is a more sustainable and responsible choice for a building material. [35] This defines the importance of Adaptive Reuse projects in minimizing environmental impacts of a building.

Material reuse is the most characteristic feature of adaptive reuse. Reusing and recycling materials greatly reduces the total energy used in construction in comparison to that needed for building new objects. Particularly significant is the reduction of energy consumed in transporting materials, producing new materials, etc.

Major materials which are occupied after abandonment of Industrial Buildings are: 1. Steel 2. Concrete 3. Wood 4. Stone 5. Brick

FIG 50: Various Industrial Buildings of different materials. Left to Right: Steel, Conc., Wood, Stone, Brick

(Source: Various)

https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/06/gusto-headquarters-warehouse-pier-70-san-francisco-gensler/ https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/28/kb-building-factory-hofmandujardin-offices-netherlands/

Materials Compatibility with other materials Steel

Concrete

Wood

Stone

Brick

Plastic Glass Concrete Steel Butyl Rubber Plaster Wet Wood Stone

Steel Ceramic Tiles Glass Plastics Copper/Brass Clay Bricks Lead Zinc

Bamboo Steel Glass Cardboard Cement Rammed Earth

Glass Metal Tin Wood Natural Clay Bricks

Cement Steel Stone Sand Rammed Earth

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[35] (Ruuska & Häkkinen, 2014)

52

Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse The above chart shows material compatibilities which give us a direct picture that which material can be used with which material so that it does not decay the existing structure. These materials which are compatible with major 5 ones can be used for renovation of building façade and can be reused after the demolition of building.

Dissecting the state of existing material designs may both uncover new open doors for reusing materials and furthermore assist with deciding the degree of cost viability. By and large, it is attractive to reuse the steady design whenever the situation allows. As a rule, the strong construction of modern structures was intended for such huge burdens that it has an adequate limit with regards to new non-modern purposes given that it stays in an adequately decent specialized state. Different other modern materials and components can be reused to offer added benefit to the undertaking by safeguarding an exceptional modern air. It might likewise be feasible to reuse specific in fact inadequate components regardless of whether this isn't at first clear. For example, old windows that don't satisfy current warm execution guidelines don't constantly should be eliminated. [36]

2.3.4. A sense of past Architecture is an expression appropriate to its time, and adaptive reuse is a tool that can be utilized in the exploration of how to add to the existing fabric of a structure in order to continue the story of the building while still speaking to time and tradition.

A sense of past can be implemented in the hearts of people by taking following considerations: 1. Having less alteration 2. Keeping the fabric of the building secure 3. Not extremely changing the use of the previous structure.

4. Keeping the materials same.

5. Implementing various design elements of the previous building in the new Adaptively Reused structure.

FIG 51: Zeitz Museum

(Source: RTF) FIG 52: Soro Pub

https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/15/thomas-heatherwick-zeitz-mocaacape-town-art-museum-south-africa/

(Source: RTF)

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-freshperspectives/a1099-8-instances-of-adaptive-reuse-inindia/#e64661f1e466e4f044e0216d7a68a1e5b64fb693#12640 1

Having a sense of past brings communities closer and creates a mindset of affinity in human.

The Figure 24 shows grain silos being adaptively reused as a museum but this has a sense of past of grain silos due to its structure, thus it states that keeping the form of structure same can help in building a sense of past.

Jatin Rawat

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[36] (Best Practices for Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling Construction and Demolition Materials | US EPA, 2016)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.4. Benefits of Adaptive Reuse 2.4.1. Environmental Adaptive reuse of buildings has a major role to play in the sustainable development. One of the main environmental benefits of reusing buildings is the preservation of the original building's "embodied energy". That is, the energy consumed by all of the processes associated with the production of a building, from the attainment of natural resources to product delivery, including mining, manufacturing of materials and equipment, transport and administrative functions. By reusing buildings, their embodied energy is retained, making the project much more environmentally sustainable than entirely new construction. [37]

FIG 53: Pratt Street Power Plant

(Source: ModernCities)

Baltimore’s Pratt Street Power Plant was built between 1900 and 1909. Operations ceased in 1973. Acquired by the City of Baltimore during the early 1980s, the former industrial facility has been adaptively reused into a variety of uses over the past thirty years. https://www.moderncities.com/article/2019-jul-ten-benefits-of-adaptive-reuse

2.4.2. Decreased Public and Social Cost In numerous more seasoned urban areas the nation over, the metropolitan center populace has declined by in excess of 50% starting around 1950. Adaptive reuse of empty constructions and milestones in areas intended for two times however many individuals as live there today offers the amazing chance to make new reasonable lodging, new companies and house purchasing.

Likewise, Adaptive reuse can fill in as a strategy to invert the financial downfall of economically depressed areas networks while decreasing dislodging related with improvement.

In New Orleans, the Dryades Public Market is a unique solution for a neighborhood that was once a food desert. In 2011, Alembic Community Development acquired the closed Myrtle Banks Elementary School and transformed the space into a building that is now home to a specialty grocery market, arts, nonprofits and other small businesses.

FIG 54: Dryades Public Market (Source: ModernCities) https://www.moderncities.com/article/2019-jul-ten-benefits-ofadaptive-reuse-page-2

Jatin Rawat

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[37] (Heba Elsaay & Ezzat, 2017)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.4.3. Takes Advantage of Urban Revitalization Trends The nation over there is incredible interest in true encounters related with residing and working in remarkable urban areas with an extraordinary feeling of spot. A magnet for drawing in taught youthful experts, Adaptive reuse of existing structures is a significant attribute of urban areas where metropolitan rejuvenation has been a triumph.

FIG 55: Otto Milk Condominiums

(Source: ModernCities)

Assuming you request the city inhabitants from Pittsburgh what the meaning of "cool" residing in the city is, they will all settle on a certain something: the Otto Milk Building Condominium is the spot to be. Initially worked in 1865 for the Phoenix Brewing Company, the Otto Milk Company involved this structure as a handling and capacity plant. Situated in the famous Strip District, lately, it has been redeveloped into a $14.7 million, 58 unit market-rate apartment suite complex. https://www.moderncities.com/article/2019-jul-ten-benefits-of-adaptive-reuse

2.4.4. Preservation of Local Identity and Sense of Place Miami is known for its broad assortment of Art Deco structures while New Orleans is known for its shotgun design. More seasoned structures not just add and lay out the person and size of our neighborhood assembled conditions, they likewise are a direct actual connection to our past, social legacy and character. Urban areas the nation over will quite often embrace the idea of Adaptive reuse in light of the fact that regardless of how one cuts it, reestablishing a memorable space goes far in saving nearby feeling of spot and credible encounters that can't be imitated somewhere else.

A Walmart Neighborhood Market involves the old San Diego Farmers Market working in the city's Logan Heights area. While Walmart is known for "large box" stores, which can produce local area resistance, lately Neighborhood Markets have for the most part opened in empty business spaces, requiring less allows, formal reviews - and, probably, having the capacity to irritate up neighbors.

FIG 56: Walmart SD Grocery (Source: ModernCities) https://www.moderncities.com/article/2019-jul-ten-benefits-ofadaptive-reuse-page-2

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

2.4.5. Cost savings on Demolition Commonly an ignored cost, destruction expenses can run as high as five to a modest amount of the all out cost of new development.

FIG 57: Aloft Orlando Downtown

(Source: ModernCities)

Downtown Orlando's 1960s-time Orlando Utilities Commission place of business was reused over into a 118-room Aloft Hotel in 2013. https://www.moderncities.com/article/2019-jul-ten-benefits-of-adaptive-reuse

2.4.6. Economic Sustainability Possible money saving advantages from Adaptive reuse incorporate the decrease of the obstacles by and large connected with greenfield destinations, as lawful issues, tension from hostile to advancement groups, drafting issues, money, plan and development costs and environmental effects. These reserve funds can be the contrast between a metropolitan undertaking having the plausibility to push ahead and a midtown site turning into a surface parking area for years to come.

FIG 58: 100N Laura Street

(Source: ModernCities)

Initially a piece of Barnett National Bank's corporate base camp, downtown Jacksonville's 100 North Laura Street is presently a place of business with ground floor retail spaces. https://www.moderncities.com/article/2019-jul-ten-benefits-of-adaptive-reuse

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2.5. Criteria for Adaptive Reuse 2.5.1. Societal Value of Site The societal value of a given site and building; that is, the importance to the community of the use of a site by its members or visitors.

It is important to look after the societal value while doing an Adaptive Reuse project, as the nearby locality people should not make any hindrance later on.

FIG 59: Societal Value of Site

(Source: blogs.iadb) https://blogs.iadb.org/ciudadessostenibles/en/adaptive-reuse-historicpractices-during-a-crisis/

2.5.2. Historical Importance The historical importance of the site and building; in terms of both the physicality of the streetscape and the area, as well as of the role of the site in the community's understanding of the past.

It is important to understand the relevance and the historic existence of structure, before processing to make it an adaptive reuse project.

2.5.3. Ecological Conditions The natural ecological conditions of the site and building; whether it is suitable climatically or can support the proposed environmental work.

This is done to check the climatic conditions of the site, then all the proposed work is done.

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2.6. Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development 2.6.1. Control of Urban Sprawl Urban Sprawl is characterized as "the spreading of metropolitan improvements on lacking area almost a city". Urban Sprawl has been depicted as the unhindered development in numerous metropolitan areas of lodging, business improvement, and streets over huge spreads of land, with little worry for urban planning. [38]

FIG 60: Urban Sprawl Illustration

(Source: Deviantart and Author)

Downtown Orlando's 1960s-time Orlando Utilities Commission place of business was reused over into a 118-room Aloft Hotel in 2013. https://www.deviantart.com/danielra96/art/Urban-Sprawl-306030040

“The City doesn't end, its just keep spreading.” ~ Author “Groundbreaking thoughts should utilize old structures” said Jane Jacobs in her original book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, supporting the reuse of existing structure stock as a way to catalyze positive change and cultivate assorted metropolitan conditions. According to a metropolitan viewpoint, Adaptive reuse is an important procedure for reviving post-modern urban communities, making thickness and alleviating never-ending suburbia, or assisting contracting urban communities with rethinking their metropolitan texture.

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Urban sprawl refers to the expansion of poorly planned, low-density, auto-dependent development, which spreads out over large amounts of land, putting long distances between homes, stores, and work and creating a high segregation between residential and commercial uses with harmful impacts on the people living in these areas and the ecosystems and wildlife that have been displaced. [39] Although some would argue that urban sprawl has its benefits, such as creating local economic growth, urban sprawl has many negative consequences for residents and the environment, such as: 1. Higher water and air pollution 2. Increased traffic fatalities and jams 3. Loss of agricultural capacity 4. Increased car dependency 5. Higher taxes 6. Increased runoff into rivers and lakes 7. Increased flooding 8. Decrease in social capital and loss of natural habitats, wildlife and open space.

In its path, urban sprawl consumes immeasurable acres of forests, farmland, woodlands and wetlands and in its wake, leaves vacant storefronts, boarded up houses, closed businesses, abandoned and usually contaminated industrial sites, and traffic congestion, which can stretch miles from urban centers and is creating a hidden debt of unfunded infrastructure and services, urban decay, social dysfunction, and environmental degradation. [39] The figure shows Urban Sprawl in the city of Las Vegas from 1984 - 2009.

Urban sprawl can be seen as a major issue for a city development and growth as there will be no space left for future construction. Environmental impacts are high in Urban Sprawl.

Urban Sprawl happens when there is no space for new construction. Here adaptive reuse plays an important role in non destroying old structures, but reusing it in a better way keeping its sense of past.

Adaptive reuse helps lowering Urban Sprawl by using old building and reusing it so it doesn't get abandoned or unused.

Industrial Buildings takes up a large space in urban context. Industrial buildings are tend to fall down or get shut due to political or environmental reasons which will lead to big chunk of land wasted. Adaptive reuse can reuse that industrial building and can bring back communities working there.

FIG 61: Urban Sprawl Las Vegas (Source: Britannica) https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-sprawl

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[39] (Urban Sprawl, 2014)

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse “Reusing a buildings instead of demolishing it will help reduce urban sprawl.” ~ Author Abandoned Malls can be Abandoned Reused as an Arcades or Hypermarkets can be Office Complex Reused as an Exhibition Centres Abandoned Car Factory Abandoned Industrial can be Reused as an Buildings can be Reused Amusement Park as an Office Space

FIG 62: Urban Sprawl Texas

(Source: CitiesToday)

https://cities-today.com/urban-sprawl-triples-public-service-costs-says-oecd/

The figure shows Urban Sprawl in the city of Texas. The point to be proven from the above illustration is that, when a buildings gets abandoned then it become of no use, which makes the building in the case of demolition or keeping it there for years and constructing a new building in a greenfield, construction on greenfield projects increases urban sprawl which is a common factor in nowadays cities.

To reduce that urban sprawl, we can implement the method of adaptive reuse on these abandoned structures, so instead of demolishing it, we can adaptively reuse that building and design a new use for it. So if we want to construct an amusement park we can use abandoned car factory or if we want to build a massive office space, instead of taking a greenfield, we can use abandoned industrial building.

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Adaptive Reuse programs rejuvenate downtown regions by changing over more seasoned, monetarily upset, or generally huge structures to condos, live/work units, or guest serving offices. This decreases empty space and preserve the midtown region's structural and social importance, going about as an impetus in provoking interest in significant turns of events. "The boon that happened in changing void places of business over to private lofts inhaled new life into downtown Los Angeles when it was urgently required." (Bullen, 2009) Reuse of repetitive business structures as a recovery system has turned into a well known approach with a variety of city specialists.

2.6.2 Studying the Urban Societies People’s involvement in transformation processes plays an important role in promoting community values. Developing community-based approaches can support strategies in influencing social interaction, change of attitude, lifestyle and behavior.

The study of society shows following points as the direct ties to the urban form of the community.

1. Interactions in the community/social networks 2. Community participation 3. Pride/sense of place 4. Community stability 5. Crime NEW ORIGINAL Invented tradition Sacrifice Living record

Honor

Historic

Replica Ritual

ISE SHRINES

COPY

Nostalgia

Memory Repair Craftmanship

Renewal

Spiritual Symbolism RESTORATION

OLD

FIG 63: Venn diagram showing the overlap in perceptions around the Ise Shrines in Japan (Source: Scholarworks) https://cities-today.com/urban-sprawl-triples-publicservice-costs-says-oecd/

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2.7. Theories of Adaptive Reuse 2.7.1. Typological Approach A new use for old buildings' by Cantacuzino was the first publication on adaptive reuse. Its introductory essay discusses the history of adaptive reuse and its role within current conservation practice. It goes on to give a variety of examples from all over the world; these examples are presented according to building type before adaptation. In contrast, many publications only deal with reuse of one specific building type, e.g. religious buildings or industrial buildings. [40] Table 5 Classification of Building Typologies

Building Type

Typology

Industrial Building

1. Factory 2. Warehouse 3. Barn 4. Granary 5. Mills

Religious buildings

1. Church and Chapel 2. Convent 3. Beguinage 4. Presbytery

Semi public buildings

1. City Hall 2. Museum 3. School 4. Hospital 5. Observatory 11. Post Office

Residential buildings

1. Castle 2. Country house 3. Farm 4. Town house

Military buildings

1. Fortress 2. Barrack 3. Gate

Commercial buildings

1. Craft shop 2. Department store 3. Bank 4. Market 5. Boutique

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[40] (Bie Plevoets & Koenraad Van Cleempoel, 2011)

6. Brewery 7. Malting 8. Mining site 9 .Railway station

6. Court House 7. Office 8. Library 9. Theatre 10. Hotel and Hostel

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2.7.2. Technical Approach Several sources have considered building adaptation as mainly a technical matter and also, regarding how to decide on a new function for adapted buildings. The rehabilitation and re use of old buildings' by Highfield (1987) is a booklet in which the author first explains the benefits of rehabilitation. He differentiates domestic and nondomestic buildings and in a technical chapter he discusses the upgrading of fire resistance, thermal function, and acoustic performance, elimination of damp infiltration, condensation and timber decay.

Also, a main portion of the work of Douglas is about technical characteristics of reuse. Highfield and Douglas have discussed building protection but they approach the space only as a shell instead of giving consideration to aspects of preservation and significance. [40] Table 6 Technical issues on adaptive reuse

Technical types

Upgrading

Loadbearing structures

1. Frames (Timber, iron structures, etc.)

2. Floors 3. Walls 4. Roofs 5. Underpinning 6. Heavy-lifting

Building envelope

1. Internal surfaces 2. Introduction of new floors 3. Façade 4. Accessibility and circulation

Comfort, Safety and Energy Efficiency

1. Fire resistance 2. Thermal performance 3. Acoustic performance 4. Preventing moisture and dampness 5. Indoor air quality

2.7.3. Strategic Approach The Strategic Approach concentrates on the processes and strategies used for adapting important structures.

1. Building within 2. Building over 3. Building around

4. Building alongside 7. Building in the style of 5. Recycling materials 6. Adapting to a new function

Three strategies for conversion: 1. Intervention 2. Insertion 3. Installation Jatin Rawat

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[40] (Bie Plevoets & Koenraad Van Cleempoel, 2011)

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Wrap

Weaving

Juxtaposition

Parasite

Insertion

2.7.3.a. Wrap: Wrap is encapsulating an older structure for protecting the original materials and forms. This strategy keeps the original volume, but the old façade cannot be seen from the outer view.

FIG 64: Bunny Lane House

(Source: idesignarch)

This house was approached with the 'wraps' strategy. The old original cottage was wrapped and encased with a new modern style skin. At the outer view, it is hard to see the original facade. The space between the old and new facade is used for the new house. https://www.idesignarch.com/bunny-lane-house-a-cottage-inside-a-giant-shed/

2.7.3.b. Weaving: Weaving is common in reconstruction of ruins from the post-World War II or from natural disasters. The old elements or original facades are reused, and new additions resemble the old materials, facade composition, or proportion. It is not a method to conserve or restore the old building entirely, the new and the old parts are distinct.

FIG 65: Neues Museum

(Source: archello)

https://archello.com/project/neues-museum

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 2.7.3.c. Juxtaposition: It is categorized by horizontal addition adjacent to the old building. The addition is positioned next to the original building and does not interrupt the older structure.

FIG 66: Higgins Halls, Pratt Institute

(Source: ArchDaily)

Its different materials help distinguish two masses and spaces. The parallel spaces which were added are used as semipublic rooms; design studios and exhibition galleries. It obtained a characteristic of flexibility after adaptive reuse. https://www.archdaily.com/920948/pratt-institute-higgins-hall-insertion-steven-holl-architects/5d27fb52284dd1f3900007b5-pratt-institutehiggins-hall-insertion-steven-holl-architects-watercolor-center-section

2.7.3.d. Parasite: It comprises the original building and new additions, which are clearly legible.

The original building keeps its form and material that can be recognized as its historic memory, while the new part is added on to the old structure, representing new forms and aesthetic. The new building after adaptation becomes meaningful, symbolic, historic and adds interest through spatial layering.

FIG 67: Hearst Tower, New York (Source: archello) https://archello.com/it/proje ct/hearst-tower

The historic building was planned to play as a base for the new tower. After 80 years, the new office tower addition was completed above the historic building. The new addition provides 46 stories of office space with a symbolic external diagrid structures. A harmonic balance between the old and the new form is attractive to the public. The Hearst Tower creates a strong visual impact on the Manhattan street with contemporary intervention

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse 2.7.3.e. Insertion: It is a method of using existing old structure to protect original buildings while inserting new spaces into the older volume.

“Bollack describes the insertion method as maintaining the old building facade as a skin to preserve memories and emotion. The actual insertion defines the new space.”

FIG 68: Westminster Arcade

(Source: Wikipedia)

Keeping the outer historic facade and inserting new functional spaces (micro unit apartments and retails). The existing skin is preserved with its old materials, forms, and proportions. With new functions inside and a preserved outside shell of memories, it is emotionally attractive for the public to see and perceive such old structures and forms, as this helps preserve the existing atmosphere of the historic districts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Arcade

Table 7 Evaluation of each adaptive reuse type

Type

Façade increase

Social value

Wrap

70

40

20

25

30

10

Weaving

40

20

15

15

15

30

Juxtapos ition

50

50

30

50

70

30

Parasite

30

40

60

30

50

30

Insertion

10

80

70

10

80

40

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Economic benefit

Spatial increase

Heritage preservation

Energetic value (Public space)

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2.8. Industrial Building Conversion (Study through Cases) 2.8.1. Office Space An office is a space where an organization's employees perform administrative work in order to support and realize objects and goals of the organization. The word "office" may also denote a position within an organization with specific duties attached to it the latter is in fact an earlier usage, office as place originally referring to the location of one's duty. [41]

The main purpose of physical office space is to create a special work-focused environment that helps its occupants to get their jobs done easily. An office has the tools and the resources needed to perform job tasks. It gives a designated place to work, often surrounded by coworkers that foster easy collaboration and effective communication when needed.

Industrial Building

Office Space

San Francisco Pier 70, Gusto Headquarters

FIG 69: Gusto Headquarters

(Source: ortondevelopment)

The above pictures shows, conversion of port of San Francisco into an office building. It can be seen how the elements are reused withing the office complex and how the spatial planning is done in this massive factory. http://www.ortondevelopment.com/project/pier-70/

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[41] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2022)

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This huge industrial building in San Francisco now functions as office space for an HR software company, where employees are encouraged to take off their shoes.

The historic structure, which once served as a machine shop for military destroyers and submarines, has been transformed into the headquarters for Gusto.

This expansion resulted in the need for more workspace, which Gusto found at the old shipyard on San Francisco’s eastern waterfront. The area was already undergoing major revitalization, so the opportunity to move into part of one of its largest buildings seemed too good to pass up.

At Building 113 – where Gusto is based – this led the firm to retain, expose and highlight the enormous steel columns and beams, while making a feature of the machinery that used to hoist ship parts from one end of the building to the other.

Along the Centre, the full height of the space was kept open up to the metal truss roof. This area is treated like a massive lounge, with sofas and desk areas for employees to use for casual working and informal meetings. [42]

FIG 70: Gusto Headquarters (Source: dezeen) https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/06/gustoheadquarters-warehouse-pier-70-san-francisco-gensler/

FIG 71: Gusto Headquarters

(Source: dezeen)

Offices spaces and meeting rooms are situated below, leaving the top level open for more lounge spaces and kitchen areas.

These take advantage of the building's large arch-shaped windows and exposed brickwork. In opposite corners, two minimal black staircases provide access to the upper floors and create a strong contrast to the industrial finishes. https://www.dezeen.com/2018/10/06/gusto-headquarters-warehouse-pier-70-san-francisco-gensler/

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2.8.2. Gym’s A place or club where you can go to exercise using machines, weights, and other equipment.

A gymnasium, also known as a gym, is a covered location for athletics. The word is derived from the ancient Greek term "gymnasium". They are commonly found in athletic and fitness centers, and as activity and learning spaces in educational institutions. "Gym" is also slang for "fitness Centre", which is often an area for indoor recreation. A "gym" may include or describe adjacent open air areas as well. In Western countries, "gyms" often describe places with indoor or outdoor courts for basketball, hockey, tennis, boxing or wrestling, and with equipment and machines used for physical development training, or to do exercises. In many European countries, Gymnasium also can describe a secondary school that prepares students for higher education at a university, with or without the presence of athletic courts, fields, or equipment. [43]

Industrial Building

Gym’s

Allez UP Rock Climbing Gym

FIG 72: Allez UP Silos

(Source: archdaily)

The above pictures shows, conversion of Allez UP silos into an Rock Climbing Gym building. It can be seen how the elements are reused within the Silo complex and how the spatial planning is done in this massive Industrial Structure. https://www.archdaily.com/477963/allez-up-rock-climbing-gym-smith-vigeant-architectes

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[43] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2022)

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The rock climbing gym Allez-Up is at the heart of the revitalization project for Montreal’s Southwest borough. Flanking the Lachine Canal, the site and silos of the old Redpath sugar refinery have been converted into a one-of-a-kind indoor rock-climbing facility, adding significantly to the recreational and tourist attractions of the Canal.

Developing the abandoned silos into a rock-climbing gym is a unique way to maximize the enormous potential of these historic vestiges from Montreal’s industrial past.

The climbing wall formations within the main building actually resemble sugar cliffs, reminding visitors of the original function of the Redpath silos. These pure-white, angular climbing walls offer many different routes for both beginners as well as seasoned climbers. The multi-colored climbing-holds speckled across the walls add to the dynamic charm of this unique interior space.

The siding and outer metallic building envelope pay tribute to the industrial and monolithic character of this site, while the massive windows gaze far out onto St-Patrick Street. In long shafts, abundant natural light saturates the space, creating an effect of crevasses and voids on the climbing walls and revealing the interior climbing surfaces - a truly colorful heart at the center of a metallic exterior.

[44]

FIG 73: Allez UP Silos Gym (Source: archdaily) https://www.archdaily.com/477963/allez-up-rockclimbing-gym-smith-vigeant-architectes

FIG 74: Allez UP Silos Climbing

(Source: archdaily)

Silos are used as climbing Gym space which attracts the youth. The new generation is focused towards health and fitness related things, thus reusing a silos for a gym space is the best option to have a interactive space for the new generation where they will also learn the history of these silos. https://www.archdaily.com/477963/allez-up-rock-climbing-gym-smith-vigeant-architectes

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[44] (Allez up Rock Climbing Gym / Smith Vigeant Architectes, 2014)

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2.8.3. Art School An art school is an educational institution with a primary focus on the visual arts, including fine art – especially illustration, painting, photography, sculpture, and graphic design. Art schools can offer elementary, secondary, post-secondary, or undergraduate programs, and can also offer a broad-based range of programs (such as the liberal arts and sciences). There have been six major periods of art school curricula, and each one has had its own hand in developing modern institutions worldwide throughout all levels of education. Art schools also teach a variety of nonacademic skills to many students. Art schools began being perceived as legitimate universities in the 1980s. Before this, any art programs were used purely as extracurricular activities, and there were no methods of grading works. After the 1980s, however, art programs were integrated into many different kinds of schools and universities as legitimate courses that could be evaluated.

Industrial Building

Art School

Nantes Métropole Higher School of Fine Arts

FIG 75: Nantes Métropole Higher School of Fine arts

(Source: archdaily)

The above pictures shows, conversion of Nantes Warehouse into an Art School. It can be seen how the elements are reused within the warehouse complex and how the spatial planning is done in this massive Industrial Structure. https://www.archdaily.com/915442/alstom-warehouses-nantes-metropole-higher-school-of-fine-arts-franklin-azzi-architecture

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse Located in the “Ile de Nantes” a site undergoing industrial transformation, the Alstom Warehouses requalification project marks a new step towards the objective of urban rehabilitation. It goes beyond – it is about city-making, city-making together on the old Alstom warehouses site so that a new dynamic arises at the crossroads of culture, technology, and economy. In over 20 years, the available 26,000m2 (280,000 sq. ft.) of the existing warehouses will be restructured and converted into a multipurpose Creation district comprising: the Nantes Saint-Nazaire Higher School of Fine Arts (ENSBAN), the Nantes University, an office property complex for creative startups and a business accelerator, artists’ workshops, a creative Third-Place project, and a catering facility.

The Higher School of Fine Arts settles in Warehouses No4 & 5 to accommodate five hundred students in monumental transparent architecture. This ambitious rehabilitation and restructuring operation will provide the school with brand new premises, better suited for the production of contemporary art work – materials, digital and print. The 4,000m2 (43,000 sq. ft.) facilities for research and experimentation will be composed of workshops and freespaces, an Art Library, a public hub for creative publishing and a youth center, a contemporary art gallery, a store, and a solidarity grocery. [45]

FIG 76: Nantes Métropole Higher School of Fine arts (Source: archdaily) https://www.archdaily.com/915442/alstom-warehouses-nantesmetropole-higher-school-of-fine-arts-franklin-azzi-architecture

FIG 77: Art School Exterior and Interior Spaces

(Source: archdaily)

The architects chose to retain only the steel framework of the original buildings, which allowed the internal spaces to be opened up and re-housed beneath the roof structure. https://www.archdaily.com/915442/alstom-warehouses-nantes-metropole-higher-school-of-fine-arts-franklin-azzi-architecture

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[45] (Alstom Warehouses, Nantes Métropole Higher School of Fine Arts / Franklin Azzi Architecture, 2021)

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2.8.3. Mixed Land Use As regards to the mixed land-use, it refers to the mixture of many types of buildings that have different uses in the layout itself. For example, there may be a mixture of residential buildings located nearby the office buildings, shops, cinemas, schools, coffee shops, parks and transport stations. Mixed-use is a kind of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or a zoning type that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-) governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or brownfield site, or a combination.

Industrial Building

Mixed Land Use

Crosstown Concourse

FIG 78: Crosstown Concourse

(Source: bussinessinsider)

The abandoned structure remained untouched for nearly two decades before a non-profit arts organization pioneered its renaissance. The result, a mixed-use center called Crosstown Concourse, offers a "vertical village" of commercial, retail, and residential space. https://www.businessinsider.in/slideshows/miscellaneous/photos-show-how-an-abandoned-sears-building-transformed-into-a-verticalvillage-of-shops-and-apartments/slidelist/68292886.cms#slideid=68292898

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For nearly 70 years, diners and shoppers flocked to the Sears Crosstown building in Memphis, a 640,000 square feet complex anchored by a Sears retail store and distribution center.

With its art-deco exterior and suburban location, the building signified the peak era of retail, when customers would flock to the space for hands-on shopping experiences or order from Sears catalogs. By 1993, the building that had stood tall during the Great Depression and three major wars was entirely empty. Sears had shut down both the retail store and distribution center as demand for mail orders declined.

Todd Richardson, an art professor at the University of Memphis, and video artist Christopher Miner formed a non-profit organization called Crosstown Arts, whose main purpose was to renovate the abandoned Sears building. It also has a pharmacy, grocery store, nail salon, and FedEx store. Its corporate tenants span multiple sectors, such as healthcare, arts, and education.

The residential area includes community gathering spaces and indoor porches. Apartment prices typically range from $1,400 to $1,540 per month, with 20% of units being sold at "affordable" market rates. [46]

FIG 79: Crosstown Concourse (Source: bussinessinsider) https://www.businessinsider.in/slideshows/miscellaneous/photos-showhow-an-abandoned-sears-building-transformed-into-a-vertical-village-ofshops-and-apartments/slidelist/68292886.cms#slideid=68292887

FIG 80: Residential Area of Crosstown Concourse

(Source: skyscrapercity)

The building includes Crosstown Arts, Crosstown High School, Parcels apartments, a small hotel, numerous health-care agencies and nonprofits, 15 restaurants, retail, and more. https://www.businessinsider.in/slideshows/miscellaneous/photos-show-how-an-abandoned-sears-building-transformed-into-a-verticalvillage-of-shops-and-apartments/slidelist/68292886.cms#slideid=68292894

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[46] (Business Insider India, 2019)

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2.9. Conclusion “Adaptive reuse can empower cities to make more effective use of space for people and businesses, while still preserving the historic character of the built environment.”

The Literature Study conclude the above quotation. The above study orients towards Industrial Buildings Revival techniques and its elements. Highlighting the advantage of Adaptive Reuse and its typologies Suitable to design, the study analysis the data and establishes an interrelation between Adaptive Reuse - Industrial Buildings and how they can be a effective way to reduce Urban Sprawl.

Concluding this, the literature study also demonstrate various conversion which can be done to an Industrial Building, no matter what its prior use is. Adaptive Reuse always brings improvement to the structure and its surrounding. The literature study helps you understand the types of industrial building present all over the world and how these structures are getting abandoned in due course of time and what we can do to revive them.

The Why, How and What question are answered by studying various theories and design elements of an Adaptively Reused Industrial Building.

Industrial Building

Large Scale

Small Scale

Warehouse Hangars Power Plants Silos Lage Manufacturing Plants

Small Manufacturing Plants Cold Storages Textile Industries Micro Sale Factories Small Beverages Manufacturing

Conversion

Conversion

Amusement Park Offices Mixed Land Use Housing Complexes Institutional Hospitality

Distilleries Cafes Dorms Motels Studios Personal Residence Adaptively Reusing Elements

Façade

Structural System

Floor Systems

MEP’s

Stairways & Exits

Roof

Materials

Environmental

Economic

Sense of Past

If the site is approached sensitively at the time of Adaptive Reuse, while making minimum interventions and alterations can lead to many benefits to the surrounding context and also to the building.

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2.10. Inferences Table 8 Inferences Table of Literature Study Objectives

Literature Study

Parameters

Inferences

Studying the Concept of Adaptive Reuse.

About Adaptive Reuse, Importance of Adaptive Reuse, Benefits of Adaptively Reusing a building, Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse, Principles related to Industrial Buildings and Elements of Adaptive Reuse

Literature study of deign elements, components and various terms will be studied.

Studied about the concepts which are present for reusing a building and how we can incorporate them in an abandoned structure. Elements are also identified through various examples of buildings

Theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings

Typological Approach, Technical Approach and Strategic Approach

Study of theories developed by various practitioner and understand the true meaning of Adaptive Reuse

These theories are set out by famous practitioners during their work on Adaptive Reuse.

These help in determining the approach we should follow for the type of Industrial Building.

Incorporating Adaptive Reuse that seeks to reduce Urban Sprawl.

The meaning of Urban Sprawl and its effects, advantages & disadvantages.

Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development, Control of Urban Sprawl, Studying the Urban Societies, Adaptive Reuse a better way to counter Urban Sprawl and Advantages of Adaptively Reusing an Industrial Building

Various case studies will be studied which had incorporated Adaptive Reuse Strategies in their Design to reduce Urban Sprawl.

Adaptive reuse always benefits the city by reducing the rate of urban sprawl. Urban sprawl is reduced when large industrial structures are reused instead of their demolition.

Analyzing the feasibility, design considerations and success of Adaptive Reuse.

Conversion of Industrial Buildings (Study through Cases) Office Space, Art Schools, Gym’s and Mixed Land Use

This topic will help in providing the Design considerations for a sensitive approach towards industrial buildings.

Taking up various examples help in studying out, that how can an industrial building is adaptively reused by providing a sensitive approach towards industrial building.

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CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY

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3. Case Study Matrix Case Studies Secondary

Secondary 1. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Secondary

2. Google Headquarters, L.A

3. Vikhroli Social, Mumbai

Primary 1. The Design Village, Noida

Aspects Location

Adaption

Challenges

Cultural

Economic

Environmental

Sustaining Heritage Characteristics

Quality of Visitor Experience

Social

Structural System

Material

Imparting Knowledge

Involvement of Host Community

Responsible Promotion Programme

Benefits to Host Community

Scale of Industry

Specific Parameters Secondary 1. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Secondary

Secondary

Primary

2. Google Headquarters, L.A

3. Imagine Studio at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

4. The Design Village, Noida

Study of Industrial Structure

Study of Industrial Structure, Hangar

Landscaping

Promotion Programme

What to use What to not

Space Distribution

Mixed Use Development Re Use of Giant Industrial Structures

Use of Space Material Used

Sense of Past Interventions

Case Study Analysis Conclusion Jatin Rawat

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3.1. Introduction It is reasonable that Industrial structures become out of work or unwanted for some reasons, like changes in monetary and modern practices, cost of upkeep, and individuals' insights. A large portion of these Industrial structures are not generally appropriate for their unique capacity and another utilization has not been chosen for them. Adaptive reuse empowers the transformation of existing, old structures and destinations into new, blended use improvements that will assume a fundamental part in upgrading neighborhood networks.

“The ultimate sustainable building is a building that you can recycle. Instead of demolishing the building, you can adapt it to change. The challenge is to do buildings which encourage change, which response to change and to have technologies which enable buildings to improve their performance.” ~ Norman Foster This chapter studies various cases of Industrial Structures which are Adaptively Reused and will be helpful in understanding that how, Strategic use of site-sensitive design for Industrial structures can contribute to physical life improvements, impact social behavior and contribute to lifestyle enhancements within the community.(Aim) It discusses about how, Adaptive Reuse has a spirit of Sustainability, Conservation and Minimal Transformation, making it best fit for the future low availability of resources in the future.(Hypothesis) Case studies will be helpful in determining and carrying out various design elements which can be used in different type of Industrial Structures.

The reason behind selecting these following case studies are given below: Primary Secondary Secondary Secondary

1

2

3

4

Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Google Headquarters, L.A

Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

The Design Village, Noida

1. Study of Alembic/Factory.

2. Study of what is to Reuse or what to not.

3. How this Alembic factory is revived despite of being used multiple times.

4. The use of space and the hierarchy of open spaces can be seen in this Case Study.

5. The use of material during adaptive reuse process.

1. Study of Industrial structure type: Hangar.

2. The space distribution In this case study can be implemented while designing an office space.

3. Conversion of the type of building into another type while having a sense of past.

1. Landscaping 2. This site is a mixed used project so It will help in designing flexible structures which can be used again for a different purpose.

3. The use of various old structures within the site for seating or recreational purpose

1. Study of Industrial structural Type: Factory 2. Conversion of Katha Factory into an institute.

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3.2. Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara 3.2.1. Introduction The first-ever Alembic industrial building in Vadodara has seen multiple surgical interventions.

Similar to many old factory buildings, the building got altered over time due to change in the original purpose of the facility. The space within is meant to serve the Alembic Museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café. [47]

FIG 81: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development Vadodara (Source: ArchDaily) Alembic Industries were constructed back in 1906, they were used for the manufacturing of penicillin. These industries seen various changes in its use through decades. The above picture shows the old structure in B&W and the new interventions in Color, this shows how the old structure is retained within the new construction which gives a sense of past. https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates

Architects

Karan Grover and Associates

Location

Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Built in

March 2017 - December 2018

Client

Alembic Ltd.

Area

1,200 Sqm

Structural Consultant

ADCE Structure Engineer

Jatin Rawat

To maintain the true spirit of the building in terms of materials and the physical quality of the space. The only new architectural elements are new partition walls in between studio spaces. The existing building is characterized by arches, which have been blocked. Sand “ blasting or water jet treatment is used in order to remove the plaster from the brick. In many areas, the plaster is already peeling off. [47]

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[47] (Alembic Industrial Heritage and Re-Development / Karan Grover and Associates, 2019)

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3.2.2. Regional Context 3.2.2.a. Location Alembic Industrial Heritage Development is located at Industrial Art District, Vadodara. In the heart of Vadodara, this reinvented city-centre destination showcases Industrial Heritage & entertainment spaces such as a museum, skate park, art studios, live music, cafés & restaurants aiming to bring people together & live connected.

Industrial Art District, Vadodara

VADODARA

Vadodara, is the second-largest city in the Indian state of Gujarat.

It is situated on the banks of the Vishwamitri River, 141km from the state capital of Gandhinagar. FIG 82: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development Vadodara

(Source: Googlearth)

3.2.2.b. Approach The site is easily approachable through various transportation systems.

Vadodara Airport (6.7km/14mins) Vadodara Junction (10km/10mins) Fatehgunj Circle (2km/5mins) Walk from 21m wide road (500m) The site is located in Vadodara so if someone outside Vadodara wants to visit this site, then they can use following national highways.

New Delhi

N H 4 8

N H 4 8

Chennai

N H 6 4

Dandi

Vadodara Ahmedabad

N H 6 4 Vadodara

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3.2.2.c. Surrounding Context The site is surrounded by industries of various purposes, as of now most of the industries are converting or reusing through adaptive approach. The site is now called as Industrial Art District.

Back in 1906, these industries were constructed and along them, housing for the workers and their daily need markets were developed.

The context of the site shows various markets and housing near them and it is also well connected with various transportation systems.

Need of the people changes the use of buildings, when there was the need of industries then these industries were boon to the city, but when the need changed, these industries were abandoned and now they are adaptively reused and are going well with the context of the site by having a sense of past in new revival construction.

Housing Commercial Services 1906 Industries

2018 Reused

Recreational Offices Industries

FIG 83: Context Mapping of Alembic Industrial Heritage Development

(Source: Author) The representation shows old Vadodara(1906) comparing it with the new Vadodara(2022). We can clearly see the change in context around the site, how markets are now large malls and how the skyline of the city changes drastically.

“Sanskari Nagri kehlaay, ye Baroda hain meri jaan, paraayo ko bhi apna banaye” ~ Aakanksha Raina

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3.2.3. Cultural Context The quintessential Vadodara Culture is a sign of the model Gujarati way of life and culture.

Famously known as 'Sanskari Nagari', Vadora is the social capital of the province of Gujarat. The cosmopolitan city brags of a radiant past. The city had bloomed into blossoming when it was a piece of the realm of the Gaekwad rulers and keeps on bearing obvious images till date.

Previously known as Baroda, the city of Vadodara has not just arisen at the front of Industrial enterprises, the city has additionally cut out a specialty for itself on the scholastic front. The essential area of the city has additionally worked with reasonable development and advancement. [48]

Laxmi Vilas Palace

Industries Garba

Sayajirao Gaekwad III

“Cultural Capital of Gujarat” Vadodara - a city that celebrates life in Gujarat State. It presents a perfect panorama of spectacular castles, beautiful architecture, attractive art and world old heritage having brick walled spaces, candy colored buildings, long bridges, hilly vistas & cozy river side eateries.

As the lesser accomplices of the British Empire in India, the princely states in India had their power restricted distinctly to gathering charges and keeping up with the rule of law in their domains.

The Laxmi Vilas Palace of Vadodara is an example of the palaces that came to be built by the princely states during the British rule. Vadodara has gone through many avatars during its two thousand years long history. [48]

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[48] (Vadodora Culture, 2013)

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3.2.4. Social Context Vadodara is one of India’s most cosmopolitan cities. The vision and broadmindedness of the Gaikwads, the subsequent industrialization, the proliferation of academic activities and a strategically important geographical location, Vadodara has welcomed a wide variety of people from all over India and also from all over the world to work together in this city. [49] The cities across the country have witnessed significant change over the past 10-15 years on the back of high GDP growth in the economy, infrastructure development and the evolution of the services sector in the country. Vadodara is one of those.

The trend clearly shows that Vadodara is not an agrarian economy and the livelihood of people is more dependent on trade and commerce.

Table 9 Occupational Distribution of Vadodara

1981

1991

2001

Occupation Category

Number of Workers (Lakhs)

% of Total

Number of Workers (Lakhs)

% of Total

Occupation Category

Number of Workers (Lakhs)

% of Total

Primary Sector

0.06

4.43

0.12

3.89

Agricultural labourers

0.04

0.88

Household industry

0.02

1.36

0.02

0.60

Cultivators

0.02

0.44

Manufacturi ng

0.44

34.18

0.94

30.77

Workers in household industries

0.04

0.88

Construction

0.05

3.59

0.18

5.85

Other workers

4.47

97.81

Transport, Storage and Communicat ion

0.13

9.72

0.28

9.15

Trade and Business

0.23

17.51

0.64

21

Services (includes Banking Service)

0.38

29.20

0.88

28.74

Total

1.29

100

3.07

100

Total

4.57

100

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3.2.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) Gujarat has been the front-runner in the overall economic development of the country all these years. The industrial growth of Gujarat (8.52%) could be way ahead of that of many Indian states. The state is also recognized as the chemical capital of the nation.

Vadodara City runs through the golden corridor, from Ahmedabad to Vapi, and is one of India’s foremost industrial centres with dominant groups of chemicals and pharmaceuticals, cotton textiles and machine tools. The city witnessed a sudden spurt in industrial activity with the establishment of the Gujarat refinery in 1962. Various large-scale industries such as Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals (GSFC), Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL) and Gujarat Alkalis and Chemicals Limited (GACL) have come up in the vicinity of the Gujarat Refinery. [50] Focused Industry Sectors: 1. Chemicals and Petrochemicals 2. Pharmaceuticals 3. Biotechnology Stage 1 Vadodara was set within fortified town built by Mughals and Nawabs since they came in 1511 which later over ruled by Gaekwads in 1734.

Stage 2 The fortified town started expanding along the edges showing the extra mural growth.

Stage 3 Later stage in the growth of Vadodara depicts opening up of the city.

1

2

5 6

3

4

8

9

7

1. Fertilizers 8. Tobacco and Fisheries 9. Cotton 2. Dairy 3. Chemicals 4. Medicine 5. Engineering 6. Textiles 7. Glass FIG 85: Industries Distribution (Source: GlobalGujarat)

FIG 84: Growth of Town

(Source: Academia.edu)

https://www.academia.edu/31450827/walk_down_the_city_of_vadodara

http://www.globalgujarat.com/images/vadodara-districtprofile.pdf

Table 10 Major Industries in Vadodara Name of Company

Production

Alembic

Electric Power Generation, Azithromycin

Bharat Starch Industries Ltd.

Citric Acid

Gujarat Alkalies & Chemicals Ltd.

Hydrogen Peroxide, Caustic Soda, etc.

Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals Ltd.

Caprolactam, Ammonia, Melamine, etc.

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

LPG, Petroleum products, etc.

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3.2.6. Architectural Context The city adopts elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture combined with Gothic Revival and Neo-classical. The architecture style common in Vadodara was Indo-Saracenic.

Indo-Saracenic architecture (also known as Indo-Gothic, MughalGothic, Neo-Mughal, or Hindoo style) was a revivalist architectural style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, Bulbous Dome especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the palaces of rulers of the princely states. It drew stylistic and decorative Drum elements from native Indo-Islamic architecture, especially Mughal Chajja architecture, which the British regarded as the classic Indian style, and, less often, from Hindu temple architecture. The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings Corbelled Pillars in other revivalist styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo-Classical, with specific Indian features and decoration added. [51]

Lotus Finial

19th Century 16th Century 17th–18th Century Moore Market ThirmalaiNayakar Palace Fort St. George FIG 86: Indo-Saracenic Style

(Source: Wikipdeia)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture

3.2.6.a. Function The buildings was functioned as a penicillin manufacture industry in 19th Century, whereas now it is been used as a Alembic Museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café.

Museum

Distilleries

Multifunctional Area Studios (1-8) Open to Sky Space

Museum: It shows the Alembic Industrial era in all its glory, showcasing old glass making machines, images of the factory building in its heyday against an exposed brick wall.

Studio: Studios are used by artist to showcase their work in the time of exhibition.

Multifunctional area: This area is used in the time of meetings or large indoor gatherings.

Open to Sky Space: OTS is a part of Café.

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[51] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2022)

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3.2.6.b. Architectural Style The architecture style of the Industrial structure is Indo-Saracenic. The industry was constructed in 1906 with the British architecture touch, that is Brick walls and Arched windows.

Arched Windows and Doors It creates a dramatic effect in both contemporary and traditional architecture

FIG 87: Arched Door and Windows

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates

FIG 88: Exposed Brick work (Source: ArchDaily) It is clearly visible that the factory is constructed with exposed brick work, with some plastering on it. Exposed brick work style of architecture were famous in British rule and many of the buildings in that era are made of exposed brick work.

To have a sense of past in this adaptively reused structure, they left the walls untouched. https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates

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3.2.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure “Industry produces many of the goods and services that people in modern societies want and need. Although people also have non-economic needs such as families, social connections, and freedoms, these are not produced, traded, stockpiled, or priced in a systematic way. So economic products are a distinct category that people concern themselves with, the products of an industrial system.” ~ Joe Atikian

Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara used to be an industry which is used for the purpose of manufacturing of penicillin. Its original purpose changed in the due time course from manufacturing of penicillin to alcohol. Now it has been Reused as Museum, Art Studio, Display and Exhibition Space with ancillary spaces for Library, AV Room and a Café.

Trusses were the major roofing system in this industry with metal roofs and Brick walls are used.

FIG 89: Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

(Source: architecture.live)

https://architecture.live/industrial-heritage-karan-grover-associates/

FIG 90: Load bearing wall (Source: ArchDaily) The Alembic Factory Load bearing walls @600mm proved to be a great insulator which helped keep the indoor air temperatures cool even during the hot summer months.

FIG 91: Partition Walls (Source: ArchDaily) The brick structure of the building is kept as it is after reusing, but to have various artist rooms or exhibition spaces, partition walls are used.

https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-redevelopment-karan-grover-and-associates

https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrialheritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates

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3.2.6.d. Scale of Industry The scale of Industry is Medium Scale.

As per the government of India, any business or company can be referred to as Medium Scale that has an overall investment between 5 to 10 crores.

The Medium Scale Industries and businesses contribute considerably to the employment, exports, and manufacturing output of the country.

9,953.47 Sqm

3.2.6.e. Structural System 1. The thickness the main load-bearing walls averages at 0.45m and provides the interior with excellent insulation.

2. Sandblasting or water jet treatment in order to remove the plaster from the brick.

3. The trusses are riveted as opposed to being welded.

4. Many of the trusses are in great condition. Only a handful of the trusses require strengthening.

5. Purlins and rafters exposed to express the quality of the structure that it once was. The redevelopment of the industrial area will see major interventions in other parts of the campus.

FIG 92: Roof Trusses

(Source: architecture.live)

https://architecture.live/industrial-heritage-karan-grover-associates/

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3.2.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials

1. Alembic industries in 1906 were built by Britishers for the manufacturing of penicillin.

These industries changes its function from time to time, be it penicillin manufacturing to making of alcohol. These industries were built with: a. Brick Walls b. Purlin and Rafters c. Riveted Trusses d. 600mm thick Load Bearing Wall 2. The material of the structure is Brick and Terracotta Tiles.

FIG 93: Brick Walls

FIG 94: Terracotta Tiles

1. After the Adaptive Reuse, brick walls are kept as it is, only the plaster is removed from some walls where the condition is worse.

Old Brick walls are kept as it is so as to get a sense of past in this redeveloped structure.

2. Purlin and Rafters are kept exposed to express the quality of structure that it once was.

3. New Mangalore Tiles with added insulation were used instead of Terracotta Tiles.

FIG 95: Purlin and Rafters

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/923851/alembic-industrial-heritage-and-re-development-karan-grover-and-associates

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1906

Manufacturing of Penicillin

1980

Textile Production

2000

Chemical Production

2016

Production of Alcohol

Reused to an Industrial Heritage Development

Alembic Industries were constructed in 1906 in Vadodara. That was the time when British army were increasing the manufacturing of penicillin’s, thus leading to the construction of Alembic Industries. These industries has seen various change in their function over a period of time. From being used to manufacture penicillin till the industries were used to manufacture alcohol, they have seen major changes in their function. But after 2016 these industrial structure were abandoned with no use, this abandoned structure was affecting the nearby industries also, thus in 2018 this industrial sector in Vadodara is converted into an Industrial Art District, having multiple recreational points around the site.

The site is Reused in 2018 as an Alembic Industrial Heritage Development with a Alembic museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café.

The Adaptive Reuse of the structure brought a liveliness to the site and also attracted current generation to make them know about the history of Alembic industries and the impact of them in 1900’s Vadodara. The Adaptive Reuse of the industry has been carried out in two years. Majorly the changes were in the outer structure, where the building had been modified by plastering it with white color and servicing the roof structures, other than that the major change was the construction of interior partition walls for exhibition and art centres.

The Adaptively Reused building is left with a design features which provide a sense of the past, features like arched windows, brick walls, rafters and purlins, white paint, thick walls, etc., these design features let visitors feel the past of this structures and how it stands the test of time.

2018

3.2.7. Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Structure

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3.2.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse 3.2.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse After the adaptive reuse of the structure, there are several changes that have been made to the industrial structure so as to make it economical, sustainable, and to keep its heritage going. The changes that have been done to the structure are shown below: Table 11 Changes after Adaptive Reuse

Earlier

Now

Function: The function of the Industrial Structure varied time to time, when this Alembic industry started, it was used for the Manufacturing of penicillin, but before it got abandoned, it was used for the manufacturing of Alcohol.

Function: Now the Industrial Structure is converted into an Industrial Heritage Development building, which consists of Alembic museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café.

Site Plan: The site plan of the industry was 12,520 Sqm./3.09 Acre. There were no distilleries earlier in the site plan. These were added due to the manufacturing of alcohol.

Site Plan: The site plan increased from 12,520 Sqm/3.09 Acre to 14,472 Sqm./3.58 Acre. In the new site plan, basketball court and skating ring is added.

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Earlier

Now

Architecture Style: The style of architecture adopted by the Britishers in India was IndoSaracenic, thus the Industry was designed in an Indo-Saracenic way. The design elements which were present in the structure were: 1. Brick walls 2. Purlins and Rafters 3. Riveted Trusses 4. Arched Windows and Doors 5. White plaster 6. Terracotta tiles 7. Large span truss structures, etc.

Architecture Style: The style of architecture is preserved now for a feeling of sense of past for the users.

Only servicing of the structure is done and rest of the structure is taken as it is.

Design elements which were retained are: 1. White plater on Brick walls are sandblasted or removed from waterjet technique, from the areas where the condition of them are worse.

2. Strengthening of trusses.

3. New Mangalore tiles were used.

4. Arched windows & doors were serviced.

5. Purlins and Rafters were kept exposed to express the quality of structure that once it was.

These images represent the old architecture style that was present in the Industrial structure. Most of them was retained in the new structure, with some minor changes.

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These images represent the present architecture style of Industrial structure. The style was kept at it is to have a sense of past for the users.

Most of the structural system were in good condition, so only servicing has been done.

Partition walls has been created along original structural walls.

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3.2.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse of any building brings benefits to that abandoned structure. These benefits overall helps In the betterment of the surrounding structures and people living nearby or the societies. In this case study of the Adaptive reuse of Alembic Industrial building, the industrial building is converted from a Beer manufacturing to a Alembic heritage museum and art centre, thus reusing it conserve its heritage and the social value of the site.

Some of the benefits after Adaptive Reuse are given below: 1. Location: The industrial site is now a landmark for the surrounding buildings, it is knows as industrial art district of Vadodara, adaptive reuse increase the prominence of the site.

2. Economic: After adaptively reusing the site, the construction cost for the demolition of the site to construct a new building is saved, which affects the economical value of the site. Instead of the deconstruction, Adaptive reuse is done which is cost effective.

3. Environmental: Adaptive reuse extends the lifespan of the building and reduces its carbon footprint while preserving its cultural heritage values, thus it is benefits the environment.

4. Structural Systems: Adaptive reuse services the broken structural systems or systems which are not in good condition to live on, so Adaptively Reusing a buildings helps in increasing the structural quality of the structure.

5. Benefits to Host Community: The industrial structure was a heritage site and was standing still from 1906, these old building become a crucial part of the surrounding communities or for people living in societies. Thus conserving these heritage structures benefits the host communities, by giving them a sense of past.

6. Imparting Knowledge: These heritage site are great place for imparting knowledge about our past to the youth, so Reviving these structures help in conserving the knowledge of past for the future.

3.2.9. What to use What to not In the process of Adaptive Reuse of any structure, the most toughest part is what to use and what to not. The following table shows the data of things which are used while adaptively reusing and things which are not: Table 12 What to use What to not

To Use

To not Use

Original Colour of the building

Structural systems which are in worse condition

Materials which don’t harm the environment

Any material which is not compatible with new materials

Design elements from that era for a sense of the past Structures or design elements which impart knowledge of past to the future generations.

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3.2.10. Conclusion and Inferences The Adaptive Reuse of Alembic Industrial Buildings opens up a wide perspective of how can a industrial building which is 100 of years old and whose function changes in every 20 of year of time can be reused now for conserving the heritage of that structure and also imparting knowledge to the youth about the history of industries which is untold.

Table 13 Inferences Table of Case Study 1

Parameters

Inferences Before

After

Surrounding Context

The site was surrounded by Alembic Industries and various other industrial structures which were prominent at that time.

The site is now converted into Industrial Art District, under this various abandoned industries are now reused as art centers.

Economic Context

Major Industrial Sectors are: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

Now the industries are shifting onto service sectors more.

Function

The site is used for the manufacturing of Penicillin.

The site is now an Alembic Museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café.

Architecture Style

Indo-Saracenic

Mix of Indo-Saracenic and Modern

Scale of Industry

Medium Scale (8,000 sqm)

Medium Scale (9,953.47 sqm)

Structural System

Brick walls, Purlins and Rafters, Riveted Truss, 600mm Thick Load bearing walls.

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done.

Material

Brick and Terracotta Tiles

Brick and Mangalore Tiles

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reused to Alembic Museum.

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3.3. Google Headquarters, L.A 3.3.1. Introduction Built by Howard Hughes in 1943 for the construction of the Hercules IV airplane the historic hangar now comprises office, meeting, food service and event spaces, and employee amenity spaces. The project included extensive restoration of the original wood frame, and the new architecture is set within the vast, open volumes of the hangar on either side of its fully restored central spine. [52]

FIG 96: Google Headquarters, L.A (Source: ArchDaily) The project was restored and transformed through the development of a 450,000+ SF, four-level “building-within-a-building” inside the seven-story, 750-foot-long historic wooden structure. Built by Howard Hughes in 1943 for the construction of the Hercules IV airplane the hangar now comprises workspace, meeting and event spaces, and employee amenity spaces. https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

Architects

ZGF Architects

Location

Playa Vista, L.A, United States

Built in

June 2016 - February 2018

Client

Google

Area

41,806 Sqm

Structural Consultant

GPA Consulting

Jatin Rawat [52] (Baldwin, 2018)

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The project included extensive restoration of the original wood frame. Open floor plates are pulled away from both the interior envelope and the central spine. The varied shaping of each floor allows daylight to penetrate every level and maintains clear sight lines spanning the full length of the building, putting the magnitude and workmanship of the historic structure on display. [52] 96

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3.3.2. Regional Context 3.3.2.a. Location Google Headquarters, L.A is located at Industrial District, L.A. In the Industrial heart of L.A, this reinvented Office destination showcases Industrial Heritage & Work spaces such as a Office areas, Commercial spaces, art studios, Music studios, cafés & restaurants aiming to bring people together & live connected.

L.A COUNTY LOS ANGELES

Los Angeles , often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in California. With a 2020 population of 3,898,747, it is the second-largest city in the United States, following New York City.

Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, Hollywood film industry and sprawling metropolitan area. Near its iconic Hollywood sign, studious such as Paramount Pictures, Universal and Warner Brothers offer behind-the-scenes tours.

FIG 97: Google Headquarters, L.A

(Source: Googlearth)

3.3.2.b. Approach The site is easily approachable through various transportation systems.

The site is 6km away from Marina del ray which is a jetty service location. The site is near to seaside, thus the site is accessible through jetty services very easily.

Jatin Rawat

L.A international airport is just 5.8km away from the site, which make the site accessible for foreign persons who wants to visit the office or workers who live out of town.

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The site is far away(10km) from common train facilities. Which make the site not easily accessible for the person using train as a transportation service

Around the site there are 3 major bus stops, making the site accessible for daily commuters.

97

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3.3.2.c. Surrounding Context The site is surrounded by industries of various purposes. Back in 1943, these Industrial structures/warehouses and Hangers were constructed and along them, housing for the workers and their daily need markets were developed. The context of the site shows various commercial and housing areas near them and it is also well connected with various transportation systems.

The sprawl of Los Angeles started widely after 1970’s which is after World War II. After the world war the expansion of city is through industrial revolution only, thus the city spread keeping in mind the expansion of industries and construction of housings.

In the cities like Los Angeles which is sprawling in a low percentage, it is good for the city’s buildings to be adaptively reused to reduce the Urban Sprawl. Adaptive recuse helps in reducing sprawl by using the existing structures and incorporating new function in them.

Need of the people changes the use of buildings, when there was the need of industries then these industries were boon to the city, but when the need changed, these industries were abandoned and now they are adaptively reused and are going well with the context of the site by having a sense of past in new revival construction.

Housing Commercial Services 1940 Industries

2018 Reused

Recreational Offices Industries

FIG 98: Context Mapping of Google Headquarters, L.A

(Source: Author) The representation shows old Los Angeles(1970) comparing it with the new Los Angeles(2022). We can clearly see the change in context around the site, how Commercial are now large malls and how the skyline of the city changes drastically.

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3.3.3. Cultural Context With profound roots in native and Latino culture that come from hundreds of years of the locale's set of experiences, Los Angeles (LA) is likewise impacted by the appearance of the entertainment world in Hollywood in the mid twentieth century. The district of LA is viewed as the third biggest metropolitan economy on the planet. Past film, LA is a central part in TV, computerized media, music, plan and distributing, and today its innovative ventures are the fourth biggest financial area in the district. As well as being home to a-list workmanship assortments, significant show lobbies, head sports scenes and in excess of 200 galleries, LA mirrors the expansiveness and variety of creative structures and rich social practices in quite possibly the most different locales in the United State. [53]

Festivals

Skyscrapers L.A Beaches

L.A Culture

“ The entertainment capital of the world ” The culture of Los Angeles is rich with arts and ethnically diverse.

The Los Angeles metropolitan area is one of the most diverse urban areas in the world with hundreds of cultures represented in the region.

Table 14 Ethnic Enclaves present in Los Angeles

Ethnic Enclave

Ethnicity Represented

Chinatown

Chinese Americans, Hong Kong Americans and Asian Americans

Little Tokyo

Japanese Americans

Little India

Indian Americans

Arabia Street

Middle Eastern Americans

Jatin Rawat [53] (Los Angeles, 2015)

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3.3.4. Social Context Los Angeles , city, seat of Los Angeles province, southern California, U.S. It is the second most crowded city and metropolitan region (after New York City) in the United States. The city spreads across an expansive seaside plain arranged among mountains and the Pacific Ocean; the a lot bigger Los Angeles area, which envelops the city, contains about 90 other consolidated urban communities, including Beverly Hills, Pasadena, and Long Beach. Since the city and the area are entwined topographically, socially, and monetarily, any thought of Los Angeles must, somewhat, include the two elements. Populace thickness around the metropolitan region fluctuates incredibly as low as one individual for every square mile in sloping regions and as high as 50,000 for each square mile close to downtown Los Angeles.

Los Angeles, the core of southern California, turned into a top notch city as of late. Toward the beginning of the twentieth century it was thought about only "a huge town." This power is even more surprising thinking about that the city initially coming up short on of the fundamental structure blocks related with cityhood, like a characteristic harbor. However it conquered regular inadequacies and laid down a good foundation for itself as a significant focus of business, horticulture, the travel industry, and industry.

Table 15 Occupational Distribution of Los Angeles Rank

Job Title

Count

Average Salary

Entry Level Salary

1

Internship

14,360

$39,857

$24,000

2

Cashier

10,435

$39,857

$19,000

3

Sales Associate

8,174

$37,387

$19,000

4

Administrative Assistant

8,116

$41,576

$27,000

5

Customer Service Representative

7,609

$32,300

$22,000

6

Volunteer

5,930

$33,249

$21,000

7

Production Assistant

5,086

$34,539

$23,000

8

Office Assistant

5,025

$33,253

$24,000

9

Receptionist

4,349

$32,492

$24,000

10

Security Officer

4,112

$32,764

$24,000

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[54] (“Los Angeles | History, Map, Population, Climate, & Facts | Britannica,” 2022)

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3.3.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) Los Angeles is one of the most powerful economies on the planet, with a quickly developing and gigantic cutting edge industry, world driving innovative economy, enormous strength in aviation and progressed transportation, the country's biggest assembling base, the country's biggest worldwide exchange industry, and a quickly expanding measure of funding interest in new companies. With north of twelve significant ventures, the LA area is additionally referred to for development as imaginative impacts happen where enterprises cross-over, driving new business ideas and totally new areas, making LA the innovative capital of the country. This achievement can be followed to a profoundly assorted, talented labor force and visionaries who are reexamining all that from travel to translational medication. [55] From 2015 to 2016, employment in Los Angeles grew at a rate of 1.57%, from 1.96 million to 1.99 million employees. The most common job groups in the period, by number of people living in Los Angeles County are Management, Business, Science and Arts; Sales and Office; and Hospitality Industry occupations.

Focused Industry Sectors: 1. Finance and other 2. Management 3. Health 4. Trade and Tourism

1915

1850

1916

1909

FIG 99: Growth of Town

(Source: la.curbed)

https://la.curbed.com/2016/7/5/12097070/los-angelesgrowth-map

Health care and Social Assistance Agriculture

https://teamca.org/industry-map/

Los Angeles is the second largest city in the United States, the home of Hollywood, and a global city with opportunities in every major industry, including entertainment, aerospace, technology, tourism, petroleum, science, education, medicine, sports, and the arts. It’s also a leading hub for manufacturing and the Western Hemisphere’s most important seaport.

IT Sector

Power Sector

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FIG 100: Industry Mapping C.A (Source: teamca.org)

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[55] (“Los Angeles - Economy | Britannica,” 2022)

Port Services

Most of the Industries in L.A are towards Corporate or Service Sectors.

Manufacturing

FIG 101: Industry Mapping L.A (Source: teamca.org)

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3.3.6. Architectural Context Los Angeles has many different types of architectural styles scattered throughout the city and nearby satellite cities. Los Angeles has a rich, diverse history of architectural works, having been known throughout professional architectural circles as a testbed for architecture. The case study houses in particular revolutionized residential architecture. Some of the different types of architectural styles throughout the city and metropolitan area are mission revival, Spanish colonial revival, craftsman, Norman French provincial, French chateau, English Tudor, beaux arts, art deco, and streamline modern. [56] In downtown Los Angeles, there are several buildings constructed in the Art Deco style. In recognition of this heritage, the recently built Metropolitan Transit Authority building incorporates subtle Art Deco characteristics.

Art Deco combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, it represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.

From its outset, Art Deco was influenced by the bold geometric forms of Cubism and the Vienna Secession; the bright colors of Fauvism and of the Ballets Russes; the updated craftsmanship of the furniture of the eras of Louis Philippe I and Louis XVI; and the exoticized styles of China and Japan, India, Persia, ancient Egypt and Maya art.

Building materials included; stucco, concrete block, glazed brick, smooth-faced stone, and Terracotta.

(Source: Wikipdeia)

FIG 102: Art Deco Style https://stamati.com/identify-art-deco-furniture/

3.3.6.a. Function The buildings was functioned as a Spruce Goose Hangar space in 1943, whereas now it is been used as a Google Headquarters.

Office Space and Entertainment Area

Office Space Services

FIG 103: Google Headquarters, L.A

Space for Laborteries and Studios

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

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[56] (Architectural Styles of Los Angeles, California, United States, 2021)

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3.3.6.b. Architectural Style The architecture style of the Industrial structure is Classic Architecture, Glue Laminated Arches are used in the construction of the Hangar. The Hangar was purely made of wood due to the shortage of metal during World war.

(Source: Wikipdeia)

FIG 104: Art Deco Style https://stamati.com/identifyart-deco-furniture/

Materials Wood

Concrete

Glass

Metal Panels

Steel Pillars

Wood

Large windows along the sides, which were boarded up during the hangar's soundstage days, were re-exposed. They flood the space with light.

FIG 105: Google Headquarters, L.A

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

Wood arches and siding were preserved and exposed in the interior of the space. Contemporary and classic design meet and complement each other within the space. The building also has variety in how space is used. Some areas have double- or triple-floor height.

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3.3.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft. Hangars are built of metal, wood, or concrete. The word hangar comes from Middle French hang hart, of Germanic origin, from Frankish Haim Gard, from Haim and Gard. Gard comes from the Old Norse.

Hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft and/or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but other materials such as wood and concrete are also sometimes used.

FIG 106: Spruce Goose Hangar Structure

(Source: flashbak, archdaily, medium)

https://medium.com/jeremy-kaye/howard-hughes-hangars-d3b57407a04f https://flashbak.com/1947-in-photos-and-film-the-building-and-only-flight-of-howard-hughes-massive-spruce-goose-4533/ https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

3.3.6.d. Scale of Industry Hangars are considered as Large Scale structures because of the function they serve of storing airplanes or for the construction of airplanes. These large scale structures are majorly reused as a office space or a amusement park because of the area they cover.

Area: 41,806 Sqm Hangars need special structures to be built. The width of the doors have to be large; this includes the aircraft entrance. The bigger the aircraft to be introduced, the more complex a structure is needed. According to the span of the hangar, sizes can be classified thus: Table 16 Size Comparison of Hangars

Size

Size

Span (Meters)

Span (Meters)

S

Less than 30 M

XL

90 – 120 M

M

30 – 60 M

XXL

L

60 – 90 M

More than 120 M (Airbus A380, Boeing 747 and the Antonov 225)

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3.3.6.e. Structural Systems Construction of a Hangar requires various structural elements, these elements work together to form a large span hangar without any Structural element between the span, so as to not disturb the work happening in the hangar. Some of the major elements of Hangar Construction are: 1. Purlin

2. Rafter

3. Bracings

4. Post

5. Door Jamb

FIG 107: Hangar Construction Elements

6. Girt

(Source: ellsenoverheadcrane)

https://ellsenoverheadcrane.com/hanger-steel-structure/

The material from which the Google Headquarters Hangar was made of is, wood. Hangars were constructed of wood in 1900’s because of the low availability of metal and steels due to World War, thus this lead to the construction of massive structures with wood.

Slopped

Skewed

Through - Bolt

These were the techniques which were used in the making of the Spruce Goose. These wood joining techniques were present in the 1900s and were used for making large span structures.

Glued Laminated timbers were also used in this.

FIG 108: Wood joinery details

(Source: mtcsolutions)

https://mtcsolutions.com/resources/techblogs/mtcs-beam-hanger-system-applications/

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The perimeter walls are CMU and the roof structure consists of 22 glulam trusses spanning the 60 ft width of the stages. Structural steel columns support the trusses and roof structure.

An advanced automated 3-D robotic machining system fabricated the glulam roof trusses. The robotic system cut the members to exact size, and drilled connection bolt holes, all to extremely tight tolerances. The trusses were assembled at the fabricators yard , disassembled for shipping, re-assembled inside the structure and hoisted into place.

FIG 109: Hangar Glulam Trusses (Source: mattconstruction) https://www.mattconstruction.com/projec ts/studio/youtube-sound-stages/

Acoustical considerations were high on the list of design priorities for the NC 50-rated sound stages – both to maintain the required background noise levels inside the stages and prevent disturbances to Google employees in adjacent office areas. The 12 in CMU walls and concrete lid, along with sound blankets installed at the stage walls and ceilings, provided the required acoustical separation.

Custom 8 in thick concrete rolling elephant doors were installed at all stage access points.

Acoustic panels provide sound absorption for dampening sound in restaurants, offices, etc.

FIG 110: Acoustic Panels

(Source: mattconstruction)

https://www.mattconstruction.com/p rojects/studio/youtube-sound-stages/

FIG 111: Building within a Building (Source: ArchDaily) The adaptive reuse project entailed the creation of a "building within a building". The team inserted floor plates that vary in shape and size. Workers circulate through the dynamic space via zigzagging stairs and elevated walkways. The perimeter of each floor features a "boardwalk" with either mesh or glass railings, which add to the office's fluid and open atmosphere. https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

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3.3.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials

1. Spruce Goose Hangar in 1943 was built by Americans for the Construction of Spruce Goose Airplane, which was the largest flying airplane made from wood. These Hangars changes its function from time to time, be it Construction of Airplane to a office space.

These industries were built with: a. Wooden Purlins b. Wooden Rafters c. Glulam Trusses d. Large Windows and Skylights 2. The material of the structure is Wood and Steel.

FIG 112: Wooden Pillars

FIG 113: Large Windows

1. After the Adaptive Reuse, wooden trusses are kept as it is, only the servicing is done for some trusses, where the condition is worse.

Windows are kept as it is so as to get a sense of past in this redeveloped structure.

2. Purlin and Rafters are kept exposed to express the quality of structure that it once was.

3. New MEP is installed along with the wooden structure. MEP is installed below the trusses with the help of independent support.

FIG 114: MEP

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/905622/zgf-reveals-googles-new-la-office-in-historic-california-hangar

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1943

Construction of Airplanes

1980

Cargo Transportation

2000 2016

Transformation for Headquarters

2018

Google Headquarters, L.A

Spruce Goose Hangars were constructed in 1943 near the ports of Los Angeles. That was the time when Americans were increasing the production of Airplanes, thus leading to the construction of Hangars like Spruce Goose.

These Hangars has seen various change in their function over a period of time. From being used to construction of Airplanes till the industries were used to accommodate Google Headquarters, they have seen major changes in their function. But after 2014 these Hangars were abandoned with no use, this abandoned structure was affecting the nearby industries also, thus in 2018 this Spruce Goose Hangar in L.A is converted into a Headquarters, having multiple recreational points around the site.

In transforming the heroically sized Spruce Goose hangar into inspiring and intriguing workspace, we sought to create human-scaled experiences in ways that honor the innovations of the past while celebrating Google’s “moonshot ethos.” The project demanded a wholly unique design approach and was restored and transformed through the development of a 450,000+ SF, four-level “building-within-a-building” inside the sevenstory, 750-foot-long historic wooden structure.

Built by Howard Hughes in 1943 for the construction of the Hercules IV airplane (aka the “Spruce Goose”), the hangar now comprises workspace, meeting and event spaces, and employee amenity spaces.

The Adaptive Reuse of the industry has been carried out in four years. Majorly the changes were in the inner structure, where the building had been modified by adding various floors within the Hangar, other than that the major change was the servicing of wooden trusses, purlins and rafters, and the introduction of MEP to the structure.

Goods and Services

3.3.7. Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Structure

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3.3.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse 3.3.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse After the adaptive reuse of the structure, there are several changes that have been made to the industrial structure so as to make it economical, sustainable, and to keep its heritage going. The changes that have been done to the structure are shown below: Table 17 Changes after Adaptive Reuse

Earlier

Now

Function: The function of the Industrial Structure varied time to time, when this Hangar was constructed, it was used for the construction of Spruce Goose, but before it got abandoned, it was used for the transportation of Cargo’s .

Function: Now the Industrial Structure is converted into an Google Headquarters building, which consists of Office Space, Kitchens, Art Rooms, Display Centres, Recording Studios, Meeting Rooms, etc.

Site Plan: The site plan of the industry was 1,08,724 Sqm./26.87 Acre. There was a huge land for the Airplanes to move, thus the area of the hangar at that time was massive.

Site Plan: The site plan decreased from 1,08,724 Sqm/26.87 Acre to 41,806 Sqm./14 Acre. In the new site plan, parking is provided for the cars.

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Earlier

Now

Architecture Style: The style of architecture adopted by the Americans in L.A for the construction of Hangars was Classic Architecture, thus the Hangers was designed in an Classical way, that is with the use of woods and steel. The design elements which were present in the structure were: 1. Wooden Planks 2. Wooden Purlins and Rafters 3. Glulam Trusses 4. Large Span Windows 5. Massive Doors 6. Wooden Girt 7. Large span truss structures, etc.

Architecture Style: The style of architecture is preserved now for a feeling of sense of past for the users.

Only servicing of the structure is done and rest of the structure is taken as it is.

Design elements which were retained are: 1. Wooden purlin and rafters were retained with a little service on them 2. Strengthening of trusses 3. Large span windows were kept as it is 4. Massive doors were serviced.

5. Purlins and Rafters were kept exposed to express the quality of structure that once it was

These images represent the old architecture style that was present in the Industrial structure. Most of them was retained in the new structure, with some minor changes.

These images represent the present architecture style of Industrial structure. The style was kept at it is to have a sense of past for the users. Most of the structural system were in good condition, so only servicing has been done.

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3.3.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse of any building brings benefits to that abandoned structure. These benefits overall helps In the betterment of the surrounding structures and people living nearby or the societies. In this case study of the Adaptive reuse of Spruce Goose Hangar, the industrial building is converted from a Airplane Manufacturer to a Google Headquarters office space thus reusing it conserve its heritage and the social value of the site.

Some of the benefits after Adaptive Reuse are given below: 1. Location: The industrial site was a landmark before its adaptive reuse, now after the adaptive reuse, when the site is converted into a Google office increases the prominence of the site much more.

2. Economic: After adaptively reusing the site, the construction cost for the demolition of the site to construct a new building is saved, which affects the economical value of the site. Instead of the deconstruction, Adaptive reuse is done which is cost effective.

3. Environmental: Adaptive reuse extends the lifespan of the building and reduces its carbon footprint while preserving its cultural heritage values, thus it is benefits the environment.

4. Structural Systems: Adaptive reuse services the broken structural systems or systems which are not in good condition to live on, so Adaptively Reusing a buildings helps in increasing the structural quality of the structure.

5. Benefits to Host Community: The Hangar was a heritage site and was standing still from 1943, these old building become a crucial part of the surrounding communities or for people living in societies. Thus conserving these heritage structures benefits the host communities, by giving them a sense of past.

6. Imparting Knowledge: These heritage site are great place for imparting knowledge about our past to the youth, so Reviving these structures help in conserving the knowledge of past for the future.

3.3.9. What to use What to not In the process of Adaptive Reuse of any structure, the most toughest part is what to use and what to not. The following table shows the data of things which are used while adaptively reusing and things which are not: Table 18 What to use What to not To Use

To not Use

Original Colour of the building

Structural systems which are in worse condition

Materials which don’t harm the environment

Any material which is not compatible with new materials

Design elements from that era for a sense of the past

Existing MEP design

Structures or design elements which impart knowledge of past to the future generations.

New structures can be incorporated if there is no option available in existing

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3.3.10. Conclusion and Inferences The Adaptive Reuse of Spruce Goose Hangars gives the space a new statement of mature and sophisticated environment with the engaging user experience that google is known for. This case study shows how a long span wooden structure can be used to construct various floors in between the span using contrasting materials. How a new MEP system can be incorporated in an old structure is explained in this case study.

Table 19 Inferences Table of Case Study 2

Parameters

Inferences Before

After

Surrounding Context

The site was surrounded by Hangars for the construction of airplane and various port related warehouses.

The site is now converted into Google Headquarters due to which the surrounding context is turning into a commercial and office typologies.

Economic Context

Major Industrial Sectors are: Port related activities, fishing and Trade and Tourism

Major Industrial Sectors are: Finance, Management and Trade and Tourism.

Function

The site is used for the construction of Sprue Goose Airplane.

Industrial Heritage & Work spaces such as a Office areas, Commercial spaces, art studios, Music studios, cafés & restaurants.

Architecture Style

Art-Deco

Mix of Art-Deco and Modern

Scale of Industry

Large Scale (1,08,724 sqm)

Large Scale (41,806 sqm )

Structural System

Wooden Purlins, Wooden Rafters , Glulam Trusses, Large Windows and Skylights.

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done, and new MEP is installed.

Material

Prominently Wood

Wood and Steel

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reused to Google Headquarters

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3.4. Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai 3.4.1. Introduction An adaptive re-use project in Mumbai, the Imagine Studio weaves nature, heritage, and urbanism through a compelling narrative of evolving contexts. The erstwhile industrial site was transformed into an experiential journey consisting of a Studio, Workshop, Café, Legacy Park, Urban Farm, Open Air Theatre and Market Plaza to demonstrate the underlying principles of ‘Live, Learn, Work, Play’ in a mixed-use development. [57]

FIG 115: Vikhroli Social, Mumbai (Source: ArchDaily) The scheme, which initiated as a design for a marketing office, shaped into an exercise for place-making in ‘The Trees’, a flagship development for Godrej Properties Ltd., which is part of Godrej, one of India’s biggest industrial houses. The Imagine Studio project replaces a large industrial campus in Vikhroli, a site integral to the Group’s history. It is here that seeds of a modern, integrated industrial township were planted, realized and are now being taken forward into the 21st century with the contemporary mixed-use master plan of ‘The Trees’. https://www.archdaily.com/916722/imagine-studio-at-the-trees-studio-lotus-plus-gpl-design-studio

Architects

Studio Lotus

Location

Vikhroli, Mumbai, India

Built in

February 2014 - March 2015

Client

Godrej Properties

Area

1000 Sqm

Structural Consultant

Sterling Engineering

Jatin Rawat

Designed as the Experience Centre for ‘The Trees’, the Imagine Studio addresses the challenging need to relate the forthcoming chapters of Godrej’s vision through the realm of its origin. The intent was to illustrate an invigorated public realm as a microcosm of the master plan while preserving the essence of the site’s industrial heritage. [57]

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[57] (Imagine Studio at the Trees / Studio Lotus + GPL Design Studio, 2019)

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3.4.2. Regional Context 3.4.2.a. Location Imagine Studios at the Trees is located at Industrial District, Vikhroli, Mumbai. In the heart of Mumbai, this reinvented city-centre destination showcases Industrial Heritage & entertainment spaces such as a museum, skate park, art studios, live music, cafés & restaurants aiming to bring people together & live connected.

NAVI M. MUMBAI

ARABIAN SEA

ARABIAN SEA

FIG 116: Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

(Source: Googlearth)

3.3.2.b. Approach The site is easily approachable through various transportation systems.

Mumbai international airport is just 8km away from the site, which make the site accessible for foreign persons who wants to visit the office or workers who live out of town.

Jatin Rawat

The site is so close (1km) from common train facilities. Which make the site easily accessible for the person using train as a transportation service

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The site is near(4km) from common metro facilities.

Which make the site easily accessible for the person using metro as a transportation service

Around the site there are 3 major bus stops, making the site accessible for daily commuters.

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3.4.2.c. Surrounding Context The site is surrounded by industries of various purposes. Back in 2000, these Industrial Units were constructed and along them, housing for the workers and their daily need markets were developed. The context of the site shows various commercial and housing areas near them and it is also well connected with various transportation systems.

The sprawl of Mumbai started widely after 1972, In the case of Mumbai, the urban area has expanded towards Vasai-Virar in the north and Bhiwandi in the east along the Central Railway line on one side and across the Thane creek to Navi Mumbai on the other side. After the world war the expansion of city is through industrial revolution only, thus the city spread keeping in mind the expansion of industries and construction of housings.

In the cities like Mumbai which is sprawling in a very high percentage, it is good for the city’s buildings to be adaptively reused to reduce the Urban Sprawl. Adaptive recuse helps in reducing sprawl by using the existing structures and incorporating new function in them.

Need of the people changes the use of buildings, when there was the need of industries then these industries were boon to the city, but when the need changed, these industries were abandoned and now they are adaptively reused and are going well with the context of the site by having a sense of past in new revival construction.

Housing Commercial Services 1940 Industries

2018 Reused

Recreational Offices Industries

FIG 117: Context Mapping of Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

(Source: Author) The representation shows old Mumbai(1970) comparing it with the new Mumbai(2022). We can clearly see the change in context around the site, how Commercial are now large malls and how the skyline of the city changes drastically.

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3.4.3. Cultural Context The way of life of Mumbai is a blend of custom, religions, foods, music and expressive arts.

Named as 'The city that never rests', it is probably the most active city in India. Fun is similarly essential to individuals of Mumbai. This is obvious from how the celebrations are commended.

However Diwali, Eid, Holi and Christmas are praised energetically, nothing comes even close to the celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi. At some point in late August or early September, Ganesh Chaturthi is a 10-day fest celebrated with magnificence and brilliance. Mumbai is well known for its handcrafted textures, materials and adornments. One can likewise shop at the business sectors like Chor Bazaar for trinkets like classical clocks, wooden decorations and artistic creations. A primary motivation to visit Mumbai is the food. Be it road food or nearby top choices or the fish dishes, your taste buds will thank you for going on this outing. [58]

Art-Deco

Cricket

Ganesh Chaturthi Local Train

“ City of Dreams ” With the most elevated GDP in India, Mumbai is each Indian's metropolitan dream. The way of life of this metro city is a tumultuous mix of cooking styles, dialects, food, expressive arts, film and celebrations. Aside from being one of the greatest metropolitan urban areas in the country, Mumbai guarantees a high-adrenaline, foot-tapping, various city life to all occupants. Food and the celebrations are the main aspects of Mumbai's way of life. Each Mumbaikar is enthusiastic about the neighborhood road charge and the luxurious festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Christmas and Eid.

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[58] (Mumbai | Creative Cities Network, 2019)

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3.4.4. Social Context Situated on the west shoreline of India, Mumbai is the capital city of the territory of Maharashtra, and the most crowded city in India. With its clamoring road life, delectable food, complex social celebrations, and, surprisingly, the broadly well known Bollywood entertainment world, Mumbai is one of the most energetic urban areas on the planet. This course of fake land unification would set the ground for the quick industrialization of the city and its ascent in the neighborhood and worldwide financial field, with the eventual result of being named an alpha city in 2009. [59] Mumbai is a major business-, entertainment and fashion Centre in India. Over the years, the job market has diversified and evolved. As an entertainment and fashion hub, Mumbai is the heart of the Bollywood film industry and has a history as a textile Centre. The service industry sector caters to the city's large population, which is becoming increasingly affluent, Mumbai's large healthcare sector not only caters for but also employs expats. Engineering and design companies often work in tandem with firms from overseas, bringing in foreign workers.

Table 20 Sector wise Employment in Mumbai Sector

Numbers (In Lakhs)

Primary

0.07 (Mining, forestry, farming, and fishing are the jobs in the primary sector)

Secondary

4.92 (Manufacturing, such as the production of automobiles and steel, are occupations under the secondary sector)

Tertiary

21.27 (Teaching, finance, banking jobs are examples of tertiary careers)

Total

26.26

Table 21 Occupational Distribution in Mumbai No.

Description

1998

2008

2018

1

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

6,877

4,596

4,907

2

Mining and quarrying

182

1,023

1,103

3

Manufacturing and Repair Services

468,409

344,875

365,878

4

Electricity, Gas and Water

7,620

6,734

3,423

5

Wholesale & Retail Trade and Restaurants and Hotel

747,654

846,798

987,564

6

Transport, Storage & Communication

263,493

290,687

364,578

7

Financing, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services

352,055

459,056

547,879

8

Communication, Social and Personal Services

753,624

790,586

895,643

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[59] (Mumbai - New World Encyclopedia, 2020)

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3.4.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) Mumbai is the entertainment, fashion and commercial Centre of India. Mumbai is the largest economy in India. As of 2021, Mumbai's GDP (PPP) is estimated to be US$606.625 Billion, Mumbai's GDP (PPP) per capita rounds up to around US$23,000. It is the richest Indian city and 12th richest city in the world with a Netwealth of around US$1 trillion with 46,000 millionaires and 48 billionaires. Mumbai accounts for slightly more than 6.16% of India's economy contributing 10% of factory employment, 30% of income tax collections, 45% of Entertainment Tax, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of foreign trade , 100% of stock market assets and rupees 80,000 crore (US$20 billion) in corporate taxes to the Indian economy. [60] Mumbai is one of the ten largest trading centres in the world in terms of global financial flows, generating ca. 6.16% of the Indian GDP and accounting for 25% of industrial production, 70% of Indian maritime trade and 70% of capital transactions to the Indian economy.

Focused Industry Sectors: 1. Textile mills 2. Chemicals 3. Machinery 4. Metallurgy 5. Electricals

1994

1984

FIG 118: Urban Sprawl of Mumbai, 1984-2021

2004

2021 (Source: googleearth)

The loss of coastal landscapes resulting from urban sprawl has become a growing concern that is difficult to manage. The consequences of sprawl are often lasting, leading to the irreversible loss of vulnerable and valuable natural landscapes in favor of urban land. Of the entire mangrove system in the Mumbai Metropolitan Area, 36% has been lost to urban land since 1973. An area of urban sprawl comprises the southeastern border of Mumbai, where, since 2000, pressure on the wetlands has been largely aggravated.

Mumbai has been undergoing exceptionally dynamic land cover changes.

Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region extends from Mumbai-Thane to Pune and in adjoining districts of Nashik and Solapur. Besides, industrial development has been rapid in Kolaba, Ahmednagar, Satara, Sangli and Jalgaon districts. The development of this region started with the location of the cotton textile industry in Mumbai. Mumbai, with cotton hinterland and moist climate, favored the location of the cotton textile industry.

Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region: The seeds of its development were 152 Km planted in 1774 when the island-site was gotten for development of Mumbai port. The kickoff of the primary rail route track of 34 kms among Mumbai and Thane in 1853, opening of the Bhor and Thai Ghats Mumbai individually to Pune and Nashik and that of Suez Waterway in 1869 prompted the advancement of Mumbai.

The development of this industrial region is completely associated with 121 Km Pune the development of cotton material industry in India. Cotton was developed in the dark cotton soil region of the Narmada and Tapi bowls.

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[60] (Wikipedia Contributors, 2022)

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3.4.6. Architectural Context The Great Architecture of Mumbai blends Gothic, Victorian, Art Deco, Indo-Saracenic & Contemporary architectural styles. Many buildings, structures and historical monuments remain from the colonial era. Mumbai, after Miami, has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world.

Indo-Saracenic

Victorian Gothic Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Mumbai Architecture came to be present through the British in the 18th and early 19th centuries. At first it was the neoclassical style of architecture but later, the Victorian Gothic style came to dominate the city.

Gateway of India

The Indo-Saracenic style developed in the second half of the 19th century, combining Islamic and Hindu architectural styles with its characteristic domes, arches, stained glasses, and minarets.

Art Deco

Contemporary Bombay Stock Exchange

Eros Cinema The Deco period began in 1910. Art deco's symmetry was a distinct departure from the flowing asymmetrical curves of its predecessor style art nouveau.

Contemporary architecture is the movement where modern styles blend, sharing various features.

And these styles rely on fewer classicized building ideas.

3.4.6.a. Function The buildings was functioned as a Industrial space for power generation in 1940’s, whereas now it is been used as a multifunctional space.

Workshops Chimney Entry Plaza Covered Walkway

Water Tank

Market Silos

Legacy Silos Boiler Cafe Studio Amphitheater

FIG 119: Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

Set in a 1-acre site, the Imagine Studio complex spans 1000 sqm in area.

Conceptualized by Studio Lotus and the GPL Design Studio, turns a small cluster of industrial buildings and its close landscape into tribute identities soaked forever in the developer’s legacy yet an invigorating part of its new purpose. The design teams presented the Imagine Studio complex through an attempt to reenvision the customer journey for ‘The Trees’.

Existing buildings and its elements were recycled (Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/916722/imagine-studio-at-the-trees-studio-lotus-plus-gpl-design-studio

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3.4.6.b. Architectural Style The architecture style of the Industrial structure is Classic Architecture, Steel Trusses and Metal decks are used in the construction of the Industrial Structure. The Power plant was purely made of Steel and Metal due to the availability of these material in Mumbai region as in Mumbai metallurgy is a prominent industry.

Corten steel and Brass

FIG 120: Prominent Material at Vikhroli Social, Mumbai (Source: ArchDaily) The immortal compositional structures got from the ongoing modern sheds and the materiality of Concrete, Corten steel, Brass and Timber work on the guideline of 'Wabi-Sabi', which would permit the structures to mature perfectly with the progression of time. The materials were purposely decided to add layers to the arrangement of occasions anticipated the venture. While Concrete demonstrates the current shell work, Corten Steel reworks the possibility of the first structure, which throughout some undefined time frame drains over Concrete. https://www.archdaily.com/916722/imagine-studio-at-the-trees-studio-lotus-plus-gpl-design-studio

FIG 121: Landscaping (Source: ArchDaily) The Workshop insides, interface consistently with the outside to extend action regions into the landscape and public space Flora

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3.4.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure Imagine Studios at the Trees was a co generation power plant and it was surrounded by a group of industrial structures. A cogeneration plant is like CHP in the sense that it also generates electricity and produces heat. Cogen technology differs, however, from CHP in that it produces electricity from a simple cycle gas turbine. The gas turbine exhaust energy is then used to produce steam.

Silos and Boiler

Power Plant The site was a co generation power plant and was made of Timber, Corten Steel and Concrete. The power plant used trusses for the terrace support. Large chimneys were also present in the site.

A silo is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store fermented feed known as silage. Silos are commonly used for bulk storage of grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust.

Steel, Concrete and Timber

Brass Structures

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3.4.6.d. Scale of Industry Power plants are considered as Large Scale structures because of the function they serve of generating power through various methos. These large scale structures are majorly reused as a office space or a multifunctional space.

Majorly Power plants consists of various elements which make them large scale structures. Elements which are constructed with the power plants are: 1. Power Station 4. Storage Space 2. Chimney 5. Waste Disposal Area 3. Boilers 6. Open space for transportation Area: 1,000 Sqm

3.4.6.e. Structural System Construction of a power plant factory requires various structural systems to get them standing.

Power plants are large span structures, so for them a truss system is required with concrete walls.

Construction of concrete walls is a crucial phase in building construction. It is constructed as a load bearing structure to transfers loads from floor to the wall below or to the foundation, in addition to divide spaces in multi-storey buildings.

FIG 122: Imagine Studios at the Trees (Before & After), Vikhroli, Mumbai

Truss system made of Steel or Timber with Roofing of Corten Steel

Concrete walls

(Source: ArchDaily)

https://www.archdaily.com/916722/imagine-studio-at-the-trees-studio-lotus-plus-gpl-design-studio

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3.4.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials

1. Co Power Generation plant in 1940 was built by the Godrej Company for the Generation of power needed in their projects. These Power plants changes its function from time to time, be it Generation of power to a mixed used land.

These Plants were built with: a. Corten Steel b. Steel Rafters c. Steel Purlins d. Brass Sheets e. Concrete Walls f. Tin Sheds

1. After the Adaptive Reuse, Steel trusses are kept as it is, only the servicing is done for some trusses, where the condition is worse.

Silos, Chimneys, Steel Members, Workshop Design are kept as it is so as to get a sense of past in this redeveloped structure.

FIG 123: Corten Silos

FIG 125: Corten Silos are now used as (Source: studiolotus) hardscape area in the landscape of the site Corten Silos and are now used as hardscape elements in the site. There are 4 Silos, some of which are used as a exhibition area, showing the legacy of Godrej.

2. Purlin and Rafters are kept exposed to express the quality of structure that it once was.

3. New landscaping is done around the site, old silos structures were used for sitting. these silos are also used as exhibition areas, 2. The material of the structure is Steel and showing legacy of the site.

Concrete.

FIG 124: Concrete Structure Corten Silos and Concrete structure with Steel trusses were used in the structure. These material were at peak at that time for the construction of industries. Mumbai is also known as home for metallurgy. https://studiolotus.in/showcase/imagine-studio-at-the-trees/144

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2021

1990

Co Power Generation Plant

2000

Power Plant

2015

Reused as a Mixed Use Land

Site is further more reduced. Reduction in Site size due Now it is just a Café. to Taj Hotel at the back

Co Power Generation Plant was constructed in 1940 in Vikhroli, Mumbai. That was the time when Mumbai’s industries were in boon and was needed for the massive and fast construction/development of the city, thus leading to the construction of these power plant. These industries has seen less change in their function over a period of time. From being used to Generate power till the industries were used as mixed use land, they have seen not so major changes in their function. But after 2013 these industrial structure were abandoned with no use, this abandoned structure was affecting the nearby industries also, thus in 2014 this power plant in Vikhroli, Mumbai is converted into an Mixed use land.

Programmatically the buildings of the Imagine Studio currently adapt into a marketing office, with sample showcase flats, meeting spaces, a small cafe, as well as several outdoor spaces to market upcoming residential and commercial development properties. Two former power co-generation plants and a boiler were repurposed to accommodate new functions as a Studio, Workshop and Cafe respectively. A tall chimney redolent of bygone industrial aesthetic has been treated as a graphic memorial.

The Adaptive Reuse of the structure brought a liveliness to the site and also attracted current generation to make them know about the history of Godrej and the impact of them in 1940’s Mumbai.

The site has to go through some changes because of the partnership between Taj Hotel and Godrej Properties, due to this partnership the site’s half of the area is given for the construction of Taj Hotel which is at the back of the site. Thus the size of the site is reduce from 5,000 sqm to 1,000sqm.

2019

3.4.7. Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Structure

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3.4.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse 3.4.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse After the adaptive reuse of the structure, there are several changes that have been made to the industrial structure so as to make it economical, sustainable, and to keep its heritage going. The changes that have been done to the structure are shown below: Table 22 Changes after Adaptive Reuse

Earlier

Now

Function: The function of the Industrial Structure varied time to time, when this Power Plant was constructed, it was used for the generation of power from steam and boilers, but before it got abandoned, it was used for a Co power generation setup.

Function: Now the Industrial Structure is converted into an Multifunctional building, which consists of Office Space, Cafes, Art Rooms, Landscaping, Workshops, Display Area, etc.

Cogeneration—also known as combined heat and power, distributed generation, or recycled energy—is the simultaneous production of two or more forms of energy from a single fuel source.

Cogeneration power plants often operate at 50 to 70 percent higher efficiency rates than single-generation facilities.

Site Plan: The site plan of the industry was 5,000 Sqm./1.23 Acre. There was a huge land for the Cogeneration Power Plant to build.

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Repurposing Buildings to create an Experiential Narrative of Legacy and Vision An adaptive re-use plan in Mumbai, weaves nature, heritage & urban through a story of evolving contexts.

Site Plan: The site plan decreased from 5,000 Sqm/1.23 Acre to 1,000 Sqm./0.24 Acre. In the new site plan, the area is give to Taj Hotel.

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Revival of abandoned industrial buildings via adaptive reuse

Earlier

Now

Architecture Style: The style of architecture adopted for the construction of Power Plant was Classic Architecture, thus the Power Plant was designed in an Classical way, that is with the use of brass and steel. The design elements which were present in the structure were: 1. Steel Planks 2. Steel Purlins and Rafters 3. Steel Trusses 4. North Light Truss 5. Massive Doors 6. Steel Girt 7. Large span truss structures, etc.

8. Corten Steel Sheets 9. Silos and Boilers

Architecture Style: The style of architecture is preserved now for a feeling of sense of past for the users.

Only servicing of the structure is done and rest of the structure is taken as it is.

Design elements which were retained are: 1. Steel purlin and rafters were retained with a little service on them 2. Strengthening of trusses 3. Corten Steel Sheets were used again 4. Silos were used as Landscape element.

5. Purlins and Rafters were kept exposed to express the quality of structure that once it was. Steel trusses show the legacy of material Godrej used over time.

Co power generation Boiler Tank building is converted into Café with mezzanine floors, along with them the working of chimneys are stopped and converted them into structures.

Corten Steel Sheets Large Span Structure Steel Trusses Steel Purlins Steel Rafters Concrete Walls These images represent the old architecture style that was present in the Industrial structure. Most of them was retained in the new structure, with some minor changes.

Steel Trusses were Serviced and new Corten Steel sheets were used.

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The old louvers of the primary plant, now the Studio, were repurposed in Corten Steel and perforated with patterns.

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3.4.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse of any building brings benefits to that abandoned structure. These benefits overall helps In the betterment of the surrounding structures and people living nearby or the societies. In this case study of the Adaptive reuse of Co Power Generation Plant, the industrial building is converted from a Power Plant to a Multifunctional Used space thus reusing it conserve its heritage and the social value of the site.

Some of the benefits after Adaptive Reuse are given below: 1. Location: The industrial site was a Power Plant before its adaptive reuse, now after the adaptive reuse, when the site is converted into a Multifunctional Space it increases the prominence of the site much more.

2. Economic: After adaptively reusing the site, the construction cost for the demolition of the site to construct a new building is saved, which affects the economical value of the site. Instead of the deconstruction, Adaptive reuse is done which is cost effective.

3. Environmental: Adaptive reuse extends the lifespan of the building and reduces its carbon footprint while preserving its cultural heritage values, thus it is benefits the environment.

4. Structural Systems: Adaptive reuse services the broken structural systems or systems which are not in good condition to live on, so Adaptively Reusing a buildings helps in increasing the structural quality of the structure.

5. Benefits to Host Community: The Power plant was a Industrial site and was standing still from 1940, these old building become a crucial part of the surrounding communities or for people living in societies. Thus conserving these heritage structures benefits the host communities, by giving them a sense of past.

6. Imparting Knowledge: These heritage site are great place for imparting knowledge about our past to the youth, so Reviving these structures help in conserving the knowledge of past for the future. Godrej legacy is represented in these structures by creating Exhibition Spaces.

3.4.9. What to use What to not In the process of Adaptive Reuse of any structure, the most toughest part is what to use and what to not. The following table shows the data of things which are used while adaptively reusing and things which are not: Table 23 What to use What to not To Use

To not Use

Original Colour of the building

Structural systems which are in worse condition

Materials which don’t harm the environment

Any material which is not compatible with new materials

Design elements from that era for a sense of the past

Landscaping can be regenerated by incorporating various elements from the existing structures.

Structures or design elements which impart knowledge of past to the future generations.

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3.4.10. Conclusion and Inferences The Adaptive Reuse of Godrej Industrial Units opens up a wide perspective of how can a industrial building which is 100 of years old and whose function doesn't change much can be reused now for conserving the heritage of that structure and also imparting knowledge to the youth about the history of Godrej industries which is untold.

Table 24 Inferences Table of Case Study 3

Parameters

Inferences Before

After

Surrounding Context

The site was surrounded by Godrej manufacturing plants and is considered as Vikhroli Industrial Sector

The site is now converted into Mixed Land use.

Economic Context

Major Industrial Sectors are: Textile mills, Chemicals, Machinery and Metallurgy

Major Industrial Sectors are: Finance, Services and Tourism.

Function

The site is used as a Co-Power Generation Plant.

The industrial site is transformed into an experiential journey consisting of a Studio, Workshop, Café, Legacy Park, Urban Farm, Open Air Theatre and Market Plaza to demonstrate the underlying principles of ‘Live, Learn, Work, Play’ in a mixed-use development.

Architecture Style

Gothic, Victorian, Art-Deco and Contemporary

Mix of Art-Deco and Modern

Scale of Industry

Large Scale (5,000 sqm)

Large Scale (1,000 sqm )

Structural System

Concrete Walls, Steel Trusses, Steel Rafters, Steel Purlins, Corten Steel

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done.

Material

Concrete and Steel

Concrete, Steel and Brick

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reused to Mixed Land Use Development

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3.5. The Design Village, Noida, U.P 3.5.1. Introduction The whole work area is imagined as a dynamic and dynamic space, blended with particular interventions, novel, out-of-the container thoughts to motivate innovativeness among the understudies. The plan of the grounds is Driven by the educational vision of TDV-'Life through Design' that depends on the learning venture attempted by the understudy that empowers selfawareness while making/making/having an effect - on the individual, the general public and the climate overall. [61] An old abandoned kattha (catechu) factory with huge design and renewal potential. The plot across was ready to be revitalized before the students came back late in July. Two months was all the time that was given by fate, to the turn fate of this old manufacturing unit in a desolate state of urban decay. studio archohm and students from the village, helped convert this former facility into a dream village – retaining its inherent character while injecting new life.

Narratives of the past were kept intact while giving the campus a new meaning. the process of the transforming this space - from a polluting factory to an inspiring institute with the excruciating constraints of time, budgets, context and its rather challenging spatiality, has been an exciting one. [61] FIG 126: The Design Village, Noida, U.P (Source: archohm) http://www.archohm.com/the-design-village.html

Architects

Studio Archohm

Location

Noida, U.P, India

Built in

May 2017 - July 2017

Client

The Design Village

Area

2150 Sqm

Structural Consultant

Roark Consulting

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[61] (The Design Village, 2017)

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3.5.2. Regional Context 3.5.2.a. Location The Design Village is located at Industrial District, Noida, U.P. In the Industry sector of Noida, this reinvented Institutional building showcases Industrial Heritage & Study spaces such as Design Studios, Art Studios, Machine learning, Faculty Room, Computer Lab, Library, etc. aiming to bring people together & live connected while studying in the Campus.

NOIDA

SITE FACTORIES SLUMS

Noida, short for New Okhla Industrial Development Authority, is a planned city located in Gautam Buddha Nagar district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Noida is a satellite city of Delhi and is a part of the National Capital FIG 127: The Design Village, Noida Region (NCR) of India.

(Source: Googlearth)

3.5.2.b. Approach The site is easily approachable through various transportation systems.

Delhi international airport is 24.5km away from the site, which make the site not easily accessible for foreign students or the students living outside home.

Jatin Rawat

The site is so close (1km) from common train facilities. Which make the site easily accessible for the person using train as a transportation service

05218001618

The site is near(4km) from common metro facilities.

Which make the site easily accessible for the person using metro as a transportation service

Around the site there are 3 major bus stops, making the site accessible for daily commuters.

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3.5.2.c. Surrounding Context The site is surrounded by industries of various purposes. Back in 1987, these Industrial Units were constructed and along them, housing for the workers and their daily need markets were developed. The context of the site shows various commercial and housing areas near them and it is also well connected with various transportation systems.

The sprawl of Noida started widely after 1976, In the case of Noida, the urban area has expanded towards Greater Noida. In the cities like Noida which is sprawling in a very high percentage, it is good for the city’s buildings to be adaptively reused to reduce the Urban Sprawl. Adaptive recuse helps in reducing sprawl by using the existing structures and incorporating new function in them.

Need of the people changes the use of buildings, when there was the need of industries then these industries were boon to the city, but when the need changed, these industries were abandoned and now they are adaptively reused and are going well with the context of the site by having a sense of past in new revival construction.

Housing Commercial Services 1987 Industries

2017 Reused

Recreational Offices Industries

FIG 128: Context Mapping of The Design Village, Noida

(Source: Author) Noida Authority created in 1976 through implementation of successive Master Plans was successful in creating employment opportunities and provide affordable housing. Its location and development of Noida as an integrated industrial township has resulted into emergence of Noida as a self-sustaining city. It emerged as census town for the first time in 1991 with a population of 1,46,514 and its population is doubling every decade since then. The population of Noida as per 2011 Census was 6,37,272 and is likely to reach 25 Lakhs by 2031 as per Noida Master Plan-2031.

Noida Authority has been successful in developing an urban settlement through implementation of Master Plans.

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3.5.3. Cultural Context New Okhla Industrial Development Authority famously known as Noida has arisen to be a crucial piece of the public capital district in the previous ten years. Today it is very much associated with the capital and is an all around arranged, coordinated and modern city. Spread over a huge region, the greater part of the areas of Noida are completely evolved and marketed.

Noida is the biggest arranged modern municipality of Asia. The practice and culture of Noida isn't very different from that of the public capital. It praises similar celebrations and partakes in the very cooking as that individuals of Delhi. Sweeping green open regions make Noida a favored objective for individuals to track down comfort. Yet, interestingly, in spite of the scaling modern and land improvement, individuals have been fruitful in keep up with its own custom and culture by framing different social affiliations like Bengali Cultural Association and different clubs that advances culture of different districts. [62]

Residential Construction Educational Facilities

Connectivity

FIG 71: Growth of Noida’s Construction Sector https://www.visipoint.net/blog/construction-tech-trends-2019/

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[62] (Official Website of New Okhla Industrial Development Authority, 2020)

Noida Entrance

The way of life of Noida is an ideal blend of once in a while. Since it is an IT and instructive center point, kids and working experts from different pieces of the nation and world come to Noida.

Politeness this blend of customs and societies. The planned development area about 20, 316 Square Km along with the land of 81 villages of district G. B. Nagar. After origin to time Noida has become a hub for software, mobile app development companies, MNC, Noida Film City, Educational Hub, Advanced Shopping Malls, Hotels and Night Clubs, Hospitals and Medicare, Golf Center & One of the top outsourcing hubs in India.

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3.5.4. Social Context Noida is quick turning into the heartland of National Capital Region (NCR), and there are various purposes behind advocating it. Spread over in excess of 20,000 hectares, it arises among Asia's biggest modern municipalities. Despite the fact that, it is situated in Uttar Pradesh, it is extremely near the capital city. However, it is by all accounts right around a huge number of miles from the contamination and clog of Delhi-only one of the many reasons savvy individuals are attracted like a magnet to this city. Noida is home to many incorporated municipalities that make and proposition an ideal equilibrium of private spaces, business foundations, shopping centers and multiplexes. This implies that you can reside near the spot you work, shop however much you might want in the shopping center close by (whether it is food or extravagance), watch the most recent blockbuster in the multiplex that is nearby and gorge on your number one cooking. [63] Table 25 Category wise Employment in Noida Category

Noida Urban Area Total

Noida Notified Area

Percent

Total

Percent

Cultivators

3,425

7.09

8,160

14.23

Agriculture Labourers

1,782

3.68

2,973

5.18

Live Stock, Forestry, Fishing

414

0.86

515

0.90

Mining and Quarrying

12

0.02

18

0.03

Manufacturing and Processing in Household Industries

626

1.29

722

1.26

Manufacturing and Processing other than Household Industries

13,619

28.18

14,492

25.27

Construction

4,404

9.11

4,596

8.02

Trade and Commerce

7,024

14.54

7,500

13.08

Transport, Storage and Communication

2,039

4.22

2,234

3.90

Other Services

14,995

31.01

16,136

28.13

Total

48,340

100

57,346

100

Workers engaged in the primary sector amount to 14 percent of the total workforce in the Noida notified area, and 7 per cent in the Noida urban area. In contrast the share of workers in the manufacturing and service sectors is not noticeably lower in the Noida Notified Area, showing that workers engaged in these sectors are more uniformly distributed through space. Noida predominantly houses small-scale industries. Out of a total of 3,197small-scale units there are only 235 medium- and large-scale units in Noida. In total, these industries provide employment for 86,000 workers.

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[63] (Potter & Kumar, n.d.)

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3.5.5. Economic Context (Growth of the Town) Thirty two per cent of the total population of Noida was classified as workers in1991. A major segment of the workforce comprises industrial operatives, who constitute 29.47 per cent of the total. The highest percentage of workers (31.01 percent) are engaged in service occupations, with another 14.54 per cent in trade and commerce, 9.11 per cent in construction, 4.22 per cent in transport and communication and 11.65 per cent in primary activities. The data show that the percentage of workers in primary activities is quite high. However, this figure is likely to decline as the urbanized area grows and more opportunities open up in the secondary and tertiary sectors. Consequently, it can be said that the percentage of workers in the transport, trade and commercial sectors increases, as the city’s economic base is modernized. As for the objective of creating a new town in order to shift small-scale industry from Delhi, this has not been achieved.

Instead, Noida has attracted new industries and has become just like any other regular new town.

The number of workers engaged in industry is almost equal to the number of workers employed in other services. If those employed in trade and commerce, construction, transport and communication, and other services are added together, more than 43 per cent of total workers are shown to be engaged in these sectors. [63]

FIG 129: Urban Sprawl of Noida, 1977-2011 (Source: researchgate) In 1998 one quarter of the land was put to industrial use. In contrast only 0.8 per cent represents commercial land. At first glance it would be surprising to see the area under commercial use shrink from 132 hectare in 1995 to 36 hectare in 1998 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329196585_Urban_Growth_of_Noida_City_Uttar_Pradesh

The main commercial center (i.e. the CBD) is still not developed in Noida, but as the city grows and the authorities have money to spare or alternatively enter into some form of agreement with the private sector, this area will be developed. At present, people are largely dependent on Delhi for their commercial needs. Further, the authority has far less developed areas meant for social facilities, such as schools and recreational places like parks to be used by the general population.

On the contrary, it has developed two recreational areas which are largely for the wealthy: a rose garden along the River Yamuna near sector 15, and a golf course located immediately to the south east of sector 37. The new town seems to be being used by the state government in order to make quick money by selling industrial and residential land.

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[63] (Potter & Kumar, n.d.)

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3.5.6. Architectural Context The architecture style of Noida blends with the architecture style of its neighboring city which is Delhi and Lucknow. The architecture style of Delhi dates back more than a thousand years. As the capital of several great empires of India, including Rajput kingdom, Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and British Raj, the city of Delhi has been a Centre for art and architecture. Whereas The Lucknow Architecture was an experiment by the resurgent Nawabs of Awadh. It was an attempt to preserve the Mughal school of architecture by experimenting with different materials and innovating new concepts.

Noida itself doesn't has any architecture style which can be prominently seen in the city. Noida is mix of new modern age buildings with some contemporary architecture.

Supernova Spira

Advant Park

Noida world trade tower

Wave one

3.5.6.a. Function The buildings was functioned as a Kattha factory for the generation of kattha, a product use in chewing betel in 1987, whereas now it is been used as a institutional space.

The layout was important because the institute in its essence is essentially a school of design with multiple interactive intimate institutional spaces. It is attempting to break Private Spaces away from the traditional model of fixed Studios classrooms to an idea of mixed and versatile Administration ones. It is constantly trying to give neutral Interaction Areas spaces of varying scales and sizes so as to be adaptive and adoptive. Students are Faculty rooms expected to own them, belong to them and live them in this journey of self discovery, as per their will. Sets of steps are symbolic and Public spaces the fundamental archetype used here.

Library Whether it is the cafeteria with stepped Cafeteria levels to play out as a multipurpose space Exhibition Space for lectures and concerts, or stepped Reception classrooms to make your own spaces; or just Entrance Space actual steps to climb but also make one pause in that act and thereby bring in opportunities of synergy among people across the campus.

(Source: archplusdesign) file:///C:/Users/JATIN%20RAWAT/OneDrive/Desk top/Architecture%20+%20Design%20%20May%202021_downmagaz.net.pdf

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3.5.6.b. Architectural Style The architecture style of the Industrial structure is Classic Architecture, Brick Walls, Steel Trusses and Metal decks are used in the construction of the Industrial Structure. The Kattha plant was purely made of Steel and Metal due to the availability of these material in Noida.

Modern Architecture Use of plain Facade, Modern Jali work, Minimalist Design, Pop Colors, Geometric Facade Cutouts

Industrial Architecture Use of Steel Trusses, Brick Walls, Chimneys, Mezzanine Floors, Double Height Spaces, etc.

FIG 130: Architecture Style of The Design Village, Noida (Source: archplusdesign) As one enters, one can see the use of tectonics of acrylic tubes as exploded and scaled fiber cables to drag torches of natural light. Courtyards of light and air are created to bring in the required natural elements but not the neighborhood noise - visual and auditory. Shafts of light, tubular openings, skylights and slits in the roof ensured a vibrant internal space with a fort like exterior. file:///C:/Users/JATIN%20RAWAT/OneDrive/Desktop/Architecture%20+%20Design%20-%20May%202021_downmagaz.net.pdf

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3.5.6.c. Study of Industrial Structure The Kattha factory C-29 where we now stand, was set up in 1987 as an extension of the one existing facilities at C-75, sector 8 in Noida. C-29 was bought to be used as a godown to support the high production at C-75 . As many as 150 workers toiled here to produce 30,000 kgs of Kattha each day. The whole production process took about a month and a half. However, due to the increased levels of pollution and harm it caused to the neighboring vicinity, on December 2014, the unit was asked to shut down and cease activities.

New Partition Wall is created for the bifercation of spaces

Destroyed Slab is kept as it is, for the sense of the past

The machine is painted and places as art peiece, showing the history of the factory

FIG 131: Architecture Style of The Design Village, Noida (Source: architecturelive) The many big, small and almost always grotesque machines were sculptures and markers in space; they would become companions to students. While they bore testimony to technology as well as hand driven mechanics, both representative of the past. Apart from the machinery and old walls being celebrated, the material palette was frugal with raw pine wood, glass, cement plaster and steel. Existing structures were either spruced up or completely redone if they were unsafe. Some columns and beams removed were also reused in the spirit of adaption and also to control the economics of the project. Existing mezzanines were used as they were – true to their colors, textures and forms. Materials and meanings were retained to the maximum extent they could. https://architecture.live/from-kattha-factory-to-the-design-village-transformation-by-archohm-studio/

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3.5.6.d. Scale of Industry Kattha Factories are considered as Small Scale structures because of the function they serve of manufacturing of Kattha. These Small scale structures are majorly reused as a office space, institutional space, a Café, etc.

Majorly Kattha Factories consists of various elements which make them small scale structures. Elements which are constructed with the Kattha Factories are: 1. Working Station 4. Storage Space 2. Chimney 5. Waste Disposal Area 3. Boilers 6. Mezzanine Floors Area: 2,150 Sqm

3.5.6.e. Structural System Construction of a Kattha factory requires various structural systems to get them standing. Kattha factories are small span structures, so for them a truss system is required with concrete walls.

Brick Walls Steel Mazzenine Steel Staircase Metal Sheets PVC Pipes

FIG 132: Architecture Style of The Design Village, Noida

(Source: architecturelive)

https://architecture.live/from-kattha-factory-to-the-design-village-transformation-by-archohm-studio/

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3.5.6.f. Construction Technique and Materials

1. Kattha Factory in 1987 was built by the Private manufacturers for the Manufacturing of Kattha needed in the Betel Leaves. These manufacturing units changes its function from time to time, be it Manufacturing of Kattha to a Institutional used land. These factories were built with: a. Steel b. Steel Rafters c. Steel Purlins d. Metal Sheets e. Brick Walls f. Tin Sheds

1. After the Adaptive Reuse, Steel trusses are kept as it is, only the servicing is done for some trusses, where the condition is worse.

Steel Members, Mezzanine Floors, Manufacturing Units, Boilers and Double Heighted Space are kept as it is so as to get a sense of past in this redeveloped structure.

FIG 133: Brick Walls

FIG 135: Manufactuting Units (Source: architecturelive) as Art pieces Machines are now used as art pieces to showcase the history of katha factory and double height spaces are now used as transitional areas or sitting spaces.

2. Destructed reinforcement and Machines are kept exposed to express the quality of structure that it once was and to give a sense of the past.

3. New pop coloring is done to the site, old mezzanine structures were used for sitting.

2. The material of the structure is Steel and Double Height space are used as Cafes.

Brick.

FIG 134: Steel Structures

Brick walls and Steel structures were used in the structure.

These material were at peak at that time for the construction of industries. Noida doesn't has its own architecture style, so it is a mix of classic and modern architecture.

https://architecture.live/from-kattha-factory-to-the-design-village-transformation-by-archohm-studio/

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1990

Kattha Factory

2000

Kattha factory

2014 2017

Development of institute started

2017

Completion of the institute within months

Kattha Manufacturing Factory Plant was constructed in 1987 in Noida, U.P. That was the time when U.P’s industries were in boon and was needed for the massive and fast construction/development of the city, thus leading to the construction of these Kattha factories. These industries has seen less change in their function over a period of time.

From being used to Kattha manufacturing till the industries were used as institutional use land, they have seen not so major changes in their function. But after 2014 these industrial structure were abandoned with no use, this abandoned structure was affecting the nearby industries also, thus in 2017 this Kattha Factory in Noida, U.P is converted into an Institutional land.

The space is reinvented and reinterpreted for a imparting design education. It is designed to inspire and evoke curiosity by the sheer simplicity of its aesthetics and ethics of adaptive reuse. It is a space to enlighten minds, break stereotypes – a place to create yet make mistakes, to learn and unlearn, just like the feeling one gets while experiencing this education space and simultaneously recalling its contrasting multi-layered Kattha making past.

The Adaptive Reuse of the structure brought a liveliness to the site and also attracted current generation to make them know about the history of Kattha factories and the impact of them in 1980’s Noida.

The derelict, defunct, economic and industrial landscape of the erstwhile factory that manufactured Kattha-an ‘add on’ to Paan (responsible for the theatrics of the red color imparted to the palate and lips)-a reality of the past has been transformed into a dynamic educational landscape, with a vision for the present and an aspiration for the future.

Closure of Katha Factory

3.5.7. Adaptive Reuse of the Industrial Structure

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3.5.8. Changes and Benefits after Adaptive Reuse 3.5.8.a. Changes after Adaptive Reuse After the adaptive reuse of the structure, there are several changes that have been made to the industrial structure so as to make it economical, sustainable, and to keep its heritage going. The changes that have been done to the structure are shown below: Table 26 Changes after Adaptive Reuse

Earlier

Now

Function: The function of the Kattha factory didn’t varied time to time, when this Factory was constructed, it was used for the manufacturing of Kattha, but due to environmental issues, government decided to ban this factory for the betterment of the neighbouring industries and settlements.

Function: Now the Industrial Structure is converted into an Institutional building, which consists of Studio Space, Cafe, Art Rooms, Workshops, Display Area, faculty Rooms, Library, Computer Lab, Recreational Spaces etc.

Boilers being used in making Kattha, these big boilers are also kept as it is presently in the site to give a sense of past to the structure.

Repurposing Buildings to create an Experiential Narrative and Legacy of Kattha Factory. adaptive re-use plan in Noida, weaves nature, heritage & urban through a story of evolving contexts.

Site Plan: The site plan of the industry was 6,450 Sqm./1.59 Acre. There was a huge land for the Kattha factory to build.

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Site Plan: The site plan decreased from 6,450 Sqm/1.59 Acre to 2,150 Sqm./0.53 Acre. The site is divided into 2 industrial units.

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Earlier

Now

Architecture Style: The style of architecture adopted for the construction of Kattha Factory was mix of Classical and Modern Architecture, thus the manufacturing factory was designed in an Classical way, that is with the use of Steel and Brick. The design elements which were present in the structure were: 1. Steel Planks 2. Steel Purlins and Rafters 3. Steel Trusses 4. Brick Walls 5. Mezzanine Floors 6. Large span truss structures, etc.

7. Steel Sheets 8. Boilers and Machines

Architecture Style: The style of architecture is preserved now for a feeling of sense of past for the users.

Only servicing of the structure is done and rest of the structure is taken as it is.

Design elements which were retained are: 1. Steel Mezzanine floors were retained with a little service on them 2. Strengthening of trusses 3. Steel Sheets were used again 4. Pump room is used as Faculty room.

5. Various areas which were used for a purpose of Kattha are now reused as different rooms like Computer Lab, Faculty room, Deans Room, etc.

Machines were reused as art pieces and the destructed slab is kept as it is to show the past of this structure. New pop colors are also used for the Physiological Effect of Students.

Steel Members 1. Mezzanine 2. Staircase 3. Boilers 4. Supporters These images represent the old architecture style that was present in the Industrial structure. Most of them was retained in the new structure, with some minor changes. Steel Trusses were Serviced and new brick walls were constructed.

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Mezzanine floors were used as a faculty recreational space.

And stairs are also added in a double height space.

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3.5.8.b. Benefits after Adaptive Reuse Adaptive reuse of any building brings benefits to that abandoned structure. These benefits overall helps In the betterment of the surrounding structures and people living nearby or the societies. In this case study of the Adaptive reuse of Kattha Manufacturing Factory, the industrial building is converted from a Manufacturing plant to an Institutional Used space thus reusing it conserve its heritage and the social value of the site.

Some of the benefits after Adaptive Reuse are given below: 1. Location: The industrial site was a Kattha Factory before its adaptive reuse, now after the adaptive reuse, when the site is converted into an Institutional Space it increases the prominence of the site much more.

2. Economic: After adaptively reusing the site, the construction cost for the demolition of the site to construct a new building is saved, which affects the economical value of the site. Instead of the deconstruction, Adaptive reuse is done which is cost effective.

3. Environmental: Adaptive reuse extends the lifespan of the building and reduces its carbon footprint while preserving its cultural heritage values, thus it is benefits the environment.

4. Structural Systems: Adaptive reuse services the broken structural systems or systems which are not in good condition to live on, so Adaptively Reusing a buildings helps in increasing the structural quality of the structure.

5. Benefits to Host Community: The katha factory was a Industrial site and was standing still from 1980, these old building become a crucial part of the surrounding communities or for people living in societies. Thus conserving these heritage structures benefits the host communities, by giving them a sense of past.

6. Imparting Knowledge: These heritage site are great place for imparting knowledge about our past to the youth, so Reviving these structures help in conserving the knowledge of past for the future. Kattha factory legacy is represented in these structures by using machines as Art Pieces.

3.5.9. What to use What to not In the process of Adaptive Reuse of any structure, the most toughest part is what to use and what to not. The following table shows the data of things which are used while adaptively reusing and things which are not: Table 27 What to use What to not To Use

To not Use

Materials which don’t harm the environment

Structural systems which are in worse condition

Design elements from that era for a sense of the past

Any material which is not compatible with new materials

Structures or design elements which impart knowledge of past to the future generations.

Landscaping can be regenerated by incorporating various elements from the existing structures.

Destructed structures to have a sense of the past

Original colour of the structure

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3.5.10. Conclusion and Inferences The Adaptive Reuse of Kattha Factory opens up a wide perspective of how can a industrial building which was banned by the government can be reused now for conserving the heritage of that structure and also imparting knowledge to the youth about the history of industries which is untold.

Table 28 Inferences Table of Case Study 4

Parameters

Inferences Before

After

Surrounding Context

The site was surrounded by various privately owned factories.

The site is now converted into Institute thus its surrounding is now getting converted into Recreational Spaces.

Economic Context

Major Industrial Sectors are: Kattha, Textile, Beverages, etc.

Major Industrial Sectors are service related facilities.

Function

The site is used as a Kattha Manufacturing Plant.

The industrial site is reused as an Institutional land having Studios for students, workshops, faculty rooms, Library, Cafes, Computer labs, etc.

Architecture Style

Noida doesn't has its own architecture style. So it is mix of Delhi’s and Lucknow’s

Modern architecture style

Scale of Industry

Small Scale (6,450 sqm)

Large Scale (2,150 sqm)

Structural System

Brick Walls, Steel Trusses, Steel Rafters, Steel Purlins, Mezzanine Floors

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done.

Material

Brick and Steel

Concrete, Steel and Brick

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reused to Institutional Land.

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Parameters A

Case Studies Inferences Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Before

Google Headquarters, L.A

After

Before

After

Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli

Before

After

The Design Village, Noida

Before

After

Surrounding Context

The site was surrounded by Alembic Industries and various other industrial structures which were prominent at that time

The site is now converted into Industrial Art District, under this various abandoned industries are now reused as art centers.

The site was surrounded by Hangars for the construction of airplane and various port related warehouses.

The site is now converted into Google Headquarters due to which the surrounding context is turning into a commercial and office typologies.

The site was surrounded by Godrej manufacturing plants and is considered as Vikhroli Industrial Sector

The site is now converted into Mixed Land use.

The site was surrounded by various privately owned factories.

The site is now converted into Institute thus its surrounding is now getting converted into Recreational Spaces.

Economic Context

Major Industrial Sectors are: Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

Now the industries are shifting onto service sectors more.

Major Industrial Sectors are: Port related activities, fishing and Trade and Tourism

Major Industrial Sectors are: Finance, Management and Trade and Tourism.

Major Industrial Sectors are: Textile mills, Chemicals, Machinery and Metallurgy

Major Industrial Sectors are: Finance, Services and Tourism.

Major Industrial Sectors are: Kattha, Textile, Beverages, etc.

Major Industrial Sectors are service related facilities.

Function

The site is used for the manufacturing of Penicillin.

The site is now an Alembic Museum, art studios, display and exhibition space with ancillary spaces for a library, AV room, and a café.

The site is used for the construction of Sprue Goose Airplane.

Industrial Heritage & Work spaces such as a Office areas, Commercial spaces, art studios, Music studios, cafés & restaurants.

The site is used as a Co-Power Generation Plant.

The industrial site is transformed into an experiential journey consisting of a Studio, Workshop, Café, Legacy Park, Urban Farm, Open Air Theatre and Market Plaza

The site is used as a Kattha Manufacturing Plant.

The industrial site is reused as an Institutional land having Studios for students, workshops, faculty rooms, Library, Cafes, Computer labs, etc.

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Parameters A

Case Studies Inferences Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Before

After

Google Headquarters, L.A

Before

After

Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli

Before

After

The Design Village, Noida

Before

After

Architecture Style

Indo-Saracenic

Mix of Indo-Saracenic and Modern

Art-Deco

Mix of Art-Deco and Modern

Gothic, Victorian, Art-Deco and Contemporary

Mix of Art-Deco and Modern

Noida doesn't has its own architecture style. So it is mix of Delhi’s and Lucknow’s

Modern architecture style

Scale of Industry

Medium Scale (8,000 sqm)

Medium Scale (9,953.47 sqm)

Large Scale (1,08,724 sqm)

Large Scale (41,806 sqm )

Large Scale (5,000 sqm)

Large Scale (1,000 sqm )

Small Scale (6,450 sqm)

Large Scale (2,150 sqm)

Materials

Brick and Terracotta Tiles

Brick and Mangalore Tiles

Prominently Wood

Wood and Steel

Concrete and Steel

Concrete, Steel and Brick

Brick and Steel

Concrete, Steel and Brick

Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive Reused to Alembic Museum.

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Adaptive Reused to Google Headquarters

Adaptive Reused to Mixed Land Use

Adaptively Reused to Institutional Land

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Parameters A

Case Studies Inferences Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Before Structural Systems

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Brick walls, Purlins and Rafters, Riveted Truss, 600mm Thick Load bearing walls.

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After Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done.

Google Headquarters, L.A

Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli

The Design Village, Noida

Before

After

Before

After

Before

After

Wooden Purlins, Wooden Rafters , Glulam Trusses, Large Windows and Skylights.

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done, and new MEP is installed.

Concrete Walls, Steel Trusses, Steel Rafters, Steel Purlins, Corten Steel

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done.

Brick Walls, Steel Trusses, Steel Rafters, Steel Purlins, Mezzanine Floors

Most of the Structural system are kept as it is and only restoration is done.

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Objectives

Parameters

Literature Study

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

Case Study 3

Case Study 4

Alembic Industrial Heritage Development, Vadodara

Google Headquarters, L.A

Imagine Studios at the Trees, Vikhroli, Mumbai

The Design Village, Noida

Inferences

Studying the Concept of Adaptive Reuse.

Literature study of deign elements, components and various terms will be studied.

About Adaptive Reuse, Importance of Adaptive Reuse, Benefits of Adaptively Reusing a building, Design Principles of Adaptive Reuse, Principles related to Industrial Buildings and Elements of Adaptive Reuse

Adaptive reuse of the structure is done by using various design elements like: Alteration in Façade, Change in Structural System, Using a sense of the past, etc. various materials are used which are in sync with the abandoned structure.

Google Headquarters L.A uses design elements like: addition of new structural members in the old structure. The benefits of using a large span structure can be seen in this case study.

Landscaping played a vital role in this case study. The landscaping is kept in context with the surroundings. Various building elements are reused to make a new function out of them.

How a small industry can be converted into a institutional space can be seen in this case study. Due to the availability of mezzanine floors, they were used extremely for sitting and recreational spaces. Designing in a small compact space is shown in this case study.

Studied about the concepts which are present for reusing a building and how we can incorporate them in an abandoned structure. Elements are also identified through various examples of buildings

Theories pertaining to Adaptive Reuse for Abandoned Buildings

Study of theories developed by various practitioner and understand the true meaning of Adaptive Reuse

Typological Approach, Technical Approach and Strategic Approach

In the typological approach this structure comes under the building typology of Industrial building, whereas in the technical approach it falls under load bearing structures. The strategic approach which is used in this structure is Weaving.

In the typological approach this structure comes under the building typology of Industrial building, whereas in the technical approach it falls under building envelope. The strategic approach which is used in this structure is Wrap.

In the typological approach this structure comes under the building typology of Industrial building, whereas in the technical approach it falls under load bearing structures. The strategic approach which is used in this structure is Weaving.

In the typological approach this structure comes under the building typology of Industrial building, whereas in the technical approach it falls under building envelope. The strategic approach which is used in this structure is Adapting a new fn..

These theories are set out by famous practitioners during their work on Adaptive Reuse. These help in determining the approach we should follow for the type of Industrial Building.

Incorporating Adaptive Reuse that seeks to reduce Urban Sprawl.

The meaning of Urban Sprawl and its effects, advantages & disadvantages.

Various case studies will be studied which had incorporated Adaptive Reuse Strategies in their Design to reduce Urban Sprawl.

Impact of Adaptive Reuse on City Development, Control of Urban Sprawl, Studying the Urban Societies, Adaptive Reuse a better way to counter Urban Sprawl and Advantages of Adaptively Reusing an Industrial Building

The city which is studied is Vadodara, here the growth of town is through companies like: Chemicals and pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology and Petrochemicals. The rate of Urban sprawl is low and is managed by the government by adaptively reusing old structures.

Los Angeles urban sprawl is at a large scale and it is needed to be in control, hence implementing Adaptive reuse criteria on abandoned buildings will help in reducing Urban sprawl and benefits the environment.

Imagine studios at the Trees is located in an industrial site, around which most of the manufacturing units are of Godrej. This units are in verge of abandonment thus adaptively reusing them helps control the Urban Sprawl in Mumbai city.

Noida’s Urban Sprawl is spreading towards Delhi and Greater Noida, thus there is a need for a satellite city to control its sprawl. Adaptively reusing the factory brings various benefits to the surrounding context, as there were many polluting industries around but now there are more of recreational spaces.

Adaptive reuse always benefits the city by reducing the rate of urban sprawl. Urban sprawl is reduced when large industrial structures are reused instead of their demolition.

Analyzing the feasibility, design considerations and success of Adaptive Reuse.

This topic will help in providing the Design considerations for a sensitive approach towards industrial buildings.

Conversion of Industrial Buildings (Study through Cases) Office Space, Art Schools, Gym’s and Mixed Land Use

The building conversion is from a Penicillin manufacturing plant to an Alembic Industrial Heritage Development. This conversion take place due to the abandonment of industrial site, these industrial site are now converted into industrial art district, which brings the youth close to the history.

The adaptive reuse of this case study is a success, because of the availability of large hangar, the designers get the opportunity to design freely in the large span structure. This large span structure is perfectly utilized by incorporating various metal mezzanine floors between them.

The building is reused from a Co-Power Generation Plant to an Mixed use land development.

This conversion take place due to the abandonment of industrial site, these industrial site are now converted café’s, studios, workshops, Landscape and various other recreational spaces which connects people through the nature.

The sensitive approach in this case study is the environmental sensitive design as the building is banned by the government because of various pollution reasons, thus creating a institute out of it is a tough job. And also reusing that structure reduces the caron footprint of the building.

Taking up various examples help in studying out, that how can an industrial building is adaptively reused by providing a sensitive approach towards industrial building.

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5. Conclusion The reuse of industries is looked upon as an opportunity where one can relate to the term "from rags to riches".

Redevelopment beyond the envelope of many buildings is possible without compromising the significance of the fabric through the judicious use of setbacks and skillful design of facades and insertions to complement, if not possible to mimic heritage and historical details of Industries.

The preservation of buildings enables the streetscape to retain its significance, character, history and scale whilst allowing the buildings to have a new life within the contemporary economic and social context.

This research strives to offer possible strategies for the successful adaptive reuse of Industrial buildings with causing minimum interferences in the existing forms, designs and interior elements. It demonstrates that it is not only important to retain and restore but also to adapt them so as to give them new uses that are similar to their original intents. Adaptations for contemporary use have resulted in new forms based on old forms but adapted for contemporary use. The research also focuses on preserving the spirit of existing form and space. This process looks at long-term feasibility for a neighborhood, specifically, it proposes the transformation of uses for different building typologies.

The life span of the building is somewhat similar to a human, namely the "cradle to grave" period. Anything in the designers' power to prolong a buildings life span must be carried out.

This is because the building is already built, it is well connected, and it failed predominantly due to a change in the political, economic or cultural context. If the building had become a subject of obsolescence due its structural failure then the investment in its future is questionable This Dissertation states that the buildings that contain a sturdy and sound foundation and structural system are the best contenders for the process of adaptive reuse. They have been in their location for a long time period and thus have layers of local context and history added to them. They are centrally located, have a sense of community, contain: necessary services (a bit outdated at the most) and are already constructed By retaining the sound members of the building, retrofitting the outdated ones, introducing complimentary members, and restoring the landmark features of the structure a new lease of life can be given. As the building is now restored to suit changing needs, adding an environmentally friendly element can improve its sustainability factor. The building can sustain itself and over a period cover the cost incurred in its restoration.

As times are changing, population growth is increasing. Technology is rapidly advancing. But the amount of land available stands at the nearly same amount that it was years ago. Thus land value increases and vacant lots are reducing These factors coupled together have pushed adaptive reuse into the spotlight as the most preferred solution to tackle abandoned buildings.

Thus, it is time to embrace a trend that is holistic and creates spaces that amalgamate what was and what is

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This study provides us various guidelines we can follow for an Adaptive reuse Project. Some of the major guidelines for Adaptive Reuse project are: 1. Reuse Strategy: • Typological: Before the reuse of the building, literature study about the original as well as the new use to be incorporated is a must.

• Technical: Structural study and analysis of the heritage building along with the dimensions should be known and noted.

• Strategical: The heritage building along with its surroundings should be taken into context thus reusing the building while keeping in mind the time, character, sense and spirit of the place.

2. Use and function: • Choice of use and function depends on location, building typology, environmental factors, social factors, and economic factors.

• Environmental factors include site features, climatic conditions and embodied energy of existing building.

• Social factors include the needs and wants of the society and preservation of the character, sense and spirit of the place.

• Economic factors include the budget for reuse, sustainable construction and durability. Also the outcome and later function and its benefits.

3. Quality of Design: • It should be suitable to the surroundings and the society, preservation of the historical and heritage elements should be carried out to the fullest. It should also be made structurally sound and strong to be durable.

4. Materials and technology: • Use of locally available materials or use of new materials in case of unavailability, should be merged well.

• The materials of the original structure should be ideally maintained and used unless it is a dilapidated structure.

• The new additions and preservation to be done can be a combination of old and new techniques and materials in the construction.

5. Flexibility and reversibility: • The building should be able to undergo future changes and adapt to other reusability options in case change of use needs to be done due to society demands or economic demands.

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