TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE OF INDIA ABSTRACT Heritage is a legacy and reflection from our past. And will be reflected in the future. Although heritage is viewed as a simple concept of “to be preserved” for the upcoming generations, how much of attention is paid to it? Heritage is an irreplaceable resource and the risk, loss and the protection of them might not be evident but culturally and historically will always be situated in a particular context. There always has been a fascination in preserving the artifacts of the past as cultural heritage. The logic of conservation pattern is that natural and historic processes of change and transformation are the origin of human civilization, evolution and the preservation of heritage as a building or legacy is not the victim in this modern world. In order to connect with what has been done with heritage, we have to see heritage in terms of change, preservation in a process of growth and transformation. INTRODUCTION FACTOID – Heritage is not all about its age. It is so immense from its history and heritage behind the heritage to its constructive cultural growth. The significance and the emotional connect of the heritage with respect to its local community is immeasurable. HISTORY/PROBLEM – A heritage building not only acts as a cultural hub, but it also acts in the growth of the city, be it culturally or economically. But in the process of recognizing the building as heritage we fail to value the legacy or story behind it all. NEED – Architecture defines a sense of identity to a place. And it provides a background for future generations. Conservation is important in analyzing, identifying and protecting our heritage and culture. It also is important in defining a city from its original form and evolving to a new one. OBJECTIVES/QUESTIONS – The sentiments as an individual towards our heritage and culture is subjective. But as a whole it creates an important aura amongst its community. The essence of heritage &culture with respect to a building is losing now-a-days. What is causing the nativity of a building to get away from us? The stimulations of how a local feels as to a tourist is completely different. Why shouldn't a heritage building be conserved rather than it being used as a commercial building?
BACKGROUND AIM- To understand the depths of heritage and culture conservation in architecture. To understand the tangible and intangible heritage of India. HOOK – The intention of conservation is to protect heritage building as art of work or as historical evidence. Heritage is preserved because of its originality in terms of timeline, material, story, type, scale and is so respected. TOPIC HISTORY - The existence of civilization wouldn’t have been there today if there were no historic buildings. The cultural heritage would be lacking the uniqueness and their sense of accomplishment. The historic monuments and buildings provide a sense of space and time to the people with respect to its scale and history as well.
RESEARCH PROBLEM - However today the human civilization is, it wouldn’t be if the history wasn’t preserved. And the same goes for our future. For there to be a growth and evolution in civilization the heritage of a building should be conserved.
LITERATURE REVIEW TOPIC SENTENCE – our evolution comes from the changing paradigm that heritage preservation has undergone along with the emphasis on the perspective of culture. A heritage site will provide a sense of place and identity and creates a communal participation. People make a decision towards the heritage site not only with the building taken into consideration but also its surroundings. PIVOTAL STUDY – The interests that lies between heritage and us as an individual and as a collective may be diverse. What are the factors that binds the impact of heritage on people at individual and community level. In this research paper, the tangible and intangible heritage of India will be shown. PROS - Heritage in India has had a huge impact over people in its tangible and intangible aspects. Our civilization dates back to over 5000 years forming one of the oldest civilizations to be. India is one of the most visited nations for the travel industry because of its rich heritage and culture. Generally around the year, the nation gets benefitted financially because of its legacy. Hence, protecting it turns into a significant factor.
DATA COLLECTION Cultural heritage is continually challenged overall because of different pressure, including urbanization, expanding housing, socio-cultural changes. Under the rapid growth of demographics at an increasing rate, heritage can be seen disappearing. There are reasons mainly involving the heritage buildings being replaced by other conventional buildings[1]. (chika udeaja et al., n.d.)
DEFINATION - Cultural Heritage refers to the contemporary society's use of the past. “Our cultural heritage” contributes to the shaping of national stereotypes and regional identity and it's a modern or postmodern reflection of the past.[2](Tomas Nilson & Kristina Thorell, n.d.) Cultural heritage is “that part of the past which we select in the present for contemporary purposes, be they economic, cultural, political, or social” (Khakzad 2015, p 110). UNESCO defines cultural heritage as “the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations”. [3](UNESCO - Tangible Cultural Heritage, n.d.) This organization describes three dimensions of the cultural heritage; it is consisted of monuments, groups of buildings and sites. ORIGIN OF CONSERVATION - Heritage comes in the form of tangible - buildings, landscapes, sites and intangible - memories, inheritance, values, customs. The beginning of preservations or the idea of it dates back to the Stone implements to about 3,000,000 BCE. The conservation of tangible evidence dates back to 960 CE in China. Over the years heritage conservation has advanced even in tangible and intangible parts. [4](John H. Stubbs, n.d.) Individuals have been making wooden toys on the Indian subcontinent since the civic establishments of Mohenjodaro and Harappa, up to a long time back. Today, wooden toys are fabricated by customary craftsmen all through India. Use of timbers, like the lightweight species in Karnataka and in Andhra Pradesh, and the well known sandalwood and rosewood..[5](P. K. Aggarwal et al., n.d.) The intangible case study for this research paper taken is of the wooden toys from Channapaetna. The
tangible case study taken is the state of Rajasthan. Rajasthan has forever been well known for its legacy and old social variety. The magnificent and chivalric history of Rajasthan draws in numerous travelers. [6] (Dr Jai Sonker et al., n.d.)
NEED TO CONSERVE - Humans like to protect their valuable assets. And architecture is a remarkable contribution to mankind. Heritage is valued by us hence it is preserved. Irrespective of the location and timeline of a historic building, it represents the creative abilities, culture and history of that building. Heritage buildings are a tangible representation of mankind and their evolution. Humans will evolve, societies will form and disappear, but the cultural artifact and history of that place will always remain. There is an equilibrium between conservation and civilization. [4] (John H. Stubbs, n.d.)
KNOWLEDGE - locals of a city have a different perspective towards the characteristics of a heritage, it shows a relationship with the building. Our scientific research and knowledge is global and analytical while the local knowledge is detailed, local and more connected through emotions. [2] (Tomas Nilson &
Kristina Thorell, n.d.)
CHANNAPATNA, KARNATAKA
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Channapatna, also known as “Town of Toys” is located in the outskirts of Bengaluru. The artisans of channapatna manufactures and sells intricate art pieces and handmade lacquer wooden toys. The World Trade Organization also recognizes this town as a geographical indication. In Kannada, the place is known as Gombegala nagara. The town attracts attraction with the exquisite toys made by small-scale industries in the town. HISTORY OF CHANNAPATNA – the origin of the wooden toys traces all the way back to the time of Tippu Sultan, the leader of Mysore who was an extraordinary admirer of wooden toys. He stepped up to invite artisans from Persia and train the nearby craftsmen to acquire the most common way of making of the wooden toys. The craftsmen still follow the conventional technique for making the toys for almost two centuries and they are just involving ivory wood for making the toys and rarely rosewood and sandalwood are used. MAKING OF TOYS – the traditional wood is mainly used which is locally available, commonly known as Aale mara by the locals. The tree is further used for lacquering. They are very smooth hence not dangerous
by any means, eco-friendly in nature, also noted for its durability and high permanence. [7](R. RESHMI
MUNSHI & ANITHA M MANOHAR, 2018)
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The very art of this place is seen to be slowly dying because the younger generation is moving to other cities for better opportunity in growth. To maintain the intangible aspect of this place, that is the wooden toys making, the artisans should understand the global market as the demand for these crafts are worldwide. Artisans need to interact with the consumers to understand what they need and what the demand of the market is. They can also tell them about their work and the meaning behind it. This inspires the customers and builds interest among them. Fusion is all in trend now. Bringing in a mixture of old and new designs to strike a balance between the modern and the traditional can be an interesting way to grab the attention of the customers. The artisans need to understand the promotional strategies of the modern market. They have to understand their value in the national as well as global market and then fix the price of their products. Workshops should be organized in both rural and urban areas to increase the interest of people. Now-adays people are actually interested to learn these arts and crafts. So, this can be a great way of skill show, design education and spread awareness. Initiating collaborations between artisans and designers to explore the opportunities together can be the best way. The designers can do new innovations by the use of skills and knowledge of the artisans. Many new designers are taking this step to promote and save handicrafts.
THE CITY OF JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN
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Havelis, perfectly cut sanctuaries and magnificent forts are a significant attraction in Rajasthan. The rich heritage of the area and the old world appeal of the scene charms both foreign and homegrown guests. Every one of the ethnic gatherings across Rajasthan have skill in different disciplines going from workmanship and specialty, handiworks, design, music and dance, which thus is reflected in its distinctive culture and heritage.[8](Aditya Bhattacharya, n.d.) Rajasthan has one of the most renowned UNESCO world heritage sites in India. • • • •
The hill forts which are - Chittor Fort at Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh Fort at Kumbhalgarh, Ranthambore Fort at Sawai Madhopur, Gagron Fort at Jhalawar and Amer Fort at Jaipur. Keoladeo national park Jantar Mantar The city of Jaipur
Notwithstanding the grand legacy that decorates Rajasthan, there are various variables because of which it has been falling apart over the long run. From notable remains, burial chambers, fortresses, canvases to mosques, a few old compositional marvels are becoming survivors of a careless and uncultured demeanor. Despite each construction encountering a specific degree of mileage with time, endeavors of ASI are fundamental in limiting this rot partially. These endeavors remember - appropriate suppositions for the plan, prevalent materials for development, nature of work and craftsmanship, standard upkeep and putting forth attempts to work on community sense.[8] (Aditya Bhattacharya, n.d.) JAIPUR CITY Jaipur is extraordinary and modern in urban heritage enlightens the thought regarding it as a focal point of exchange and trade and an imaginative center for expressions and specialties. It is a city with an unmistakable creative personality.[9](Jain & Jigyasu, 2019) The walled city of Jaipur, in India's north-western territory of Rajasthan was established in 1727. Not at all like different urban communities in the district situated in sloping terrian, Jaipur was laid out on the plain and worked by iron grid deciphered in the illumination of Vedic architecture. The roads highlight consistent colonnaded organizations that cross in the middle, making enormous public squares called chaupars. Markets, shops, homes and sanctuaries worked along the central avenues have uniform veneers. The city's metropolitan arranging shows a trade of thoughts from old Hindu and early present day Mughal as well as Western societies. The matrix plan is a model that wins in the West, while the association of the different city areas (chowkris) alludes to conventional Hindu ideas. Intended to be a business capital, the city has kept up with its neighborhood business, distinctive and helpful customs right up to the present day.[10](UNESCO World Heritage Convention – Jaipur City, Rajasthan, n.d.)Click or tap here
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The spatial association of the historic walled city of Jaipur keeps on mirroring the eighteenth century network iron arrangement. The compositional parts like the entryways and city walls, markets, chaupars and chowkris, memorable designs, havelis, strict structures, and water structures mirror the metropolitan troupe of the walled city of Jaipur as imagined from the eighteenth to the mid twentieth hundreds of years. The materials and substance are generally unique, basically lime and stone. The marketplaces (market regions) have been as of late moderated utilizing customary materials. Now and again, twentieth century structures use concrete cement yet reproduce the first compositional vocabulary. The utilization and capability of most illustrious and public spaces and landmarks are presently adjusted as contemporary public landmarks. Shops, sanctuaries and confidential houses generally hold their original use.[10](UNESCO World Heritage Convention – Jaipur City, Rajasthan, n.d.) Rajasthan is well known for its rich culture and custom, fairs and celebrations around the world, they hold pride in their design heritage. The fort and palace discuss the intrinsic creativity and mastery of its kin, yet there is a still a need to examine the financial worth of the transformation of these structures into economic source of income. All these palaces and forts are a means for employment opportunities that also supply demand and service to the tourism sector. They are indirectly linked to the small scale business, which in turn also promotes the intangible heritage.
CONCLUSIONS RESEARCH TOPIC- Every historical building has a past, a story which has been told and which is to be told. When we save our heritage buildings, we are saving the history and the stories of those who lived and can be linked to those buildings, and we honor the memory of what they have been representing. SIGNIFICANCE/FINDINGS- A city can become a landmark through its heritage and not only does it helps in generating an economic growth it also helps the tourism industry. it defines a city identity. In a city, we can generally find an old or historical building, which makes us realize that it does link to our and the city's past. When a historic building is preserved and repurposed as galleries, libraries or cultural spaces for citizens, it increases the cultural and economic activity, also increasing the property values of any surrounding real estate. CONCLUSION-We all have been evolved from our past. and if do not have a link to our past, we will forget about who we came from and our future generation will have no bridge to be connected to. Communities also help in the conservation objectives. A mid-point should be found between conservation and evolution to go hand-in-hand. Culture and heritage is a reminder of our origin, people who are away from their tangible heritage lack their history and sense of orientation.
FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Map of Karnataka Map of Ramnagar Image of wooden toys Image of process of lacquering Image of process of cutting of logs Image of making of toys Map of Rajasthan Image of Hawa Mahal (Jaipur) Image of Govinddev Ji Temple (Jaipur)
REFERENCES [1] urban heritage conservation in India: challenges of conserving Surat's tangible and intangible heritage [2] Cultural Heritage preservation: the past, the present and the future. Halmstad: Halmstad University Press [3] UNESCO - tangible cultural heritage [4] Time Honored - a global view of architectural conservation - John H. Stubbs [5] Wooden toys in India by P.K.Aggarwal, R.V.Rao and S.C.Joshi [6] An empirical study of sustainability operations in heritage hotels of Rajasthan by Dr Jai Sonkar, Dr Sushil Kumar, Dr Saurabh Sharma [7] The lathe and hand tools used in turn-wood lac-ware of Channapatna for product forms R. Reshmi Munshi and Anitha M Manohar [8] why Rajasthan needs to take immediate steps to conserve its heritage sites by Aditya Bhattacharya [9] urban heritage conservation and management in Jaipur by Shikha Jain and Rohit Jigyasu [10] UNESCO world heritage convention – Jaipur city, Rajasthan