Cairo Between The Extremes

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Integrated Development Initiatives for Formal and Informal Areas of Cairo - 2015/2016

By IUSD - Lab Cairo

Disclaimer The ‘Cairo Between the Extremes: Integrated Development Initiatives for Formal and Informal Areas of Cairo - 2015/2016’ is produced as a part of the Integrated Case Study (ICS) module for the Masters of Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design. © IUSD Masters Program, 2016 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without the prior written permission of IUSD-ASU, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

All rights reserved The ICS and associated publications would not have been possible without the support of variety of donors and partners organizations, which are thanked collectively as follows: IUSD is funded by DAAD, BMZ, BMF, MoHE

Federal Ministry of Education

Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation Ministry of Higher Education

Contacts IUSD Masters Program, IUSD - Lab Cairo Ain Shams University 1 El Sarayat street 1, Abbassia, Cairo-Egypt website: http://iusd.asu.edu.eg Email: iusd@eng.asu.edu.eg Tel/Fax: 0020224662361 Dar El Kutub 19991/2016 ISBN 978-977-237-410-6

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Acknowledgment ICS Class 2015/2016 Anna Buchmann Ashraf Abozeid Dina Al Najjar Hadir Hawash Heba Hatem Aggour Hebatuallah Hendawy Jasmin Shata Jesus Martinez Mai Adel Mariana Lugo Mohammad Al Jabi Nader Khelifi Reeham Sayed Semegnish E. Gizaw Stephanie Gil Tamer Aly Kamel

ICS Teaching Staff Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salheen Dr. Marwa Abdellatif Eng. Ahmed Bakry Eng. Aya El-Wagieh Eng. Wesam El-Bardisy

SPECIAL THANKS ICS Guest Speakers Prof. Dr. Walid El-Khattam, ASU Dr. Wael Abdel Moez Dr. Sherif Moustafa, EEAA Dr. Hend Farouh, NUCA Eng. Baher Bahgat, MHUUD Eng. Houssam El Zayat, Sunergy Eng. Mahy Mourad, Studio 39 Eng. Tarek Hosny, Schaduf

iHub-FoE, ASU Prof. Dr. Maged Ghoniema, Director iHub Interns, Undergraduate Students

Editors Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salheen Dr. Marwa Abdellatif Eng. Ahmed Bakry Eng. Aya El-Wagieh Eng. Wesam El-Bardisy

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Contents Introduction Part 1 ‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track 1.1 The State of the Art

14 17

18

1.1.1 The Evolution of Housing Provision Policies in Egypt (1950-2015)

18

1.1.2 Towards an Eco-Approach at the Neighbourhood Level

23

1.2 The Teaching Process of Eco-Neighbourhood Track

28

1.2.1 Learning Objectives of Eco-Neighbourhood Track

28

1.2.2 Case Study Selection for the Eco-Neighbourhood Track: El Hanager

29

1.2.3 Structure of EcoDevelopment Track

32

1.3 Process and Outputs of Eco-Development Track 1.3.1 Phase 1: Understanding the Eco-Neighbourhood Principles in Action

32 32

1.3.1.1 Tools and Process

33

1.3.1.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

35

I The Case of Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden - A Systems Analysis II The Case of Lyon Confluence, France - A Systems Analysis

37

III The Case of Eva Lanxameer, the Netherlands - A Systems Analysis

40

VI The Case of Dockside Green in Canada - A Systems Analysis

42

V The Case of Masdar City in UAE - A Systems Analysis 1.3.1.3 General Conclusion 1.3.2 Phase 2: Integrated Site and Actor Analysis of El Hanager 1.3.2.1 Tools and Process

6

35

44 45 47 47

1.3.2.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

50

I Neighbourhood Level

50

II Cluster Level

58

III Building Level

67

1.3.2.3 General Conclusion 1.3.3 Phase 3: Proposals of EcoDevelopment of El Hanager Neighbourhood

74 74

1.3.3.1 Tools and Process

74

1.3.3.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

79

I Concept I: Promoting Local Sustainable Economies

79

II Concept II: Developing Integrative Cycles

81

III Concept III: Activating Open Spaces

85

1.3.4 Phase 4: El Hanager Eco-Neighbourhood Action Plan

89

1.3.4.1 Tools and Process

89

1.3.4.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

90

I Proposal 1: Promoting an EcoNeighbourhood through Public Private Partnership II Proposal 2: ECO-Hanager: Creating an Empowering Integrated Cycle III Proposal 3: El Hanager: EcoNeighbourhood through Efficient Provision of Services

90

102

115

1.3.5 Reflections

126

References

130

Part 2 ‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

133

2.1 The State of the Art 2.1.1 The Current Landscape of Informal Area Development in Egypt

134 134

Contents

2.1.2 Sustainability of Informal Area Development Initiatives in Egypt 2.2 The Teaching Process of Informality Track

135

137

2.2.1 Learning Objectives of Informality Track

137

2.2.2 Case study selection for the informality track: Istabl Antar and Helwan

138

2.2.3 Structure of Informality Track

138

2.3 Process and Outputs of Informality Track

141

2.3.1 Phase 1: Jumping into Interventions

141

2.3.1.1 Tools and Process

141

2.3.1.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

142

I The Concept of Public Spaces: Learning from the Case of Kibera Public Space Project, Kenya II The Concept of Transportation Networks: Learning from the Case of Mobility Legalization, India 2.3.2 Phase 2: Action Plans

142

153

161

2.3.2.1 Tools and Process

161

2.3.2.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

163

I Forgotten Spaces II Karoing 2.3.3 Phase 3: Pilot Testing and Handover

163 172 176

2.3.3.1 Tools and Process

176

2.3.3.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

178

I Forgotten Spaces II Karoing

178 185

2.3.5 Reflections

188

References

192

Annex: Teaching Tools

195 IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

7

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

List of Illustrations

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

8

Part 1

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

17

Figure 1.1

Timeline of Housing Policies in Egypt Relative to the Main Political and Economic Events

19

Figure 1.2

10th of Ramadan City Planned in 1977

20

Figure 1.3

Map of New Cities in Egypt

21

Figure 1.4

Interconnection on Environmental, Economic, and Socio-Cultural Challenges

24

Figure 1.5

Nested Scales: From Building to Region

26

Figure 1.6

Compiled Principles of Sustainable Neighborhoods

27

Figure 1.7

The Composition of a System

28

Figure 1.8

Systemic Levels of Impact

28

Figure 1.9

Neighbourhood as an Ecosystem

29

Figure 1.10

Relative Proximity of New Cairo Area to IUSD Campus

30

Figure 1.11

Neighbourhood Context of El Hanager Project

31

Figure 1.12

El Hanager Project Zoning

31

Figure 1.13

The Teaching Process of Eco-Neighbourhood Track

33

Figure 1.14

Map Showing the Selected International Case Studies

34

Figure 1.15

Sustainable Residential Neighbourhood Timeline (Poster Sample)

35

Figure 1.16

Goal and Design Process (Poster Sample)

36

Figure 1.17

Pillars of Sustainability (Poster Sample)

36

Figure 1.18

General Information - Lyon Confluence, France (Poster Sample)

37

Figure 1.19

Project Timeline, Actors, Tasks and Process (Poster Sample)

38

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.20

Figure 1.43

Shadow Map

62

Figure 1.44

Wind Map

62

Figure 1.45

Electricity Supply

64

Figure 1.46

Waste Collection

64

Figure 1.47

Socio Economic Activities

65

Figure 1.48

Governance System

65

Figure 1.49

Cluster Stakeholder Analysis

66

Figure 1.50

Colors Used in the Elevations

67

Figure 1.51

Basic Matrials Used on the Site

67

Figure 1.52

Diagram for the Life Cycle Analysis

68

Figure 1.53

Buildings Layout and its Effect on Interaction

69

Figure 1.54

Social Initiatives and Restrictions

69

Figure 1.55

Typical Floor - Old Phase

70

Figure 1.56

Picture of the Old Building

70

Figure 1.57

Picture of the New Building

70

Figure 1.58

Typical Floor - New Phase

71

Figure 1.59

Items Used to Store or Used on the Rooftop

71

Figure 1.60

Falling Paints Inside the Units

72

Figure 1.61

Scenarios of Maintenance Process

72

Figure 1.62

Stakeholder Analysis

73

Figure 1.63

Compiled SWOT Analysis

75

Figure 1.64

Issues vs Objectives Matrix

76

Figure 1.65

Proposed Concept for EcoDevelopment in El Hanager

77

Figure 1.66

Project Development

79

Figure 1.67

Proposed Concept on Different Levels

81

Figure 1.68

Concept Generation

81

Figure 1.69

Vertical Tiering of Actions

85

61

Figure 1.70

General Scheme

85

Kiosk at Night

61

Figure 1.71

87

Section through Study Cluster 1

62

Mapping Stakeholders and their envisioned roles

Energy on Different Scales in Lyon Confluence (Poster Sample)

39

Land Use and Facilities and Inside Eva Lanxameer (Poster Sample)

40

Figure 1.22

Eco-Approach Systems in Eva Lanxameer (Poster Sample)

41

Figure 1.23

Community Development Requirments in Dockside Green (Poster Sample)

42

Resources, Activities and Community in Dockside Green (Poster Sample)

43

Figure 1.25

Sustainability Aspects of Masdar City (Poster Sample)

44

Figure 1.26

Thematic Analysis Matrix

48

Figure 1.27

Schematic Diagram of Different Levels of Analysis

49

Figure 1.28

Schematic Diagram of Knowledge CafĂŠ Rounds

51

Figure 1.29

Timeline of the Neighbourhood El Hanager

52

Figure 1.30

Buildings and Services in El Hanager and the Surrounding Urban District

53

Figure 1.31

Comparison of the Neighbourhoods Masterplan with the Current Situation

54

Figure 1.32

Public Transportation Map

55

Figure 1.33

Sewage System

56

Figure 1.34

Electricity System

56

Figure 1.35

Locations of the Recycling Company

57

Figure 1.36

Stakeholder Analysis At Neighbourhood Level

58

Figure 1.37

Morphology

59

Figure 1.38

Mobility

60

Figure 1.39

Parks, Plants and Level Barriers

60

Figure 1.40

Land Use

Figure 1.41 Figure 1.42

Figure 1.21

Figure 1.24

9

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Figure 1.98

Budget and Profit Calculations per Unit, Building and Neighbourhood in Phase 1

111

Figure 1.99

Budget and Profit Calculations per Unit, Building and Neighbourhood in Phase 2

112

Figure 1.100 Community Management Plan

113

Figure 1.101 Stakeholders List

113

Figure 1.102 Detailed Activities Diagram

104

Figure 1.103 Eco-Efficiency Diagram

115

Figure 1.104 Infrastructure System in El Hanager

116

Figure 1.105 Final Prioritized Issues

116

Figure 1.106 Project Cascading Pyramid

117

93

Figure 1.107 Conceptual Approach

118

Allocation in Cluster

94

118

Figure 1.84

Overall Potential per Square Meter or Person

95

Figure 1.108 Logical Framework of the Project

119

Figure 1.85

Overall Potential per Square Meter or Person

97

Figure 1.109 Diagram of the Strategy for Utilities Provision

120

Figure 1.86

Public Private Partnership Development Scenario

98

Figure 1.110 Proposed Position of HRSO in Stakeholder Map of the Initiative

Figure 1.87

Roles and Benefits

98

Figure 1.111

121

Figure 1.88

Action Pan

101

Figure 1.112 Diagram Unprovided Services

121

Figure 1.89

Eco-Hanager Concept Pillars

102

El Hanager’s Asset Map

103

Figure 1.91

The Concept Tiering Diagram (4Ps Cascading)

104

Figure 1.113 Service Provision Regulation for Low Income Housing Projects in New Cairo

122

Figure 1.90

122

Figure 1.92

The Environmental Integrated Cycles Diagram

104

Figure 1.114 Proposed Proportion of the Open Spaces and Functions

Figure 1.93

The Integrated Cycle’s 4 Phases Diagram

105

Figure 1.115 Services covered by the Rental Spaces

122

Figure 1.94

Six Stages of Empowerment

106

Figure 1.116 Suggested Materials for Rental Spaces

122

Figure 1.95

The Proposed Implementation Model Process

108

123

Figure 1.96

The Implementation Model Legality

108

Figure 1.117 Utilities and Valuable Resources used by the Rental Space

123

Figure 1.97

Productive Rooftop Gardening Project Stages

109

Figure 1.118 Usages and Public Target Groups of Communal Spaces Figure 1.119 Usages and Public Target Groups of Green Areas

123

Figure 1.72

Building Scale

87

Figure 1.73

Cluster Scale

87

Figure 1.74

Neighbourhood Scale

87

Figure 1.75

Social Spaces

88

Figure 1.76

Electricity from Solar Energy

88

Figure 1.77

Sewage Treatment

88

Figure 1.78

Built Area to Public Space Area

91

Figure 1.79

Community vs. Private Sector Model

91

Figure 1.80

Assets, Harvesting Solar Energy

93

Figure 1.81

Assets for Productive Gardening

93

Figure 1.82

Assets: Waste Managment

Figure 1.83

10

Phases of the Action Plan for the Project

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.120 Design Features of Green Areas and Hardscape

123

Figure 2.15

Community Engagement in the Placemaking Process

148

Figure 1.121 Suggested Materials to build the Communal Spaces? Green Areas

124

Figure 2.16

Five Phases of a Creative Placemaking

149

Figure 1.122 Usages and activities of playgrounds

124

Figure 2.17

Approach to the Productuve Public Space

149

Figure 1.123 Design Features of Playgrounds

124

Figure 2.18

Approach to the Public Spaces Network

150

Figure 1.124 Losed Usage of Resources in Open Spaces

124

Figure 2.19

From Space

151

Figure 2.20

To Space

151

Figure 1.125 Plan of prototype for Open Space

125

Figure 2.21

Place Diagram

152

Figure 1.126 Section of Prototype for Open Space

125

Figure 2.22

Bus Karo

153

Figure 2.23

Bus Karo Program

154

Figure 1.127 Complementary Projects and its Activities

125

Figure 2.24

Bus Operation Planning

154

Figure 2.25

Intiate Service

155

Part 2

‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

133

Figure 2.26

Route and Service Optimization

155

Figure 2.27

Network Structure

156

Figure 2.1

Dimensions of Project Sustainability

137

Figure 2.28

Legalisation Steps

156

Figure 2.2

Helwan Informal Areas Maps

139

Figure 2.29

Fuel Efficiency Training and Management

156

Figure 2.3

Istabl Antar Map

139

Figure 2.30

157

Figure 2.4

The Teaching Process of Informality Track

140

Branding in Public Transportation Operations

Figure 2.31

158

Figure 2.5

First Site Visit to Helwan

142

Figure 2.6

Methodology

143

The Mobility in Development of a Planned 15 Areas - Helwan District

Figure 2.7

Kibera Productive Public Space Project

143

Figure 2.32

Main Beneficiaries

158

Figure 2.33

Ezbet ELwalda

159

Figure 2.8

Main Principles of Productive Public Space Design

144

Figure 2.34

Ard Eldwagen

159

Figure 2.35

Arab Elwalda

159

Figure 2.9

Actors Analysis

145

Figure 2.36

160

Figure 2.10

Project Overview

145

Detailed Exisitng Transportation Types

Figure 2.11

Levels of Participation in Kibera

146

Figure 2.37

Zoom in to the Proposed Transportation Hubs

160

Figure 2.12

Project Phases

147

Figure 2.38

Figure 2.13

Community Participation

147

Helwan Metro Station - Second 160 Proposal (Bus Karo Project)

Figure 2.14

How community participation works

148

Figure 2.39

Proposed Route of the Bus Karo

11

161

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Figure 2.62

Interactive Display of the Project Process in the Final Exhibition

177

Figure 2.63

Participatory Workshop with Residents of Istabl Antar

177

Figure 2.64

Understanding the Process

179

164

Figure 2.65

Field work in the selected Forgotten Space

180

Situation in January 2016

165

Figure 2.66

181

Figure 2.45

Situation in November 2016

165

Forgotten Spaces Logical Framework

Figure 2.46

Hagana Street Stairs in January 2016

165

Figure 2.67

Long Term Timeplan

182

Figure 2.68

Kick-off Workshop Conclusion

183

Figure 2.47

Hagana Street Stairs in November 2016

165

Figure 2.69

Personal Lessons Learnt Throughout the Process

184

Figure 2.48

Results of the ‘Evaluation of IUSD III Communal Spaces’ Survey

166

Figure 2.70

Sustainability Model

185

Figure 2.71

General System

185

Figure 2.49

Assessing the Sustainability Model

167

Figure 2.72

186

Figure 2.50

Selection of Forgotten Spaces

168

Stop Design (Interviewing the Inhabitants to Discuss Different Bus Stop Design Alternatives)

Figure 2.51

Different Problems Concerning the Cliff

170

Figure 2.73

Route Design

187

Figure 2.74

The Selected Forgotten Space

171

Proposal for the Required Routes for Development

188

Figure 2.52 Figure 2.53

Site Scouting I

172

Figure 2.54

Site Scouting II

173

Annex

Teaching Tools

195

Figure 2.55

Phase I the Southern Ezbs

173

Figure A.1

Diagram of a Transect Walk

197

Figure 2.56

Geenral Comprehensive Network Design for the 15 Ezbazs

174

Figure A.2

Log Book, Pieter Verhagen 1907-1909

197

Figure A.3

SWOT Analysis Matrix

197

Figure 2.57

Short Time Line

175

Figure A.4

197

Figure 2.58

Time Line for the Whole Project

175

Knowledge Café Rotation Diagram

Figure A.5

Vertical Tiering Diagram

198

Figure 2.59

Ice Breaking Activities with Children of Istabl Antar

176

Figure 2.60

The Participatory Design of the Forgotten Space in Istabl Antar

176

Figure 2.61

Working with the Community During Forgotten Spaces Workshop

177

Figure 2.40

Brainstorming the Action Plan in the Studio

161

Figure 2.41

IUSD Student in with the Children of Istabl Antar

162

Figure 2.42

Discussing the Logical Framework

163

Figure 2.43

Forgotten Spaces Implemented Process in Istabl Antar

Figure 2.44

12

List of Tables

List of Tables Part 1

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

15

Table 1.1

Progressing in Urban Sustainability

25

Table 1.2

Criteria for selecting the Study Case of Eco-Development Track

30

Table 1.3

Phases of the EcoDevelopment Track

32

Table 1.4

Application of EcoNeighbourhood Principles in the reviewed Case Studies

45

Table 1.5

Objectives vs Issues Matrix

73

Table 1.6

Issues versus Objectives Matrix

82

Table 1.7

Issues vs Stakeholders Matrix

83

Table 1.8

Objectives vs Issues Matrix

86

Table 1.9

Roles and Benefits of the Key Actors

99

Table 1.10

Logical Framework

99

Part 2

‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

133

Table 2.1

Phases of Informality Track

140

Annex

Teaching Tools

195

Table A.1

Standard Logframe Matrix and Definition of Terminology

199

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

13

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Introduction Over the centuries, Cairo has evolved into one of

in new cities, together with the development of

the largest metropolitan areas around the world.

informal areas within the city. The purpose was

As many mega-regions, Cairo suffers from intricate

to understand the intricate urban issues in the

urban challenges associated with the congested

different spatio-temporal contexts of Cairo and

city center, and the growth of informal areas in the

sensitize them to develop creative integrated

inner city and urban sprawling. These challenges,

solutions that are beyond a single discipline of

collectively, contribute to have severe implications

research and practice.

for the quality of urban life, economic viability and environmental conditions of Cairo.

This volume presents the work of IUSD students in the Integrated Case Study (ICS) module for the

To contribute to a sustainable future for Cairo,

academic year 2015/2016, under two tracks: ‘Eco-

researchers of IUSD - Lab Cairo have been working

Neighbourhood Development of New Communities’

with the Integrated Case study (ICS) module to

track and ‘Integrated Development of Informal

develop integrated solutions for the complex

Areas’ track. The new track of ‘Eco-Neighbourhood

urban challenges of Cairo. The ICS module aims

Development of New Communities’ took the case

at developing the students’ attitude to ask and

of El Hanager area in New Cairo as a prototype for

question, and to actively act as positive change

social housing neighborhoods in new settlements.

agents who are able to propose practical and progressive recommendations and measures. To

The IUSD students, together with experts and

achieve this, ICS module adopts an ‘experiential

students from disciplines of renewable energy,

learning approach’, which focuses on the learning

mechanical engineering and environmental

experiences acquired by students as well as services

engineering, worked to integrate technical and

received by the community.

social aspects into eco-efficient proposals for affordable sustainable neighbourhood development

Over the last three years, the IUSD - Lab primarily

in new cities.

directed its research focus on informal areas.

Nevertheless, the team grew to understand that

On the other hand, students of the ‘Integrated

researching informal areas and trying to find

Development of Informal Areas’ worked in

creative solutions for this phenomenon could not

two different locations, as a new experience of

be done without researching the wider context of

addressing project sustainability on different

urbanization in Cairo and its surrounding new

scales. One group built on the previous work of

settlements. This year, therefore, ICS module

IUSD in Istabl Antar informal area, whereas the

extended its scope to open a new track on the

other group worked on interconnecting 15 of the

sustainable development of new neighborhoods

informal areas in Helwan district.

14

Introduction

This document is divided into two parts. Part One features the work of ‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development Track’, while Part Two covers the work of the ‘Informality Track’. Each part begins with a state-of-the-art theme, then moves to the process of integrated planning followed by excerpts of student work in each phase and ends with a showcase of proposed interventions.

We hope that this volume of the ‘Integrated Development Series’ provides readers with an overview of the process and outputs of the Integrated Case Study (ICS) module for the academic year of 2015/2016. We believe that it will be of good benefit to other researches and scholars in Egypt and across the globe, dealing with similar challenges. We also consider this publication a good catalyst to initiate scientific discussions and further research in the field of integrated approaches for sustainable development.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Students 2016

15

Main Message To achieve sustainable neighborhoods in new cities in Egypt, it is important not only to provide affordable housing, but also to consider the overall quality of life in these neighborhoods. This could be done by adopting eco-development approaches which incorporate efficient design and material management solutions to promote local economy and provide local services.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

1.1 The State of the Art

aims to provide a brief overview on the different

Egypt has been confronted with unparalleled

phases of planning approaches and housing

urban challenges since the mid-twentieth century.

policies. This acts as a base for understanding

This includes increasing population size, urban

the current scene of housing provision in Egypt

expansion, and urban poverty, associated with

and a foundation for future development.

with an increase in demand on water, energy and resources. To address the rapid urbanization, the government of Egypt adopted various policies over the years for poverty alleviation, provision of adequate housing and construction of new communities. Nevertheless, with the mounting environmental challenges facing the world, the complexity of urban challenges grows. This poses more pressure on the urban development in Egypt, and the need to envision innovative solutions to address these challenge.

The following section reviews the evolution of urban development and housing provision policies in Egypt. The discussion then moves to reviewing

The Modern State of the Arab Republic of Egypt (1950s-1960s) The military coup against monarchy in Egypt and the beginning of the Republic era in Egypt in 1952 was backed by an economic and social reform programme that adopted the Soviet model.

Although Nasser’s approach in socialism was meant to achieve sufficiency and equity, it greatly affected the formal and informal housing sector in Egypt. This can be summarized in controlling the housing development sector and building materials industries by the state, strict rent control laws and restriction on the mortgage activities. In this regard, the mortgage industry was discouraged

global approaches to deal with urban sustainability

and the rental housing market faced housing stock

with a specific focus on the neighbourhood scale.

deterioration and limited profits (El Kafrawy 2012).

1.1.1 The Evolution of Housing Provision Policies in Egypt (1950-2015)

Besides, Alfiky (2014) mentioned that other

Over the past 60 years, Egypt went through

the immigration from rural to urban areas. The

different political and economic turning points which consequently had direct and indirect impacts on the planning approaches and subsequently the housing sector in Egypt. This is extensively documented and discussed in a number of accounts (eg. Abdellatif 2013; Serag 2007; Shetawy 2006).

policies in the fields of agricultural lands and the shift towards an industrial country encouraged aforementioned aspects, hand in hand with rapid migration, led to diminishing the role of the private sector and opened the door to informal developments as a response to state failure on coping with the rapid demands of housing.

Figure 1 delineates a timeline showing the major

Post-War Phase (1970s)

events and associated planning and housing policies

After the war, Sadat’s period introduced a national

from 1950s till to date. In this context, this section

plan for affordable housing to the low and middle

18

Major Events

1976

19 WB USAID

MISR

2011

Source: Based on (Abdellatif 2013)

2014

Gated Communities Rise of Informal Housing

National Social Housing Programme Ebny Beitak Beit Aleila Alawla Belra'ya (rental units)

The Enabling Approach Mubarak Housing for Youth (1996) Future Housing

UN-HABITAT

Figure 1.1: Timeline of Housing Policies in Egypt Relative to the Main Political and Economic Events

Shrink in Housing Markets & Rise of Prices

Partial Participation Self-Help Housing El-Ismailia Helwan

Private Investment Shifts to Middle Income

State Provision Rent Control Laws

Toshka Regional NWC

Villages General Plans

2006

One Million Social Housing Units Dar Masr

New Administrative Capital

2015

Egypt Economic Development Conference

Social Housing L. 33/2014 The 2014 Constitution

Strategic Spatial Plans Villages Strategic Plans Cities Strategic Plans Governorates Strategic Plans National Prjs

Partial Provision Site & Services Projects

Comperhensive Plans Twin Cities City Extensions Housing Projects

Regional Comperhensive Neo-Liberal Economy

Regional Planning Open Door Policy Canal Cities Reconstruction The New Map Policy

1977

Rational Comperhensive Soviet Model

1979

NUCA

1991

Privatisation

MDG Mortgage Structural L140/2001 Adjustment Reform Loss of agr.land 2000

National Planning Rapid Industralisation: Shubra - Helwan

1970

GOPP

1982

Building L106/1976

1974

1973

1952

The 1971 Constitution

Post-October War

National Plan L70/1973

Building L119/2008 UN UNDP

2003

Planning Approches

Physical Planning/1982 Adm.Sys.L49/1979 Planning Regions WB IMF Budget L53/1973

2008

Housing Policies

Modernisation Republic of Egypt

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

classes. In this regard, the state depended on the

The NUCA was established in 1979 to develop

private sector in the housing provision of middle-

and manage the semi-autonomous new urban

and high-income classes. This was due to the

communities and new towns (El Kafrawy 2012). In

extreme reduction in the housing provision by

this regards, the authority had a plan to implement

the state before the war and directing the funds

44 new settlements by 2017 (Abdellatif 2013).

to the state of war which led to widening the gap

However, until now, the official website of NUCA

between demand and supply in housing (Alfiky

states that it managed to implement 30 new urban

2014). Furthermore, Hassan (2011) mentioned

communities (NUCA 2016). Additionally, the

that the state introduced self-help housing by

authority classified the new communities into three

facilitating lands, technical support, materials

categories depending on their proximity to existing

and services provision. However, it was affordable

cities and, thus, they were independent, satellite

mainly for middle income groups.

or twin cities (Figure 1.3). At that time, NUCA was responsible for funding both infrastructure and

The housing plans addressed six main key areas:

construction which would change later on in 1990s

land, infrastructure, materials, labour, finance and

to include infrastructure and partial construction

production. Based on this, new settlements and

(Abdellatif 2013).

job opportunities in arid lands were to be provided and thus reduce overcrowd at already existing settlements and agricultural land encroachment (El

Continuous Increase of Housing Demands (1980s - 1990s)

Kafrawy 2012). Consequently, 17 new settlements,

Mubarak’s administrative system continued to

hosting industrial zones, were established such as

open the door for foreign investments and the

6th of October, 10th of Ramadan and New Borg

private sector, accompanied by a reduction in

Elarab cities (Figure 1.2).

subsidies and the elimination of price control.

To Ismalia To Belbes

ad

o

ir

To Cairo

20

Ca

a

sm

-I

lia

To Elroobeky

Ro

Figure 1.2: 10th of Ramadan City - Planned in 1977 Source: http://www.urbancomm.gov.eg/ramadan_uses. asp

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

areas. For instance, (El Kafrawy 2012) mentioned that 90% of the housing units built in 1990 were dedicated to low- and middle-income classes and that the total subsidized loan grants were about 6% of the GDP. Following the same strategies, the Mubarak Youth Housing project was announced in 1996. The project envisioned developing housing units that are variable in areas, architecture, and urban design which are directed mainly to young families from low- and middle-income classes.

The units started from 100m2/unit to gradually reduce until reaching 63m2/unit.

Figure 1.3: Map of New Cities in Egypt

The escalated costs of construction and the

Source: Hegazy & Moustafa, 2013

tendency to maintain the subsidy per unit

As a result, high inflation rates occurred which led to unaffordable housing prices and, thus, a rapid expansion of informal housing. For that matter, the government attempted to direct and encourage developers to build affordable housing for low- and middle-income classes hand in hand with facilitating subsidized loans for homebuyers (El Kafrawy 2012). Furthermore, site and service approach was introduced specifically in Ismalia and Aswan cities. The approach aimed at providing plots ranging from 90-200m2 and basic services.

Afterwards, the housing buildings were built according to the needs and affordability of the owners on stages. The approach succeeded in both

constantly led to this tremendous reduction in units’ areas. Direct and indirect subsidies were provided for this project and its homebuyers (Wahba 2007). Afterwards, the Future Housing programme was announced by the First Lady, following the same subsidization system of the Mubarak Youth Housing Project and aiming at fostering social inclusion of low income classes in 1998 (ibid 2007). As a result, the World Bank stated that the Egyptian government financed and subsidized 50% of formal low cost units where the public sector owned 29% of all housing units in 1998 (Everhart et al. 2005).

cities. However, it wasn’t implemented in other

The Influence of International Organizations (2000s)

areas (Wahba 2007). Despite these efforts, the

By the year 2000, the government of Egypt focused

rapid population growth kept the housing demand

on a package of reforms on the housing sector,

escalating, putting the government under the

encouraged by international agencies. Accordingly,

pressure of responding to these demands which

the recommendations of the Global Strategy for

also led to a continuous growth of the informal

shelter by the General Assembly of the United

21

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Nations were approved and thus the enabling

informal housing sector when compared with

policies in the housing sector were adopted. Based

Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Jordan (ibid 2005).

on this, the government started to decrease its production of housing and estimated that 40% of the housing demand could be provided by the public sector for low- and middle-income classes in new communities, while the rest was to be developed by the private sector (El Kafrawy 2012).

According to Hassan (2011), the Egyptian government adopted the enabling approach, declaring that the responsibilities towards the housing sector need to be shared. Accordingly, the government worked on promoting partnerships thorough incentives and subsidizations, enabling credits and loans on the housing units for those unable to afford them, reforming the laws of construction, urban planning and urbanization harmony and, finally, allocating lands for the different classes in new towns.

National Affordable Housing Program (2005-to date) As part of the residential program in 2005, the National Affordable Housing program was announced in order to enable and build 500,000 affordable housing units in the time frame of six years. In this regard, the program worked on providing direct subsidies, encouraging the privatepublic partnership and revitalizing the rental market (Wahba 2007). Accordingly, public and private funds were spent on the National Affordable Housing Program on the following schemes: 1. Housing units with areas of 63m2, either for ownership or rent, where they varied between lands allocated to be built by private sector or governmentally built ones.

Unfortunately, the enabling approach required

2. ‘Ebny beitak’ (build your house) project: The

perquisites which the government failed to ensure

project was to provide land and infrastructure

and was, thus, left facing problems such as loan

to 20,000 parcels in different cities for youth

difficulties, long procedures, land selling policy,

to build their own houses within a limited

based on auctions, monopoly…etc. (ibid 2011).

scheduled time frame, where lots of incentives

Meanwhile, a new mortgage law was passed in

surprisingly, 150,000 application were filled

2001, aiming at encouraging the mortgage system

and a crucial political decision was taken to

for the housing sector. However, the mortgage

accept all the eligible ones to end up with

percentage remained significantly low due to complex

92,000 parcel of land in 13 cities (Zalat 2009).

regulations, high registration fees, lack of legal

The project faced major challenges in order

infrastructure …etc. (Everhart et al. 2005). Despite

to allocate funds, infrastructure and lands for

were offered to youth (NUCA 2008). But

these new laws and polices, Egypt had the lowest

these applicants within the scheduled time.

rate of owned, occupied properties, the highest

3. Different schemes such as ‘Bait Aleila’, ‘Albait

percentage of population in public housing and

Allreefy’ and ‘Albait Albadawy’ projects (NUCA

the highest percentage of population occupying

2008).

22

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

The state invested in infrastructure networks and

investments in human resources and

partially in the construction while leaving the

improve their characteristics in the

main construction to the private sector (Abdellatif

framework of achieving sustainable

2013). Unfortunately, these units ended up in the

development.’

hands of the middle class's income rather than the low-income citizens. Moreover, thousands of units were left unused due to lack of services, utilities and security (Shawkat 2014). Even the limited supply of public housing in new cities was unattractive to the citizens due to its far location from their job locations which is accompanied with lack of affordable public transportation. Until 2007, NUCA was responsible for 55.7% of housing units built in the new communities (Wahba 2007). Among projects constructed in this period is the social housing project of El Hanager neighbourhood, which is the study case of the ‘Eco-neighbourhood’

1.1.2 Towards an Eco-Approach at the Neighbourhood Level Egypt, like many countries, has been facing unprecedented economic, socio-cultural and environmental challenges since the mid-twentieth century. This includes rapid urbanization, urban poverty, inadequate infrastructure and shelter, health risks and poor education, natural resource depletion, environment degradation and climate (Girardet 2015). In fact, these challenges are interconnected. For instance, rapid urbanization is associated with urban poverty which, in turn, could

track this year.

lead to environmental degradation (Figure 1.4).

Since 2011, the provision of affordable housing

To address these intricate challenges, there has

has become a forefront issue for the government of Egypt. The government launched ambitious programmes for social housing, including the provision of ‘One Million Units’. Whether the results of the new housing programmes will yield their results or not, is yet to be discussed in the coming years (Shawkat 2014). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the provision of affordable housing will, apparently, remain at the top of the agenda of the government for years to come. As Article 41 of the Constitution 2014 states:

been a growing consensus on the importance of sustainable development since the 1990s. This section provides an overview of approaches for sustainable urban development with a specific focus on sustainability on the neighbourhood level.

In Quest of Urban Sustainability Sustainable development, a term coined in the late 1980s, broadly refers to ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED 1987:8). Since its introduction,

‘The State shall implement a population

the manifestations of the concept of sustainable

program aiming at striking a balance

development became visible in the various practices

between population growth rates and

and actions on various levels. In fact, there has

available resources; and shall maximize

been a growing plethora of literature, featuring a

23

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Socio-Cultural Challenges Inadequate Shelter

Rapid Urbanisation

Education & Health

Rapid Population Growth

Inadequate Infrastructure Urban Poverty

Waste & Pollution

Urban Challenges Urban Challenges are are Interconnected interconnected

Unemployment

Water Crisis Energy Crisis

Natural Resource Depletion

Economic Challenges

Environmental Degradation

Natural Hazards

Environmental Challenges

Climate Change

Figure 1.4: Interconnection on Environmental, Economic and Socio-Cultural Challenges Source: IUSD – Lab Cairo

multitude of terms and ideas which reflect different

Sustainability at the Neighbourhood Level

stakeholders and interest group conceptions of

The current international scene is full of initiatives

sustainable urban development at the building,

on different levels to promote urban sustainability

neighbourhood, city, and region scales. This

on different spatial scales. These scales run from

includes concepts such as ‘Sustainable City’, ‘Green

the smallest scale of the building, moving up to the

City’ (Global Green Cities 2012; Kahn 2006), ‘Zero

cluster (or home place) scale, the neighbourhood

and Energy Cities’, and ‘Eco-city’ (i.e. Register,

scale, to larger scales of cities and regions, as depicted

1987, 2006; Moffatt 1999; Feredrico,2015). While

in Figure 1.5 (Barton et al. 2010, Ecobuilders 2011;

all these concepts aim to achieve sustainability, a

Mačiukėnaitė & Gudzinevičiūtė 2013). Furthermore,

difference among them could be detected in the

there has been a growing attention to addressing

approaches to urban sustainability and applications,

sustainability, not only on the building level or

as reviewed by (Taipale et al. 2012) in Table 1.1.

city level, but also on the neighbourhood level (i.e.

Engel-Yan et al. 2005; Lietz et al. 2008; Barton et al. 2010; Fraker 2013). This could be understood since:

24

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

‘Sustainable Cities’ Striving Towards a Culture of Sustainability

‘Energy Cities’ Focus on CO2 Emission Reductions and Technology

‘Eco Cities’ Focus on the Environment and Poverty

‘Green Cities’ Single Measures

Table 1.1: Progressing in Urban Sustainability Land-Use

Buildings/ Regulations

Public Buildings

Energy/ Infrastructure

Mobility and Public Transport/ Infrastructure

●● Low density suburbs marketed as ‘eco cities’ by real estate developers

●● Legislation has some SD elements but is not enforced on ground

●● A few ‘certified ●● National ●● Roads and buildings’ but policies, but highways, tree no mentoring taxation and planting subsides do ●● Limited bus and not support rail networks implementation ●● For energy production: few standalone solar panels for show

●● Environmental ●● Access to protection areas handicapped and biodiversity as a norm

●● Experimental low-tech ‘Eco-Building’

●● Solar panels

●● Integration of land use and mobility planning

●● Energy efficient requirements that are implemented

●● Energy refurbishment of public buildingst

●● Solar and pv panels and wind farms

●● Participatory urban planning and design of public

●● Sustainability ●● Local grids and criteria used in smart grids public housing ●● Increasing share of decentralized energy production.

●● Focus on metropolitan area and prevention of segregation

●● For energy production: Co-production of heat and electricity

●● Smart metering ●● Gradual shift from fossil to renewable energy sources for energy production

●● Bicycle lanes are built ●● CNG for vehicles

●● More tram, BRT & metro lines are built. Speed limits on roads ●● Energy efficient vehicles, some use renewable energy

●● Traffic safety as a priority, public space as a realm for the pedestrians. ●● Multimodal system with dense networks

Source: Adopted after Taipale et al. 2012:16

25

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

‘In the end, sustainable development will be

Indeed, the neighbourhood level is where the

made at the local community level. All the

daily interactions occur, connecting the individual

other changes in favour of sustainability

activities inside the building scale, with the

– by business, by national governments

community activities on the larger scale of the

and by international agencies – help create

city. Accordingly, addressing sustainability on

the conditions that facilitate action for

the neighbourhood scale would, evidently, act

sustainable development at the local level

as a link that consolidates the sustainable efforts

by individuals, families, schools, hospitals,

conducted on smaller scales and these conducted

workplaces and neighbourhoods.’ (UNESCO,

at wider scales. To promote sustainability on the

2010)

neighbourhood level, various guidelines were developed worldwide, such as: New Strategy of Sustainable neigbhorhood planning (UN-HABITAT

Building

ORIENTATION AND PRINCIPLES

the neighbourhood in focus TOWNSHIP , NEIGHBOURHOOD AND HOME

2014); A Sustainable City of Neighborhoods Project

(Vancouver City Planning Commission 2011); 1.10

Cluster (home-patch)

Guidelines for Planning Authorities on Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas in Ireland (Government of Ireland 2009). The main aspects of sustainable neighborhoods could be, collectively, clustered around seven main principles (Salheen

Neighbourhood

et al. 2015), as shown in Figure 1.6.

Understanding the Neighbourhood as an Ecosystem As mentioned above, the neighbourhood is the Township/District

spatial scale connecting smaller scales of buildings

Figure 1.19 Nested scales : township, neighbourhood and home-patch

and clusters with larger scales of cities and region.

Using a system-thinking lens, the neighbourhood scale could be regarded, on the one hand, as a Metropolis

Region

Figure 1.5: Nested Scales: From Building to Region Source: Adopted after Barton et al. 2010:23

26

system that contains smaller subsystems; and on the other hand, a subsystem in a bigger system, as illustrated in Figure 1.7. Adopting a systemthinking approach, sustainability could be defined as ‘a state of a complex, dynamic system. In this state a system can continue to flourish without leading to its internal collapse or

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Guidelines for Planning and Designing of a Sustainable Community Urban Design and Land Use scheme

Energy- and resource-efficient building and site design Designing mixed land-use neighbourhoods Creating attractive public realm Designing green infrastructure Providing quality and consistent local job opportunities

Mobility and Accessibility Schemes

●● ●● ●● ●●

Providing green and affordable public transport options Providing accessible services through mixed-uses and improved street access Using low and zero emission vehicles Developing cycling and pedestrian lanes

Quality of Life Social Principles

●● ●● ●● ●● ●●

Energy Management System

Water Management System

●● Reducing water consumption through conservation ●● Reusing and recycling water resources ●● Implementing efficient rain water infiltration systems Material Management System (including waste)

Eliminating practices, which produce waste Optimising material reuse Encouraging the use of locally manufactured products Encouraging the use of natural, recycled or reclaimed materials Minimizing the use of virgin materials Maximising reuse and recycling of waste

Landscape and Biodiversity

●● ●● ●● ●●

Protecting and enhancing local watersheds Prioritizing native and diverse vegetation Creating habitat connectivity within and beyond the neighbourhood Promoting nature-friendly urban design

Urban Planning and Management

●● Ensuring diverse stakeholder involvement in all activities and decision-making ●● Providing community facilities ●● Ensuring diverse local employment opportunities

Figure 1.6: Compiled Principles of Sustainable Neighbourhoods source: Salheen et al. 2015

27

Ecological Integrity Ecological Principles

●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●

Economic Vitality Economic Principles

●● Conserving energy use by minimizing demand and maximizing conservation ●● Optimizing infrastructure performance at all scales ●● Using renewable energy

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

A system in its environment with related systems

Subsystem Subsystem

Figure 1.7: The Composition of a System Source: Adcock in Stasinopoulos et al. 2009:24

requiring inputs from outside its defined system boundaries…’ (Except 2009:8). In this context, each system could be mapped on three levels ranging from: object (physical assets, such

Figure 1.8: Systemic Levels of Impact Source: Except 2009:8

as cars, trees, people); network (connections such economic, cultural, biological relations) to the system as a whole. Along these levels, impacts of actions

1.2 The Teaching Process of Eco-Neighbourhood Track

propagate such that a small direct impact on the

The theme of eco-development track of this

object level will indirectly impact the network and

year was to develop proposals of low-cost eco-

the whole system level (Except 2009), as shown

neighborhoods1. The following sub-sections present

in Figure 1.8.

an overview on the intended learning objectives, selection of case study and the process adopted

As an ecosystem, the neighbourhood not only

to achieve the module objectives.

offers a shelter for its inhabitants, but also a set of services that ranges from good social network, leisure, economic and cultural activities. These

1.2.1 Learning Objectives of Eco-Neighbourhood Track

services rely on the physical systems, manmade and

Knowledge and Understanding:

natural systems that are interconnected together

●● Identify relevant eco-neighbourhood

(Barton et al. 2010). As sketched in Figure 1.9, the

approaches

neighbourhood, as a system, receives inputs such as water, food, energy, goods and produces organic wastes and emissions such as co2 and no2 and inorganic waste and much more (Girardet, 2015).

28

1 Literature shows that ‘Eco-Neighbourhood’ is a generic term that is commonly used interchangeably with the term ‘sustainable neighborhoods’ (Valegeas 2011). In the context, ICS team adopted the term ‘eco-neighbourhood’, to

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

●● Categorise the site levels and the related systems ●● Deal with complex urban issues in a real concrete context.

Intellectual Skills: ●● Analyze the consequences of applying design approaches using an integrated design model for eco-neighbourhood.

Practical Skills: ●● Present and communicate their ideas

General Transferrable Skills: ●● Present their proposed design project in real contexts. ●● Interact with local community and professionals and gain access to a wide variety of expertise.

1.2.2 Case Study Selection for the Eco-Neighbourhood Track: El Hanager This year, the selection of the case study came under the theme ‘Development of affordable

and demonstrate their proposals through

Eco-Neighbourhood in New Communities in

model making and simulations.

Egypt’. Each year, the ICS team attempts to select

●● Contribute and influence urban and

a study case which enhances the students’ ability

architecture design challenges in future

to understand complex urban issues in a real

practice.

concrete context and sensitise them to develop

Figure 1.9: Neighbourhood as an Ecosystem Source: Barton et al. 2010:10

29

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

creative integrated solutions that are beyond a

After identifying the city, a fact-finding mission was

single discipline of research and practice. In this

carried out to explore the social housing projects

context, the criteria for selecting the study area

either under construction or in the design phase.

were: a social housing neighbourhood in a new

During this phase, the ICS team got in contact with

city which would be easily accessible and could

representatives of New Cairo agency, NUCA and

act as a prototype for social housing projects. In

the Ministry of Housing to discuss with the study

this regard, New Cairo city was chosen due to its

objectives and case study location. Subsequently,

relative proximity to the main campus as shown

two projects were introduced the ‘Dar Masr’ project

in Figure 1.10.

and ‘El Hanager’ project. The two areas were visited by ICS team in order to assess the potentials and constraints of each of them.

Upon comparing the two proposed study areas, as outlined in Table 1.2, El Hanager area was chosen due to its proximity, accessibility of data and also for being surrounded by other public housing projects. Additionally,

Figure 1.10: Relative Proximity of New Cairo Area to IUSD Campus

the presence of an already inhabited

Source: Based on google map, 2015 Table 1.2: Criteria for selecting the study case of Eco-Development Track Criteria

Dar Masr

El Hanager

Status

●● Design completed

●● Design completed on two phases

●● Under construction

●● Phase 1 finished and inhabited ●● Phase 2 under construction

Data Availability

●● The project is implemented by the Military Works department: Engineering Authority of the Army Forces and thus accessibility to maps and site is limited.

●● Under the supervision of New Cairo Agency and thus data accessibility is guaranteed

Location

●● The location is surrounded by either gated communities or sites under construction.

Also it is not linked by any public transportation mode.

●● The location is surrounded by various social housing projects which are inhabited already and connected with public transportation.

Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

30

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

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phase in the project was interesting in terms of assessing the quality of the neighbourhood with the society and thus reflecting on the new phase.

El Hanager area is located in the third settlement of New Cairo City as an affordable social housing complex, provided with services and developed under the supervision of the NUCA. As shown in Figure 1.11, the neighbourhood is close to similar social housing neighborhoods with mixed uses, in addition to that it is in close proximity to a middle class residential area ‘Katameya’ neighbourhood, and the high class gated community compound ‘Katameya Heights’.

On the Northern edge of the neighbourhood, there is a street with considerably moderate traffic. This

Figure 1.11: Neighbourhood Context of El Hanager Project Source: Based on google maps, 2015

street connects the neighbourhood to the services located in the adjacent social housing projects.

Whereas, on the Southern border lies a strip of green area, which is part of Cairo’s green belt.

The green area serves as a buffer zone between the residential areas and the industrial area which has been there for about 30 years.

El Hanager project is composed of two phases (Figure 1.12). The first phase, built in 2007, is composed of housing units of approximately 60m2 and are already inhabited2. The second phase is currently in the construction phase, as part of the ‘One Million Unit’ National Project, with housing

Figure 1.12: El Hanager Project Zoning

units of approximately 90m .

Source: Based on Maps from Information Department in New Cairo Agency (2015)

2

2 Unfortunately, ICS team was unable to find a copy of the blueprints of the project. We were informed that the original records were lost in a fire back in 2011.

31

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

1.2.3 Structure of Eco-Development Track To achieve its objectives, the track was composed

Table 1.3: Phases of the Eco-Development Track

of a series of four phases, Table 1.3. The students

Phase 1: Understanding the EcoNeighbourhood Principles in Action

began with understanding Eco-neighbourhood

Setting the stage

principles through reviewing theories and case

A Systems Analysis of International Case Studies

studies. They, then, conducted an integrated site and actor analysis of El Hanager area as a prototype

Phase 2: Integrated Site and Actor Analysis of El Hanager Area

of social housing in new communities. Based on

Site Observation

these phases, the students developed three different

Thematic Analysis

proposals for developing an eco-neighbourhood.

The proposals aimed at integrating the different aspects of water, energy, landscape, materials as well socio-economic aspects with the different scales of building, cluster and neighbourhood, to come up with affordable, applicable and socially acceptable solutions for social housing in Egypt.

Identification of Issues Identification of Stakeholders Phase 3: Proposals of Eco-Neighbourhood Development Prioritization of Issues Generation of Concepts Development of Design Briefs

The academic process of the ICS module was an

Phase 4: Final Action Plans

active learning experience, based mainly on field

Development of Action Plans

work. The ICS team incorporated academic input,

Presentation of Final Project Document

in the form of teacher directed lectures, as well as guest professors and experts according to the

Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

nature of each phase.

Furthermore, this year IUSD studio welcomed a number of iHub interns. They are undergraduate students from renewable energy, mechatronics, power and communication disciplines. The purpose of this experience was to allow a wider interaction among different disciplines and create

of the phases together aiming to fulfil the objective of the module. The subsequent sections shed more light on each phase.

1.3 Process and Outputs of Eco-Development Track

an environment for interdisciplinary innovation.

1.3.1 Phase 1: Understanding the Eco-Neighbourhood Principles in Action

Figure 1.13 illustrates the whole process of ‘Eco-

Phase 1 aimed at deepening the understanding

Development’ Track-ICS module highlighting the

on how principals of an eco-neighbourhood are

required output in each phase, and the interrelation

applied, the interrelation between building, cluster,

32

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Phase 1 ●● Understanding the eco-neighbourhood principles in action

Literature on Eco-Neighbourhood

Neighbourhood as a System

Desktop Research on International Examples of Eco-Neighborhoods Hammarby

Eva-Lanxmeer

Le Confluence

Dockside Green

Masdar

Critical Evaluation for the Sustainability of the Eco-Neighbourhood Case Studies

Phase 2 ●● Integrated Site & Actor Analysis of El Hanager

Phase 3 ●● Eco-neighbourhood Development Concepts in El Hanager

Phase 4 ●● El Hanager Econeighbourhood Action Plan

Identifying the Three Systemic Levels of Impact

Integrated Site and Actor Analysis

Understanding the Egyptian Context

Building and Urban Issues

Neighbourhood Level

Eco-Neighbourhood Concept 1

Cluster Level

Eco-Neighbourhood Concept 2

Building Level

Urban Infrastructure Issues Socio-Economic Issues

Eco-Neighbourhood Concept 3

Market survey of Eco-Solutions Initiatives Profiling

Experts Workshop

Developing an Eco-neighbourhood using Public Private Partnerships

Creating an Empowering Integrated Cycle in El Hanager Neighbourhood

Eco- Efficient Open Spaces Model in El Hanager neighbourhood

Figure 1.13: The Teaching Process of Eco-Neighbourhood Track Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

and neighbourhood scales with systems, different

about urban sustainability, the plethora of terms

resources, activities as well as communal aspects

and jargons as well as setting a working definition

reflected in an eco-neighbourhood.

of eco-neighbourhood for this year. In addition, an introduction to systems thinking as a tool for

1.3.1.1 Tools and Process

analysing the neighbourhood as a system at the

Tools used:

different levels of objects, networks and as a whole

●● Desk Research ●● Systems Analysis

Setting the Stage

system. This systemic analysis was then reflected on the spatial scales of: the building, cluster, and neighbourhood scales and interlinks between them, and system management.

This preliminary phase began with a set of interactive classrooms to set the stage for the semester work. Topics covered included discussions

33

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

A Systems Analysis of International Case Studies

housing projects from different regions of the

In order to gain a critical understanding of the

comparison with the case of Egypt. However,

Eco-neighbourhood principles, the students were

upon conducting an extensive screening of various

grouped into teams to analyze five international

projects from different regions around the world,

eco-neighbourhood case studies (Figure 1.14).

we were recurrently faced with insufficient amount

The cases were chosen from different regions so

of data to conduct the required depth of analysis.

that each team can:

In the light of this, the reviewed case studies were

a. identify the different Eco-neighbourhood

selected.

world, in order to form a base for reflection and

development approaches implemented with respect to the aspects of resources, activities, community and individual management and design, b. analyze the different Eco-neighbourhood aspects on the three scales; building, cluster and neighbourhood, and c. analyze the interrelation between the three scales.

It is worth to mention that data availability played a crucial factor in the selection of case studies to be reviewed. Initially the idea was to select case studies of sustainable social housing/ affordable

Eva-Lanxmeer

Hammarby

Masdar Eva-Lanxmeer

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

Figure 1.14: Map Showing the Selected International Case Studies Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

34

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

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1.3.1.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

I

began in 1999, converting the site from a run-down industrial area into a modern, environmentally sustainable, mixed-use district with good public

The Case of Hammarby Sjöstad, Sweden - A Systems Analysis

transit connections. So far, 130 of the total 160 hectares have been developed including 8,000

Group Members:

residential units that now house around 17,000

●● Jesus Martinez

residents.

●● Mai Adel

By 2017 the City anticipates the development

●● Semegnish E. Gizaw

will be complete with 11,000 residential units Hammarby Sjöstad implemented an integrated

and 24,000 inhabitants (Except Integrated

approach to district planning incorporating

Sustainability 2014).

sustainable resource use, ecological design and lowcarbon transport. The construction of the district

Hammarby Sjöstad

Sustainable residential neighbourhood in the urban area of Stockholm, Sweden.

Period of development: Building type: Projected population: Projected dwelling: Site area: Budget: Commercial space: Value in market:

1.Timeline

27 years Residential area with basic infrastructure.

26.000 (3.0% increase for Stockholm) 11.000 houses 200 hectares € 5.1 billions 20 hectares € 500.000 ( +15-20% )

City realize population growth rate.

Identify potential areas.

Start design process.

1990

1980

First ideas of full eco-friendly neighbourhood in Stockholm.

The Hammarby Sjöstad area was originally intended to be an olympic village for Stockholm application to the 2004 summer Olympics, Hammarby Sjöstad is now instead the result of a long process of converting a brownfield area into a sustainable waterfront residential neighbourhood.

Sustainable public transportation is offered with electric trains, biogas powered buses and commuter boats. Biking, walking and car-pooling are also supported means. Residents are offered recycling stations and food waste collection for biogas production. All apartments are connected to the district heating system and the household waste supplies fuel for the district heating plant. Some apartments also have solar hot water. The sewage from all apartments is cleaned and used to produce biogas used locally.

‘Left-Green’ party elected for municipal government.

1994

1991

First master plan designs delivered by the Stockholm City Planning Bureau.

Stockholms city centre

Dominated by small scale industries until 1998 when the implementation of Hammarby Sjöstad started. The soil was heavily polluted from previous use and had to be cleaned before any construction could start. Its plan to hold 26,000 people in 11,000 apartments, the final build out is scheduled for 2017.

The sustainability profile of Hammarby Sjöstad has a strong focus on environmentally sensitive solutions.

Strategic Master Plan and environmental program "Twice as Good" developed.

1996

1995

1st Olympics proposal.

City decides to improve standars nationaly.

‘Right-Green’ Party wins electioins. Project keeps momentum.

1998

1997

Athens wins Olympic bid. Infrastructure is already developed.

1999

Hammarby Sjöstad

First houses in Sickla finished. Start construction on other dstricts.

2001

First of 12 districts built.

Sickla Udde.

First evaluation profile for the whole district.

2008

2002

GlasHussEtt opens.

‘Left-Green’ government elected.

Infrastructure

Stockholm Transport //Stockholm Water AB Stockholm Energy AB (Birka Energy) SKAFAB waste treatment

Government

City of Stockholm City Planning Bureau Public Work Administration Environmental Administration

Future Occupants. Residents //Building owners

Developers

Architecture offices Construction companies

IUSD - WS 2015/16

ICS- Integrated Case Study [Eco- track]

Consultants & Specialists

Jesus Martinez Mai Adel Semegnish E. Gizaw

Figure 1.15: Sustainable Residential Neighbourhood Timeline (Poster Sample) Source: Hammarby Group, 2015

35

2017

Construction scheduled to finish. Evaluations will keep on going.

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

2.Goal

3.Design process

The overall mission goal of Hammarby Stostad is to create an urban district which would be twice as good in terms of reduced environmental impact, and which would use half of the amount of energy used in a typical development.

This ambitious environmental goal includes targets for decontaminating brownfield land, provisions for public transit, recycling programs for water and waste, and zero impact energy consumption for its residents.

5

4-5 levels

public transportation modes

on local streets

6-8 levels

70x100m block sizes

Heating

courtyards

Fixed

enhancing use of public spaces

Recycle Collect Bio energy production

color

based on waste/renewable energies

100 l

No

0.3

heavy chemicals in used materials

100kWh /m2

water consumption p/person p/year

10%

houses use Biogas

Building Code Developers Future occupants Provide clean water Sewage collection and treatment

old brown-fields into settlement

reuse of ‘P’ in wastewater for agriculture

palette

parking places p/apartment

Reuse

95%

15%

Mix use

of energy needed produce by residents

from national green energy network

& education center GlasHus Ett

50%

Biotopes

reduce on ozone emissions

in parks and green spaces

46% Rentals Owned Water 54% apartments

home waste reduction

Info

neigbourhood

50%

Electricity

of commutes by public transport

for protected natural areas

on main streets

Reduce

• Better land use • Efficient transport and traffic • Removing polluted soil • Improve energy use • Well-designed waste collection water and sewage treatment systems

80%

Borders

50%

reduce on eutrophication

taked from lake

Design Code

Strategic Plan

Infrastructure Developers

Government

the design process

Eco-friendly energy

‘the hammarby model’

Before redevelopment

IUSD - WS 2015/16

ICS- Integrated Case Study [Eco- track]

After redevelopment

A community garden

Jesus Martinez Mai Adel Semegnish E. Gizaw

Figure 1.16: Goal and Design Process (Poster Sample) Source: Hammarby Group, 2015

4.Pillars of Sustainability Environmental

Social

Building materials that are healthy, dry and environmentally sound.

An automated waste disposal system, with different refuse chutes Renewable fuels, biogas products and reuse of waste heat coupled with efficient energy consumption in buildings.

Economic

A specific example of social sustainability in architectural design would be the inclusion of the overhanging balconies from individual apartments.

This design element heightens the sense of a common space below the balconies, and encourages more social interaction.

Land use map

Combustible waste is converted into district heating and electricity.

Areas of silence for the dwellers to escape from the fast pace of the surrounding city life.

Small neighbourhood green areas thatof are inSustainability good proportion with the Figure 1.17: Pillars (Poster Sample) blocks.

In the sub district level, private or semi-private ownership of open EfficientHammarby waste collection and recycling system.

Source: Group, 2015

Sanitary redevelopment, reuse and transformation of old brown field sites into attractiveresidential areas with beautiful parks and green public spaces.

36

Hammarby Sjostad design has clear goals to create living conditions which tune into residents moods.

spaces is minimized creating a sense of communal ownership to the open spaces.

Hammarby Stostad has launched extensive efforts into educating and encouraging its residents to make full use of the project’s environmental program. The Glass House, built in the center of the district demonstrates this. The Glass House functions space to showcase technical solutions, and to advise locals on environmental issues.

A system that works not only with the district level but also connects with the citiy aswell.

IUSD - WS 2015/16

ICS- Integrated Case Study [Eco- track]

Jesus Martinez Mai Adel Semegnish E. Gizaw

In terms of Hammarby Stostad rental market, the rents are considered to be relatively high, and the national housing policy does not obligate the developers to provide affordable housing. The project is successful in allocating apartments to be rented,but typically, the corresponding land value of the apartments is comparably inferior.

Hammarby Stostad has launched extensive efforts into educating and encouraging its residents to make full use of the project’s environmental program. The Glass House, built in the center of the district demonstrates this. The Glass House functions space to showcase technical solutions, and to advise locals on environmental issues.

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

II

The Case of Lyon Confluence, France - A Systems Analysis

Group Members:

The district aims at paving the way towards meeting the Greater Lyon Climate Plan targets (Except Integrated Sustainability 2014).

●● Nader Khelifi ●● Stephanie Gil ●● Mariana Lugo

A former industrial and logistic site transformed into a mixed use neighbourhood in the city center of Lyon confluence, France, in late 1990s. The transformation was initiated by the Greater Lyon Authority and afterwards managed by the public development company. Confluence sets ‘zero energy’ target by 2030 and tooling up to hit the target. Now, it is the first certified sustainable district WWF of France. Planning and innovation are being harnessed to serve energy efficiency.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

Figure 1.18: General Information - Lyon Confluence, France (Poster Sample) Source: Lyon Confluence Group, 2015

37

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Figure 1.19: Project Timeline, Actors, Tasks and Process (Poster Sample) Source: Lyon Confluence Group, 2015

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

38

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Figure 1.20: Energy on Different Scales in Lyon Confluence (Poster Sample) Source: Lyon Confluence Group, 2015

39

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

III

The Case of Eva Lanxameer, the Netherlands - A Systems Analysis

Group Members: ●● Anna Buchman ●● Tamer Aly Kamel

Eva-Lanxmeer is an integrated sustainable residential area where an organic city farm produces food in direct contact with consumers.

New environmental technologies, the development of sustainable energy policy, a regenerated approach

questions of our time. The urban design and infrastructure aimed at enhancing the quality of the experience. Animal and plant life is promoted by respecting existing ecosystems and creating awareness opportunities for flora and fauna. The energy-efficient homes are built with materials in all phases of their life cycle: raw materials extraction, production, transportation, processing, use and after the demolition poses a minimal environmental impact (Except Integrated Sustainability 2014) (Figure 1.21 and Figure 1.22).

to agricultural activities are some answers to

Figure 1.21: Land Use and Facilities and Inside Eva Lanxameer (Poster Sample) Source: Eva Lanxameer Group, 2015

40

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Figure 1.22: Eco-Approach Systems in Eva Lanxameer (Poster Sample) Source: Eva Lanxameer Group, 2015

41

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

IV

The Case of Dockside Green in Canada - A Systems Analysis

the way for an initial concept, drafted by the city. This concept presented a plan based on the concepts of the New Urbanism movement. The

Group Members:

project's first and second phases, completed by

●● Heba Hatem Aggour

2011, have achieved globally significant ratings

●● Jasime Shata

for sustainability (Except Integrated Sustainability

●● Hadir Hawash

2014) (Figure 1.23 and Figure 1.24).

The site for Dockside Green is located in a formerly industrial area in Vancouver harbour. In an effort to develop a business plan for the property the city issued a detailed environmental assessment.

The outcome of this assessment proved that a sustainable approach was feasible, and paved

RESIDENTIAL USE AT MEWS LEVEL

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIRMENTS

HEIGHT

DENISTY SETBACK

PARKING

1 BIKE LANES 2 THE HUB

8 DENISTIES

5 FRONT DOOR

“DOCKSIDE COMMONS” - OUTDOOR • COMMUNITY PARK • FLEXIBLE OPEN SPACE • COMMUNITY-ORIENTED ACTIVITIES • GRADE CHANGE AS A POTENTIAL TO CREATE SEATING EDGES (AMPHITHEATRE) • BIG OPEN LAWN AREA (FLEXIBILITY) • COMMUNITY GATHERING SPACES “DOCKSIDE COMMONS”- INDOOR • DOCKSIDE COMMUNITY MEETING SPACE: (EATING, COOKING, VISIONING, NGO SPACE, MEETING SPACES, PLAY) • REVENUE GENERATOR – GREATER VICTORIA COMMUNITY

9 HEIGHTS

THE CONNECTOR • TWO-WAY CYCLING TRACK • TRAFFIC CALMING • PLANTING, SOFT EDGES AND MORE TREES

• WATER ACCESS • SUPPORT FOR BIKES, KAYAKS • INTEGRATION WITH GALLOPING GOOSE • WATERFRONT RESTAURANT • KAYAK, BIKE STORAGE • LINEAR WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

3 ACCESSIBILITY 6 FRONT DOOR • URBAN AND OPEN • POTENTIAL SERVICE LANE + PARALLEL PARKING • RETAIL EDGES AND ACCESS TO “INDOOR DOCKSIDE COMMONS”

7 SETBACK

• ACTIVE DAY AND NIGHT • WATER FEATURE (“DRY FOUNTAIN”) • OVERHEAD LIGHTING (CATENARY LIGHTING) • SMALL PAVILION STRUCTURE • “SPANISH STEPS” AS CONNECTOR

10 GREEN RIBBON • URBAN AGRICULTURE • POCKET GARDENS/PARKS • PEDESTRIAN CONNECTOR • ON-SITE RECREATION • INFORMAL PLAY • WATER ELEMENTS – MIX OF LINEAR AND MORE OPEN

4 GARAGE

• GRADE CHANGE AS PLAYFUL ELEMENT • GRADATION FROM LUSH GREEN TO URBAN GREEN • WATERWAY AS HABITAT FOR WILDLIFE • SEQUENCE OF OPEN AND NARROW GREEN OPEN SPACES • DIVERSITY OF SIZE AND SCALE

COMMUNITY SKETCHES PLAZAS

Figure 1.23: Community Development Requirments in Dockside Green (Poster Sample) Source: Dockside Green Group, 2015

42

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

RESOURCES/ACTIVITIES/ COMMUNITY COMMUNITY NETWORKING COMMUNAL SPACES ON THE ROOF

SOCIAL LEVELS

MATERIAL/FOOD

RESOURCES

3 BEDROOMS

ACTIVITIES

DOCKSIDE COMMONS

STUDIO

2 BEDROOMS

1- DOCKSIDE LANDING PRECINCT. 2-DOCKSIDE COMMONS PRECINCT. 3-TYEE-GREENWAY PRECINCT. 4-GREENWAY MEWS PRECINCT. 5-HARBOUR ROAD PRECINCT. 6-EXISTING RESIDENTIAL. 7- DOCKSIDE WATERFRONT PRECINCT.

GREEN SPACES

NEW PROPOSED SITE PLAN BY THE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY SKETCHES

ACCESSABILITY Impower the connection from Victoria west, the downtown and the capital region.

Connecting easly the inside and the surrounding across all the neighbourhood.

GATES (CARS AND PEDESTERIAN).

PLAZAS WITH DIFFERENT USES DOCKSIDE WATERFRONT PHASE 1 AND 2 DOCKSIDE COMMONS DOCKSIDE NEIGHBOURHOOD HOUSE

Figure 1.24: Resources, Activities and Community in Dockside Green (Poster Sample) Source: Dockside Green Group, 2015

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

43

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

V

The Case of Masdar City in UAE - A Systems Analysis

Group Members: ●● Mohammad Al Jabi ●● Dina Al-Najjar

and human capital development in the areas of renewable energy and clean technologies. The development started at 2006 and is planned to continue to 2025 (Except Integrated Sustainability 2014) (Figure 1.25).

●● Reeham Sayed

Masdar city is designed to operate for a high quality of life with the lowest environmental footprint besides being commercially viable. The development project was initiated by Abu Dhabi government. Masdar is designed to be the source

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

of many things including knowledge, innovation

Masdar and the “Recycle to Smile Initiative

Supporting Local Businesses Strengthening Local Workforce in UAE. Providiing opportunities for New Businesses in Abu Dhabi.

Stimulating and promoting new markets Strategic Partnerships

Zero waste Water Management Sustainable Transport solutions (PRT) Cleantech cluster Mobility

Figure 1.25: Sustainability Aspects of Masdar City (Poster Sample) Source: Masder City Group, 2015

44

10 % composting

30% waste to energy

60 % material recycled

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

1.3.1.3 General Conclusion

specific social, economic and environmental

When comparing the selected international

contexts. The following table presents the

case studies, it was obvious that the success of

application of the eco-neighbourhood principles

Eco-neighborhoods depends on designing and

in the reviewed case studies (Table 1.4).

implementing appropriate solutions that fit the Table 1.4: Application of Eco-Neighbourhood Principles in the reviewed Case Studies (Cont.)

Aspects/Case Study

Eva Luxmar

Dockside Green

Hammerby

La Confluence

Masdar

Urban Design and Land Use Scheme

●● Integrated approach towards sustainable planning

●● Active open spaces

●● Decontaminating brownfield land

●● Social housing mixing

●● Regulations for density and land use

●● Better land use

●● Sun and wind direction

●● Limited size city to enhance walkability

●● Encouraging biking

●● Efficient transport and traffic

●● Improving transportation and private investment

●● Sustainable transport systems

●● Optimising city mobility (apps)

●● Encouraging cycling

●● Shared public space and community activities ●● Mixed use Mobility and Accessibility schemes

Energy Management System

●● Minimizing car usage

●● Maximizing energy and natural cycles and making them visible

●● Biomass gasification energy plant

●● Using half of the amount of energy used in a typical development ●● improving energy use

●● Incorporation of sustainable energy supply and sustainable water systems Water Management System

●● Water treatment facility and stormwater management

●● Well-designed waste collection water and sewage treatment systems

●● Efficient energy system (e.g. production, control)

●● PRT system

●● Renewable energy generation

●● Reducing carbon emissions

●● Water management system

45

●● Water management ●● Desalination of sea water

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Table 1.4: Application of Eco-Neighbourhood Principles in the reviewed Case Studies Aspects/Case Study

Eva Luxmar

Dockside Green

Hammerby

La Confluence

Masdar

Material Management System (including waste)

●● Local and ecological building materials

●● Waste management and reuse

●● Waste management cycle

●● Efficient waste management (reducing waste production)

●● Efficient material system (local materials)

Landscape and Biodiversity

●● Public parks and green spaces

●● Plan of central greenway and green ribbon (a series of gardens and connectors)

●● Removing polluted soil

●● Green areas at the different levels

●● Vegetation to control microclimate

●● Social mixture and community management involvement

●● Promoting vibrant longterm social fabric

●● Agricultural fields

Urban Planning and Management (including socioeconomic aspects)

●● Interactive process between the most relevant parties ●● Community participation and planning with future residents for a guaranteed commitment and the creation of a high-quality network of contacts on the long run ●● Combining social, economic, cultural, recreational and sustainable interests ●● Communal ownership of public spaces

Source: Compiled after ICS Phase 1

46

●● Community participation, engagement and involvement through the development process ●● Harmony between the economic, social and environment aspects of sustainability

●● Participatory planning

●● Activating community involvement ●● Supporting local businesses

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

1.3.2 Phase 2: Integrated Site and Actor Analysis of El Hanager

overview of the design of buildings, and clusters

The purpose of this phase was to develop a site

lines running in the area. Based on this site visit,

and actor analysis and to identify the gaps and opportunities, as a step to achieve an Eco-efficient neighbourhood in El Hanager area.

in the new phase as well as the infrastructure participants were able to build some preliminary reflections of the area.

Data Collection

1.3.2.1 Tools and Process

Data were collected on and off-site. Onsite interviews

Tools used:

were conducted with randomly selected residents

●● Transect Walk ●● Site Observations ●● Interviews ●● Systems Analysis

of the first phase. They were held at different times of the day and on different days of the week to assure diversity among the interviewees. The conducted interviews with residents generally provided a preliminary overview of the residents’

●● Thematic Analysis

patterns of consumptions, needs and feedback

●● Stakeholder Analysis

towards the neighbourhood design and the provided

●● SWOT Analysis

services. Throughout the site interviews, data were collected and issues concerning the area at the

Site Observation

different scales were highlighted. Contradictory

The purpose of this stage is to provide a preliminary

information acquired from the interviews was

analysis of the situation of the area in terms of its

cross-checked among the groups. Furthermore,

built environment, infrastructure and socioeconomic

off-site interviews were held with representatives of

conditions and positioning the development of the

different departments in New Cairo Agency. These

area within the wider context of development of

interviews were important to gather and understand

new communities in Egypt.

data related to issues such as development of the

This stage began with a site visit, in which students

project, service provision, and infrastructure.

and ICS team took a transect walk to acquire general

Thematic Analysis

observations on the nature of the area as well as

The matrix used for analysing the case study

the surrounding areas around the neighbourhood.

compromised three thematic areas which were

During the walk, students had the chance to interact

cross-cut with three spatial levels. The thematic

with some residents of the first phase. Furthermore,

areas were: building and land issues; urban

the students visited one of the construction sites

infrastructure and; socio-economic development.

in the new phase. Together with the site engineer,

The cross-cutting levels were: building level; cluster

the students took a tour in the new phase to get an

level and; neighbourhood level (Figure 1.26).

47

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Neighbourhood Level

Cluster Level

Building Level

Building & Land

Building materials ●● Building technology ●● Architectural design ●● Urban design ●● Land use ●● Density ●● Spatial linkages ●● Occupancy rate ●● Real estate market (capital cost – running cost) - Legislations and policies

Urban Infrastructure

Socioeconomic Development

Water ●● Energy ●● Waste ●● Traffic/ transport ●● ICT ●● social spaces ●● Landscape ●● Soil and topography (generation – distribution – monitoring & controlling) (capital costrunning cost) (consumption rates) Legislations and policies and policies

●● Demography ●● Human development index (healtheducation) ●● Social inclusion ●● Consumption rates ●● Culture ●● Urban governance ●● Public participation ●● Financial aspects Legislations and policies

Figure 1.26: Thematic Analysis Matrix Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

The students were divided according to their

and revisit the theme in case of collecting new

interests into three groups, each covering one

relevant data. Meanwhile, by the end of each

spatial level. Each group was asked to analyse the

week, the 3 groups shared their collective data,

3 themes at their level as well as to address the

stakeholders and SWOT analysis of the theme

interlinks with the other 2 levels.

to verify the data and establish interlinks among

This analysis process ran such that one week was dedicated to collect data and conduct a preliminary

the levels to develop a big picture of El Hanager as a whole system (Figure 1.27).

analysis for each theme. This gave the students

In parallel, a number of guest speakers were

the opportunity to work in an iterative process

invited to hold thematic lectures in this phase.

and thus record data for an upcoming theme

The series of lectures covered: history of urban

48

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Building Scale Building Level of Analysis

Infrastructure

Cluster Scale Building - Cluster

Infrastructure Housing Units

Cluster level of analysis

Mobility & Communication schemes

Neighbourhood Scale Cluster - Neighbourhood

Infrastructure Housing Units

Land

Neighbourhood level of analysis

Primary School

Neighbourhood Scale Neighbourhood - City

Infrastructure Facilities

Daily Facilities

Open Spaces/ Nature

Mobility & Communication schemes

District Infrastructure Housing Units

Land

Neighbourhood

Primary School District Centre

Commercial Activities

Open Spaces/ Nature Daily Facilities Neighbourhood

Mobility & Communication Schemes

Health Care Unit

Figure 1.27: Schematic Diagram of Different Levels of Analysis Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

49

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

planning in Egypt and the shifts in the housing

Based on the site analysis of the three groups

provision policies; landscape architecture design

(building, cluster, and neighbourhood), each group

in Cairo; solid waste management in Egypt and

identified the stakeholders related to their level

an overview of energy sector in Egypt. These

of analysis. Based on the preliminary stakeholder

inputs formed a foundation for the students to

identification of each group, a discussion

comprehend the context of El Hanager as well

workshop was held to analyze the roles of all the

as the general context of housing provision and

identified stakeholders according to their interest,

infrastructure in Egypt.

interconnections and influence during the different

Identification of Issues The purpose of this step was to identify the crosscutting issues arising from the SWOT analysis of each group, to produce a list of preliminary prioritization of relevant topics for the proposal of concepts of Eco-development in the following phase.

In this context, a Knowledge café was conducted.

Three tables were assigned to the different groups: building, cluster, and neighbourhood.

stages of the project's lifetime (from design phase, construction, and operation).

1.3.2.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

I

Neighbourhood Level

Group Members: ●● Anna Buchmann ●● Heba Hatem Aggour

The ICS Knowledge café was composed of three

●● Hadir Hawash

rounds. The first two rounds were inter-group

●● Marian Lugo

rounds where the hosts at first, described the theme according to their level and presented issues of concern according to the theme. The guests, then, discussed the relationship between these issues and their level. The final round was an intra-group round where the hosting and the visiting members of each group came together to share their reflections on the different themes (Figure 1.28).

Timeline of the Neighbourhood Figure 1.29 shows how the neighbourhood has been developed from 2005 till now and what the agency is planning for it in the coming phases.

In 2004, the neighbourhood was completely empty, the government planned to design social housing project on this piece of land. In 2005, the construction of the streets was done and in 2006

Stakeholder Analysis

the construction of the first phase one was built.

Stakeholder Identification

In 2008, the construction of the landscape was

The stakeholder identification process was based on

completed and the construction of the second of

the previous knowledge, which the working groups

phase began. In 2009, all the buildings and the

gained through the interviews and investigations.

landscape of the old phase were completed. From

50

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Round 1

Building Level Table C3

B3

B5

N4

N3

t

C4

Neighbourhood Level Table

Cluster Level Table Level

C5

N2

N1

C2

C1

t

B2

B1

B4

Round 2 B2

B1 Building Cluster Level Table Level

B5

C3

C5

t

N4

N3

Neighbourhood Level Table

Cluster Level Table B3

N2

N1

C2

C1

B4

C4

Round 3 B2 Building Level Table B3

B5

Neighbourhood Level Table

Building Level Table C3

t

B4

N2

N1

C2

C1

C5

N3

N5

t

B1

N4

C4

Figure 1.28: Schematic Diagram of Knowledge CafĂŠ Rounds Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

2010 till 2012, only 2 buildings in the service area

phase was opened several agencies submitted a

were built, one of them is a mosque and the other

proposal. Three agencies were selected to construct

building has small multifunctional shops. This

the 2nd phase, El-shams company, Abo El-Wafa

building is still not operating, only a hair dresser,

company and Rowad El-Arab company. Till now,

a grilled meals shop and a cafĂŠ were opened. The

Elshams and Rowad El-Arab did not finish their

other planned shops will open after the second

construction. The applications for the apartments

phase gets inhabited by residents, in order to have

were filtered according to a specific criteria. After

a convenient income from the neighbourhood.

the construction of the second phase is completed,

Between 2012 and 2014, a call for the second

a toss event will be hold to choose the future

51

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Figure 1.29: Timeline of El Hanager Neighbourhood Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015

residents. The agency will plan the services area as soon as the residents live in El Hanager which will take another 3 to 4 years. The project plan included first to build the residential buildings and later on the services. This is not very convenient for the residents since they suffer from lack of services in close proximity. The services will be introduced to the site after 10 years, besides the agency did not implement enough services to serve the inhabitants in general and not as soon as they move to El Hanager neighbourhood.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

52

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Building and Landuse

The following map in Figure 1.30 shows the services

Buildings and Services

in the surrounding neighbourhoods and the few

El Hanager is surrounded by housing development.

existing in the neighbourhood of El Hanager.

The area of Katameya, one of the first housing developments in the area, was built for different syndicates as a middle class sector with mixed use units. Katameya’s neighborhoods services cores are being used by El Hanager residents since its service core is not completed yet, such as the primary school and shops. This means that currently the 250m of kindergarten and 500m of services

Context and Envrionment El Hanager neighbourhood has a North- South orientation, but the buildings configuration is irregular making no use of the South/ East-West solar movement and increasing the chances of thermal discomfort. The wind has a North-West direction, neither the buildings orientation nor

coverning radii established by the density calculation are not being covered at the neighbourhood.

The health centers are also located in the thrid district of New Cairo, outside of the 500m range. In addition to lack of services, two main issues were detected: ●● Lack of parks or public gardens around the area. The green belt, the closest green area, which separates the residential zone from the industrial area, has high voltage towers endangering the safety of the residents. At the same time it is partially occupied by informal activities. ●● The wall between Katameya Heights and the middle class and social housing development, due to difference in topography levels. Its

  

Wall

 

existence strengthens segregation principles among the different types of communities.

Figure 1.30: Buildings and Services in El Hanager and the Surrounding Urban District Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015

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corridors are efficiently oriented. Another important

masterplan and also not all of the planned parking

fact is the soil composition with high percentages of

slots are provided. Due to the different levels in the

Tafla. The soil is similar to clay, it has the property

landscape of the neighbourhood, many stairs are

of high water absorption and expansion due to

included and the accessibility is not guaranteed

the water content. This endangers the buildings'

for everyone.

foundations; therefore urban agriculture among the neighborhoods clusters is forbidden.

Public Transport and Linkages to Other Parts of the City

Roads and Parking

There is a deficiency in the transportation system

First of all the usage of the voids has been

to the area. There is only one formal public stop in

inspected. Not every path is accessible by car,

the area. The public bus arrives in intervals from

only the main roads through the neighbourhood.

20 minutes to 2 hours, which enforces the use of

The comparison of the masterplan of El Hanager

private and informal transportation systems, such

and the implemented masterplan shows that not

as microbuses with informal stops. The microbuses

all streets have been realised as planned in the

have two main directions; Cairo downtown and

Figure 1.31: Comparison of the Neighborhoods' Masterplan with the Current Situation Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015, based on Masterplan provided by Housing Agency

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Figure 1.32: Public Transportation Map Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015, observations and Interviews with Residents

Nasr City. Most of El Hanager residents work in

El Hanager neighbourhood sewage goes to the

Cairo city, where also most of the central services

regular infrastructure sewage pipes directly

and institutions are located. Therefore most of the

except for constructions that have lower ground

residents travel about to 25km on a daily basis.

levels which needs one more step before wards.

Urban Infrastructure Water and Sewage Systems Water is transmitted to New-Cairo through underground pipes form Teraa’t-Al Salam and Al-Obor water purification stations. Due to the topography of New-Cairo, the water system has eight water pumping stations. The third settlement pumping station provides El Hanager neighbourhood. The water system is sufficient except

New-Cairo has several sewage treatment stations of full capacity of 350,000m3. New-Cairo treats 70,000m3 that are reused in irrigating green areas. The reused treated water could not be used in irrigating edible crops as the system lacks the gray water separation at the source. Sewage collection is sufficient all over New-Cairo despite the lake of separation at the source and the low efficiency of treatment.

for complaints of some residents of its quality. The

ICT and Electricity System

Department for Infrastructure states that the

The telecommunication system in New-Cairo

water is of good quality and drinkable (Figure

is a public service upon request. As for social

1.33). New-Cairo consumes a rate of 360,000m3/

housing, the housing agency sends list of

day despite the fact of its low residential density.

names of the selected owners to the responsible

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telecommunication center. Then, on individual

towers of high voltage from the electricity plant

basis, residents request connecting landlines

at Al-Maa’di and Helwan to New-Cairo. Then it is

to their households. El Hanager is within the

distributed inside New-Cairo by the help of four to

catchment area of Al-Katamya telecommunication

six distribution substations to the different districts

center. The land line is the base to do contracts

of housing and other uses (Figure 1.34). In general,

for internet access and other services.

the electric supply is sufficient and doesn’t suffer

The overall electric supply system of New-Cairo is provided by ‘North Cairo Electricity Company’.

cut offs all over New-Cairo, despite the fact that the source is non-renewable (natural gas).

Electricity is transmitted through air transmission

Figure 1.33: Sewage System Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, based on data from Infrastructure Department, 2015

Figure 1.34: Electricity System Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015, Information: Infrastructure Department

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Figure 1.35: Locations of the Recycling Company Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015, based on google maps, Information: Infrastructure Department

Waste System

involvement on the site, as well as the links between

The solid waste collection has two separate systems

each of them. The residents of El Hanager are the

in New-Cairo according to type. The first type is

most affected by each intervention happening on

the construction waste which is the responsibility

the site; at the same time, they shape the identity of

of the private construction agencies. Construction

the neighbourhood. Over time, the neighbourhood

waste is collected and transported to the recycling

can become a reflection of the values, aspirations

factory at the 1000 factory district in New-Cairo.

and socio-economic conditions of the residents.

The second is the household waste which is the

The New Cairo Agency coordinates all specialized

responsibility of private companies assigned by

departments. In addition it communicates and

the department of housing. Garbage is collected

works in coorporation with the Association of new

without separation in several boxes within the

urban communities (NUCA). The Infrastrucutre for

neighbourhood, then transported by compression

water and sewage, electricity, ICT, waste collection

trucks to dump fills and recycling factories. The

and disposal and maintenance is managed by the

solid waste system has major deficiency in sorting

Infrastructure Departments at the city level.

and taking care of the un-collected leftovers (Figure 1.35) .

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

Stakeholder Analysis Various stakeholders are involved in the neighbourhood of El Hanager. The stakeholder analysis diagram (Figure 1.36) shows the position of the stakeholders due to their influence, affection and

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Figure 1.36: Stakeholder Analysis - At Neighbourhood Level Secondary Stakeholder

II

Primary Stakeholder

Source: Neighbourhood Level Group, 2015

Key Stakeholder

Cluster Level

Group Members: ●● Jesus Martinez ●● Mai Adel ●● Stephanie Gil ●● Semegnish E. Gizaw ●● Tamer Aly Kamel

Introduction and Methodology clus.ter noun ●● A group of similar things positioned or occurring closely together. ●● A natural subgroup of a population, used for statistical sampling or analysis.

The research is based on typology and morphology analysis of group of buildings identified by analysis and observations.

Building and Land Use For a more detailed analysis of the clusters, the typology of the clusters had to be redefined. Two larger study clusters were chosen as a sample to generalize observations, in oreder to assess how they function from within and within the neighbourhood (Figure 1.37). The first study cluster is one of the two large - island - clusters from the old phase, and the second is from the new phase.

Study Cluster 1 is taken from the old phase of the project, and as is the nature of the first phase, it is less dense. With a total area of 28,600m2, only 13% is built leaving the remaining 87% for parks and open space. With 16 buildings in the cluster,

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five stories each with four apartments in each floor, and assuming the average apartment would host a family of 5, the total expected occupancy of the cluster would form 1,600 persons. This will result in an approximate of 15.5m2 of open space per occupant for this study cluster. This is excluding the car parking lots which can host around 30 cars in total, leaving a planned car ownership rate of 0.09 cars per apartment. The huge unbuilt area can also be attributed to the platforms extending at least 20m. The loosely designed open spaces are therefore not efficient because of the scale of the green spaces and that leads to inefficient usage.

However the parking area in this cluster does not seem to be proportional to the number of units.

Study Cluster 2 is taken from the new phase that is still under construction. With a total area of

Study Cluster 2

Study Cluster 1

Figure 1.37: Morphology Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

16,700m2, this cluster is more dense with 16% total built area leaving 84% for parks and open space.

With 9 buildings in total, 6 stories each with 4 appartments in each floor, the expected occupancy of the cluster would form 1,080 inhabitants. This will result in a 13m2 of open space per occupant.

The cluster offers a total of 36 parking spots, leaving a planned ownership rate of 0.16 cars per apartment. This phase lacks the platforms and the clusters are much smaller than the ones from the first example creating a more defined open space with more possibility for efficient usage.

Mobility The first study cluster is surrounded by both medium and light traffic roads, and it has four parking lots around in it. All buildings are accessed

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

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Pedestrian Zone Walkway Building Entrance Parking

Medium Traffic Street High Traffic Street

Light Traffic Street

Figure 1.38: Mobility Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

from the street side, so they turn their back relatively

between the different platforms. Though the large

to the open space between them. The entire open

open space is pedestrian, this difference in heights

space is for pedestrian with no streets and there

causes barriers as there is no transition between

is a small walkway that follows the geometry of

them apart from the occasional stairs which can

the cluster and is formed by the height difference

obstruct accessibility (Figure 1.38).

The second study cluster is quite different. It is surrounded by light, medium and heavy traffic streets with three larger parking lots which are recessed more into the public space. All buildings are accessed from the public space between the buildings which would result in a better interaction with the space. The public space is pedestrian apart from a small street to access the parking located to the south. The topography of the site might result in a longitudinal difference in heights along the public space.

Land Use The low occupancy rate and the lack of definition

Figure 1.39: Parks, Plants and Level Barriers Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

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of public space in the first study cluster do not reflect any clear usages of the public space apart

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Public Space

Parks/Planned Parks

Kiosks

Figure 1.40: Land Use Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

Figure 1.41: Kiosk at Night Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

from a couple of small informal kiosks. The parks

Services and entrances towards the roads:

are more like sand beds with no green cover and

As mentioned before, the main entrances to the

few trees that were recently planted in a rather

buildings are directly connected to the roads and

dense distribution. The proximity of the trees to

parking spots. This creates a lack of interaction with

each other and their short height render the parks

the spaces for social activities and in that sense

not usable for any activities. The second study cluster has a more defined public space between the buildings which might result in a better usage of the space, however it cannot be assessed as it is not occupied yet. The parks are also not planted or defined yet, so it cannot be assessed. However, the planned distribution of the parks leaves little space between them which would leave almost no space for any social gatherings or interactions if they were all planted (Figures 1.39, 1.40 and 1.41) .

Urban Design

as seen during the site visits, the small amount of activities occur as well towards the roads. Between these activities some children were seen using the roads as soccer fields during the night. The roads, in this sense, are perceived as safer places than the parks and green areas. Garbage collection boxes, transformer rooms and electric boxes are as well services that could be found along the Streets.

Lighting: The lamp posts next to the streets are 12m tall and are illuminated with 400 w lamps, the ones that face the green areas are shorter (8m) but still demand a lot of energy to illuminate

Some of this analysis is only concerned with the

the large green areas and do present a friendly

first study section, as the new phase is still not

and safe atmosphere for social usages. These are

completed.

illuminated with 250w lamps (Figure 1.42).

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Figure 1.42: Section through Study Cluster 1 Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

Climatic Conditions The dispersed nature of the buildings in phase one over a large plot of land results in a very few shaded areas. In comparison with the percentage of the open space, this renders most of the public space not usable in hot and warm days and does not contribute with any passive shading on the neighbouring buildings.

In the new phase however, the higher density and

Figure 1.43: Shadow Map Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

closer proximity of the buildings to each other cover a large portion of the open space with shadow which should render it more usable. Passive shading however is still rather limited. The performance of shadows can be seen in the shadow map (Figure 1.43) which was calculated according to the solar path of Cairo in the solstice. When it comes to wind and ventilation, the two cluster typologies switch positions (Figure 1.44). The density of buildings in phase one and the large open space between them allows a decent exposure to wind for buildings as well as the open space between them. In the new phase, the small space left between the buildings and their orientation east-west limits the flow of air between them which may affect around two buildings, but it may also manifest in the public space.

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Blocked Wind Path

Figure 1.44: Wind Map Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

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Urban Infrastructure

This cost is paid by the agency since it is under

Water Network Water reaching El Hanager area is divided into two types; potable water that feeds the buildings to be used for all purposes and treated wastewater that is used for the irrigation of the green spaces between the clusters of buildings. The as built drawings

the expenses of public spaces. The green spaces are maintained and irrigated by workers hired by the department of agriculture in the agency, three are responsible for El Hanager and they go their daily.

of the potable water and sewage networks in the

Sewage

first phase of the project were obtained from the

El Hanager neighbourhood is sloped towards the

utilities department in New Cairo Agency and thus

south, therefore the sewage network is designed

were taken as a base for the analysis.

where it collects the waste and gets sloped towards five external manholes south of the neighbourhood.

Potable Water Network Water enters to El Hanager from the main line (315mm) in the surrounding streets through three entry points each connected to a (160mm) pipe.

Inside the cluster, either each building is singly connected to the pipes or each two buildings are grouped and connected to the pipe. The holding company of potable water and sewage in Cairo is

Pipes are distributed along the streets; almost each two buildings are connected to a single manhole. (sewage master plan 2007). The maintenance of the sewage piping system is undergone by the holding company of potable water and sewage in Cairo, the cost of this is a small amount included in the water bills paid by the residents.

responsible for the maintenance of this system.

Energy

The water meters are distributed per building with

During the site visits, the infrastructure components

average cost of 200-300 LE/building/month which

of the electricity network were identified to be

is equal to 10-15 LE/unit (Based on interviews

occupying a space in the cluster level as indicated

with the residents).

in Figure 1.45. Starting from the transformer rooms distributed in the empty space between

Irrigation Water Network The used system in the first phase is manual irrigation system using hoses and from the site visits it was seen that each zone of green spaces has a water outlet, a vertical pipe with a tap that connects to the hose. Treated wastewater is fed to the area for

buildings; around two rooms per cluster, coming to the intermediate distribution boxes that were found every two to three buildings closer to the street side. Then finally there is the distribution panels mounted in the entrance of each building.

irrigation coming from two treatment plants. The

Waste

water amount needed is 20-30m /feddan of green

Waste is thrown by the residents in the common

space. The price of treating the waste water and

metal waste boxes found in the area, for this

pumping it again to be reused is 1-1.25 LE/m3.

cluster which is the second largest cluster in the

3

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neighbourhood, 5 waste boxes were found during

with Asphalt. Public space however, is covered

the site visit (Figure 1.46). The private company,

with relatively smooth concrete apart from the

assigned by ‘Masr housing and Development

parks which are currently mostly sand beds as

Company’, collects the waste from these boxes in a

mentioned before. Though the material selection

similar way as any other district in Cairo (interview

is understandable in terms of durability and costs,

with an official working for New Cairo Agency).

it is not friendly and does not encourage social

Since El Hanager still has a low occupancy, this

usages. Moreover, both asphalt and concrete have

type of waste is not a lot. Therefore these groups

poor permeability and a high heat gain rating.

of informal waste collectors visit El Hanager in Although the second phase of El Hanager is still

weekends to collect the waste.

under construction, the current plan reflects the Transformer Rooms Distribution Boxes Distribution Panels

same analysis. It is also worth noting that the soil in the area, as is the case in many parts of New Cairo, is rich in Tafla. Soils rich with Tafla has a tendency to expand when exposed to water and can cause severe structural problems, all of which may explain the selection of the large concrete platforms that occupy most of the public spaces.

This also reflects the limitation in planting, favoring

Figure 1.45: Electricity Supply

species that demand less water and monitoring

Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

from the state, prohibiting residents to interfere in terms of adding trees or crops.

Socio Economics The occupancy rates have varied throughout the research between what is mentioned by the Metal Waste Boxes

residents being around 60-70%, which was not a completely representative sample to rely on, and between what was mentioned by the agency

Figure 1.46: Waste Collection

ranging between 20-40% general occupancy in

Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

New Cairo including El Hanager.

Surfaces and Soil

Activities

Disregarding the prospective traffic, all streets

Figure 1.47 shows the mapped locations where

in the neighbourhood of El Hanager are covered

there were some activities taking place.

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Governance: Civil Society Participation Currently there are some self-organized activities that start from the level of individual buildings. The New Cairo Agency, that represents according to law, the administrative authority, expects that after the election of the representatives of each building one representative is to be elected to coordinate Main Entrance

with the New Cairo Agency the different actions that involve El Hanager residents. However this model lacks an intermediate level that could solve problems and concerns, related to the scale of a

Maintained Green Spaces Intervened Spaces

Changed Functions in Ground Floor kiosks

Figure 1.47: Socio Economic Activities Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

cluster. This lead to a research on the law 119 in the articles 204, 205, 207, 212, 219 as shown in Figure 1.48.

Figure 1.48: Governance System Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

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Stakeholder Analysis The main stakeholders playing roles in what is happening in El Hanager area were identified and classified, according to the level of importance and influence in directing anything happening on ground. The actors were divided into state, private sector and civil society while the different relations taking place among them were highlighted as shown in Figure 1.49.

Figure 1.49: Cluster Stakeholder Analysis Source: Cluster Level Group, 2015

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III

Building Level

Group Members: ●● Jasmin Shata ●● Mohammad AlJabi ●● Reeham Mourad ●● Nader Khelifi

Building Materials and Standards The conditions of buildings in both phases are coherent and comply with the Egyptian building regulations.

Aljabi, 2015

Matrials Used on the Site Figure 1.50 shows the standard details of the

Figure 1.50: Colors Used in the Elevations

external walls of the buildings in the project.

Source: Building Level Group, 2015

The finishing of buidlings is a single layer of red bricks, plastered with concrete plaster and finally painted with white and orange paints for the new phase and an earthy color for the old phase. The buildings do not have any cavity wall insulation or any insulation techniques to ensure thermal comfort inside the apartments (Figure 1.51).

Social Aspects On the building scale, we can notice that the conditions set by the building typology affect the way people interact with the space and with each other.

Aljabi, 2015

Figure 1.51: Basic Materials Used on the Site Source: Building Level Group, 2015

Household Activities / Energy Peak

low to middle income families of an average of

The energy consumption of units differs according

five members. The typical daily pattern observed

to the number of the family members and the

is that the husband spends most of the day at

pattern of activities they do. Since it is a social

work, the children go to school in mornings till

housing project, most occupied units accomodate

afternoons, while the wife is the one staying inside

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Figure 1.52: Diagram for the Life Cycle Analysis Source: Building Level Group, 2015

the apartments during the day. The peak of energy

between the residents in the neighborhoods were

consumption is commonly in the early morning

noticed. Even though the units are small in size,

hours since it is the time for everyone to get ready.

most women tend to spend most of their time

Thus, water, gas and electricity are highly consumed

inside and do not make use of the space outside

during that time of the day. This tendency varies

or the terrace. The position of the buildings and

in the case where the units are rented to migrants

their proximity to one another or to empty spaces

who live in bigger numbers inside the units (6 to

create different conditions that affect in a way the

8) people and who generally have different uses of the building. Since they go to work early and only come back at night, the most energy is sollicitated at night when they use all the facilities and need to turn on lights.

possibilities of encounters and interactions between people. Figure 1.53 illustrates these different patterns and how the built environment affects the interaction even if it is not noticeable sometimes.

Social Initiatives

Patterns of Social Interactions

Through our interviews with the residents, we

Through observation and interviews with some of

found out that some initiatives took place in order

the inhabitants, many factors affect the interaction

to appropriate the space and the activities of the

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residents to the space outside (Figure 1.54). One of the ladies ‘Um Mazen’ explained that she used to plant trees to grow fruits and vegetables in the empty green lots. She explained that this was important to her since she could use the space and benefit from it instead of leaving it empty.

According to her story, despite she didn’t face any problems with her neighbors, the agency took out all the planted trees and refused to let her use the space in the future without explaining. We later found out that this might be because of the nature of the soil which is mostly ‘Tafla’ that threatens Figure 1.53: Buildings Layout and its Effect on Interaction Source: Building Level Group, 2015

the infrastructure of the buildings in the presence of water. Another intresting use of the space was highlighted by another lady who shared that she

Figure 1.54: Social Initiatives and Restrictions Source: Building Level Group, 2015

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finds the platforms around the buildings of great use during family gatherings, since she cannot fit her guests inside her apartment as it is really small. Furthermore, in some buildings, there are community management initiatives, where residents collect monthly amount of money to fix some problems such as manholes and other sanitary issues.

Building Typology There are two models in El Hanager, one from the old phase and another one from the new phase.

Old Phase

Figure 1.56: Picture of the Old Building

The building, in the old phase, consists of four

Source: Building Level Group, 2015

typical floors plus ground floor on 232m2 surface area (Figure 1.55). It has only one main entrance and one staircase. The ventilation and lighting are natural; the staircase core has one window per floor.

The unit area is 58m2, consists of two rooms, a toilet, a kitchen, a reception, a terrace in the ground floor and and 2 in the upper floors (Figure 1.56).

New Phase The building, in the new phase, consists of five typical floors plus ground floor on a 360m2 surface area. It has only one main entrance and one staircase. The ventilation and lighting are natural; the staircase core has one window per floor. The unit’s area is 90m2 consiting of three rooms, a toilet, a kitchen, two small terraces, and a reception (Figures 1.57 and 1.58).

Figure 1.55: Typical Floor - Old Phase Source: Building Level Group, 2015 Figure 1.57: Picture of the New Building Source: Building Level Group, 2015

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Figure 1.58: Typical Floor - New Phase Source: Building Level Group, 2015

Interventions Responding to their needs, some inhabitants started to extend and build light structure outside and attached to the building. For instance, some installed pigeon holes on the side facade beside their balconies. The others installed fences in the ground floor balconies for more security and privacy. Furthermore, some built benches for sitting in front of their units.

Common Spaces The common spaces that are used by the residents, inside the building, are mainly the roof and the entrance. The entrance is used by ground floor residents and it depends on their social bonds; whether it is good or not. The roof is used for storing the old furniture and installing the satellite dishes (Figure 1.59). The platform, that surrounds the building, is used sometimes for family gatherings when the reception in the units cannot receive the whole number of family members.

Figure 1.59: Items stored or installed on the Rooftops Source: Building Level Group, 2015

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Problems

Maintenance

Thermal Comfort

There are two scenarios of the maintenance process;

Based on the observations, interviews with the

The formal one is that the inhabitants pay 5,000 LE at

inhabitants and in the light of the building materials

the beginning to the agency to assign a maintenance

used and absence of insulation techniques, the

company. However, inhabitants complained that

temperature inside the unit is reported to be very

the company does not provide any maintenance

hot. Most of the residents stated that they cannot

for the building.

afford to buy air conditioning units. They complained also that they cannot stay in the balconies because

Consequently, the inhabitants developed an

there is no enough shadow and hot weather outside.

informal scenario among themselves to fix their

Paint

of money (around 10 LE) monthly (Figure 1.61).

building problems. They collect a certain amount

Painting is falling due to the bad insulation of wet areas. It directly affects the whole finishing in the unit (Figure 1.60).

Inhabitants Pay

5,000 L.E.

Inhabitants

The Agency

Inhabitants Informal Scenario Maintenance Company

Formal Scenario

Figure 1.60: Falling Paints Inside the Units

Figure 1.61: Scenarios of Maintenance Process

Source: Building Level Group, 2015

Source: Building Level Group, 2015

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Infrastructure

Stakeholder Analysis

Eight Households were taken as samples in order

The analysis was divided into three parts according

to observe the energy consumption and cost. As

to the phases of the project, such that the change

for the electricity, four households have an air

of the role of each stakeholder can be tracked

conditioning unit each and another four without

in the three phases through out the diagram

the units, then the inhabitants were asked about

(Figure 1.62).

their consumption rate. The results were misleading either due to error in the meters or the inhabitants didn’t know the actual readings of the bills. The sewage system follows the same track as any other regular housing in Cairo. The waste is taken by garbage personnel after being accumulated on the streets. Residents pay a total of 20 LE for the gas and garbage collection.

The first phase is the planning and design phase, where the agency has the most influence on the project; as it is also the most important along with the ministry which sets the rules and regulations for erecting such projects. Here the residents don’t play any major role except that they are kept in mind while planning as the main users of the

Phase: Planning Phase: Building

Phase: Residing

Phase: Planning

Figure 1.62: Stakeholder Analysis Source: Building Level Group, 2015

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IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

project. In the second phase, which is the building phase, the agency remains the most influential and important; however the ministry is not as important as before. The residents somehow disappear at this stage while the contractors play a crucial role at this phase.

Finally when the units are handed over to the residents, the agency is still in charge of the project,

1.3.3 Phase 3: Proposals of EcoDevelopment of El Hanager Neighbourhood The aim of this phase was to propose Econeighbourhood development concepts which integrate the three scales; building, cluster, and neighbourhood together, for El Hanager neighbourhood. In this phase, the students formed new groups such that each concept group would

the residents rise to have an important role as they

include at least one member from the previous

are the only users of the space now, and they can set

groups of phase 2. The rationale was to support each

their own rules under the umbrella of the agency.

concept group with perspectives of the different levels in order to achieve an integrated concept.

1.3.2.3 General Conclusion Based on the integrated site and actor analysis

1.3.3.1 Tools and Process

conducted on the different levels, a compiled

Tools used:

SWOT analysis of El Hanager neighbourhood was deduced (Figure 1.63).

●● Issues vs Objectives Matrix ●● Issues vs Stakeholders Matrix ●● Design Brief ●● Focus Group

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Strengths

Weaknesses

●● Social Housing provided by the government. ●● Selected representative person for each building. ●● Self-organization of residents regarding services in some buildings and clusters. ●● Existing gardening activities. ●● Drinking water of good quality. ●● Use of treated water for irrigation. ●● Recycling of solid waste and treatment of sewage. ●● Good electricity system. ●● Existing transportation possibilities formal and informal. ●● Open spaces between buildings. ●● Affordable prices for low-income class. ●● The open spaces in the new zone are more inclusive. ●● Microbusinesses in the area for women.

●● Very high daily basis costs due to the location of the neighbourhood. ●● Accessibility to the neighbourhood and the buildings. ●● Lack of shades and urban furniture in the open spaces. ●● Informal commercial functions. ●● Area is not livable at daytime. ●● The occupants union is not active in the area. ●● Problems in maintenance - garbage distribution on open spaces (construction & houshold waste). ●● Sustainability cycles are not complete, composted organic waste are not transported back to the site to enrich the quality of the soil. ●● Small residential areas - little living space. ●● Lack of safety especially on ground levels. ●● No orientation in the design of the buildings. ●● High density by an estimation of full occupancy. ●● No change in use of the units allowed. ●● Lack of services and facilities in El Hanager. ●● Large number of units are subrented. ●● No resident participation is allowed in gardening or maintenance activities. ●● High prices of services. ●● Building materials are not environmentally friendly.

Opportunities

●● Unused open spaces in the neighbourhood. ●● Planned services could increase social exchange and networks, additional to the mosque. ●● The presence of occupants union in the law. ●● Possibility of using solar energy. ●● New community since 2007, so social structures can be developed. ●● Cultural exchange between Egyptians and residents form other countries. ●● Close-by youth club can connect the residents. ●● Two phases and different housing prototypes. ●● Cairo's green belt & natural perserve area. ●● Existing environmental measures (recycling and water treatment). ●● Possibility of drawing lessons from phase 1 to be considered in phase 2.

Threats

●● Different design of new phase - conflict potential. ●● Not enough follow-up, by the agency, so unintended activities develop. ●● Not enough follow-up on what is happening. ●● No design plan exists - design of space by chance. ●● Top-down housing project. ●● Dominant industrial activities in the surroundings. ●● Low ocuppancy which threatens developing initiatives. ●● Tafla soil threatens expanding and diversifyiny the gardening.

Figure 1.63: Compiled SWOT Analysis Source: Building Level Group, 2015

75

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

In this matrix, issues are aggregated, and each is Objective

given a relative weight (Figure 1.64). In order to do this, participants attempted to identify how many objectives are reached by addressing one specific issue. Accordingly, binary values were determined (Yes:1 or No:0; C was used in case of foreseen challenges to attain the objective).

Issue

Hence, the more objectives were achieved by one specific issue, the higher this issue moved up in the priority list.

Does solving this issue contribute to achieving this objective?

Thus, each team was able to prioritize the list of

Yes: 1

issues in El Hanager area based on the scoring each

No: 0

c: challenge

issue gets. In addition, ‘Issues Versus Stakeholder’ Figure 1.64: Issues vs Objectives Matrix Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

Periodization of Issues Firstly, each team started developing an integrated SWOT, based on the SWOT analysis earlier developed for each scale in phase 2, to create a comprehensive list of the major issues in El Hanager area. Secondly, in order to prioritize the list of issues developed from the integrated SWOT analysis, ‘Issues versus Objectives’ and ‘Issues versus stakeholder’ matrices were conducted. The purpose of ‘Issues versus Objective’ matrix was to map the relevance, significance and priority of each issue according to the list of objectives developed to achieve an Eco-approach. The list of objectives, as extracted from the Eco-nieghborhood in phase 1, are namely: Urban design and land use scheme, Mobility and accessibility schemes, Energy management, Water management, Material management, Landscape and biodiversity, Urban Planning and Management.

76

matrix was conducted, in oder to identify the relation between the issues and stakeholders involved.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Generation of Eco-Concepts

By the end of this stage, three concepts were

In this stage, each working group generated a

generated to achieve Eco-development in El

concept for developing El Hanager neighbourhood

Hanager neighbourhood:

into an Eco-neighbourhood, based on addressing

●● Public Private Partnerships

the list of prioritized issues. It was important in

●● Empowering Integrative Cycles

this stage to explore the local initiatives working on similar ideas. To achieve this, a number of

●● Eco-Efficient Service Provision

experts from different sustainable development initiatives were invited to IUSD studio to share their experience with the class. This covered discussions on roof-top gardening and urban gardening with Schaduf initiative. In addition, applications of solar panels and Feed-in-Tariffs in residential areas were discussed with Sunergy initiative.

Furthermore, during this period, iHub interns conducted a market research to identify available technologies in the field of water and energy management.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

Eco-Development Concepts for Elhanager Neighborhood Eco-Development Concepts for El Hanager Neighbourhood Promoting Sustainable Developing Integrative Activating Open Economic Model Cycles Developing Promoting ActivatingSpaces Open

Sustainable economic model

Integrative Cycles

Spaces

Figure 1.65: Proposed Concept for Eco-Development in El Hanager Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

77

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Development of Proposals

the strategic actions and distinguish the different

After generating the concepts, each group was

levels of actions - policy, plan, program, and

asked to prepare a design brief for their proposals.

project - that need to be prepared consecutively

The design briefs covered a description of the

and influence each other to achieve the overall goal.

proposed development plan; objectives, scope and scale, beneficiaries, actors and the expected

At the end of the phase, the working groups

outputs / outcomes.

presented their design briefs, in which they reviewed

In order to develop the concepts into a more

proposal, integration of the three scales (Building,

applicable and viable proposals, a one day ‘Expert

cluster and neighbourhood), relationship of the

workshop’ was held. The workshop aimed at

two phases of El Hanager (old phase and new

discussing preliminary proposals of developing

phase) in the development plan; and the actors

integrated Eco-neighbourhood concept in El

and beneficiaries –both at local, city level, national

Hanager area with experts from different

the development concept, specific objectives of the

level (their roles and relationship).

backgrounds. Three round tables of experts were held, such that: ●● Round Table A: Officials from NUCA and MHUUD –focus on laws and regulations, urban governance, and business models of the proposals. ●● Round Table B: Experts of Energy and Mechanics–focus on applicable and affordable solutions for energy management, and suitability of proposals to the Egyptian context.

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

●● Round Table C: Experts of Waste Management and Infrastructure planning - focus on landscape and waste management systems, and the environmental consideration of the proposals.

In the light of discussions held during the workshop, the working groups began to develop their design briefs. Furthermore, the concept of vertical tiering was introduced. The purpose was to provide the students with a tool which allows them to reconsider

78

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

1.3.3.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

I

Concept I: Promoting Local Sustainable Economies

Group Members: ●● Jasmin Shata ●● Jesus Martinez ●● Tamer Aly Kamel ●● Marian Lugo

Main concept: Setting a new local sustainable economy for El Hanager area aiming to enhance the built environment performance and can be replicated in IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

different areas in new Cairo.









 

 

 



  

         

   



     



       

 

    

   

 

 

Figure 1.66: Project Development Source: Promoting Local Sustainable Economies Group, 2015

79

80 2

2 2 1 1 2 2 2

2

2

2

Built Environmental Performance

Definition and Usability of Public Space

Introduction of Mixed Use

Balance Between Different Incomes

Improve Transportation System

Waste Separation on Site

Waste Composting and recycling

Water Separation and Collection on Site

Introduction of Soft and Hardscape

Introduction of Proper SpeciesBiodiversity

Introduction of Solar Energy or Renewable Energy

0

0

2

0

0

0

2

1

2

2

2

1

Mobility & Accesability

Source: Promoting Local Sustainable Economies Group, 2015

2

Increasing Density

Urban & Land use Scheme

Table 1.5: Objectives vs Issues Matrix

2

0

0

1

1

0

1

2

2

1

2

1

Energy Management

0

1

1

2

1

1

0

1

1

1

2

1

Water Management

0

2

2

2

2

1

0

0

1

2

2

0

Landscape & Biodiversity

2

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

Urban Plan & Management

2

0

0

1

2

2

0

1

1

1

2

1

Material Management

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

II

Concept II: Developing Integrative Cycles

Group Members:

Level 1: Planning Strategies Reforms

●● Mai Adel ●● Anna Buchmann ●● Mohammad AlJabi ●● Reeham Mourad

Level 2: Proposals for Un-Built Projects

Main concept: Developing integrative cycles for Ecoefficient neighbourhood development in El Hanager neighbourhood.

Level 3:

Figure 1.67: Proposed Concept on Different Levels

Concepts for El Hanager

Source: Developing Integrative Cycles Group, 2015

Figure 1.68: Concept Generation Source: Developing Integrative Cycles Group, 2015

81

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Urban Infrastructure

Urban Infrastructure Issues

Building & Land Issues

General

Score

OBJ. 7

OBJ. 6

OBJ. 5

OBJ. 4

OBJ. 3

OBJ. 2

Eval

Issue/Objective

OBJ. 1

Table 1.6: Issues versus Objectives Matrix

1. Providing large number of units (low occupancy rate - not the intended inhabitants

+

3.5

2. Top-down decisions - no active NGOs

-

3.5

3. Small living spaces (compared to living inhabitants)

+

1.5

4. Un-environmental building materials and treatments affecting the thermal comfort

-

2.5

5. Lack of studied planning design (land use distribution - orientation - clustering)

-

2.5

6. Low built-up area - large unused open spaces (usage/relations)

+

3

7. High availability of public spaces

+

0

8. Lack of diversified functions in the public spaces (playgrounds - furniture - lighting)

-

3

9. Availability of the buffer garden

+

0

10. Lack of sufficient public transportation

+

3

11. Low potable water quality

-

1

12. Use of treated water for irrigation

+

2.5

13. No rainwater collection - reuse

-

2

14. No waste separation - recycling

-

3

15. The problem of Tafla soil - topography

-

2

16. Lack of mixed use in the planning

-

2

17. Delay of providing services - higher cost of everything in the area

-

2.5

18. Surrounding services (clubs/hospitals/...)

+

0

19. Self organized initiatives (solve lack of services and maintenance - unofficial occupants union)

+ -

0

20. Minimal interaction between residents

-

3.5

Key ●● OBJ. 1 = Urban design - Land use - Building Scheme ●● OBJ. 2 = Mobility and Accessibility Scheme ●● OBJ. 3 = Energy Management Scheme ●● OBJ. 4 = Water Management Scheme ●● OBJ. 5 = Material and Waste Management System ●● OBJ. 6 = Landscape and Biodiversity ●● OBJ. 7 = Urban Planning and Management (Socio-Economic Aspects)

Source: Developing Integrative Cycles Group, 2015

82

Score = 0 / Need to be addressed to reach an objective Score = 0.5 / would be a challenge /hurdle to reach an objective The issue is not related to the objective Score = 1 / Potentially contribute to reach an objective

Utilities

Housing

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Water & Irrigation

Ministry of Electricity & Energy

Ministry of Transport

Ministry of Housing

6.5 8 6

10. Lack of sufficient public transportation

12. Use of treated water for irrigation

14. No waste separation recycling

3

Waste Collection Co.

8. Lack of diversified functions in the public space (playgrounds - furniture lighting)

Water & Sewage Holding Co.

5.5

NC Electricity Co.

6. Low built-up area - large unused open spaces (usage/ relations)

Public Transport Org.

5

Private Transport

5. Lack of studied planning design (land use distribution orientation - clustering)

Residents

5

Community Union

4. Un-environmental building materials and treatments affect thermal comfort

Contractor Co.

12

Shops/Service Owners

2. Top-down decisions - no active NGOs

Designer/Planner Co.

6.5

Score

1. Providing large number of units (low occupancy rate not the intended inhabitants

Agriculture

New Cairo Agency

Electricity

Issue/Stakeholders

Development

Table 1.7: Issues vs Stakeholders Matrix (Cont.)

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

83

Contractor Co.

Community Union

Residents

Private Transport

Public Transport Org.

NC Electricity Co.

Water & Sewage Holding Co.

Waste Collection Co.

Housing

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Water & Irrigation

Ministry of Electricity & Energy

Ministry of Transport

Ministry of Housing

Score = 1 / Potentially contribute to reach an objective

Score = 0.5 / would be a challenge /hurdle to reach an objective

Source: Developing Integrative Cycles Group, 2015

The issue is not related to the objective

Score = 0 / Need to be addressed to reach an objective

●● OBJ. 1 = Urban design - Land use - Building Scheme ●● OBJ. 2 = Mobility and Accessibility Scheme ●● OBJ. 3 = Energy Management Scheme ●● OBJ. 4 = Water Management Scheme ●● OBJ. 5 = Material and Waste Management System ●● OBJ. 6 = Landscape and Biodiversity ●● OBJ. 7 = Urban Planning and Management (Socio-Economic Aspects)

Key

3

Shops/Service Owners

20. Minimal interaction between residents

Designer/Planner Co.

4.5

Score

17. Delay of providing services higher cost of everything in the area

Utilities

New Cairo Agency

Agriculture

Issue/Stakeholders

Electricity

84 Development

Table 1.7: Issues vs Stakeholders Matrix

‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT SERIES

Cairo Between the Extremes

Policy

Sustainable utilization of unused spaces asset through community empowerment

Attract the whole of El Hanager community

Start with active community members

Create economic revenues for community

Plan Implement productive gardening activities

Program Productive roof top gardening

Productive gardening open spaces

Improve waste water and soil quality using available resources

Composting out of organic waste

Biological waste water treatment

Fill the gap of missing services with commercial functions

Provide Enhance needed social sustainable functions mobilization to boost in and out of the interaction area

Children Temporary weekly market playgrounds and street kiosks furniture

Bike sharing initiative

Add energy generation and consumption reduction functions

Paint bicycle and pedestrain pathways

Photovoltaic on shading elements

Solar water heaters on the roofs

Projects

Figure 1.69: Vertical Tiering of Actions Source: Developing Integrative Cycles Group, 2015

III

Concept III: Activating Open Spaces

Group Members: ●● Semegnish Gizaw ●● Nader Khelifi ●● Hadir Hawash ●● Heba Hatem

Main concept: Setting a Network of Open Spaces for Efficient Neighbourhood and activating the unused spaces.

Figure 1.70: General Scheme Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

85

86 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 /

Activities/Services

Interventions/ Flexibility

Surrounding

Connectivity

Formal Businesses

Informal Business

Lost Spaces for Services

Provision

Maintenance

Sustainability/Cycle

Awareness

Walkability

Public/Private Transformation

Individual Transportation

Cost

1

0

1

1

0

Hard Scape

Social Arena

0

1

Green Areas

Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

Issue 4 Mobility/ Accessibility

Issue 3 Utilities

Issue 2 Services & Facilities

Issue 1 Open Spaces

OB2 Mobility Accessibility

OB1 Urban Design

Table 1.8: Objectives vs Issues Matrix

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

/

/

0

0

0

0

0

OB3 Energy Management

/

/

/

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

/

/

/

0

0

1

1

OB4 Water Management

/

/

/

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

OB5 Material Waste

/

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

/

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

OB6 Landscape Biodiversity

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

OB7 Urban Planning Management

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Figure 1.71: Mapping Stakeholders and their Envisioned Roles Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

Organizational efficiency starts with mapping the important stakeholders that are involved already in the neighbourhood (planning, maintaining, residing,...etc.), then defining the tasks for each in order to clarify the hierarchy.

Ownership: Agency Initiators: Businesses Among Owners, Subsidy Businesses + Other Runninh Cost: Agency + Community

Figure 1.73: Cluster Scale Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015 Ownership: Owners of Units Initiators: Owners of Tenants Running Cost: Users Among the Community

Figure 1.72: Building Scale Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015 Ownership: Agency

Figure 1.74: Neighbourhood Scale Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

Initiators: Community Runninh Cost: Agency + Community

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Figure 1.75: Social Spaces Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

Figure 1.76: Electricity from Solar Energy Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

Figure 1.77: Sewage Treatment Source: Activating Open Spaces Group, 2015

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1.3.4 Phase 4: El Hanager Eco-Neighbourhood Action Plan

varied from group to another according to the

The final phase aimed at proposing an action plan

In this sense, according to the nature of their

for the aforementioned three concepts in phase 3.

project, each group built a different network of

In this regard, each group worked on developing

stakeholders, experts, NGOs, institutions and

their concepts in details, in order to achieve an

future actors / beneficiaries.

resources of the data needed by their concept.

Eco-neighbourhood for El Hanager area while integrating the three scales of building, cluster

Furthermore, to support the development of the

and neighbourhood. To achieve this, the three

actions, the students were asked to conduct a

groups took their proposals to the field and began

research on sustainability assessment framework.

to test the applicability of their ideas in terms of

The purpose of this desktop research was to critically

stakeholders, funds, time frame and procedural

review different international sustainability

framework.

assessment frameworks and thus contextualize

1.3.4.1 Tools and Process

settlements of Egypt (case of El Hanager). To achieve

Tools used:

this, new groups mixed from the ‘concept’ groups

●● Action plan ●● Logical Framework Matrix

The action plan could be defined as a document which presents the concept rationale, goals, objectives, list of activities and resources required to achieve the specified goals in a defined time horizon. Applying this on the ICS this year, the students were encouraged to conduct a detailed analysis to their concepts for Eco-neighborhoods in the context of El Hanager area. For that matter,

them to the case of new neighbourhoods in new

were formed to analyse one of the sustainability assessment frameworks: LEED-ND; DGNB for Urban Districts and Pearl Community for Estidama.

The final event of this phase was in the form of a public presentation and critique, to which the guest professors, different experts, involved NGOs and stakeholders who supported the ICS module were invited. In addition, an open exhibition was installed to show the work of the students. Such event gave the students the opportunity to present their work and get feedback from different parties.

this phase ran over four weeks. In this period, each

In all, this enriched the discussion on sustainable

group was left to identify the resources required to

urban development in Egypt and provided the

consolidate their proposals. In this sense, the logical

students and audience with different insights for

framework matrix (LFM) was introduced to the

future steps.

students as the action plan developing tool. LFM was due to its ability to display a project rationale and implementation details in one compact table.

As previously mentioned, the flow of this phase

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1.3.4.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

in the case study of El Hanager, this ratio is much

Proposal 1: Promoting an EcoNeighbourhood through Public Private Partnership

that there will always be a 40% open spaces in low

I

less. However, what can be deduced from that is income neighborhoods, and the potentials of this can be weighted accordingly. Using a public private

Group Members:

partnership, these spaces can be handed over to

●● Jasmin Shata

a developer to run solar energy harvesting, waste

●● Jesus Zerate ●● Tamer Aly Kamel ●● Marian Lugo

Background For the ecological approach to be efficient, there is an economic component that cannot be neglected, especially in the local context. The initial investment cost for adopting environmental friendly solutions is a financial burden which does not make the model attractive for people, so having a financial return can be a selling point.

The newly adapted feed-in tariff by the Egyptian government can capitalize on this economical factor. According to the 2015 electricity tariff, the government sells 1 kWh for 0.40-0.71 LE to the average household, with the possibility of buying it from residents who generate energy for 0.85 LE. This manifests a potential, specially for investing in solar energy. In addition, there is more financial return in waste management and productive gardening, which are all essential components of an Eco-neighbourhood. The biggest resource for this investment in the context of El Hanager

management and producing gardening projects.

Those projects can bring a financial return to the developer and the government, while helping the government with the energy crisis, and providing the residents with a better life quality and job opportunities.

Starting Points Open Spaces The biggest asset in El Hanager is simply space.

Currently the built area is around 20%, leaving over 80% of unutilized open spaces. A numerous amount of projects can be applied there from harvesting solar energy, growing food crops and introducing mixed use functions. All of which would improve the life quality of the neighbourhood while reducing the energy demand and transportation (Figure 1.78).

Economic Models When it comes to developing an Eco-neighbourhood, one that is mostly built at least, there are two general economic models. A community initiated model and a private sector initiated one as shown in Figure 1.79.

is open spaces. Specially the Egyptian building

Community Model

code for low income neighborhoods demands a

The benefit of the community initiated model is

built to unbuilt ratio of 60 to 40%. It is clear that

that it is more socially sustainable, as it is initiated

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by the local community, and the overall capital Publich Spaces Estimated Areas in E l-Hanager

investment would be divided by the total number of tenants, which are twenty in each building in the case of El Hanager. However this model would most probably prove to be unrealistic for several factors. First, it would be very challenging to get all the tenants on board, both in investing and commitment in managing the various projects.

In addition, the residents would need a lot of investment in awareness and training before any projects can be implemented. Furthermore, if all tenants are actually on board with investment and management, the total return for each tenant

20%

would be only 5%, and thus it would offer a very Built Area

low financial incentive.

Public Space Area

Private Sector Model

24,000m2 120,648m2

Figure 1.78: Built Area to Public Space Area Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

By involving the private sector in this development, the operation of an Eco-neighbourhood would seem to be much more promising. The benefits of doing

Figure 1.79: Community vs. Private Sector Model Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

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‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

so is that there is a huge financial incentive for the

Concept Development

developer as they would cash in all the financial

Energy Harvesting

return multiplied by the number of projects they

As shown on maps, the rooftop area in El Hanager

develop, which renders that approach more feasible

is 24,000m2 collectively for the first and second

and efficient. Also a centralized decision making

phase. The total parking area for both phases is

process and planning from the developer would

10477.1m2. The total ground floor area for both

increase the efficiency exponentially. The drawbacks

phases is 120,648m2. In the calculations, the used

of this model, however, is actually bringing a

percentage from this total areas will be estimated

developer to the neighbourhood which renders it

for solar energy production (Figure 1.80).

less socially sustainable, and might marginalize the residents. However, this model will be adopted

Productive Gardening

in this study for being more feasible and realistic

For food production, the most profitable area

to apply, and more importantly, more efficient.

for this activity will be the ground floor area, it

Moreover, the study will attempt at involving the

will also encourage community cohesion. But, it

residetns in such model.

will be necessary to invest on the infrastructure since the soil and water quality are not suitable for this activity in the case of El Hanager. The total ground floor area for both phases is 120,648 m2.

In the calculations, the used percentage from this total areas will be estimated for urban gardening (Figure 1.81).

Waste Management Given the waste production in Egypt and specifically

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

in Cairo, waste recycling is one of the most profitable activities with an estimated 1 Kg of waste per person per day. The first phase of El Hanager could have 7300 residents with full occupancy and the second phase 7560 residents. By estimating an occupancy rate of 80% with 14860 residents, the total waste production per day would be 11888 kg. As shown in the diagram, this means that the production of recyclable materials per day would be: paper 1486 Kg, Metal 197.2 Kg, Glass 445.8 Kg, Plastic 1783.2

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

92

Kg and 8916 Kg Bio (Figure 1.82).

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Rooftop Area

24,000m2

Population

Parking Area

Full Occupancy

10477.1 m2 Public Area

120,648m2

14860

10 m2 = 1 kw Solar Energy

Figure 1.82: Assets: Waste Managment Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

Figure 1.80: Assets, Harvesting Solar Energy Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

Allocation Scheme The first decision was to cover the roofs with solar panels. The buildings in the neighbourhood are all the same height, so there will not be any shade that would affect the performance of the panels.

Adopting this, the decision was taken to use 75% of the area of each, roof leaving 25% for the tenants to use for various utilities and services, satellite dishes for example.

In the public spaces, three projects would be implemented: harvesting solar energy, productive

Public Area

120,648 m2

gardening and waste management. For this, the

1.5m =

decision was taken to leave 50% of the overall

Food Production

area of the public space for recreational use. This

2

Figure 1.81: Assets for Productive Gardening Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

is to offer a good return for the community and increase the overall life quality there. Then, 15%

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Harvesting Solar Energy Roofs

Public Space Empty

Mixed Use

Giving the average construction cost of 10,000 LE/10m2 of solar panels, the total construction cost would form 36.1 Mil.LE. The average efficiency of solar panels in Cairo is 1Kw for 10m2, and

Solar Panels

Recreational

Productive Gardening

multiplying it by the total area dedicated for solar panels would give a total capacity of 2,400 Kw. Multiplying this by a 5.5 daily peak hours daily would give a final 4,820,000 Kwh. Using the feed-in tariff system would result in a total annual return of 5.25 Mil.LE. The maintenance of a solar field with this scale would cost the developer around 95,000 LE annually which makes a total return of 5.16 Mil.LE annually without the developer’s own administration fees. Thus, a system like this would pay back for itself in around 7 years, leaving 18 years of profit as the solar panels system generally has a lifespan of 25 years.

Figure 1.83: Allocation in Cluster Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

are assigned to mixed use. Here, kiosks and shops would be built and rented to the local community to use and get a financial return. These units would also contain the waste collection facilities.

Finally, 45% of the public space would be used for productive gardening, crops and tree nurseries.

The total percentage is more than 100% because some of these functions can overlap on the same ground (Figure 1.83).

Investment and Return To fully understand how this development would be functional financially, it is important to understand the full capacity of the model in terms of investment and return.

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Productive Gardening

Due to the long list of actors and processes involved

Assuming the average construction cost of

in collecting and recovering waste, collection centre,

hydroponic gardening of 2,250 LE/15m2, the

trucks...etc, it is almost impossible to calculate the

total construction cost of the allocated area would

total investment needed for waste management

form 8.1 Mil.LE. Using the average monthly profit

during the time of this research. However, giving

from selling crops of 95 LE/15m , the total monthly

the average selling price of 1.5 LE/Kg of waste,

profit from developing the allocated area would

the annual return from waste management would

form 383,850 LE monthly, resulting in an annual

form 1 Mil.LE. for 13% recovery rate and 4 Mil.

profit of 4.1 Mil.LE. Assuming that the rather

EGP for 50% recovery rate. By assuming that over

expensive cost of nutrients needed for growing

60% percent of the annual profit would be wasted

crops would take 40% of the overall profit, the final

in utilities and transportation...etc, resulting in an

annual return would form 2.5 Mil.LE without the

assumed annual profit of 0.4 Mil.LE. and 1.6 Mil.

developer’s own administration fees. Therefore

LE. for 13% and 50% recovery rates respectively,

one can assume that productive gardening would

all of which makes this specific project that most

take around 3.5 years to pay back itself. However,

risky to invest in (Figure 1.84).

2

securing a buyer to buy and sell the products is crucial and thus this project would offer an

Solar Energy

average size risk.

Waste Management At full capacity, the total number of inhabitants for the study area is 14,860. Using the waste generation capacity for Cairo, a single individual would generate an average of 1Kg of waste daily, giving a total amount of 5.4 Mil.Kg of waste generation annually

1m2 = 201 EGP

Productive Gardening

Waste Managment

1m2 = 46 EGP

= 26-107 EGP

Figure 1.84: Overall Potential per Square Meter or Person Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

from the study area.

Application Over Time

The current waste recovery rate from the formal

As for the roofs, the project of solar energy

sectors is only 13% of the total waste which would

harvesting and its high profitability will start

result in 705,110 Kg of waste annually. However,

immediately to ensure revenue and to support the

by introducing financial incentives for waste

whole development. While in the public spaces, a

separation and delivery to collection facilities or

slower pace project - ‘Trash for Parks’- will start

units in the site, it can be further assumed that

with the community to generate income and at

recovery percentage can be bumped to 50% which

the same time generate awareness. Only until

would result in 2.7 Mil.Kg of waste recovered by

certain monetary goals and awarness ensurances

the formal sector.

are achieved, the next step will be initiated.

Step 1

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‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Step 2

household and the re-use of water for irrigation.

When enough income to build the first park and its

Thus, a neighbourhood with cleaner and lower

amenities is achieved, the construction of Kiosks

energy consumption, water-efficient infrastructure,

and Cafés which will start the social activation

comprehensive solid waste management and a

of the public spaces and the generation of local

stronger social tissue will be achieved.

jobs. Meanwhile, the solar energy harvesting will keep generating revenue and a stronger back-up

Development Plan

to support further projects.

In order to achieve the successful introduction of

Step 3 Creating a strong base of awareness on the first step will secure that after the first ‘Trash for Park’ is finished, the generated momentum will help the continuation of income generation through recycling, in addition to evolving each project into more competitive ones, such as productive gardens, as well as building more amenities on public spaces. If this momentum got weak somehow, a support from the solar energy harvesting income can be used.

Step 4 Once a full range of amenities is built, local jobs and possibilities for the community to generate their own income will be generated. A second layer of PV panels will be added on the top of these amenities and parking lots to boost the revenue generation and rapidly achieve the main goal in order to update the infrastructure of the buildings.

sustainable economic models, it was important to involve the private sector, since it is the specialized stakeholder on sustainable production, such as solar energy, urban gardening and waste collection. There are two possible scenarios to develop or operate these kind of projects. First, is for the private sector to completely handle the development, and in this case it will assume similar responsibilities.

The second option is for the public and private sectors to have an agreement and form a public private partnership (PPP).

The PPP is a long term contract between a public party (Government) and a private entity to provide a public service for the community. In this regard, the private entity usually holds the risk and manages the project. The government provides the capital and finances the project after studying it and assigning a budget to it. The private entity needs to fund its projects and therefore benefits from such a partnership. They apply the law and follow the

Step 5

rules set by the government and the community

Just when enough revenue is generated to re-

benefits by getting the service and finding new

invest on the infrastructure, the update of water

job opportunities offered by the new project. In

pipes for the efficient use of residual water will

this regard, the PPP divides the responsibilities

start. With this, the whole loop is closed by the

where the private party holds the risk and the

reduction of the water consumption on each

public party provides the fund and they all share

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tasks, as shown in the diagram. Therefore, the plan emerges as ‘The Public-Private Partnership model’ 10m

through sustainable economic plans which will

Step 0: Current Condition Generate revenue

Generate revenue

Roof PV panels

benefit the private and civic sector (Figure 1.86).

Roof PV panels

Roles and Benefits of Key Actors

Trash for Cash

For the whole development to work properly,

Design your Park

10m

Recycling

in public housing of low income neighborhoods

Step 1: Solar Panels on Roofs and Trash for Park Generate revenue

goal; the promotion of an Eco-neighbourhood.

Generate revenue

To understand these specific roles, the relations

Generate Jobs

Roof PV panels

the roles of certain actors need to be tailored specifically to economically achieve the main

Generate revenue

Roof PV panels

of each actor between each other were mapped,

Kiosks Trash for Cash

as shown in Figure 1.86.

Design your Park

10m

Recycling

The private sector represents the grind gear for the

Generate revenue

Step 2: Building Parks and Introducing Mixed Use Generate revenue

development, since it is the one holding most of

Generate revenue

Trash for Cash

the responsibilities and majority of the decisions

Generate Jobs

Roof PV panels

Roof PV panels

should involve it in a certain way. However, these

Kiosks

Productive garden

Compost

responsibilities will be executed under the umbrella

Design your Park

10m Waste

Recycling

Generate revenue

support of the funding entity, either public or

Recycling

Step 3: Introducing Projects in Public Space Generate Income

Generate revenue

Generate Income

Generate Jobs

Roof PV panels

Trash for Cash

private.

Generate revenue

Generate Income

Roof PV panels

Productive garden

Generate Jobs

Compost Café

backup created by the high profitability of some 10m Waste

Generate revenue

Generate enough revenue

Public space PV panels

Trash for Cash

Generate Income

Generate Jobs

Roof PV panels

Re-invest in ‘Eco-infrastructure’

Generate enough revenue

Generate Income

and the hard profitability of others, this backup serves for the whole development not to stop.

Recycling

Step 4: Solar Panels on added Mixed Use and Parking Generate Income

On the level of the companies, recognizing the flow of income helps to comprehend the economic

Kiosks

Design your Park

Recycling

of governmental institution and with the financial

Generate profit Productive garden

Roof PV panels

Generate Jobs

Kiosks Waste Collection

Compost Café

Design your Park

10m Support park irrigation

Support food production Recycling

Generate revenue

Waste

Recycling

Step 5: Complete system loop and Swapping Infrastructure

Figure 1.85: Overall Potential per Square Meter or Person Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

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‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Public Sector

Legislation

Funding Body

Stakeholder

Investor

Project Manager

Budget Plan

Finance

Monitor

Invest

Profit

Policy Development

Project Planning

Operation

Service Delivery

Profit

Plan

Finance

Operate

Invest

Profit

Funding Body

Stakeholder

Investor

Project Manager

Design

Private Sector

Figure 1.86: Public Private Partnership Development Scenario Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

private funding entity

public funding entity

Bank // SSB

loan

100x + Interest

Profit

Private Investor

main loan

60x

100x

ECO Neighbourhood brand

Government (MoH)

return

180% = 108x

P. Company 01

secondary loan

30x

revenue

revenue

Inifrasructure Infrastructure

third loan

10x

150% = 45x

P.Company 02 150%

200%

return

participatory planning

Community

P.Company 03 80%

revenue

Social infrastructure

Jobs / Subsidies / Income generation Figure 1.87: Roles and Benefits Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

98

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Finally, the role of the community, especially for

possibilities. To understand the boundaries

the economic aspect of the development, grasps

that each key actor should play and to portray

minimum interactions, as its major benefit is the

expectations, a comprehensive table shows the

social activation and infrastructure upgrading,

role and benefits of each one (Table 1.9).

yet receives economic incentives such as job opportunities, subsidies and income generation Table 1.9: Roles and Benefits of the Key Actors Roles

Benefits

Funding Body

●● Develop Investment Plan ●● Give out loan/fund

●● Financial Return ●● Social investment ●● Reduced services strain

Public Sector Ministry of Housing

●● Develop general policy ●● Facilitate paperwork and land allocation

●● Eco-neighbourhood brand ●● Repaired and updated infrastructure ●● Less room for informal services ●● Financial Return ●● Reduced services strain

Developer

●● Run overall plan ●● Assign companies ●● Management and risk ●● Give subsidies to struggling projects ●● Repair/Swap infrastructure

●● Financial return

Private Companies

●● Implementation, operation and maintenance ●● Hire x% of local residents

●● Financial return ●● Receive subsidies if struggling

Local Community

●● Minimum involvment and participation ●● Monitoring and reporting to developer ●● Optional maintenance and operation

●● Job opportunities ●● Better/Eco-infrastructure ●● Better Life quality ●● Mixed use ●● Micro Economy

Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

Table 1.10: Logical Framework (Cont.)

Promoting EcoNeighbourhood through public private partnership

Progress

Measurements

Risks

●● Interests and commitment of public and private sectors,developers and local community

●● Agreements and Contracts ●● Residents commitment in meetings and workshops

●● Lack of communication between parties ●● Unbalanced financial return ●● Securing loan ●● Opposition towards model

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‘Eco-Neighbourhood Development’ Eco-Development Track

Table 1.10: Logical Framework Progress

Measurements

Risks

Specific Objectives Attracting Private Companies

●● Interest of companies

●● Contracts signed

●● Not as profitable ●● Unbalanced profits ●● Commitment to employ local community

Utilizing Roofs and Public Spaces

●● Application over time

●● Time needed for full application

●● Approval from residents

Solar Energy Harversting

●● Application over time ●● Profit

●● Annual application and profit

●● Vandalism

Productive Gardening

●● Application over time ●● Profit

●● Annual application and profit

●● Securing a buyer ●● Vandalism

Waste Managment

●● Application over time ●● Profit

●● Annual application and profit

●● Lack in commitment to sort and deliver waste ●● Low occupancy rate

Employing the Local Community

●● Participating in trainings and workshops

●● Frequency of trainings and workshops ●● Number of participants

●● Lack of commitment or interest from either party

Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

Action Plan

The project officially starts in phase one after

For the application of this development concept,

the developer receives the loan. This loan can

in the study area of El Hanager, or any similar

be from the public or the private sector. From

neighbourhood, a conceptual action plan was

here on, the developer can start assigning private

established. This action plan is composed of 3

companies to install solar panels on the roofs of

phases with an additional preliminary one, as

the existing buildings which will start the initial

shown in Figure 1.88.

revenue. In addition, the developer would also start the trash for park project. In this project, the

The preliminary phase starts after the local authority

developer would build a waste collection centre in

approves this type of development. Afterwards, the

the neighbourhood, where residents can bring in

government should assign a group of experts to

their separated waste for a small financial incentive.

develop a detailed and accurate feasibility study,

This initiative would not give a huge financial

then the project shall be announces. Through

return to the developer, however its true value is

tendering, the government selects the developer/s

through introducing waste separation and getting

appropriate for the project.

the residents involved with the overall project.

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The second phase is basically building or developing

area, and swap it with an eco one separating gray

parks in the assigned public spaces in the cluster.

and black water. The rest of the money would

This phase acts as a preparation to the final phase.

go back to the developer after paying the loan

The first step in this phase is to run a sort of a

installments.

participatory design workshop which involves both the local residents and the private companies (solar panels, urban gardening and waste management) to know their needs which would be translated in the parks. This phase concludes with the construction of the parks.

The third phase is the implementation of all projects in the public spaces, the infrastructure that was build, such as parks in the previous phase. After all projects are up and running, the financial return is to be used for several things. First, it would be used to support projects which may not be profitable enough to run by their own. The part of the return would also be used to repair the waste

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

water infrastructure that is already failing in the

Preliminary Phase --Assign experts for detailed feasibility study --Project announcement and tendering --Developer/s selection

Phase One

--Offical project start --Developer receives loan

Phase Two

--Installing solar panels on roofs

--Participatory design workshop

ROOFS

--Initiate trash for park progam

Phase Three

--Parks construction --Mixed Use Developments

--Solar panels in public space

Public Space --Waste management

TRASH FOR PARK

Public Space

Total Return

--Productive gardening Public Space

--Financial Support --Swapping to Eco-Infrastructure

Figure 1.88: Action Plan Source: Public Private Partnership Group, 2016

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II

Proposal 2: ECO-Hanager: Creating an Empowering Integrated Cycle

Group Members: ●● Mai Adel

community-driven development that assumes that social and economic revitalization starts with the assets already present in the community whether tangible or intangible (Pinkett and O’Bryant, 2003).

●● Anna Buchmann

Using this approach, the proposed Eco-Hanager

●● Mohammad Al Jabi

will be based on two pillars; the first pillar is

●● Reeham Mourad

empowering the community both socially and economically, the second pillar is creating an

Objective

integrated & interlinked environmental cycle, as

Through a deeper understanding of the prioritized

shown in Figure 1.89.

issues, it was realized that not all the issues can be tackled through a retrofitting concept in El Hanager; some of these issues need to be tackled on a higher strategic level with planning strategies reforms, other issues can be fully solved only if taken into consideration from the beginning, thus preliminary proposals for their integration in un-built projects were provided. Therefore, it became clear that 3 levels of concepts were needed on the level of planning and strategies reforms, the level of unbuilt projects and finally retrofitting concepts for built projects. This report focuses in detail on the third level of retrofitting concepts for El Hanager.

Retrofitting Concept Development The Approach Having a closer look on the list of prioritized issues which need to be solved, it was found that some of

Figure 1.89: Eco-Hanager Concept Pillars Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

Social Empowerment through: ●● Enhancing spaces and buildings to work well and serve their social function . ●● Empowering all sections of community to participate in the management of the projects. ●● Ensuring the community’s access to skills and knowledge needed to play full part.

the solutions could come from within by focusing

●● Ensuring meeting local needs locally.

on what the community already have. Therefore

●● Enhancing spaces and buildings which work

an ABCD (Asset Based Community Development

well and perform their social functions.

approach) was adopted to achieve the aim. The ABCD approach is a strategy for sustainable

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Economic Empowerment through:

together on the different scales starting from

●● Ensuring economic self-sufficiency by creating

the building to the cluster and even on the

vibrant local economy that give access to satisfying and rewarding work. ●● Providing services and facilities locally by introducing mixed use functions. ●● Making use of all the available resources to benefit the community financially.

neighbourhood scale linking to the neighboring projects.

Full Occupancy = 15,000 person

Rooftop Spaces = 48,080m2

Open Spaces = 120,648m2

Amount of Waste = 14,860Kg Incase of full occupancy

The Integrated Cycle through:

Making use of all the available assets through a number of projects that can be implemented as stand alone but has the potential to be integrated in the system as well to complement each other.

El Hanager’s Asset Mapping

The physical assets of El Hanager area in terms

Green Spaces = 48,140m2

of available spaces and unused resources were identified in addition to the assets of individuals,

Parking Lots = 10,477m2

associations and institutions involved in the area as shown in Figure 1.90. Then the identified assets are matched together to be exploited reaching Eco-Hanager in the end.

Concept Tiering

The overall policy adopted in this project is creating an empowering integrated cycle to reach Eco-Hanager. This policy is manifested in four plans to use almost all the available assets outlined in the asset map as shown in Figure 1.91.

The Integrated Cycle

Figure 1.92 shows how the proposed stand alone projects in the tiering concept could integrate

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Figure 1.91: The Concept Tiering Diagram (4Ps Cascading)

Integrated Cylce

Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

Figure 1.92: The Environmental Integrated Cycles Diagram Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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The Cycle Phasing

cultural acceptance. Phase 2: focuses on building

To be able to implement the cycle’s projects,

trust with the community through projects that

the cycles were distributed on four phases as shown in Figure 1.93. A full functioning cycle is achieved by the fourth phase; however, before that projects could function as stand alone or forming smaller independent cycles.

Phase 1: paving the way for the start of the transformation. The most important thing in this phase is the activation of the community union by the New Cairo Agency. Its existence and the representation of each building in it is crucial for the start and management of most of the projects. The projects’ distribution on the remaining phases follows the logic of grouping into capacity building projects, procedural

can be directly implemented; that do not need long preparations and would have immediate and sensed benefits. Phase 3: dedicated to the projects that need more preparatory work with the community and the agency or could perform better if a phase 1 project is implemented, such as the gardening in open spaces which will have more options if waste water treatment is improved.

Phase 4: these are projects that complete the transformation into an Eco-neighbourhood but needs a different funding model, such as the PV panels implementation or needs a longer awareness raising period, such as the biking and pedestrian projects to convince people.

projects and projects that need investment or

Figure 1.93: The Integrated Cycle’s 4 Phases Diagram Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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An Empowering Cycle How is this integrated cycle achieving the second pillar of the approach, the social and economic empowerment?

Concept Pillars

To answer that, the implementation of each project will go through six empowering stages, shown in Figure 1.94.

Stage 1: Team building to ensure the full engagement and inclusion of the community.

Always start with the already active residents in the field of the project and through them reach the other residents. Stage 2: Capacity building by transferring the needed knowledge to the participating residents which ensures the sustainability of the projects. Stage 3: legalizing the community’s full access to the assets avoiding

Figure 1.94: Six Stages of Empowerment Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

any implications during utilization. Stage 4: Involving the residents in the implementation at

that achieves the main concept of the social and

the beginning to build it themselves and handing

economic empowerment in addition to how the

it over completely to them afterwards. Stage 5:

way it links to the other projects in the cycle will

Opening the way for the community to access the

be discussed in this part.

market directly without a mediator thus gaining a sensible revenue. Stage 6: creating a system or reinvestment in the area by the community to

Project Selection Taking into account that phase 1 is fulfilled with

ensure reaching El Hanager self-sustainability.

full activation of the occupancy union, one of Phase

Detailed Project Development: Action Plan for Productive Rooftop Gardening Project

interviews undergone in the site and actor analysis

This part focuses on the development of a detailed

for productive edible plantation. This was not

action plan for one of the projects in the integrated

allowed by the agency for the current untreated

cycle which is the productive rooftop gardening.

Tafla soil problem that absorbs so much water and

The reason of choosing this project and the ways

can affect the buildings’ foundations beside the

it could be implemented and managed in a way

treated waste water used in irrigation that cannot

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2 projects will be chosen. From the preliminary phase, it was known that there were attempts by some of the residents to use the public gardens

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be used for edible crops. To solve this issue, but still

serious contribution to the project realization and

provide edible vegetables for the community and

follow up avoiding any careless behavior. With the

capitalizing on this asset, the productive rooftop

gained marketing expertise, the residents could have

gardening project was proposed. With the huge

direct access to the market, selling their produce and

available rooftop area of 48,080m , a tangible

gaining profit. Currently there are some supporting

revenue could be gained. Because of its possible

NGOs in this field, for example Bashayer NGO that

immediate implementation and fast revenue as

has a web-based platform for supporting small scale

explained in phase 2 projects, it was chosen to

agricultural projects connecting them to buyers

have a detailed development plan in this report.

inside and outside Egypt through only the farmers’

How the productive rooftop gardening project can

are marketed as pesticide-free crops. The gained

be implemented in a low-income community, as

profit will go back entirely to the residents. Until

El Hanager project, will be discussed showing the

this point in the process, three of the empowerment

suitable implementation model through applying

stages discussed, namely the capacity building,

the ABCD approach

involvement in realization and access to market

2

registration on this website. This rooftop products

are realised.

The Implementation Process To be able to implement such a project in a low-

The Implementation Legal Situation

income community, support must be given at least

How is this proposal applicable legally in the

at the beginning to start attracting the residents to

case of El Hanager?

the idea and proof its applicability. A grant maker

This project is unique in the fact that it is constructed

or funder - usually an NGO - could help in this start by offering a grant for the rooftop gardening project.

To ensure the capacity building for the community, the NGO should work with specialized companies and professional gardening and marketing experts to give the technical support to the residents and

on two phases, unfortunately the roof ownership is not the same in the two housing phases. In phase 1, the roofs are owned by the occupancy union which has the right to use it. To implement the rooftop gardening in this phase’s buildings, the head of the activated occupancy union has to get a permit

transfer the knowledge to them, so that they can

from the ‘operation department in the New Cairo

replicate the project else where. Examples of the

Agency as shown in Figure 1.96. In El Hanager

companies that were contacted and showed initial

phase 2, the roofs are owned by the government/

interest are: Al Boustani company, Gothor company

the agency. In this case, an agreement should be

and agriculture professor in Ain Shams University, as

made with the agency and the grant maker or

shown in Figure 1.95. A proof of commitment; small

funder to gain an usufruct to use the space. After

percent of the system cost (15%) need to be paid by

gaining this right, the occupancy union can then

the residents to guarantee their full engagement and

manage the project’s implementation.

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Empowerment Stages

Figure 1.95: The Proposed Implementation Model Process Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

Empowerment Stages

Figure 1.96: The Implementation Model Legality Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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Project Implementation Stages After the occupancy union would have managed to legalize this project’s situation, to ensure having a stable realistic model on ground and having a smooth exit of the partners without affecting the continuation of the project, three stages were proposed for the application of the process, over a time period of three years as shown in Figure 1.97.

Project Budgeting and Profiting What are possible economic benefits of implementing the productive rooftop gardening project?

To answer this question, first the suitable rooftop gardening technique for this area was chosen which is the deep water culture hydroponic system because

IUSD - Lab Cairo/ICS Team 2015-2016

Figure 1.97: Productive Rooftop Gardening Project Stages Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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of its relatively low cost, low added structural weight

units in each building will be chosen, through

and ease of usage. It has also proved success in

elections, a building representative to speak on

implementation in low-income communities in

their behalf as shown in Figure 1.100. One of

other projects in Cairo.

the main duties of the building representative

The data needed about this system, its structural load, initial system installation cost, running costs per month, amount of expected produce and net profit are calculated for the 2 phases as shown

is monitoring the ownership of boxes per unit.

He/she coordinates with the residents, solves disputes and coordinates with the other building representatives.

in Figure 1.98 and Figure 1.99. The data and

Building representatives form a cluster group on

calculations are based on interviews with experts

the level of the cluster in order to manage selling

and professionals in the field including Schaduf

the products. Cluster representative will be elected

company, Al Boustani company and previous

from these cluster groups and is responsible

theses. Organic lettuce product was taken as an

for managing everything on the cluster level.

example.

Neighbourhood representative will be elected

Project Management Plan To ensure the community involvement and setting the basis for the project to be sustained and continued by the community without the need for any external help, financial, technical and managerial concepts were devised. The involved

from the cluster representatives. He/she will be represented in the occupancy union, to be able to coordinate with the representatives of other projects since they are all part of an integrated cycle. He will also arrange with the neighbourhood experts their consultation sessions on all the scales.

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Figure 1.98: Budget and Profit Calculations per Unit, Building and Neighbourhood in Phase 1 Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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Figure 1.99: Budget and Profit Calculations per Unit, Building and Neighbourhood in Phase 2

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Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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Figure 1.100: Community Management Plan Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

Stakeholders and Possible Contributors

on their assigned roles in the proposed project

All the previously mentioned stakeholders whether

possible grant makers and funders working in this

contacted to check their interest in the project and

field, professional expert, private companies and

proposed model or contacted for data collection

governmental bodies are included in the list as well

and technical information were combined in one

The community involvement in the form of the

list in addition to other possible contributors. The

current and proposed structure is also included.

stakeholders’ classification into categories is based

process and implementation model. Options for

Disaggregated Implementation Activities Having explained how the whole project would work in the previous sections, this section outlines a detailed list of activities for Stage 1 of the project (the pilot project) from its very beginning till reaching selling the first harvest cycle’s produce. For each activity, the input data and tools are mentioned in addition to the expected output as shown in Figure 1.102.

Figure 1.101: Stakeholders List Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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1 Finding a possible NGO or Company for a supporting grant for the pilot year. The grant giving organization hires experts from a research facility (University, CLAC,...)

Data: Contacts of NGOs/experts that are involved in other similar project Output: A Contact list of the agreed with NGO and supporting experts

Data: Project details

3 Project announcement through a session with the buildings' representatives in OU and the experts

5 The OU identify the interested participants and the building representative holds a meeting with the interested units to form the (RTG Building (...) group) for each building of the pilot 5 building

7 Implementation workshop in participating units: building the wooden boxes and start of planting

Tool: Project posters and flyers Output: Estimation of motivation among residents

Data: Mapping of the active groups discussions and meetings Tools: Discussions and meetings Output: A list of interested participating units

Data: Provision of all the needed materials Tools: Wood, nails, screws, construction tools Budget: 10.000 L.E.

2 Organize meetings with sponsors and experts for setting all the organizational details

4 A training workshop: the experts organize a training program for the participating residents on different techniques (5 day workshop)

6 The formation of the (RTG cluster group (..)) out of the building representatives and the election of each clusters' representative

8 Regular meetings between the residents and the experts for following up on the systems

Data: Project details/time plan of project/ posters and flyers for different phases Tools: Project posters and flyers Output: Updated action and management plan experts

Data: Technical guidelines Needed visual and practical material Tools: Needed visual and practical material Output: Evaluation of residents' engagement

Data: List with interested participants Tool: Meetings and elections Output: The elected RTG cluster group

Data: Data about best practice Output: Successful development of the productive rooftops

Output: Installed system

Data: When is what ready to harvest

9 Harvesting event (the first rooftop garden produce)

11 A training workshop: the experts organize a training program for the preparation of the neighbourhood experts in parallel to implementation

Tools: Knifes, boxes for products Output: Fresgh self-produced food

Data: Workshop plan and aim Tool: Moderation tools, literature, paper/pens Output: Present know-how and confidence among neighbourhood experts

10 Evaluation of the process till the first harvest by the experts and proposals for improvements

12 Start of selling the produce in the weekly market which is managed by the cluster representatives

Data: Procedure guidelines, checklist

13 Maintenance of rooftop gardens

Tools: Gardening tools, water Output: Harvests experts

Figure 1.102: Detailed Activities Diagram Source: Eco-Hanager Group, 2016

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Data: Transcription of each meeting and project duration Tool: Pictures Output: Detailed report and recommendation proposal

Data: Prices, market stand, cash desk, change Tools: Market stand, cash desk, change Output: Gained profit

Data: Checklist

14 Development of routine

Tools: Gardening tools, water Output: Good condition of productive rooftops

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III

Proposal 3: El Hanager: EcoNeighbourhood through Efficient Provision of Services

Group Members: ●● Semegnish Gizaw ●● Nader Khelifi ●● Stephanie Gil

Resources and Objectives in El Hanager Having the above definition as a background, El Hanager is analyzed in terms of the available services and resources. Since these two factors are important measures of how efficient an Econeighborhoods is, the oppportunities, the challenges and the objectives are investigated. The available

●● Hadir Hawash

resources on the site are mainly: land, and human;

●● Heba Hatem Aggour

while the services that exist are infrastructure and social services.

Introduction When one thinks about Eco-neighborhoods, the environmental and social objectives for new Eco-neighbourhood are divided into four key areas: compactness, complexity, efficiency, and stability. These four pillars are applied at different magnitudes depending on the context which dictates how each point is prioritised. In this particular site since most of the things are already in place, the most important point that needs priority is how the existing neighbourhood could become efficient. Eco-Efficiency is a concept of creating more goods and services while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution as shown in Figure 1.103.

Land Opportunities: There is usable space available.

This space can be used to enhance infrastructure systems and create a variety of spaces with different features.

Challenges: The available spaces are inactive and lack services such as shading. Moreover, the soil type that is ‘Tafla’ needs special techniques to work with.

Objective: The main objective is to activate the available spaces that it become usable and have hierarchy in definition.

Human Opportunities: If fully occupied, the number of units provides a room for an active community.

Challenges: The existing number of inhabitants is low, out of which many are tenants.

Figure 1.103: Eco-Efficiency Diagram Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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Objective: The main aim is to create a sense of

Prioritization of Issues

community in order to make use of the available

In order to structure the site issues with the

resources.

objectives, four major clusters of issues were formed.

Open spaces, services, utilities and mobility were

Infrastructure Opportunities: The basic system is set up that any retrofitting can be taken from there.

the main issues that were deduced. These issues were further measured against the objectives of an Eco-neighbourhood that include urban design,

Challenges: The available systems are not closed

energy management, water management, material

and recycling is minimal. Moreover, the involvement

and waste management, and landscape. From

of inhabitants is low.

the matrices in the concept generation phase,

circular and produces less waste.

the following issues were priortized as shown in Figure 1.105.

Social services

THE AVAILABILITY OF SOCIAL ARENA

Opportunities: Since the services are not in place yet, there is room to make new interventions.

Challenges: Existing low occupancy and the absence

EXISTANCE OF INFORMAL BUSINESS

of functioning services.

Objective: The main objective is to provide services within the neighbourhood. This is aimed to be achieved through community involvement and

FOCUSED GROUP

+

+ LACK OF SERVICES

OWNERS

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING

PROVISION

CLOSED CYCLE

ECO-NEIGHBOURHOOD

Objective: Introducing a system that is more

affordability.

Figure 1.105: Final Prioritized Issues Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Conceptual Approach In addressing the problem that is identified above, this project claims that efficient provision of services in a neighbourhood is important in Neighbourhood services

Intermediate systems

Figure 1.104 : Infrastructure System in El Hanager Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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making it Eco-efficient. Using the pyramid system to cascade the intervention types, this project has identified different approaches to realize the promotion of Eco-efficient neighbourhoods as shown in Figure 1.106. One of the projects is

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Figure 1.106: Project Cascading Pyramid Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

selected in the next part in order to provide an

open spaces all over the neighbourhood. The

action plan for it and thus test the applicability

suggested project of the toolbox is a device that

of the efficiency approach.

sets criteria for the design of open spaces as shown

Developing a Toolbox for Desigining Open Spaces

in Figure 1.107.

Project Description The aim of this project is to provide a toolbox that could be used in designing an Eco-efficient open space for low-income housing projects, particularly the area of El Hanager. The open spaces that are to be designed are of four catagories: daily needssmall shops, kindergartens, green areas, and community services. Each catagory has a specific design requirement and character according to the area's requirements that are based on the regulations set by the agency.

The scenario that should be achieved is to use the open spaces and to provide them with utilities and services, by creating a closed cycle reducing the waste. This can be achieved by managing the

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Figure 1.107: Conceptual Approach Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Figure 1.108: Logical Framework of the Project Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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Strategy

Water

The created rental spaces are a main source of

The goal in the water management is to recycle the

income which is expected to be reinvested in the

greywater of the buildings and the treated water

maintenance of the open spaces of El Hanager.

from the water plant in New Cairo, to go towards

These rental spaces will supply the services in terms

an on site pretreatment plant in each cluster to

of the daily needs of the inhabitants. The overall

go to soil box planters and finally use it to irrigate

strategy includes each cycle of utilities to enrich

the green areas.

the proposal and harnessing efforts towards the common goal of efficiency (Figure 1.109).

Waste

Electricity

for waste management, incentives are to be

In the center of the neighbourhood, the main

created. The home segregation of the solid waste

services like the school, the kindergarten and the

can be done in exchange for some goods in stores,

stores have flat roofs that will be used to install

especially dedicated to collect solid waste from the

PV Panels to generate electricity and to distribute

buildings and shall be connected this collectors

it by a mini-grid to the created rental spaces

with companies that buy solid waste. The organic

and streelights. The other part of the generated

waste will be used to generate compost to enrich

electricity will be sold to the utility grid to generate

the soil of the green areas.

In order to gain a commitment from the community

money to reinvest on the maintenance of the system, and green areas.

Figure 1.109: Diagram of the Strategy for Utilities Provision Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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Stakeholder Involvement

●● The planning phase includes the toolbox as

As shown in the Stakeholder map of the project, the

a tool for designing the open spaces upon

different stakeholders involved in the development

the approval of the HRSO and the Agency.

of the open spaces come from different sectors: the

●● The implementation phase includes other

private sector, public sector, and the civil society.

The proposed body of management called HRSO [Hanager Open Spaces Managing Office] is located within the Civil Society scope. It is proposed to have a strong connection with the New Cairo Housing Agency who are currently in charge of the open spaces. They are also key partners for the creation of regulations and enforcement of the policies (Figure 1.110).

stakeholders in the process such as private investors. ●● Finally, the evaluation phase serves as a check of the succes or failure of such initiative and set the changes that ought to be made to fit the context, and will be conducted mainly by the Agency.

The Toolbox This toolbox includes concepts and ideas that serve as guidelines for spatial distribution and

CIVIL SOCIETY

PRIVATE TENANTS

CLUSTER REPRESENTATIVES TECHNICIANS

SERVICES PROVIDERS

HRSO AL-HANAGER OPEN SPACES MANAGING OFFICE

NEW-CAIRO HOUSING AGENCY

OWNERS

NUCA

specifies the resources needed for each sub-space.

This is the result of the observations through the analysis of El Hanager neighbourhood in New Cairo and identification of the unprovided services as shown in Figure 1.112. The toolbox contains 6 parts. The first part states the regulations based on the code for Eco-neighborhoods that we summed up according to the tackled themes.

The second part is about the Rental spaces and

STATE

Figure 1.110: Proposed Position of HRSO in Stakeholder Map of the Initiative Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

includes: the services that need to be provided in those spaces, the resources that should be used, the materials that ought to be used in the design and design features for the space itself. This is done in the same order for the other 3 spaces

Action Plan

that are tackled: the communal spaces, the green

The plan is split into four major parts:

areas and the playgrounds. The last part is a case

●● The preparation phase includes the setting up

study in one of the clusters in El Hanager and

of the HRSO [Hanager Rental Spaces Office]

is supposed to serve as an example to show how

which is prior to the toolbox.

the toolbox works in a specific case.

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actors

Setting-up phase

• • • •

activities

• • • • • •

Planning phase

Agency Residents Service providers HRSO

Agreement with stakeholders Organizing elections of representatives for HRSO Launching of HRSO Workshop with the residents and experts to identify needs Mapping the open spaces Producing a business plan

• •

•

• • •

Agency HRSO

Implementation phase • • • •

Agency Service providers HRSO Civil society

Create a regulation handbook for the management of open spaces.

Designing a prototype Calculating the costs and assessing the benefits.

Setting a program for the functions fitting the needs

Evaluation phase Agency

•

• •

Carryout surveys to quantify the occupancy rate.

Evaluate with questioners the balance of services and needs.

Figure 1.111: Phases of the Action Plan for the Project Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

The Egyptian government is currently working on the design of such spaces in the new low-income neighborhoods, so this toolbox is supposed to serve such initiatives and improve their feasibility based on the concept of Eco-Efficiency.

At the begining, a classification of the three main typologies of open spaces was made to determine sizes and uses of the open spaces.

Regulations of Services in New Neighborhoods Service provision regulations vary in neighborhoods according to: occupancy/density, income and location. Figure 1.113 shows the regulations of service provision in new neighborhoods.

Figure 1.112: Diagram Unprovided Services Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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representative structure is to choose which services suit more the needs of a specific cluster or the whole neighbourhood.

Rental Spcaes services

Figure 1.113: Service Provision Regulation for Low Income Housing Projects in New Cairo Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

63m2 80m2 90m2 140m2

2400m

2

Green Spaces Rental Spaces Communal Spaces Playground Utilities

Figure 1.115: Services covered by the Rental Spaces Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Rental Spcaes materials

Figure 1.114: Proposed Proportion of the Open Spaces and Functions Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Rental Spaces The purpose of the rental spaces would be to generate money by increasing the land usability.

The rent is then collected by the community representative structure and would be used to maintain the open spaces that include the Green Space of the cluster and the playgrounds.

Provided services should be prioritized according to the needs of the community. The community

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Figure 1.116: Suggested Materials for Rental Spaces Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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Rental Spaces resources

Green Areas

Figure 1.117: Utilities and Valuable Resources used by the Rental Space

Figure 1.119: Usages and Public Target Groups of Green Areas

Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Communal Spaces

Green Areas and Hardscape design features

usages

Figure 1.118: Usages and Public Target Groups of Communal Spaces

Figure 1.120: Design Features of Green Areas and Hardscape

Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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Communal Space/ Green Areas

Figure 1.121: Suggested Materials to build the Communal Spaces/Green Areas Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Playgrounds usages

Playgrounds

design features

Figure 1.123: Design Features of Playgrounds Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Communal Spaces resources

Figure 1.122: Usages and Activities of Playgrounds

Figure 1.124: Lost Usage of Resources in Open Spaces

Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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Prototype of Designing Open Spaces

General Notes

700 inhabitants = calculations 85-90% = 600 inhabitants

As discussed previoulsy, the toolbox is part of a

In the design of the protoype, it was important to generate areas of greenery with a smaller scale that will be more manageable by inhabitants and the people in charge. The services with the rental spaces are located in the center to help activate the open space in which it is located. Also the street lighting encourages the usage of the space since it has a more human scale.

general policy aiming at efficiency concept and part of ‘open spaces activation’ program. In this regard and in order to accomplish an integrated vision, some complementary projects are required as shown in Figure 1.127.

Prototype design of the space.

Regulation control for open spaces

ASSESSED BY

Create regulation handbook for the management of the design open spaces

The rate of occupancy

Setting a program for functions fitting the needs Identify needs of stakeholders

Nonexistence of conflict

Mapping the open spaces and typologies

Figure 1.127: Complementary Projects and its Activities Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Figure 1.125: Plan of prototype for Open Space Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

Figure 1.126: Section of Prototype for Open Space Source: Efficiency Group, 2016

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1.3.5 Reflections

Furthermore, the proposed initiatives sought not

Egypt faces many urban challenges that require

only to develop an integrated Eco-concept, but

various interventions on the different levels of

also to consolidate them through planning and

planning, design and operation. With a special

testing their applicability. To actualize this goal,

focus on the development of new communities, the

some aspects were deduced as crucial factors for

quality of the provided services, open spaces and

achieving sustainable development of low income

design of units significantly questions the quality

residential neighborhoods in new cities. These

of life provided in social housing projects. This is

aspects include:

coupled with the escalating prices of materials and

●● The Occupancy Rate: this is a crucial

constructions. In this regard, new approaches for efficient design, use of materials and resources management become imperative solution for this issue. These approaches fall within the Econeighbourhood principles. Thus, this year, the ‘Eco-

challenge as well as a resource in the different proposed intiatives. In this regard, the occupancy rate reflects the human capital that would participate in the implementation of the initiative. In our case, the calculations

Development’ track of the Integrated Case Study

estimated the significant profitability and

module endeavored to apply the Eco-neighbourhood

affordability of the initiatives in the case of

principles on low income residential neighborhoods

full occupancy. However, in the case of El

in Egypt.

Hanager, the current occupancy rate is low.

Throughout the study period, the teams worked on testing the means of contextualizing and applying the Eco-neighbourhood principles on public social housing projects in new cities. The neighbourhood of El Hanager in New Cairo was selected as a show case.

In this framework, students developed different concepts; capitalizing on the existing assets of the neighbourhood as well as responding to challenges facing the neighbourhood at the different levels: building, cluster and neighbourhood. The proposed concepts succeeded in covering various aspects of Eco-neighbourhood development, including empowering local community, promoting local economy and providing local services.

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This is attributed to the relative remoteness of the neighbourhood in New Cairo as well as the lack of services. In effect, such a significant low occupancy casts a shadow over the realization of development initiatives. Furthermore, community projects are dependent on the activation of the union of occupants. The union activation requires an occupancy rate and the presence of units’ owners. However, in case of El Hanager, as observed in other social housing projects, the occupancy rate is low with the presence of rented units which is illegal and thus these units participation is not recognized. ●● Community Engagement: This is an important factor for the success of initiatives,

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whether these initiatives focus on community

Lastly, it is worth mentioning that these aspects were

based development or public-private

mainly deduced based on the study of an already

partnerships. Despite the fact the community

implemented neighbourhood. In this context,

might not be an active actor in the management,

the proposed initiatives were in a way or another

funding, monitoring and implementation of initiatives, the implementation of initiatives such as urban gardening, waste management and solar farming will take place in the neighbourhood, and occupy the rooftops of the buildings as well as a percentage of their open spaces. For that matter, strategies for community involvement and awareness

dependent on the existing utilities and spatial planning of the neighbourhood. It is expected that, other aspects would emerge during the phase of planning and designing an Eco-neighbourhood. In fact, planning and implementation of low-income residential neighborhoods for the Egyptian context is an important research line that needs to be further researched.

towards the Eco-concepts implemented in their neighbourhood should be developed which also might require the presence of community engagement in the different phases of the projects. â—?â—? Mixed Use: as shown during the study, the economic benefit of the introduced projects is a crucial aspect in the implementation of ecoconcepts in such social housing projects. Hence, the proposed initiatives, generally promote the mixed uses at the cluster level in the form of kiosks or other light structure forms. In a way, this contradicts with the regulations set by the agency for social housing projects.

In the proposed initiatives, kiosks are either used as markets for the recycled materials or the organic products and are used as an additional local income source for the residents.

In this regard, discussions and permissions from the state is required in order to facilitate the presence of such services outlets.

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References ●● Abdel-latif, M. (2013) Paradigms for Spatial Planning.

Faculty of Engineering, PhD thesis, Ain Shams University. ●● Alfiky, M., 2014. Community Based Security of Tenure (Initial Framework for Squatter Areas in Cairo). MSc thesis,Ain Shams University & University of Stuttgart. ●● Anderson, L. (2012). Measuring Sustainable Cities: An approach for assessing municipal -level sustaianbility indicator systems in Sweden. Uppsala University. ●● Barton, H., Grant, M., & Guise, R. (2010). Shaping Neighbourhoods:For Local Health and Global Sustainability. Routledge. ●● Ecocity Builders, E. (2011) INTERNATIONAL ECOCITY FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS. An initiative of Ecocity Builders and the International Ecocity Advisory Committee. Oakland California, USA: Ecocity Builders. ●● Engel-Yan, J., Kennedy, C., Saiz, S., & Pressnail, K. (2005). 'Toward sustainable neighbourhoods: the need to consider infrastructure interactions'. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 32(1). pp. 45-57. ●● Everhart, S. et al. (2005) Egypt: Overview of the Housing Sector. ●● Except Integrated Sustainability. (2009). Sustainability innovation framework. Available online: http://www. except.nl/en/articles/148-symbiosis-in-developmentsid (accessed Dec 2015). ●● Except Integrated Sustainability (2015) Sustainable Urban District 2015 Global Review: Strategies to accelerate sustainable urban development, [online] Available on: http://media.except.nl/media/uploaded_files/ asset_files/WWF_SustainableDistricts_v28_web.pdf ●● Girardet, H. (2015). Creating Regenerative Cities.

Routledge. ●● Feredrico, C. (2015) Eco-Cities and the Transition to Low Carbon Economies. Palgrave Pivot. ●● Fraker, H. (2013). Sustainable Neighbourhoods: The Hidden Potential of Sustainable Neighborhoods: Lessons from Low-carbon Communities. Island Press. Washington.

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●● Global Green Cities (2012). 'Shaping the Cities of Tomorrow Key Findings from the Global Green Cities of the 21st Century International Symposium' - A Bay Area Council Economic Institute Report September 2012.

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●● Government of Ireland.(2009) 'Guidelines for Planning Authorities on Sustainable Residential Development in Urban Areas in Ireland'. Available online: http://www. environ.ie/en/ Publications/D evelopmentandHousing/ Planning/FileDownLoad,19164,en.pdf (accessed: April 2015)

●● Shetawy, A. (2004) The Politics of Physical Planning Practice: The case of the industrial areas in Tenth of Ramadan City, Unpublished PhD thesis, University College of London.

●● Hassan, G.F. (2011).The Enabling Approach for Housing Supply: Drawbacks & Prerequisites - Egyptian Experiences. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 50(4), pp.421–429. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. aej.2012.01.007.

●● Register, R. (2006). Eco-Cities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature. New Gabriola. BC: New Society.

●● Hegazy I. and Moustafa W. (2013), ‘Toward revitalization of new towns in Egypt case study: Sixth of October’, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2013) 2, 10–18 ●● Information Department in New Cairo Agency, 2015.

Social Housing maps in New Cairo. ●● El Kafrawy, AH.H., 2012. Housing Policy and Finance in Egypt: Extending the Reach of Mortgage Credit. Available online: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3299/. ●● Kahn, M. (2006). Green Cities: Urban Growth and the Environment. Brookings Institution Press ●● Lietz, K., Bijoux, D., Saville-Smith, K., & Howell, M. (2006). 'Testing the Prototype Neighbourhood Sustainability Framework'. Report NH102 for Beacon Pathway Limited. ●● Mačiukėnaitė, J., & Gudzinevičiūtė, G. (2013). 'Emergence of Ecological Planning Abroad and in Lithuania'. Mokslas - Lietuvos Ateitis, 5(3), 195–202. Available online: http:// doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.36 ●● Moffatt, S. (1999). Creating an Eco-City: Methods and Principles. The Sheltair Group Inc. Vancouver Canada. ●● Nasr, M., 2015. Head of Housing Department in New Cairo Agency, Interviewed by : IUSD team 09/2015. ●● NUCA, 2008. National Housing Project, Cairo. ●● NUCA, 2016. NUCA Accomplishments. New Cities.

Available online: http://www.newcities.gov.eg/about/ engazat/default.aspx (Accessed April 2016). ●● Pinkett, R, and O’Bryant, R. (2003) 'Buildng Community, Empowerment And Self-Sufficiency: Early Results From The Camfield Estates-MIT Creating Community Connections Project'. Available online (accessed Jan, 2016).

●● Register R. (1987). Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future. North Atlantic Books.

●● Salheen M., Abdellatif M., ElMouelhi H., ElWagieh A. and AlFky M. (2015), ‘Contextualising Eco-Neighbourhoods Aspects within Siwa Oasis’, Proceedings of the EcoWorld Summit, Abu Dhabi, 11-13 October. ●● Stasinopoulos, P., Smith, MH., Hargroves, Kl, Desha, C. (2009). Whole System Design: An integrated approach to sustainable engineering, Earthscan. ●● Taipale, K., Fellini, C., & Le Blanc, D. (2012). Challenges and way forward in the urban sector Challenges and way forward in the urban sector. ●● Valegeas F. (2011). 'Sustainable neighbourhoods, a way to renew the approach on social mix'. 23rd Enhr Conference 2011 – Toulouse, France; ●● Vancouver City Planning Commission (2011) A' Sustainable City of Neighbourhoods Project'. Available online: http://www.vancouverplanning.ca/projects/ sustainable-neighbourhoods (accessed April 2015). ●● Wahba, S., 2007. 'Arab Republic of Egypt Analysis of Housing Supply Mechanisms' Final Note, Available online: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en /2007/02/9861682/egypt-analysis-housing-supplymechanisms-final-note. ●● UNESCO. (2010). 'Sustainable communities'. Available online; http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/ theme_c/mod17.html (accessed April 2015). ●● UNHABITAT. (2015) A new Strategy of Sustainable Neighbourhood Planning: Five principles. Discussion Note 3: Urban Planning, Available at: http://unhabitat. org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/ 05/5-Principles_ web. pdf (accessed 15 April 2015). ●● Zalat, A., 2009. Ebny Baytak: Failure Facing the President’s Project. Almasryalyoum. Available online: http://today. almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=206921 (accessed April, 2016).

●● Serag, Y. (2008) Networking and Networks as Tools for Regional Spatial Development and Planning: Human settlements’ development potentialities in the Western part of Egypt, Unpublished Ph.D, University of Leuven, Belgium. ●● Shawkat, Y., 2014. EIPR Housing Policies Paper II: Drafting a Fair Housing Policy for Egypt.

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Main Message Project sustainability is one of the major challenges facing informal area development projects in Egypt. Tackling this issue, it became clear that we need to work on different scales and actors involved. To sustain the project, it is imperative to think of the project ownership and actors to whom the intervention will be handed over. On the other hand, it is also essential to zoom out and think about the replicability, scalability and transferability of the intervention in other sites.

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

2.1 The State of the Art

has been coupled with programs of basic services

Egypt has been facing an incremental growth of

and infrastructure provision along with living

informal areas since the late 1950s. This could

cost reduction policies. In 2008, the government

be, mostly, attributed to the various policies that

established the ‘Informal Settlements Development

consecutive governments adopted (El Kafrawy

Facility’ (ISDF) to take action with informal areas

2012; Alfiky 2014). In general, these policies

spread around Egypt. In addition to the ISDF,

led to insufficient or lack of housing provision,

other actors in this arena include government

centralization of industries and job opportunities

entities (e.g. GOPP, governorates; international

in Cairo with negligible investment in rural areas

cooperation agencies (e.g. UN Habitat, GIZ, Swiss

and Upper Egypt. These factors collectively resulted in the problem of informal settlements. (El-Batran & Arandel 1998). According to the estimates of the Ministry of Local Administration; Egypt has around 1,105 informal settlements, inhabiting around 15.7 million (i.e. nearly 22.3% of population) within illegal land divisions (The World Bank 2006).

The illegality does not only stem from illegal ownership of squatted areas on state owned or private owned land plots, but also the absence of building permissions on the legal owned former agricultural land plots (Elmouelhi 2014). The following review briefly provides an overview of

and USAID); as well as civil society organizations (i.e. NGOs, CBOs and local foundations).

Furthermore, since 2011, urban activism emerged as a strong segment of civil society that raises the voice of residents of informal areas and advocates their right for better life conditions. Overall, the work of Egyptian urban activists lies between research and practice. This includes, for instance; the Shadow Ministry of Housing, Cairo Observer, Tadamun, MADD, 10 Tuba and CLUSTER. By 2014, the issue of informal areas was already brought to the fore. Article 78 of the Constitution 2014 states:

the landscape of actors involved in informal area

‘The State shall ensure the citizens' right

development and the challenges facing informal

to adequate, safe and healthy housing

area development initiatives in Egypt.

in a manner which preserves human dignity and achieves social justice. […]

2.1.1 Current Landscape of Informal Area Development in Egypt

The State shall also devise a comprehensive

Over the last decade, the phenomenon of

slums, which includes re-planning, provision of

informal areas emerged on the priority list of the

infrastructure and utilities, and improvement of

Egyptian government. Among solutions to address

the quality of life and public health. Moreover, the

this phenomenon are pro-poor policies. This

State shall guarantee the provision of resources

included poverty alleviation programs focusing on

necessary for implementing such plan within

unemployment and retirement-related issues. This

a specified period of time. In accordance, the

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national plan to address the problem of unplanned

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government founded the Ministry of Urban Renewal

In 2015, the MURIS was abolished. The issue of

and Informal Settlements (MURIS) in June 2014,

informal area development was, thus, handed over

to handle with informal area development. This was

to the Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban

accompanied with a structural change in ISDF, in

Development (MoUUD). The minister of MoUUD

which minister of MURIS became the CEO of the

became the CEO of the ISDF, and he appointed a

ISDF (Elmouelhi et al. 2015). Nevertheless, the

vice to be responsible of the development strategies

Informal settlements of development Fund (ISDF)

for informal areas. Furthermore, another actor

continued as a key player in the field, reporting

joined the field of informal area development in

directly to the Prime Minister.

2015. Tahya Masr Fund1 allocated 800 million

Among the activities undertaken within this framework was the announcement of the project upgrading of 43 informal areas within Cairo and Giza governorates with the ISDF in 2016. The project

EGP to develop a new housing project to relocate around 6000 families. The project was planned with three phases and currently in the middle of the second phase (Tahia Masr Fund 2016).

aimed at ‘enhancing the urban environment’, with

To conclude, the above mentioned review briefly

a total budget of 500 million EGP: 350 million

touches upon the landscape of actors and initiatives

from ISDF and 150 million from the Federation

to address informal areas in Egypt during the last

of Egyptian Banks (FEB). To ensure achieving

decade. In all, the plans and actions reflect the

its goals the proposed interventions were: a)

efforts of the government to solve the problem of

enhancing the sewage system; b) implementing

informal areas in Egypt. However, the amalgam

firefighting hoses; c) installing lighting poles;

of the actors involved reflects a deeper ordeal. In

d) tiling of inner roads and; e) paving the main

spite of the multiple actors in the field, there is not

roads. The duration of the project was 6 months

yet a coherent strategy to deal with the problem

and executed by the Military Works Division of

of informal areas in Egypt.

Armed Forces’ Engineering Authority.

Moreover, the MURIS proposed the intervention

2.1.2 Sustainability of Informal Area Development Initiatives in Egypt

of painting the facades of 4 informal areas (Ahmed,

Sustainability of projects is among the major

2016). The project aimed at providing training

challenges facing the informal area development in

opportunities for the youth. However, in some

Egypt. In fact, this issue has been widely discussed

areas such as Istabl Antar, the residents did not

among the various actors in the field of informal

get any training. The residents mentioned that

area development in Egypt during the ‘Unite,

the government primarily painted the buildings overlooking the ring road not considering the area itself (Elmouelhi et al. 2015).

1 Tahia Masr Fund was established by President Abdelfatah Alsisi in 2015 for collecting donations from Egyptian citizens as a contribution to support developmental projects in Egypt.

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

Think and Work’ conference in Cairo, April 2016.

responses of experts involved in the project carried

ISDF with representatives of the different actors

another understanding of sustainability such

addressed the difficulties they face in monitoring,

as: growth and continuity of income generating

and sustaining the development initiatives after

activities; local maintenance of infrastructure based

implementation. Among the ideas suggested in this

on a sense of ownership; and the continuation of

event was to support local authorities in monitoring,

institutions with their expected duties. On the

evaluating and managing the implemented projects

other hand, government counterparts understood

in order to ensure the sustainability of the process

sustainability in terms of sustaining fund and

and outcomes. In fact, the issue of sustaining

continuing flow of capital and credit to the areas

development projects is a world-wide challenge

associated with a supportive local community. Thus,

(ABD 2010; IFAD 2012; Khan 2000).

it could be deduced that project sustainability has

Every year, a lot of development projects are implemented around the world with huge amount of resources allocated from various governments, international and national organizations.

multi-dimensional attributes. This covers: logistics, economic, community, equity, institutional and environmental dimensions in Figure 2.1 (Khan 2000).

Nevertheless, there is a great concern that these

To ensure project sustainability, Khan (2000)

projects do not achieve the full intended social

emphasizes on the importance of addressing

and economic objectives over the full life span

the dimensions of project sustainability during

of the interventions (ABD 2010). Accordingly,

the design stage. This should be followed up

there has been a mounting interest in evaluating

with a sustainability strategy which is ‘expected

projects' sustainability.

to specify various complements / constraints

In general, project sustainability could be understood as ‘the continuation of benefits from a development intervention after major development assistance has been completed’ (OECD 2010). In reality, sustainability of projects would have different meanings to different actors. For instance, in a survey of sustainability of rural projects in India (IFAD 2012), it was reported that some beneficiaries

to sustainability and make provisions for their incorporation / tackling during: (i) formulation/ design; (ii) implementation, and (iii) operation and the maintenance stages of a project’ (Khan 2000). Within this framework, monitoring and evaluation are regarded as crucial activities to assess the sustainability of the project (IFAD 2012; Khan 2000).

of the project considered sustainability is to create

While monitoring and evaluation activities are

opportunities for their children just as theirs;

commonly carried out from the projects' beginning

while others assumed that sustainability means

and during its operation (Khan 20000, it is also

continuation of receiving assistance. Furthermore,

recommended to conduct an evaluation sometime

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Logistics Dimension

Continued Operation and Maintenance of Project Facilities

Economic Dimension

Continued Flow of Net Benefits

Community Dimension

Continued Community Participation

Equity Dimension

Equitable Sharing and Distribution of Project Benefits

Institutional Dimension

Institutional Stability

Environmental Dimension

Maintenance of Environmental Stability

Figure 2.1: Dimensions of Project Sustainability Source: Adopted after Khan 2000

after the project closure (IFAD 2012). Such ex-post evaluation is considered important to assess the project sustainability and draw lessons for other interventions (OCED 2010).

2.2 The Teaching Process of Informality Track The theme of Informality track this year was to focus on sustainability of development projects.

The following sub-sections present an overview on the intended learning objectives, selection of case study and the process adopted to achieve the module objectives.

2.2.1 Learning Objectives of Informality Track ICS module aims at developing the students’ attitude to actively act as positive change agents who are able to propose practical and progressive recommendations and measures.

Knowledge and Understanding: ●● Identify relevant research approaches. ●● Optimize existing interventions. ●● Deal with complex urban issues in a real concrete context.

Intellectual Skills: ●● Analyze the consequences of using different tools in order to evaluate the IUSD interventions. ●● Evaluate each tool and how it supported in evaluating the interventions.

Practical Skills: ●● Build on existing interventions (take interventions to the next phase). ●● Ensure the sustainability of the interventions. ●● Present and communicate their ideas and demonstrate their proposals through model making and simulations. ●● Contribute and influence the urban and

In particular, intended learning objectives of this

architecture design challenges in future

track is grouped into 4 categories:

practice.

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

General Transferrable Skills:

Since the ICS module is based on active learning

●● Present the updated design interventions in

experience, students and ICS tutoring team are

real contexts. ●● Interact with local community and professionals and gain access to a wide variety of expertise.

considered co-learners. Hence, ICS team presented and discussed with the students the preliminary outline and the tentative study areas. Accordingly, the students of the informality track formed two groups to work on Helwan area. However, due to

2.2.2 Case study selection for the informality track: Istabl Antar and Helwan

limitations and obstacles that one of the groups

Every year, the ICS team selects study areas that

area of Istabl Antar. Subsequently, ICS ended

would enhance the ability of students in acquiring

up working on two informal areas this year, as

skills for conducting projects of an integrated

documented in the following sections. Istabl Antar

nature. Two main factors commonly influence

is located in Cairo, on the Eastern bank of the Nile;

the selection of the case study: the complexity of

the Ring road passes through it, dividing it into

the area and secondly the availability of active

two parts. The area is situated over Zahraa’ hill and

partners in the area. For ICS 2015/2016, the

surrounded by newly established Fustat city and

theme revolved around the sustainability of the

Kom Ghorab from the North, and Dar Essalam

projects. Hence, the idea was to select areas with

from the South. Istabl Antar contains some parts

implemented projects, where the students could

that are classified as unsafe areas by ISDF. As for

assess and propose interventions for sustainability.

Helwan district, it is located in the Southern part

Upon conducting an extensive research to select a

of Cairo. The district includes 15 informal areas (or

study area; two promising paths emerged.

Ezbas). These areas are scattered on the Eastern

The first was to capitalize on the work of IUSD III

inhabitants (Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3).

faced on ground during the first phase of the ICS, it was decided that this group would shift to the

bank of the Nile, with approximately 200,000

in the informal area of Istabl Antar. This was a suitable option, since the IUSD has been already

2.2.3 Structure of Informality Track

an active actor in this area for the past three

The track is mainly based on field work in the two

years. The second path was to collaborate with

selected study areas: Istabl Antar and the zone of

the Federation of Egyptian Banks (FEB) in their

Helwan 15 informal areas. During the semester,

corporate social responsibility project of developing

the students worked in two groups and the module

the informal areas of Helwan. This option was

was divided into three phases, as shown in Table

viable, since FEB has been already working in

2.1. In the first phase, students were introduced

Helwan since 2014 and implemented a number

to the study areas and the previous development

of infrastructure projects.

interventions that was carried out there. At the end

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of the first phase, each group selected the theme that they would follow in which they on generated the concept of their intervention accordingly. In phase two, each group developed an action plan for the chosen intervention based on the assessment of precedent relevant interventions in the study area.

In phase three, the groups refined the action plan and developed a handover strategy of their interventions. As already mentioned, ICS module is Figure 2.2: Helwan Informal Areas Maps Source: Federation of Egyptian Banks, 2015

based on active learning. Therefore, the process is mainly designed around field work. During the semester, ICS provided academic input in the form of teacher directed lectures, as well as guest professors and experts selected according to the nature of each phase. The figure 2.4 illustrates the whole process of ‘Informality’ Track - ICS module highlighting on the required output in each phase, and the interrelation of the phases together aiming to fulfil the objective

Figure 2.3: Istabl Antar Map Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo, 2015

of the module. The subsequent sections shed more light on each phase.

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

Table 2.1: Phases of Informality Track Phase 1: Jumping Into Interventions Scanning Previous Work in Selected Study Areas Learning from International Studies Site Observations Phase 2: Action Plans Action Plans of Interventions Phase 3: Pilot Testing and Handover Updating Action Plan and Project Sustainability Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

Phase 1 Jumping Into Interventions

The Case of Kibera Public Space Project, Kenya

The Case of Mobility Legalization, India

Site Observations Helwan

Karoing - Action Forgotten Plan Spaces - Action Plan

Figure 2.4: The Teaching Process of Informality Track Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo, 2015

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Updating Action Plan and Project Sustainability

Community Workshop

Learning from International Studies

The Concept of Public Spaces

Istabl Antar

Helwan

Action Plans of Interventions

The Concept of Transportation Networks

Scanning Previous Work in Selected Study Areas

Phase 3 Pilot Testing and Handover

Phase 2 Action Plans

Karoing Forgotten Updated Action Spaces Plan Updated Action Plan

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2.3 Process and Outputs of Informality Track

as well as details of the implemented projects.

The following sub-sections present an overview

meeting with representatives of the Sustainable

of the process followed, tools used in each phase as well as excerpts of students’ of the Informality track.

2.3.1 Phase 1: Jumping into Interventions The main purpose of this phase was to generate an intervention concept based on the previous development interventions implemented in the study area.

2.3.1.1 Tools and Process Tools used: ●● Transect Walk ●● Site Observations ●● Primary and Secondary Data Collection

Scanning Previous Work in Selected Study Areas Based on this year’s theme to focus on sustainability

For Helwan, ICS team and students held a Development Committee in FEB, who are currently one of the main actors in development of the 15 informal areas in Helwan. During the meeting, FEB representatives presented the implemented projects in Helwan as well as their vision of the next round of interventions. In addition, a series of lectures on informality in Egypt were held to familiarize the students with approaches of informal area development in Egypt and to position the work of the study areas within the wider practice of informal area development.

From this review, students were able to identify the themes of previous and current work as well as to understand the context in which these interventions were designed and implemented.

The themes of the implemented and envisioned interventions by the active actors revolved mainly around: appropriating public spaces, improving transportation and accessibility, improving

of development projects, the first step was to get

infrastructure networks, human development

overview of the development work conducted

and urban governance. Accordingly, the students

previously in the selected study area. This was

decided to work in two groups of the themes of:

done through primary and secondary sources

Public Spaces and Transportation Networks.

of data. Secondary sources included reviewing available reports and documents of the implemented

Learning from International Examples

development interventions. Primary sources of data

Based on the selected themes, each group chose

included meeting stakeholders who were involved

a relevant international example to review. The

in the previous work. For Istabl Antar, ICS team

purpose was to analyze the examples and draw

discussed with the students the work done last

lessons on the process of initiating, designing and

year. The discussion covered the results of the

implementing similar development projects as

site analysis, proposed themes of interventions

well as to deduce lessons on project sustainability.

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

Site Observations

within the areas. Later, each group visited the area

Before starting the field work phase, a session

to collect the data required to initially select the

on cultural sensitive areas was held to prepare

specific locations of their interventions. At the

the students for site visits and working with the

end of this phase, each working group managed to

community. The route of Helwan site visit was

identify the main concept of their interventions and

designed as a transect path, which would pass

select preliminary locations for their interventions

through the significant features and land marks

in Helwan.

within the 15 informal areas. Together with the ICS team, the students were guided by a representative of one of the NGOs as well as inside informants throughout the areas. To move around the areas, the participants used local transportation such as ‘Tok-Tok’, to gain a better understanding of mobility and accessibility issues (Figure 2.5).

2.3.1.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

I

The Concept of Public Spaces: Learning from the Case of Kibera Public Space Project, Kenya

Group Member: ●● Hebatuallah Hendawy

Introduction How would you bring the area under a flyover to life? How a disused car park could be made beautiful? What potential lies in neglected parks, spaces under railways or on our rooftops? ‘Forgotten Spaces’ confront important questions about urban public space - and in particular about the cycles of vacancy and disinvestment that are both a cause and symptom of socio-economic decline in cities (RIBA 2013).

Figure 2.5: First Site Visit to Helwan Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo, 2015

During the visit, participants began to take preliminary observations such as the existing land uses, local economic activities, social texture

Each vacuum—each ‘dead space’—produces a disconnection that interrupts the continuous murmur of urban life. Nonetheless, from within this emptiness emerges ‘alternative possibilities’.

and relationship, infrastructure and environmental

‘Forgotten Spaces’ is a showcase of these ‘alternative

issues. In addition, the students conducted informal

possibilities’, no matter how temporary or

interviews with residents in different areas, this

inexpensive each intervention (Annah MacKenzie

gave them a better insight on the living conditions

2015).

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In conclusion, ‘Forgotten Spaces’ is an experimental ‘urban acupuncture’ project in Cairo that aims to tune many of the city’s forgotten lots into a network of usable public spaces.

Methodology This is a result of a one month desktop research to analyse available data about the area. Results are primary based on working in two parallel directions which respectively created the two chapters of the design breif. Section 1 is the intervention concept which focuses on the lessons learned from a related Figure 2.7: Kibera Productive Public Space Project Source: Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015 Figure 2.6: Methodology Source: Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

Lessons Learnt from the International Example

as a strategic catalysts for placemaking

Data Collection

Intervention Concept

Design Breif

Site Impressions

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

international case study. While Chapter 2 is the site

dumping site and only 1 toilet per 250 people.

impressions which is derived from field trips to

Most families live on $1 a day and unemployment

Helwan, along with unstructured interviews with

is over 50%. But Kibera residents are resourceful

residents in the area, and employees from ‘Sona’a

and highly entrepreneurial, they are capable of

Al Haya’ NGO.

solving their own problems. To truly improve their quality of life, projects must equally plan for the

Intervention Concept

environmental, as well as social and economic

As noticed, there are always useless dead spaces inside

sustainability of the community (Stollmann et. al.

every community. Those spaces; if used correctly;

2010). This understanding led to the concept of

could be a potential for endless opportunities for

Productive Public Space (PPS) that depends

the community to meet, interact and communicate

on integrating the six main principles, as shown

with each other.

in Figure 2.8, into the process. That’s why all the projects were driven by the vision of turning

International Case Study

unused, environmentally degraded, unoccupied wasteland and often unsafe areas into ‘productive public spaces’. Moreover, creating ‘beautiful places’, this concept depends on transforming the space to be ‘socially constructive’. This means ensuring that the projects are co-developed, owned and

Kibera is the largest informal settlement in Sub-Saharan Africa.

It is home to over 1,000,000 residents and occupies a space just outside of the central business

Transforming an environmental liability into usable public space

Integrating incomegenerating, socially constructive uses to esure its sustainability

district of Nairobi that is twothird the size of New York City’s Central Park. Despite the roughly $25 million spent by over 200 NGOs each year, Kibera has no

Authorizing and operating by its end-users and collaborating with outside groups

Productive Public Space Design

Adding value to a space without taking away the original community

trash collection system or formal

Figure 2.8: Main Principles of Productive Public Space Design Source: KDI & Illustrated by Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

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Designing to address needs unmet through traditional channels

Introducing strong design concepts to create beautiful places

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operated by local residents, as well as creating income-generating opportunities for the local

Kibera Community Based Organisations and Local Groups

community (Kounkuy Design Initiative, nd).

Many organizations are active in Kibera,

Main Actors

the social support needs of Kibera residents.

Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI) was founded in 2006 by 6 students of the Harvard Graduate School of Design to address neglected urban environments. It is specialized in the practice of architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning. It is an innovative partnership, that brings together diverse participants, local companies, residents, design students and government officials to develop in a participatory process and context appropriate design interventions (Kounkuey Design Initiative, nd).

demonstrating the remarkable commitment to With the needs of Kibera being considerable, and resources scarce, it is necessary to coordinate the need for harmonization, collaboration, and sharing of resources among the different local groups (Ochieng and Matheka 2009).

KDI work model involves working with community based organizations (CBOs) which have passed through an intensive selection process to ensure their capabilities, impact as well as loyalty to the community.

About 100 different NGOs work in Kibera and provide medicine and food, but KDI is the only group working on the physical environment to improve social and economic situations (Chelina Odbert 2010).

LO C

IC BL

PU

Kounkuey Design Initiative

Community Groups

Provocative Public Awareness Campaigns

AL

Eco build

University of Nairobi

S

Community Groups

‘Soweto east’ youth group

KPSP

Residents (including Youth, children and women)

Figure 2.10: Project Overview Source: Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

Buro Happold Kounkey Design Initiative

ADMINISTRATION

Figure 2.9: Actors Analysis Source: KDI & Illustrated by Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

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Levels of Participation in Kibera

of the residents, for example sanitation, water,

KDI is involved in their project through all levels

community hubs and income generating small

of participation: from the beginning of the project

businesses to ensure sustainability of the results.

providing information and consultation as well as residents in the decision making process. The people learn skills they can use for other projects, and the community-driven process continuing throughout the project ensures true ownership, acceptance and sustainability. KDI helps local initiatives because of their high commitment to community empowerment and the visible potential in the community to run successful interventions.

In Kibera, the residents are resourceful and highly entrepreneurial, capable of solving their own problems‘ (Chelina Odbert 2014).

Supporting independent community initiatives Acting together Deciding together Consultation Information

Conclusion: Kibera Public Space Project (Kpsp) Impact Analysis Community Impact The KPSP process empowers residents through through various trainings such as computers, leadership and record keeping. This training builds civic engagement and bridges government and community needs (LLGA 2012).

Economic Impact KPSP emphasizes on financial capital development in each project. Each site is designed to generate the revenue it will need for ongoing maintenance and also provides individual family income. The majority of facilities constructed are designed to have an income-generating component (LLGA 2012).

Environmental Impact KPSP helped in reducing pollution emissions through community cleanup of waste, removal

Figure 2.11: Levels of Participation in Kibera Source: Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

of toilets draining directly into the waterway, providing sanitation centers with formal sewage connections and production of compost to reduce organic waste. Moreover, it helped in restoring

Project Phases

the natural environment through an intensive

Kibera was the first project of KDI, including 5

soils rotations and tree planting efforts. In

Phases from 2006 until 2015. Each site in Kibera,

addition, Nairobi river watershed was cleaned

where KDI made an intervention is described as

by planting trees and other vegetation, which in

one phase. In every Phase KDI used the same

turn increases biodiversity. Last but not least, the

participatory approach and tools to achieve the

floods were controlled though gabion system and

target outcomes, which always address the needs

soil stabilization (LLGA 2012).

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Figure 2.12: Project Phases Source: Architecturean

Lessons learnt Lesson # 1: How does community participation work? (Figure 2.13 and Figure 2.14) Lesson # 2: Five phases of a creative placemaking project (Figure 2.15 and Figure 2.16).

Lesson # 3: Approach to the productive public spaces network (Figure 2.17 and Figure 2.18).

Figure 2.13: Community Participation Source: KDI

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LEVEL 1

LEVEL 2

Low level of public involvement and influence

INFORM OR EDUCATE

LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4

Mid level of public involvement and influence

GATHER INFORMATION

DISCUSS

LEVEL 5 High level of public involvement and influence

ENGAGE

PARTNER

Communications Listening Consulting Engaging Partnering

Figure 2.14: How community participation works Source: Adapted from patterson Kirk Wallace Illustrated by the Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

Figure 2.15: Community Engagement in the Placemaking Process Source: KDI

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Project Phase

Discover

Define

Develop

Deliver & Implement

Neighbourhood Revilitalization

Type of Management Required

Knowledge Management

Expectations Managements

Project Management

On-site Management

Long-term Project Management

Key Phase Activities

Asses Available Resources

Site Selection Strategy

Project Scoping, Budgeting and Timeline Estimation

Site Visits

Physical Space Local Partnerships

Expectation Setting with the community Select Sites Network Select First Site

Project Structure and Acion Plan Kick off Meetings (Continuous Arrangements with the Community) Volunteer Engagement Marketing & Press

Volunteers Management

Community Feedback

Community Engagement Stragtegy

Overall Project Evaluation

Time Schedule Feedback Mechanisms Assesing Marketing Impact Documentation

Enterprises Support Revitalization Strategies (Identify and Fill Gaps) Connection Strategy with the Community

Figure 2.16: Five Phases of a Creative Placemaking Source: Adapted from PPS and RedHook, Illustrated by the Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

Figure 2.17: Approach to the Productuve Public Space Source: KDI

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THE OLD MODEL

PRODUCTIVE PUBLIC SPACES

NODES AND NETWORKS

A WORKING GEAR

Intervention happens in a single/central public space that concentrates urban intensity while other spaces are mono-functional.

More spaces (nodes) act each one as a centre for the area with intensity, social and functional mixity and spatial variety.

While made up of different public spaces; the area act as a continuous organism where each space (node )is closely related to others.

The interconnection among the spaces still leave a room for activities to flow among them.

Figure 2.18: Approach to the Public Spaces Network Source: Illustrated by the Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

Types of Forgotten Spaces

Heidegger (2000) discussed that the places make

Space vs. Place

it possible for a space to exist hence be built,

Space and place are among the fundamental

like a constructed place establishes and links

concepts in architecture. Many discussions have

the spaces. The mission of architecture is to

been held and the complexity and importance

activate the potential content of environment by

of these concepts were focused on (Parsaee et

converting somewhere to a place, thus the final

al. 2010). While space is an open and abstract

goal of architecture is creating and also protecting

area, place is not considered as a subjective and

a place (Norberg-Schulz 2007). Where a place is

abstract concept (Mir-Moghtadaie 2009), it is

like a container which contains events, through

rather a location or a part of space which obtains

which, and also during the time, the important and

its particular identity through the factors inside it

essential common experiences are created among

(Grütter 2007) and has a meaning and value. Place

people (Carmona, et al. 2012). The identity of a

is the base of a direct connection with the world

place is always defined and redefined according

and the human life spot and it means beyond the

to the ongoing evolution throughout the history

position and origin (Parsaee et al. 2010). Therefore,

(Lang 2007). Therefore, every place should have

it is full of meanings, physical reality and human

the capacity to receive ‘different content’ however

experiences and it is considered as ‘the center of

in specified levels (Norberg-Schulz 2009). Breifly,

sensible value’ (Madanipour 2008).

Space and Place can be defined as follows:

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space /spas/ noun

What is the Placemaking Concept?

●● A continuous area or an expanse that is free,

It is a multi-faceted approach to the planning,

available, and unoccupied. place /plas/ noun ●● A portion of space available or designated for being used by someone.

From Space: Typical Governance Structure

design and management of public spaces.

Placemaking capitalizes on a local community’s assets, inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces that promote people’s health, happiness, and well-being. It is political due to the nature of place identity.

Placemaking is both a process and a philosophy.

The current siloed structure of governance

The concepts behind placemaking originated in

perpetuates a top-down process and culture

the 1960s, when writers like Jane Jacobs and

(Figure 2.19).

William H. Whyte offered groundbreaking ideas about designing people catered cities, and not just to cars and shopping centers. Their work focused on the importance of lively neighborhoods and inviting public spaces. Jacobs advocated citizen ownership of streets through the now-famous idea of ‘eyes on the street.’ Whyte emphasized essential elements for creating a social life in

Figure 2.19: From Space Source: NETZ/WERK/STADT

To Place: Governance Structure for Placemaking Organizing governance around Place outcomes shifts power and responsibility to the communities, while supporting a culture of leadership (Figure 2.20).

public spaces (RIBA 2013).

The term came into use in the 1970s by landscape architects, architects and urban planners to describe the process of creating squares, plazas, parks, streets and waterfronts that will attract people because they are pleasurable. The writings of poet Wendell Berry have contributed to an imaginative grasp of place and placemaking, particularly with reference to local ecology and local economy (PPS, nd) (Figure 2.21).

Figure 2.20: To Place Source: NETZ/WERK/STADT

151

Inter

e

e

Welcoming

uity Access & Linkages

y

mit

le

al

ntal

Accessable

ent

Parking Usage Pattern s

g in s ild ion Bu dit n Co

Con

veni

ab alk

e

l

W

le

bl

Pe de Ac stria tiv ity n

ab

tua

Data

onme

Envir

Intangibles Measurements

Figure 2.21: Place Diagram Source: PPS then Illustrated by the Kibera Public Space Project Group, 2015

152

een

tta

iri

tive

Key Attributes

Cri Sta me tist ics

n

ng

rmi

Attrac

Re

Sp

a

b da

Clea

Gr

alk

Historic

Tr U an sa si ge t

Comfort & Image

Si

n

Co

Sales

Safe

Cha

de No lits p S

Retail

Sustainable

W

ne

y

rator

Celeb

d cte

le

xi Pro

us

no

In

Place

Contin

c Traffi Data

Re

ls

ve

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n

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Uses & Activities

Sociability

activ

Street Lif

l

fu

e Us

en

dly

Pr V ope al r ue ty s

La n Pa d-u tte se rn s

ial

Sp

ec

Vi t

al

Active

Fun

Re

e

Diverse

id

Fri

p

Pr

ive

e

hi ards Stew

Us

ly or

ing

hb ig Ne

m

t era op

s ri

Co

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en

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l cia k So wor t Ne

ol

V

Ev

Loca Busin l Owne ess rship

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Sa

ni Ra tatio tin n g

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II

The Concept of Transportation Networks: Learning from the Case of Mobility Legalization, India

Group Member: ●● Ashraf Abouzied

Introduction All over the world, public transportation is considered as one of the important complex scopes whenever we address planning and urban development. The fact is that public transportation through the last decades has been a critical issue mainly in the developing countries, this goes back to different reasons: ●● Firstly, the infrastructure and public transportation is considered the main spine of development for developing countries. ●● Secondly, it requires huge investments.

Consequently, this needs the contribution of various number of investors.

International Case Study for Mobility Legalisation (Bus Karo)

The Program Has Three Main Aspects Mentoring Transit: Partnering with public transportation agencies through support from experts to assist in the implementation of pilot projects designed to enhance city bus services.

Talking Transit: Organising workshops and facilitating discussions in which public transport ation authorities can gather to discuss strategies and hurdles to achieving sustainable transportation.

This also provides an opportunity for peer-to-peer capacity building.

Learning Transit: Facilitating the sharing of best practices through the documentation and distribution of international and India-specific cases of city bus services.

Bus Karo Program 1. The dynamic nature of cities requires the redesigning of the transport system to effectively respond to the changing needs of population.

In 2009, EMBARQ India launched the Bus Karo Program to improve city bus service in Indian cities. ●● The program is designed to build capacity, provide technical support and share best practices in the field of urban bus transportation in India. ●● The initiative is a best-practice and peer-to-peer learning network, where the implementation of pilot projects brings about significant outcomes.

Figure 2.22: Bus Karo Source: http://wricitieshub.org/onlinepublications/about-bus-karo

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Mentoring Transit (Operations + Technology + Resource Productivity Bus Rapid Transit)

Talking Transit (Sharing and discussing best practices)

Learning Transit (Documenting and disseminating best practices)

Bus Karo Program

Figure 2.23: Bus Karo Program Source: http://wricitieshub.org/ online-publications/about-bus-karo

2. Safety and accessibility are two significant design components in the planning of transport infrastructure.

3. A structured framework to optimize fuel efficiency is important. Four areas of effectiveness are identified: Driver training; Management systems; vehicle maintenance and incentive schemes.

4. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are useful to obtain data and use data analysis as a way to enhance operations.

5. Branding, marketing and communicating are three critical components to augment public transport outreach.

6. The financial sustainability of operating agencies is commonly undermined by the inevitable purpose of providing transport as a public service. New financing trends can be effective in easing the pressure on agencies.

Figure 2.24: Bus Operation Planning Source: http://wricitieshub.org/onlinepublications/about-bus-karo

Service Planning The following steps were taken into account for public transportation service planning (Figure 2.25 and Figure 2.26): ●● Intiate Service

Bus Operation Planning

●● Route and Service Optimization

The planning for any operating public

●● Network Structure

transportation must be derived from the Figure

●● Legalisation Steps

2.22.

●● Fuel Efficiency Training and Management ●● Branding in Public Transportation Operations

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Figure 2.25: Intiate Service Source: http://wricitieshub.org/online-publications/about-bus-karo

Figure 2.26: Route and Service Optimization Source: http://wricitieshub.org/online-publications/about-bus-karo

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Management System

Driver Training GRID IRON STRUCTURE

RADIAL STRUCTURE

Figure 2.27: Network Structure Source: http://wricitieshub.org/onlinepublications/about-bus-karo

Vehicle Maintenance

Fuel Efficiency and Management

Figure 2.29: Fuel Efficiency Training and Management Source: http://wricitieshub.org/onlinepublications/about-bus-karo

Figure 2.28: Legalisation Steps Source: http://wricitieshub.org/onlinepublications/about-bus-karo

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The process as follows:

Bus Operation Revenues

The communication is done through:

The revenues should be greater than the expenditures Bus Operation Tarrifs Costs

The revenues in case of the bus operations

Equality

The optimum scenario is to create a balance between the expenditures and the revenues - a balance that achieves best performance.

Figure 2.30: Branding in Public Transportation Operations Source: http://wricitieshub.org/online-publications/about-bus-karo

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THE MOBILITY IN DEVELOPMENT OF A PLANNED 15 AREAS -­‐ HELWAN DISTRICT

ELHODA CITY

ROKN HELWAN

MANSHIET EIN HELWAN

EZBET ELWLADA MANSHIET ELSALAM

ARD ELDAWAGEN ARAB ELWLADA ARAB RASHED ELGHARBIA KORNISCH KAFR ELELW

MANSHIET ALSALAM BEN ELEZBETEEN ARAB KAFR ELELW ARAB ELBARAWY

Figure 2.31: The Mobility in Development of a Planned 15 Areas - Helwan District Source: Transportation Group, 2015

Introduction

Main Objectives

The case study area includes 15 informal areas

Legalization is meant to be comprehensive through

‘Ezbas’, which suffer from deterioration of urban

the following approaches:

environment and lack of some basic urban services.

●● Introducing a system that defines a certain

In addition, high-voltage lines pass over some of the areas (Manshiet Al Salaam; Kafr Elwi; Ezbet AlWalda; Arab Kafr Elwi and Arab Abu Dahroug).

Problem Identification The fifteen ezbas of Helwan suffer from very deteriorated conditions in terms of the infrastructure services (such as roads, drainage, transportation...

mean ('van' for example) to act as a legalised karo that moves between the main check point ‘hubs’ connecting them consequently. ●● Develop a legalized fare system as learnt from the international case studies.

Main Beneficiaries

etc.). In fact, a number of those areas lack any public transportation methods especially those located on the south. Furthermore, there is no legalized transportation system that coordinates different transportation means together.

Main Concept The main idea of the project is to develop a legalized public transportation system that facilitate Mobility of the People to move between the differentactivities inside the ezba and outside it by the Kornish and the metro.

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Figure 2.32: Main Beneficiaries Source: Transportation Group, 2015

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First Proposal (Ezbet Elwalda Zone) The chosen site is Ezbet Elwalda zone. This includes the areas of Ezbet Elwalda, Ard Eldawagen, and Arab ElWalda. Reasons for choosing this site is due to the fact that: ●● These areas have only one entrance from under the tunnel. ●● These areas lie in an intermediate zone between ElKornish street and the Metro Line. ●● The areas are bounded between two railways: The Military railway and the steel railway. ●● There are different types of transportation in the zone, including tuktuks, microbuses, and vans. ●● There is a hierarchy in the roads from the main road to inner roads.

General Background on Ezbet Elwalda Ezbet Elwalda is located in the center of Helwan district. The total area of Ezbet ELwalda is about

Figure 2.34: Ard Eldawagen Source: Transportation Group, 2015

Arab Elwalda Arab Elwalda is located in a central area within Helwan district, bounded from the North by Ard Eldawagen area and Ezbet Elwalda and from the East by Steel railway and Helwan University Street and from the west by Abu Bakr Elsedik Street. The total area of Arab Elwalda is 54.5 acres inhabited by about 23,674 residents, with a number of about 6,000 housing units (Figure 2.35).

55.1 acres inhabited by about 23,803 residents, with a number of about 6,000 housing units (Figure 2.33).

Figure 2.35: Arab Elwalda Source: Transportation Group, 2015 Figure 2.33: Ezbet ELwalda Source: Transportation Group, 2015

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Figure 2.36: Detailed Exisitng Transportation Types Source: Transportation Group, 2015

Creation of transportaion hubs based upon splitting the movement axes firslty, and then collecting the different transportation types in hubs at the entrances and exits.

Figure 2.37: Zoom in of the Proposed Transportation Hubs Source: Transportation Group, 2015

Figure 2.38: Helwan Metro Station - Second Proposal (Bus Karo Project) Source: Transportation

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Helwan Station

2.3.2 Phase 2: Action Plans

It is proposed to make the main metro station of

In this phase, the students were asked to develop

Helwan as the primary station where all the routes

their concepts into action plans. After the first week

are connected together. The station is to act as a

of this phase, it was decided to shift the work of

meeting hub since it is the main destination of all

the Public Spaces intervention to Istabl Antar area.

students in Helwan district.

This is basically due to accessibility and mobility issues that were foreseen as constraints which might affect the project development.

2.3.2.1 Tools and Process Tools used: ●● Focus groups ●● Community Workshops ●● Action Plan ●● Logical Framework Matrix

The duration of this phase was five weeks, this was due to the variation in the nature of development Figure 2.39: Proposed Route of the Bus Karo Source: Transportation Group, 2015

interventions, the selected areas and the resources required for each intervention, students were given the space and time to develop their plans at their

Figure 2.40: Brainstorming the Action Plan at the Studio Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

own pace based on lectures and one-to-one tutoring

addition, the group identified and mapped the

with ICS team. Lectures in this phase mainly

forgotten spaces in the area in order to choose

focused on acquiring tools to develop projects

one space for pilot testing of the intervention.

in an integrated approach, and to prepare action

Furthermore, the group managed to develop

plans and logical framework matrices for projects.

networks with various stakeholders, both from

To develop the action plans, the students focused

the area and outside.

on the field work, to identify stakeholders and

In parallel, the Transportation Network group

build networks to support their interventions.

- which developed their concept under the

During this period, each group managed to hold a

title ‘Forgotten Spaces’- managed to conduct

workshop with the community in their respective

participatory design workshops with members of

study areas.

the selected informal areas. Overall, the workshops

During this phase, the Public Spaces group - which developed their concept under the title ‘Forgotten Spaces’- conducted project sustainability analysis with the local community to assess the impacts of last year’s intervention of ‘Participatory Upgrading of Open Communal Spaces’ in Istabl Antar. In

were of great benefit for both the students and the community. One the one hand, working with the community gave the students directions to further develop their proposed interventions in a more participatory approach. On the other hand, the engagement of the community from the very beginning in the design of interventions gave them a sense of ownership of these projects. In effect, such sense ownership is a crucial factor for

Figure 2.41: IUSD Students with the Children of Istabl Antar Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

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project sustainability.

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The process took a more of a spontaneous approach, where the focus was more of learning on site, and ‘design as you go’. All the ideas were raised on site with the contribution of the residents.

The aim of this report is to show the development of the action plan of the ‘Forgotten Spaces’ project in Istabl Antar (Figure 2.43).

Evaluation of IUSD III In order to start the project on a solid ground, an assessment of the urban initiatives by students of Figure 2.42: Discussing the Logical Framework Source: IUSD - Lab Cairo

Building on the work of this phase, each group submitted an action plan of their intervention which covered the main objectives of the intervention, the main beneficiaries, the project description, the actors required for implementation, in addition to a tentative budget, a time plan and a logical framework matrix.

2.3.2.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

I

Forgotten Spaces

Group Member: ●● Hebatuallah Hendawy

IUSD III in 2015 was conducted. It was decided from the early beginning and before the project concept that the target is to work on communal spaces or the spaces with potential to be a communal place. It was noticed that the communal spaces in Istabl Antar (on the micro level) are not being used in an optimal way. The communal spaces in the area include the streets, public nodes and ‘points’, stairs and semi-public spaces in front of of the houses. The streets include the main Zahraa street, the secondary Haggana street which acts as a main connection between Zahraa street and Gabakhana, as well as the dead end streets.

Accordingly, two of last year’s implemented urban projects were selected to be assessed.

1. The upgrading of Mohammed Hassan Square.

2. Participatory coloring of the Hagana street

Methodology

stairs.

The methodology used was based on desktop research and field work. Results are primarily

The scale of the project focused on the Haggana

based on an iterative process that developed

Street through an incremental upgrading strategy.

while working.

The project began by upgrading one central

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Process Mapping International Case Study

Evaluation of IUSD III

Lessons Learnt and drawbacks

Concept

Building Partnerships

Mapping Forgotten Spaces

Next Steps

Final Action Plan

Field work in Forgotten Space I

Conclusion

Figure 2.43: Forgotten Spaces Implemented Process in Istabl Antar Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

communal node ‘Mohammad Hassan Square’ along Haggana street. This central node was chosen based on the existing high activity and interaction levels, It was estimated that it could push forward the economic activity of that node and supposedly influence the adjacent streets.

The chosen node was considered a vital link between the upper and lower Haggana residents promoting integration. The second phase of the intervention extended to the adjacent streets and stairs and later extend to the whole Haggana street strip (IUSD 2015).

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The Upgrading of Mohammed Hassan Square

Figure 2.44: Situation in January 2016

Figure 2.45: Situation in November 2016

Source: IUSD III

Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

Participatory Coloring of El Haggana Street Stairs

Figure 2.46: El Haggana Street Stairs in January 2016

Figure 2.47: El Haggana Street Stairs in November 2016

Source: IUSD III

Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

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Evaluation of IUSD III Communal Spaces

The Assessment of IUSD III communal spaces projects was done by filling up a survey that measures: 1. Physical attribute of the spaces after 10 months from the implementation.

2. Social usage of the space after the upgrading 3. Economic usage of the spaces and whether they facilitated or encouraged any incomegenerating activities.

The results of the survey are illustrated in the graph below showing that there was a big difference between the sustainability of Mohammed Hassan square and El Haggana stairs. It was noted that the Physical attributes of Mohamed Hassan square were almost the same as it was in January 2015.

The community was taking care of the space effectively, they were very proud of being part of the implementation process and there was a high sense of ownership towards the space especially from the residents of the houses that

are overlooking upon the space (i.e. they still look after the plants). However for El Haggana stairs, colors had vanished because of lack of ownership.

Concerning the Social usage of Mohamed Hassan square; the residents mentioned that Mohamed Hassan square was highly used by the community as a gathering point and in wedding ceremonies.

While on the other hand the ‘colorful’ stairs only functioned as a path for accessibility from down to up and vice versa.

Last but not least, there was almost no Economic usage in the two spaces. It is important to mention that it was essential to communicate the survey results back to IUSD staff, were Dr.Mohamed Salheen said that if the two projects are 'incomparable' due to the huge difference in their process dynamics were Mohamed Hassan square was an effective participation process model where the residents contributed to every single step in it.

Meanwhile, for El Haggana stairs, it was more of a pop-up opportunity when the team were able to get ‘Coloring a Grey City’ initiative to work with them.

A further look upon the IUSD III sustainability model was investigated in order to come up with the a full assessment of the communal spaces projects.

Figure 2.48: Results of the ‘Evaluation of IUSD III Communal Spaces’ Survey Source: IUSD III

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Reviewing the Sustainability Model

Moreover, based on a meeting with the ISDF, it

It was essential to look deeply on the roles of each

was planned that they will be responsible to sustain

actor throughout the participatory process that

the two projects yet this did not happen in reality.

took place from October 2014 untill January 2015

Last but not least, it was noticed that there was

in order to investigate the gaps and document the

no inclusion of any international or external

recommendations. As shown in the following table;

organisation throughout the process of the

the ‘Upgrading of Mohamed Hassan Square’ was

two projects. Respectively, from reviewing the

an inclusive process from the very early stages.

Residents and NGOs were involved in the early

sustainability model it was concluded that:

networking phase while the IUSD staff was the

1. It is essential to include the residents from

main force in moving the project. However, the

the early beginning of the project (Adults

‘Coloring of El Haggana street stairs’ focused more

and children)

on kid's participation. The project idea popped up

2. To ensure the projects sustainability; we need

during the fundraising phase.

to have a partnering entity that consists of members from the community and exterior

As noticed, there was an attempt to include the

consultants/ Advisors.

(Private Sector) in the fundraising phase but it

3. The role of the consultant/ Advisor (in this

did not succeed. In addition, there was a some

case the architect) is a neutral mediator. He

participation from the NGOs in the implementation

/ She acts as the ‘Maestro’ of the project.

of upgrading Mohamed Hassan Square.

Involved Actors:

Networking

Design

Fundraising

Implementation

Sustainability

The Stairs

Communal Space

Residents (Adults) Residents (Children) Academic Staff (IUSD) Government (ISDF) Private Sector NGOs Initiatives International Organisations

Figure 2.49: Assessing the Sustainability Model Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

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These lessons learned were taken forward for

(N.B. The first three factors were used by IUSD

the project’s concept development which will be

III in choosing their intervention site)

covered in the next section.

The first factor is determined by the extent of

Mapping Forgotten Spaces

maintenance of the communal space and availability

In order to choose the implementation site, Six

of previous self-organized upgrading efforts.

factors were selected as the base of the comparison The second factor is determined by the direct

criteria:

beneficiaries interested in leading and helping

1. Responsibility towards the space.

with the human resource management, number

2. The sense of ownership.

of families and individuals living in proximity,

3. Construction skills availability.

and the usage and degree of how much the space

4. Urgency of changing the space.

is public.

5. Potential for replication.

6. Anticipated participation.

Flyover

1

Space Between Building

2

6

1

3

5

4

1. Responsibility

168

1

2

6

3

5

Forgotten Backlane

4

2. Sense of ownership

2

6

3

5

3. Construction skills

4

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The third factor is determined by the availability

The sixth factor is determined by the residents

of labor manpower who are willing to contribute

(Adults and children) motivation to help throughout

in transforming the space.

the process of transformation.

The fourth factor reflects the urgency in time

The results of the Forgotten Spaces selection is

to transform the space (i.e. It was noted by the

shown below with space number 6 having the

residents that space number 5 hosts snakes and

highest rates in the urgency to transform it, the

contributed to the spread of diseases. The fifth

community’s responsibility towards it, the potential

factor shows the possibility to replicate the space

in replicating it, highest sense of ownership, the

depending on the percentage of availability of

anticipated participation during the execution

similar Forgotten Spaces in Istabl Antar (i.e. the

as well as contributing with manpower in the

second space represented in the wasted rooftops

construction process.

is highly noticed in the area).

Figure 2.50: Selection of Forgotten Spaces Source: Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

Forgotten Backlane

1

2

1

3

6

5

Hidden Laneway

4

4. Urgency of changing the space

Urban Pocket

2

6

1

3

5

4

5. Potential for replication

2

6

3

5

4

6. Anticipated participation

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

The Selected Forgotten Space

4. Squatting potential

The cliff represents many threats that harm the

5. Safety

inhabitants. For instance, throwing the garbage on

6. Scorpions and snakes

and from the cliff and its accumulation increases

7. Unattractive area

the unattractiveness of the area. Furthermore,

8. Accessibility

the gravel attracts many insects as well as snakes and scorpions that harm and threaten the people.

Though these unused spaces represent potential uses for the area; yet, it still has the potential to be used for squatting again. This brings in the need of using the unused and the misused into some

According to the geological expert, Mr. Shahata, the soil is good to be used for any activity that excludes the use of water that is directly poured from the cliff. Yet, securing the cliff by stabilizing the soil and by putting protection barrier is essential before

beneficial usages.

taking any action of intervention on the cliff area.

The problems are as following:

houses that make the cliff more unattractive

1. The ruins of the demolished houses

(IUSD 2015).

In addition to that, the ruins of the demolished

2. Lack of public spaces 3. Unused space

Figure 2.51: Different Problems Concerning the Cliff Source: IUSD III

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Figure 2.52: The Selected Forgotten Space Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

II

Karoing

Group Member: ●● Ashraf Abouzied

Karoing Definition ‘Any means of transportation used to carry goods: A wagon, cart, van, lorry or a truck’.

Problem Identification The main problem is that the 15 Ezbas suffer from lack of good transportation system that interconnects the areas together and enhances the flow of traffic within.

The is due to the absence of needed means, deteriorated routes and unorganized stations and vehicle licensing. Therefore, the existing transportation system is unorganized in both patterns, condition and the working transportation means lack harmony within the area.

A Strategic View The generalization and unification of the different transportation means, rides and all the aspects that affect the transportation system in a loop that synchronizes the different problems and tools.

Aim of the Project The main aim of the projects is to develop a comprehensive legalized transportation system that could be implemented on a number of adjacent interconnected Ezbas.

Figure 2.53: Site Scouting I Source: Karoing Group, 2016

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Figure 2.54: Site Scouting II Source: Karoing Group, 2016

Figure 2.55: Phase I the Southern Ezbs Source: Karoing Group, 2016

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

Figure 2.56: General Comprehensive Network Design for the 15 Ezbazs Source: Karoing Group, 2016

174

175 Figure 2.58: Time Line for the Whole Project Source: Karoing Group, 2016

Figure 2.57: Short Time Line

Source: Karoing Group, 2016

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

2.3.3 Phase 3: Pilot Testing and Handover

which is expected to take place after the end of

The purpose of this phase was to revise the action

is a capital investment project, the purpose of this

plan and develop it, based on pilot testing, in a way that would ensure the project sustainability.

the semester. As for the Karoing project, since it phase was to validate the action plan with experts in terms of design, phases and budget.

2.3.3.1 Tools and Process Tools used: ●● Participatory Workshops ●● Focus Groups

In this phase, the students relied extensively on the networks that they established in the previous phase, particularly contacts with active NGOs in the study areas. With the support of various actors, the ‘Forgotten Space’ group managed to launch a kickoff event, in order to test the project and reach agreements with involved actors on their anticipated roles during the implementation phase, Figure 2.59: Ice Breaking Activities with Children of Istabl Antar Source: Karoing Group, 2016

Figure 2.60: The Participatory Design of the Forgotten Space in Istabl Antar Source: Karoing Group, 2016

176

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Based on the pilot testing of the interventions, the groups were required to revise the action plans so as to: ●● Address the gaps and deficiencies faced during the pilot testing. ●● Root the project in the community and network effectively with the actors. ●● Propose the project sustainability and exit strategy. ●● Revise the time plan of the intervention.

At the end of the phase, the students presented their action plans and results of the study in

Figure 2.61: Working with the Community During Forgotten Spaces Workshop Source: Karoing Group, 2016

a public event, to which the guest professors, different experts, and stakeholders who supported the ICS module were invited. In addition, an open exhibition was installed to show the work of the students. Such event gave the students the opportunity to present their work abd get feedback from different parties.

Figure 2.62: Interactive Display of the Project Process in the Final Exhibition Source: Karoing Group, 2016

Figure 2.63: Participatory Workshop with Residents of Istabl Antar Source: Karoing Group, 2016

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track Ain Shams University Egypt

2.3.3.2 Excerpts from Students' Work

I

Forgotten Spaces

Group Member: ●● Hebatuallah Hendawy

In order to start in the field work in the selected Forgotten Space, it was vital to decide the participatory process that we are going to abide with. Respectively, the Human-Centered Design process was selected as the intervention methodology.

The core principle of this process is keeping the people we are looking for to serve at the heart of the process.

as a Participatory strategic catalysts for placemaking workshop program Objective: Assembling the kids ideas concerning the selected “Forgotten Space” Location: Date: 29.11.2015 Duration: 3 hours (1:30 - 4:30 Pm) Targeted Group: Maximum 16 Children

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Human-Centered Design (Hcd)

1. In the Inspiration Phase, we learn directly

It is a creative approach to problem solving. It is

from the people we’re designing for (in this

a process that starts with the residents and ends

case, they are the residents of Istabl antar)

with new solutions that are tailor made to suit

as we immerse ourselves in their lives and

their needs. Human-centered design is all about

come to deeply understanding their needs.

building a deep empathy with the people we’re

2. In the Ideation Phase, we made sense of

designing for; generating tons of ideas; building

what we learned, identified opportunities for

a bunch of prototypes; sharing what we have

design, and prototyped possible solutions.

made with the people we’re designing for; and

3. And in the Implementation Phase, we

eventually putting our innovative new solution out in the world.

Understanding the Process Human-centered design isn’t a perfectly linear process, and each project invariably has its own contours and character. But no matter what kind of design challenge we’ve got, we should move

brought our solution to life.

The reason this process is called ‘human-centered’ is because it starts with the people we are designing for. It starts with a specific Design Challenge and goes through the mentioned process (Design kit. org); illustrated in the following diagram.

through three main phases: Inspiration, Ideation, and Implementation.

Figure 2.64: Understanding the Process Source: HCD and re-illustrated by Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

Human-centered design

179

180 Around 60 Kids 10 Families 2 NGOs

Around 8 Families whose houses are looking on the selected Forgotten Space

Around 30 Kids

Number of Participants:

Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

Figure 2.65: Field work in the selected Forgotten Space

Conclusion: List of Needs

Eye-Opening Event, Prioritizing the needs resulted from the kids workshop and informal rountables held earlier, Spatial organization of the prioritized actions, Connecting the NGOs and the residents with the entity of Forgotten Spaces

Discussing the residents opinions concerning the selected ‘Forgotten Space’

Assembling the kids ideas concerning the selected ‘Forgotten Space’ by drawings

Kick-off workshop

Activity#3: Kick-off Workshop

Informal Rountables

Activity #2: Informal Rountables

Objective:

Kids Participatory Workshop

Activity #1: Kids Participatory Workshop

‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

Specific Project Objectives

Indicators of Progress

Verify

181

Based on the assumption that the residents see the benefits of the development of the first Forgotten Space and want to repeat it development mechanism in the other Forgotten Spaces of Istabl Antar.

20% less drug dealing activities in Istabl Antar

Indicator 2.1: Due to developing the Forgotten neglected urban spaces, the number drug dealers active in Istabl Antar will decrease.

Indicator 1.1: Willingness of inhabitants to develop other Forgotten Spaces in Istabl Antar due to Forgotten Space I upgrading.

1.2: Number of people collaborating with initiatives/NGOs increases.

Survey

Outcome 2: Due to the improved physical infrastructure the inhabitants of Istabl Antar feel increased safety.

Outcome 1: The upgraded Forgotten Space I act as a model of development mechanisms for other forgotten spaces in Istabl Antar

Inspection / Site visit

Indicator 3.1: The implemented physical elements are being maintained and taken care off and function even after a long time (3 years).

Outcome 3: Inhabitants of Istabl Antar show increased responsibility of their area and feel ownership.

Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

Figure 2.66: Forgotten Spaces Logical Framework

Assumptions

Not printing or distributing the Manual

Survey

Indicator 4.1: Patterns proposed in the manual are executed in the forgotten spaces of Istabl Antar.

Outcome 4: Produced manual for ‘Forgotten Spaces Potentials’ is accepted and being used by the inhabitants of Istabl Antar.

Forgotten Spaces inspection

Indicator 5.1: Forgotten spaces have been developed by the inhabitants in collaboration with internal and external initiatives/NGOs.

Outcome 5: An active network between local and international as well as internal and external initiatives/ NGOs and the inhabitants of Istabl Antar exists which takes care of the upgrading of Forgotten Spaces in Istabl Antar.

Based on the assumption that a demand for new products and new businesses exists.

Survey / Site visit

Indicator 6.1: 10% of new street vendors are active in the Forgotten Spaces of Istabl Antar.

6.2: 10% of requested products (e.g. bread) are available in Istabl Antar 6.3: 5 new businesses open 6.4: 5 more women selling homemade products in the upgraded Forgotten Spaces of Istabl Antar.

Outcome 6: The availability of products is increased and new businesses open in Istabl Antar due to the improved physical infrastructure in the neglected Forgotten Spaces.

Powerful families might dominate the developed Forgotten Spaces to their own benefit.

Survey / Site visit

Indicator 7.1: Developed Forgotten Spaces act as meeting points for the community and equally and actively used.

7.2: At least 5 new businesses/ new shops open in and around the developed Forgotten Spaces.

Outcome 7: Forgotten Spaces of Istabl Antar are developed and used for social & economic activities by men, women and children of Istabl Antar.

The socio-­economic condition of Istabl Antar is developed by transforming the Forgotten Spaces to productive public places.

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182

Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

Forgotten Space II

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

IUSD IV intervention

Figure 2.67: Long Term Timeplan

Legalisation

Manual

Report

Assesment Meetings

Documentation

Ceremony

Forgotten Space IV

Forgotten Space III

Forgotten Space II

Forgotten Space I

Action of intervention

Accomodating the site

Fundraising

Verification Meeting

Ideas into Action

Roundtables

Workshop

Place Evaluation

Building Partnerships

Site Analysis

FS Initial Mapping

Networking

IUSD III Evaluation

Istabl Antar Prestudy

Forgotten Space I

10 11 12

2015

Forgotten Space IV

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Forgotten Space III

2016

2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2018

‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

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Who is responsible for what ? !!

Greenary Zone

Agreed upon divisions of responsibilities as a preparation for the implementation

Cultural Zone

Recreational Zone

NGO

Sohbet Kheir

Residents

Youth Housewives

NGO

Sohbet Kheir

NGO

Elnour

NGO

Elmo’atassem Bellah

Youth

Figure 2.68: Kick-off Workshop Conclusion Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

How to Manage a Project from A - Z How to pinpoint and address drawbacks of previous urban initatives How to moblize architecture students and volunteers Establishing Community Partnership (Not only Participation) A primary Action Plan needs to get verified with the community The Vital role of dealing with all NGOs involved in the area and getting them to work together as well Transfer of ownership to the community Project Sustainability = It is vital to have a well-adjusted mix of management knowledge and technical expertise Start Fundraising from an early stage How establishing external partnerships can sustain a project It is mainly about the Process !!!!!!!

How to deal with the people (on site) as resources rather than threat Community needs change/get-updated when we gather all the interested stakeholders together Keep Iterating : Be flexibe to update the process all along Figure 2.69: Personal Lessons Learnt Throughout the Process Source: Forgotten Spaces Group, 2016

184

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II

Karoing

Group Member: ●● Ashraf Abouzied

Figure 2.70: Sustainability Model Source: Karoing Group, 2016 Figure 2.71: General System Source: Karoing Group, 2016

Wheel

Route

Station

Driver

Fare

Type Selection

Rawing

Building Stop

Training

Legalisation

Maintenance

Lightening

Maintenance

Lightening

Regular Supervision

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

Container for Waiting

Concrete Sheltered

Metaphoric for Identifying

Recycled Layering

Advertising

Night Priority

Functionally

Figure 2.72: Stop Design (Interviewing the Inhabitants to Discuss Different Bus Stop Design Alternatives) Source: Karoing Group, 2016

186

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ELHARIRY STREET ELHARIRY STREET

ELSARF ELSEHY ST

OMAR IBN ABD ELAZIZ STREET

ELKAWMIA FOR CEMENT ST

ELSARF ELSEHY ST

ELKAWMIA FOR CEMENT ST

Elhariry street 25 m width from abodahroug to ezbet rashed to omae ibn abd elaziz 2700 needs repaving.

Figure 2.73: Route Design Source: Karoing Group, 2016

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

ELHARIRY STREET ELHARIRY STREET

ELSARF ELSEHY ST

OMAR IBN ABD ELAZIZ STREET

ELKAWMIA FOR CEMENT ST

ELSARF ELSEHY ST

ELKAWMIA FOR CEMENT ST

Elkawmia for cement street 10m width needs to remove the constraints ,road pavement, and street lightening

Elsarf elsehy with 16m width needs to remove the constraints and road paving,lightening

Figure 2.74: Proposal for the Required Routes for Development Source: Karoing Group, 2016

2.3.5 Reflections

and design interests. While the case study was

This part presented an overview on the process and

first suggested to be Helwan informal areas, we

outputs of the ‘Informal Areas Development’ track

ended up working on two different areas due to the

this year. The track mainly focused on sustainability

nature of interventions that students proposed. One

of development projects. Reflecting on the process

student worked on a more strategic level, whereas

and outputs of this track, it is interesting to observe

the other student worked on a more tactical

the dynamic evolution of the ICS track and the

level. It was, then, obvious that each approach

development projects. Two passionate students

needs prerequisite conditions for developing

joined the informality track, based on their research

the intervention on ground. For instance, the

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Cairo Between the Extremes

‘Transpiration’ intervention was more interested

and NGOs changed over time. Hence, it is worthy

on connecting the areas together and creating

to regularly update stakeholder relationships,

the interconnections among them. Hence, the

when working in the area.

work was conducted at a higher level of abstract.

Accordingly, participatory approach was used here to get a better understanding of transportation conditions in the area and develop alternatives for the bus stops. On the other hand, the ‘Public Spaces’ interventions required intense work with the community to get them engaged in the intervention from the very beginning of the planning process.

Tackling the issue of project sustainability, it became clear that we need to work on different scales as well as different actors involved. To sustain the project, it is imperative to think of the project ownership and actors to whom the intervention will be handed over. On the other hand, it is also essential to zoom out and think about the replicability, scalability and transferability of the intervention in other sites.

In working with the community, building and maintaining trust was a crucial issue. In Helwan, we established links with the local community through representatives of NGOs working in

Furthermore, we noticed that the perception of the community towards IUSD developed. Building on our last year’s work, the community raised the level of expectations from our team. In fact, this directed our attention to the importance of managing the developer-local community relationship, in a way that keeps the expectations balanced on each side.

Last but not least, the community in Istabl Antar showed a higher level of of the understanding and the ability to prioritize their needs. This could be regarded as a positive development, building on last years' experience. However, this also directs our attention to the level of exposure of the community to external development initiatives.

It is well-know that in cases of over-exposure, some community members tend to manipulate their participation to get quick gains without genuinely working on developing their situation.

Therefore, it is important to consider the level of exposure of the community as a factor of project sustainability.

the area. In Istabl Antar, we capitalized on our existing network, based on IUSD previous work in the area. Working in Istabl Antar for the second year - in the ICS module - gave us the opportunity to monitor the development in the community’s perception towards development interventions.

We were able to note a number of observations.

Firstly, the dynamics among the local community

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‘Informal Areas Development’ Informality Track

References ●● ABD (2010), Post-Completion Sustainability of Asian Development Bank-Assisted Projects, retrieved April 2016, https://www.oecd.org/derec/adb/47186868.pdf ●● AfBD (2007) Independent Evaluation Policy and Functional Responsibilities of the Operations Evaluation Department (OPEV), retrieved April 2016, http:// www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/ Evaluation-Reports/Evaluation-Reports-_Shared-WithOPEV_/18854239-EN-INDEP-EVALU-POLICY-ANDFUNCTIO-RESPO-OF-THE-OPEV.PDF ●● Alfiky, M. (2014) Community Based Security of Tenure (Initial Framework for Squatter Areas in Cairo). Ain Shams University / Stuttgart University. ●● Azim, N. (2011) Dealing with Urban Poverty: The Case of Ezbet Bekhit, Manshiet Nasser. The American University in Cairo. Available at: http://dar.aucegypt. edu/handle/10526/2814 [Accessed January 7, 2014]. ●● Annah MacKenzie. (2015). Estonoesunsolar: Finding Opportunity in Emptiness in Zaragoza, Spain. Available: http://www.pps.org/blog/not-empty-plot-findingopportunity-emptiness-historical-city-zaragoza-2/. ●● Baker, J. (2000). Evaluating the Poverty Impact of Projects: A Handbook for Practitioners. The World Bank, Washington, D. C. http://www.worldbank.org/ poverty/library/impact.htm ●● Belli, P., et al. (2000). Economic Analysis of Investment Operations: Analytical Tools and Practical Applications.

The World Bank, Washington, D.C. ●● Carmona, et al. (2012). Public Places–Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Tehran: The Art University of Tehran Publications ●● Chelina Odbert (2014) KDIoverview Brochure. http:// www.kounkuey.org ●● Chelina Odbert, Kounkuey Design Initiative, Kenya. In: Harvard Design Magazine 33, Fall/Winter 2010–2011 ●● Constitutional Amendments Committee, 2013. Egyptian Constitution, Egypt. Available at: http://dostour.eg/.

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com/rpsv/cgi-bin/cgi?ini=xref&body=linker&reqd oi=10.1630/095624798101284392. ●● Elmouelhi, H. et al. (2015) Development Priorities in Cairo Informal Areas: Planning, Realization and Local Perceptions. In K. Shmidt & K. Gliemann, eds. Who Wins and Who Loses? Exploring and Learning from Transformations and Actors in the Cities of the South.

Dortmund: N-AERUS, pp. 321–347. ●● Elmouelhi, H. (2014) Culture and Informal Urban Development. The case of Cairo’s ‘Ashwa’eyat (Informal settlements). TU Berlin. ●● El Kafrawy, A.H. (2012) Housing Policy and Finance in Egypt: extending the reach of mortgage credit. University of Glasgow. Available at: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3299/. ●● Grütter (2007). Ästhetik der Architektur: Grundlagen der Architektur-Wahrnehmung. tEH- RAN: University of Shahid Beheshti Publications. ●● GTZ (1997). ZOPP: Objectives-Oriented Project Planning: http://www.unhabitat.org/cdrom/governance/html/ books/zopp_e.pdf ●● Guijt, I. and J. Gaventa (1998). Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, U.K.: http://www.ids. ac.uk/ids/bookshop/briefs/brief12.html ●● Hatry, H. (1999). Performance Measurement: Getting Results. The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C. ●● Heidegger (2000). Building, dwelling, think- ing Modern Hermeneutics. Tehran: Markaz Publi- cations. p. 55–83 ●● IFAD (2012) Sustainability of rural development projects Best practices and lessons learned by IFAD in Asia INDIA CASE STUDY North Eastern Region Community Resource Management Project for Upland Areas, retrieved April 2016, https://www.ifad.org/documents/10180/97e6e61e6b76-4a6f-b5e1-58f9c94ce645 ●● Khan M. A (2000) Planning for and Monitoring of Project Sustainability: A guideline on concepts, issues and tools, retrieved April 2016, http://www.mande. co.uk/docs/khan.htm ●● Kounkuey Design Initiative (nd). KPSP01 Brochure. http://www.kounkuey.org/KPSP01Brochure.pdf. ●● Kounkuy Design Initiative (nd). KPSP02 Brochure. http://www.kounkuey.org ●● Lang (2007) . Creating Architectural The- ory: The Role of the Behavioral Science in Envi- ronmental Design.

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●● Madanipour (2008). Design of Urban Space: An Inquiry into a Socio-Spatial Process. Tehran: Urban Processing and Planning Enterprises. ●● Mir-Moghtadaie M (2009). The criteria to evalu- ate the possibility of formation, record and trans- fer of public memories in the City – Tehran Case Study: Honar-haye-Ziba. 37. p5–16. ●● Norberg-Schulz, C. (2007). The Roots of Mod- ern Architecture. Tehran: Shahidi. ●● Norberg-Schulz, C. (2009). Genius Loci: To- wards a Phenomenology of Architecture. Tehran: Rokhdad-e-No ●● PPS (nd) Project for Public Spaces. What is PLACEMAKING?. Available: http://www.pps.org/refer- ence/ what_is_placemaking/ ●● PPS (nd) Project for Public Spaces.. What Makes a Suc- cessful Place?. Available: http://www.pps.org/ ref- erence/grplacefeat/ ●● OCED (2010) Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results Based Management, retrieved April 2016, http:// www.oecd.org/development/peer-reviews/2754804.pdf ●● Ochieng, B., Matheka, J. (2009) Directory of Organizations in Kibera Nairobi. http://brain- off. com/tmp/Organizations%20Working%20 in%20 Kibera_Final%20_Sent%20to%20Print- er280409.pdf ●● RIBA. (2013). Forgotten Spaces. Available: https:// www.architecture.com/WhatsOn/Forgot- tenSpaces/ ForgottenSpaces2013.aspx. ●● Parsaee M, Parvaa M, Karimi B (2014). Space and place concepts analysis based on semiology approach in residential architecture : The case study of traditional city of Bushehr, Iran. Iran: Housing and Building Na- tional Research Center. p1. ●● Roche, C. (1999) Impact Assessment for Development Agencies: Learning to Value Change. Oxfam, Oxford. ●● Sapsford, R. (1999). Survey Research. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. ●● Stollmann, J. et. al. (2010) Upgrading Informal Settlements through Socio-ecologic Infrastructure Provision. World Urban Forum 5 ●● World Bank (2000).The Logframe Handbook, World Bank: http://wbln1023/OCS/Quality.nsf/Main/ MELFHandBook/$File/LFhandbook.pdf ●● World Bank (2000). Key Performance Indicator Handbook. Washington, D.C. ●● World Bank (2006) Egypt Public Land Management Strategy Volume I: Policy Note, Cairo.

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Annex Teaching Tools

Annex Teaching Tools

Teaching Tools

field notes,which are “detailed, non-judgmental,

This section presents the tools used in the

concrete descriptions of what has been observed”

different phases of the integrated planning

(Marshall and Rossman, 2006: 98).

process as implemented in the ICS module.

These tools are selected to suit the integrated

Data Collection

planning process and the objectives of the ICS

In this step, students bring insights on the matrix’s

module. The tools were developed according

sectors and crosscutting issues in separate lines

tools used by various international agencies

and in an equivalent weight for each. Each group

adopting similar planning approaches, as well

build their set of research tools for data collection

as the professional and academic experience

and analysis.

of the ICS staff.

Tools for data collection include as field observations,

Thematic Approach for Analysis

stakeholder mapping, unstructured and semi-

The participants are divided into groups. Each

structured interviews, as well as surveys, maps,

group is responsible for an in-depth analysis

statistics and literature review. Tools for analysis

of a specific theme. Along with other tools of

include conducting SWOT analysis, GIS analyses,

integrated analysis, the thematic approach

and statistical analyses.

ensures obtaining a comprehensive analysis of the area according to the objectives of the study.

Stakeholder Mapping Stakeholder identification is an important step

Transect Walks

for the development of suggested interventions.

A transect walk is a tool for describing and showing

Building up knowledge for the related stakeholders

the location and distribution of resources, features,

and the beneficiaries provides a comprehensive

landscape, main land uses along a given transect.”

look into all relative development actors who could

World Bank. They are systematic walk on a

benefit, influence, and have a specific interest in

designated path (transect) in an area to gather

the study area. In this map, related stakeholders

information. The transect line routes are identified

are clustered according to their relevance and

prior to the site visit to pass through the different

potential influence on development issues (UN-

zones of the area. It is recommended to design

HABITAT, 2001).

the routes with a key informant.

SWOT Analysis Log Book

The SWOT matrix is a structured methodology

The log book is notebook given to each student to

that identifies the strengths and weaknesses of a

record their field observations. The observations

project internally, and the external opportunities

are taken in form of records usually referred to

and threats of a given project. It is very helpful

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as it provides the needed informed knowledge for identifying the projects’ objectives later on and the steps to achieve them.

Knowledge Cafe In general, a ‘Knowledge Café’ (or World Café) is a discussion tool, used to hold an interactive group conservation on a topic of mutual interest.

“A Knowledge Cafe is a means of bringing a group of people together to have an open, creative Figure A.1: Diagram of a Transect Walk Source: http://www.communityplanning.net/ methods/reconnaissance_trip.php

conversation on a topic of mutual interest to surface their collective knowledge, to share ideas and insights and to gain a deeper understanding of the subject and the issues involved. This ultimately, leads to action in the form of better decision making and innovation and thus tangible business outcomes.” (Gurteen Knowledge Community website).

For the Integrated Planning approach, this tool is applied in order to more closely discuss the overlapping topics between the 6 development sectors.

Figure A.2: Log Book, Pieter Verhagen 19071909 Source: http://en.nai.nl/collection/ view_the_collection/item/_rp_kolom2-1_ elementId/1_265288

S W

Strengths

Weaknesses

T O

Threats

Opportunities

Figure A.3: SWOT Analysis Matrix

Figure A.4: Knowledge Café Rotation Diagram

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Annex Teaching Tools

Vertical Tiering of Strategic Actions The concept of tiering can be defined as distinguishing different levels of planning – policy, plans, programs – that are prepared consecutively and influence each other (EC 1999).

Strategic Actions could be classified into (Source: Wood and Djeddour, 1992): 1. Policy – general course overall direction that is pursued and functions as inspiration and guidance for action and ongoing decision-making 2. Plan – a purposeful forward looking

Figure A.5: Vertical Tiering Diagram Source: Arts, Tomlinson and Voogd, 2005

Projects Classification Matrix The ‘Classification of Projects’ Matrix is used in order to select the priority project. Projects are examined against a number of criteria:

strategy often with coordinated priorities,

1. Physical dimension: Spatial- Non-spatial

options, measures for implementation

2. Nature of project: Capital Investment -

3. Programme – a schedule of proposed commitments, activities, instruments (a group of projects) within a particular sector or area

Capacity Building - Procedural 3. Source of Budget: Public-Private Partnership - Pubic - Private 4. Urgent - Important

4. Project level – development and implementation of a specified product

Action Plan for Priority Project

(e.g. construction, modification, operation

The action plan could be defined as a document

of infrastructure works)

which presents the project rationale, goals, objectives, list of activities and resources required

The vertical tiering is important for the process of

to achieve the specified goals in a defined time

decision making in order to achieve the objects.

horizon.

Thus, it is essential to: ●● to constitute policies for future-oriented target

The Action Plan document includes:

●● to make plans in relation to the policies

1. Selection of priority project: Stating the

●● to make programs to reach the targets ●● to make projects

)source: Say and Yucel, 2006(

motivation behind the selection of this project, clearly identifying the specific issue/s which it intends to solve. Explaining why this/these issues/s were selected over others, and how the project proposal fits within the development lines.

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2. Definition of sub-aims, objectives and

implementation is over. Community need to keep on benefiting a social, financial,

measures

institutional or environmental return when

3. Identification of beneficiaries/ target groups 4. Project design: Describing the project content in detail. This subsection could be a mixture

the projects is designed and implemented.

10. Performance Indicators for evaluation: The project needs to specify how the outputs and

of maps, sketches, illustrations with narrative

objectives are measured if they are actually

description.

reached, how much time is need- ed for this

5. Identifying and networking with actors involved in implementation: In this subsection, it is explained why the selected actors are

to take place and how much budget.

11. Logical Framework Matrix (LFM): The formulation of the logical framework

best suited to participate in the project. In

describes the planned activities in detail,

addition, role of potential consultants could

what expected outputs these activities lead

be described.

to and a reasoning why these outputs lead to the demanded immediate objective of the

6. Indicating the working methodologies and

intervention.

processes to be used.

7. Resources and budget plan.

12. Split up of responsibilities of project team.

8. Time plan.

13. Specific tasks that will be sub-contracted to

9. Sustainability of the project: The project has

bodies outside the formal project team.

to have a positive influence even after the Table A.1: Standard Logframe Matrix and Definition of Terminology (Cont.)

Project Description (Intervention Logic, Objective Hierarchy) The intervention logic of the Logframe identifies what the project intends to do (strategy of intervention) and shows the causal relationship between the different levels of the objectives.

Performance Questions and Indicators (Objectively Verifiable Indicators, Targets)

Monitoring Mechanisms (Means of Verification, Source of Verificationinformation)

Indicators measure whether the objectives on each level are achieved whereas standards define the level of expected performance

Means of verification indicate where and in what form information on the achievement of objectives and results can be found, e.g. reports of ministries, project reports, laws, statistics, assessments, etc.

Assumptions (External Factors) Assumptions are conditions which could affect the progress of the project but which are not under direct control of project management.

An assumption is a positive statement of a condition that must be met for the project’s objectives to be achieved.

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Annex Teaching Tools

Table A.1: Standard Logframe Matrix and Definition of Terminology (Cont.)

Overall objective (Goal, Development Objective)

What is the overall objective that the project will contribute to?

What indicators are linked to overall objective?

What are information sources for these indicators?

Definition:

Definition:

Above mentioned

Measures the extent to which a contribution to the overall objective has been made. Features which can be measured or at least described precisely in terms of quantity and quality respectively and which show a change in situation. Used during evaluation. However, it is often not appropriate for the project itself to try and collect this information.

Project importance to society in terms of the long-term benefits which are not achieved by the project alone Scope of project management: The project will partially achieve the overall objective

Project purpose (Project Development Objective, Specific Objective)

What is the purpose of project to be realised by the project?

Indicators showing the extent to which project purpose has been achieved?

Definition:

Definition:

Central specific objective(s) of the project in terms of sustainable benefits to be delivered to the beneficiaries. Project purpose describes intended situation at the end of the project.

Conditions at the end of the project indicating that the purpose has been achieved.

Scope of project management: The attainment of the purpose is primarily dependent on the project results(outputs), but depends also on factors beyond the project’s control.

Hint: Projects or programmes should have one purpose.

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NB: Include appropriate details of quantity, quality and time. Helps understand whether the purpose has been achieved.

Purpose indicators are commonly used for project reviews and evaluations.

What are information sources for these indicators?

Above mentioned

Not required for overall objective

Factors and conditions not under direct project control, but necessary to achieve the overall project objective?

Hint: To ensure proper vertical logic, it is essential to attribute assumptions to the corresponding level of intervention (in this box assumptions at purpose level which are relevant for achieving the overall objective need to be stated).

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Cairo Between the Extremes

Table A.1: Standard Logframe Matrix and Definition of Terminology Results (Outputs)

What are concrete visible results to contribute to realisation of project purpose? What changes and improvements will be achieved by the project?

Definition: Tangible products and services delivered or competences and capacities established directly as a result of project activities by the completion date.

Scope of project management: Results are under the control / responsibility of project management Hint: For clarity a minimum one result statement for each corresponding project component is recommended.

What activities are required and in what order in order to achieve the expected results ?

Definition: Specific tasks (work programme) to be undertaken during the project’s lifetime in order to obtain results. (sometimes optional within the matrix itself).

Scope of project management: Critical factors for carrying out activities are professional skills, the availability of sufficient financial resources and the absorption capacity of the local partners as well as of the target groups and beneficiaries.

Hint: The matrix should not include an entire list of project activities, but focus on what the project is to deliver and not on how.

What are the indicators showing whether expected results have been achieved?

What are information sources for these indicators?

Above mentioned

Hint: Formulate assumptions at result level which are relevant for achieving the project’s purpose

Definition: Measures of the quantity and quality of results.

Result indicators are predominantly used during monitoring and review.

(s).

Means

Costs

What resources are required for implementation of listed activities? (by type of PRAG contract)

What are the costs for each of the means?

Sometimes a summary of resources/means is provided.

Indicate what are the inputs required, main resources to be applied e.g.: technical assistance, personnel, equipment, training, studies, supplies, etc

Factors and conditions not under direct project control, but necessary to achieve the project purpose?

Sometimes as a summary of cost and budget is to be provided What are the means/actions costs, breakdown of the budget.

Factors and conditions not under direct project control, but necessary for results to be achieved as planned?

Hint: Formulate assumptions at activity / input level which are relevant for achieving project results.

Preconditions What prerequisites must be fulfilled for project implementation to start?

Sometimes optional within the matrix itself

Source: European Integration Office, 2011

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References ●● Arts, J, P Tomlinson and H Voogd (2005), “EIA and SEA tiering: the missing link?”, position paper for the Conference on International Experience and Perspectives in SEA, International Association of Impact Assessment, 26–30 September, Prague. ●● EC, European Commission (1999), Manual on Strategic Environmental Assessment of Transport Infrastructure Plans, drafted by DHV Environment and Infrastructure, DG VII Transport Brussels. ●● EU Integration Office (2011) Guide to the Logical Framework Approach: A key tool for project cycle management, 2nd edition ●● Gurteen Knowledge Community website, ‘Knowledge Café’, [online]: http://www.gurteen. com/gur- teen/ gurteen.nsf/id/kcafe ●● Marshall C. and Rossman G. (2006) Designing Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 4th edition ●● Say, N.P., Yücel, M., 2006. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Turkey: empirical analysis and future projection based on an economic growth. Energy Policy 34, 3870-3876. ●● UN-HABITAT (2001) Tools to Support Participatory Urban Decision Making, Urban Govern- ance Toolkit Series, UNCHS Habitat: Nairobi, [online]: http:// cn.unhabitat.org/downloads/ ●● Wood C. and Djeddour M. (1992). Strategic Environmental Assessment: EA of Policies, Plans and Programmes.

Impact Assessment Bulletin, 10,3-22.

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© IUSD Masters Program 2016

Can we solve the challenges of today while facing

No part of this publication may be

the challenges of Tomorrow? ‘Cairo Between the

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the Integrated Case Study’ module in 2015/2016.

The areas studied covered informal areas in South Cairo (in Dar el-salam and Helwan) as well as formal neighborhoods in New Cairo (El-Hanager). The purpose of the study was to understand the intricate urban issues in different spatio-temporal contexts of Cairo and sensitize them to develop creative integrated solutions that are beyond a single discipline of research and practice.