Ics2014 ain alsira presentation revised

MSc Integrated Urbanism & Sustainable Design (IUSD)

The Integrated Case Study Informal Areas‘ Development Approaches in Egypt Process & Roles “Ain El Sira“ Cairo - Egypt 2014/2015

MSc Integrated Urbanism & Sustainable Design (IUSD)

Disclaimer ‘The Integrated Case Study - Informal Areas' Development Approaches in Egypt - Process & Roles’ is produced as a part of the Integrated Case Study (ICS) module.

© IUSD Masters Program, 2014 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form of by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of IUSD-ASU, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.

All rights reserved The ICS and associated publications would not have been possible without the support of variety of donors and partners organizations, which are thanked collectively as follows: IUSD is funded by DAAD, BMZ, BMF, MoHE The ICS 2014/2015 is generously supported by the MOURIS The ICS 2014/2015 is held at Ain Shams University - Egypt Federal Ministry of Education

Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation

Ministry of Higher Education

Contacts: MSc Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design www.iusd.uni-stuttgart.de Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering El Sarayat street 1, Abbassia, Cairo-Egypt Fax: 0020222728225 Email: iusd@eng.asu.edu.eg

“Ain Al Sira” Team Adham Sanaa Dina Mahdy Friederike

Ain Shams Teaching Staff Prof. Dr. Mohamed Salheen Assistant Prof. Marwa Abd Al Latif Dr. Hassan ElMouelhi Ain Shams Assisting Team Eng. Aya El-Wagieh Eng. Mohammed Alfiky Achnowledgement We would like to achnowledge the input of: Mr. Khalil Shaat; Mr. Mohamed Abou Samra; Mr. Yahia Shawkat; Ms. Nagwa Raouf; Dr. Raghda El-Ibrashy and Dr. Sherif Algohary

Informal Areas‘ Development Approaches in Egypt - Process & Roles

Ain El Sira

Historical Background

1950’s

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Location Ain El Sira is located in Misr el Qadima district which is considered to be at the center of Cairo. it is connected with the whole city through different means of transportation either public or private.

Previously, it was called the hills of Ain el sira due to the natural ground water that exists there and also because its level is higher than the neighboring areas of the district. Afterwards, it was re-leveled through the construction of the housing project back in the late 50’s.

Population: 24570 person Area: 169 feddans Unemployed: 9.8% Supoorted by Gov. infrastructure: 98% Main Craft: Leather Tanning

Ain El Sira is located in Misr el Qadima district which is considered to be at the center of Cairo. it is connected with the whole city through different means of transportation either public or private.

Source (CAPMAS report)

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Location Ain el Sira is located in Misr el Qadima district which is distinct for its historical and natural resources, it is bounded by Sayeda Zeinab from the North, Basateen district from the South, the Moqatam Mountain from the East and the Nile from the Wesst. It contains the old Coptic Cairo Heritage district, the mosque of Amr, which was the first mosque built in Egypt and the old roman Fortress. The District is known for the pottery production as the main handcraft.

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Location 57357 Hospital

lem

uct

sa

Ezbet Abou Elwafa

la h

The Aqu aD

Str e

et

Zeinhom Housing project

Sa

Ain Alsira provides a good example of the “informalization” of a formal, social planned housing project. It is located in the center of Cairo, close to several important older urban areas: El-Sayeda Zainab, and Masr El Qadima. The northern part of the area borders of “Magraa El ‘Eoyoun” (Aqueduct) and is fenced and the Southeren part is also bounded by salah Salem street. It is also facing Fustat Garden which is considered to be the Green Lung of the area.

Ain El-Sira blocks (social housing) consists of total of 185 blocks. Most of the blocks consist of ground floor and three upper floors, and in the last phase of the project dome units exceeded by one more floor. The area suffers from the lack of maintenance of street lighting, garbage collection, care for the green areas and cleanness of public spaces.

Cemetery

Fustat Garden

Ain Elsira

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Urban Development Historical Development of Ain el Sira

2014

current situation

many informal additions

after 1991

informality started

-> illegal extentions (Add-ons)

1991

tomporary housing

relocation by the government

1959

implemented governmental

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social housing - masterplan

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Urban Aspects Urban Typologies The area was classified into three different typologies; the first typology is the official housing blocks built by the government in the late 50’s and provided with social, educational and recreational services. The second typology, is the Iwa‘at which are temporary housing rooms built also by the government in the early 80’s as a temporary housing solution for those who lost their houses or needed an urgent shelter. The last typology, is the Tanning industry which considered as the main industry of the area and it is distributed along the Aqua duct structure.

Housing Blocks

Tanning Industry

Iwa‘at Temporary housing

Land Use The area provides variety of services where part of them were offered within the officially implemented plan by the government such as Recreational/sport facilities, educational, social and residential, Afterwards, different servicies were introduced by the people by integrating commercial and industrial usages among existing structures.

Social youth club (Recreational activites)

Offical Social offices

Schools for different stages (education use)

Police

Tanning Industry

Mixed use (residential and commercial)

Aqueduct

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Urban Aspect Housing Blocks...Add Ons The families started to grow and their need for extra rooms and space after some time. This drove them to add extra structures which started as minor intervensions like changinging the opening but then developed to add extra floors and structures for extra rooms. Moreover they extended the ground floor and changed it to be purely commercial activities.

1960

units Housing

units Housing

ia l erc m m Co

Now http://cairomsc.blogspot.com/ Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I

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Urban Aspect 1-Social Housing Blocks

Building conditions and Ad ons

Streets and vegitation

Services (sports youth club)

we classified the area into three different typologies the first typology in the area is the official housing blocks built by the government in the late 50‘s provided with social, educational and recreational services. The second typology is the Iwa‘at which is the temporary housing rooms built also by the government in the early 80‘s as a temporary housing solution for those who lost their houses or needed an urgent shelter. The last typology is more the Tanning industry which is considered as the main industry of the area and it is along the Aqua duct structure.

The streets are quite wide in comparison to the streets within the other typologies in the district and provided with pedestrian pavement. Vegetation were planted by the inhabitants for shade and provide the area with greens.

Nevertheless, informal extensions of shops and street vending are occupying part of the street width which are done by either temporary structures or permanent build shops in front of the houses.

The sports youth club is considered as a main attraction point to the inhabitants for cultural, educational, sports and recreational activities. It has sports courts, swimming pool, cultural center and a conference hall .It includes also a multi-purpose hall where the inhabitants hold weddings in. Additionally, the club space is sometimes used by the NGOs for cultural and education activities.

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Urban Aspect 2-Iwa‘at It started by one room per family and started to extend vertically afterwards as shown in the figure below due to the growing needs of the inhabitants.

Pigons towe r

Extra room

Extra room

1991

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Now

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Urban Aspect 2. Iwa‘at

Building conditions and Ad ons

Streets and vegitation

Services (commercial)

The Iwa2at was originally built by the government in 1991 as temporary housing for those who lost their houses. It consisted of rooms (1room/family) and each four families share one bathroom. The families came from different spots within Cairo Governorate. However, the Government neither relocated them nor provided a better housing blocks for them, which resulted in extending these rooms fulfill their need.

The infrastructure in terms of drinking water and sewage system was provided by the government while providing the rooms and independent from Ain el Sira.

Nevertheless, the streets were not paved and there were no trees planted. However, as residents inhabited the units permenantly, they planted their own trees and cleaned the space in front of their homes.

Families living in the ground floor usually extended to the street direction with different commercial activities serving their neighbours as maintenance shops and food markets. In result, a whole streetmight turns into a linear market street. Subsequently, the ground floor is considered to be of high value.

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Urban Aspect 3. Tanning Industry The Morophology of Tanning Industry was introduced at first by one of the founders who came into the area and squatted a land.

Glue p roduct ion

Workshop

Extra floor

Extra floo r

1960’s

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Urban Aspect 3- Tanning Industry

Building conditions and Ad ons

Streets and vegitation

Services (production)

The whole structure is used as a workshop for tanning, where ground floors are storages and leather to be production rooms while the higher structures are for tanning and drying. Accordingly, they add wooden towers consisting of levels for the glue to dry outdoor.

Due to the massive amount of salt used, the soil is excessively polluted where almost there is no chance for vegitation, nevertheless waste and garbage are thrown in the streets resulting smells and pollution

This industry produces two products; the first is ‚Glue‘ and the second is leather which is transported to the workshops for production afterwards.

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Economical Aspects 1. Commercial Ů?Activites As mentioned previously, the ground floors were extended to hold commercial activities and market places serving the inhabitant. They sell vegetables, fruits, houseware, fabrics and also workshops for plumbing and tailors.

They also extend along Salah Salem Street either through extending the ground floor in the same direction or by adding temporary structures such as kiosks.

Shading devices

Ain el Sira Blocks

Longitudinal section in the main Market street showing the extensions done by the inhabitants and the connection between the street, the marekt and the users.

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Economical Aspects 2.Mechanics Workshops A group of mechanical workers gathered in the ground floor of a cluster and they are specialized in car repair services, they work altogther in different specializations within car repare. In addition, they serve internal and external inabitants.

Shading devices

Ain el Sira Blocks

Workshop

Longitudinal section showing the connection and the usage of the ground floor as a workshop space of the residential blocks Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I

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Economical Aspects 3. Tanning Industry

Tanning

Workshop

Longitudinal section showing the consistence of the tanning industrial buildings

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Stakeholders Map Approach

Inhabitants, social housing Inhabitants, temporary housing Inhabitants, Tanning Industry District Administration

Top-down

?

Governorate UN-Habitat Ministry of Antiquities Ministry of Housing Ministry of Industry

?

?

ABC

Ministry of Social Afairs

CBO Ministry of Youth and Sports

CBO

GOPP Cube Architects /Consultants

chamber of commerce Tennants Committe

Community

Sports-Club Alashanek Ya Balady CBO

Men Agl Baladi

CBO

Shomo‘a El Ghad

temporary connection missing connection

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good relationship

alternating relationship

? unclear relationship

payment

disruption / tension

reporting / survey

supervision

Bottom-up

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implementation

Initiator

Influence on the cmomunity

Stakeholders Time Line

70

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80

90

1989 1992

2000

2002

2010

2014 20

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Community development interventions Relocating the tanning industry

Ain El Sira is known for tanning industry since the construction of the slaughter house at the neighboring Sayed Zeinab area. The tanners need longitudinal structures as they need the direct sunlight for drying the animal leather and the glue. The industry produce glue and leather products.

The manufacturing process requires a lot of chemical materials and salt which has a negative effect on the soil and the inhabitants since it is so polluted and has unpleasent smells.

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Community development interventions Relocating the tanning industry

Top down approach Tanning industry in cairo and especially in old cairo has a long history but it also produces a huge amount of pollution because of the used chemicals. where the drainage goes to the sewage system without purification. In addition, the industry requires a bigger work space and consumes huge amount of water. Moreover, this industry sometimes accepts child labor.

The Tanners living in Ain al sira and Mag-

Key stakeholder

ra aloyon area Represented by the chief district of old Social

Security

Key stakeholder

cairo Scope

Economical

The relocation was promoted for

Represented by the governer of Cairo

environmental, economic and so-

and his committee

Veto

cial security reasons.However, there was a political will from the state Political

Environmental

(( ministry of industry )) behind the

Secondary stakeholder

decision.

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The gov promised us that we will move soon to Al-bader city .... we are waiting .. we do not mind as far as we are going to live there.

Abo Sef

? ?

It is good here ..... but we can move as well ... as one !!!

Tanner

As tanning requires chemicals in the production process which has nigative effects on the enviroment and pollutes the soils. In addition, it has a hyganic

((Dol Arafona !!! )) .. let them move .. the smell is

effect on the people living around due to the unhealthy smelly atmosphere.

bad and they polluted the area . the goverment said

Accordingly, the goverment proposed to relocat them and provide more siu-

that the industrial area is ready .. let them move !!

Ostath Khaled

table space that could fullfill there needs and have less harm to the enviroment. However, the relocating plan wasnot implemented by any of the the sakeholders.

It is the main industry of our area and our children are working there ... we don‘t want them to move because there are no houses for the labor there

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Am Mohamed

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Community development interventions Relocating the Iwa‘at

The Iwa’at houses were located in 1991 as a temporary solution to provide a shilter for those who lost their houses, But for some reason they were not relocated untill now.

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Community development interventions Relocating the Iwa’at Residents

Top down approach Through out the years, different houses are situated in different areas in Cairo deteriorateespecially in poor areas and usually relocating the residents of these areas is a fast emergency procedure conducted by the government as a relief.

Iwa’at area is a good example of an empty land or a public space that existed within a fabric and accommodated people coming from different areas around cairo.

Sayeda Zinab

Boulak

6 of october

............

Temporary

Perminant Ain Al-Sira

............

Ain Al-Sira

............

A

Al-Salam

Dar Al-Salam

Social 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Security

Bader

The Residents of Ewa‘at the on living in Key stakeholder rooms built by the goverment.

10 of Ramadan

The planning authority that conduct the Key stakeholder urban studies.

Scope

Economical

locating and selecting in Cairo is a

Ministry of housing and CSairo gover-

political decision that requires in-

meny.

Series 1

Veto

volvement of different governmen-

Column1

tal authorities and takes time to taPolitical

Environmental

kes place.

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Secondary stakeholder

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The were moved to here in the 80,s .. poor people there houses were destroyed and the goverment reloca-

?

ted them to here .

Hag abo hanafi

?

?

No body comes here .. it iss a hidden area ... in the feast we receive some meat..

Hazem the Electrician

The Iwa’at area is totally different from the rest of Ain al-sira since it aimed at finding a temporary housing units to accommodate citizens with urgent housing. but the temporary structures turned out to be premenant since the government did not relocate the people. Accordingly, the area developed informally and the density of the area increased. In result , the NGOs were encouraged to contribute through helping the Iwa’at Inhabitants. the level of the intervention

We were promised by the parliament – the representatives of the area – to be relocated but nothing ever happened

Hazem the Electrician

took place was only on the social level and occasional interventions.

This decision was made by engineer Gaudat Al Silahdar. It is not that safe ... there are drug dealers and thieves inside this area.

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Community development interventions AYB socio-economical Development

Alashanek Ya Balady (AYB) NGO has noticable intervensions in the area. They started by social activities such as the youth development program, erasing illitracy program and educational program as a tool to attract the community. In addition, they provide an economical support through micro-loans, vocational trainnings and coaching cources.

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Community development interventions AYB Socio-economical Development

Bottom-up approach AYB is working mainly on enhancing the quality of people living in unplanned areas. after a personal simi-structured interview with Dr. Raghda El Ebrashi , one of the founders of AYB, she explained that the main focus is on unplanned areas due to their poor conditions, lack of services and also the stability of land tenure and infrastructure in comparison to slum areas.

The Tanners , the Iwa’at and Ain Alsira

Key stakeholder

residents.

Social

Security

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Key stakeholder

The main NGO in the area.

Veto

Scope

AYB invests in the human resourEconomical

ces and they consider it as the most Series 1

successful approach to develop a

Column1

community on the long term.

Political

Ministry of Social Afairs as supervisor.

Secondary stakeholder

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Yes I know AYB, they give charity to the poor in the area, do trainings for some people .. and give loans as well.

Resident of Ain al-Sira

CBO CBO

I don,t know it ..... sorry never heard about it !!

Resident of Ain al-Sira

In 2002, AYB started by social activities in order to triger and strengthen the economic situation by the two strategies:

Yes this NGO which gives money to the poor ..yes

1- Applying an employment model through vocational trainings

yes they have their office near the butcher

2- coobrating with multi national firms to provide the trainnies with good Resident of Ain al-Sira

job opportunities offering far saleries.

They are known to people who deal with them.

In addition, they have a sewing workshop and an office in the area .......!!! I can show them to you !!

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Resident of Ain al-Sira

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Community development interventions GOPP_Cube Consultants

The General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP ) appointed Cube consultants to do the master plan of the area under the adminstral supervision of the UN-Habitat.

The strategic plan included the whole Fustat area proposing solutions for its problems and developing it through integrating historical, social, economic and health aspects. The result was a master plan for Fustat which was never implemented due to financial reasons.

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Community development interventions Al Fostat strategic plan

Top down approach Cub‘ s approach was to focus on cultural recreational intervention, social intervention , empowering the hand crafts and rehabilitate the existing heritage in the area.

Cultural recreational

Social Fostat

Fostat Oasis Enhancing quality of life

Urban patterns

Al Fustat Open Museum

Green areas

Heritage

Who conducted and planned the strategic The heart of old Cairo

center of handicrafts

plan

Ministry of Housing : GOPP,s higher auSocial 25

Key stakeholder

Key stakeholder

thority

Scope

20 15 10

Security

5 0

Economical

Series 1 Column1

The Ministry of Housing ,the res-

The one that can accept or refuse the

ponsible for planning for Al Fostat

project.

area hired Cube.

The decision was a top down poli-

Political

Environmental

Veto

tical approach and did not involve

Secondary stakeholder

the residents by any mean.

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!!!!!!!

!! !!!!!!!!

I didn,t hear about any plans the governemt is doing for the area.

Resident of Ain al-Sira

Cube consultancy carried out field studies within the community which were not about the people’s need however, they were for data gathering purposes.

Accordingly, the discussionstook place within by the involved ministries.

Nevertheless, Cube consultants tried to solve the existing problems with their own agenda including solutions that extend beyond the basic needs of the

!!!!!!!

!! !!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!

!! !!!!!!!!

living community.

In result, the master plan was refused by Cairo governorate, stating that it is out of scope.

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Community development interventions Self Add ons

The inhabitants started to add structures to their units, they extended floors, rooms, shops and even structural columns for future extensions. In the Iwa’at area the extension was different since it is composed of one story room so the intervension was vertically by adding extra rooms, shops, kiosks and pigon towers. Nevertheless, the additions were based on individual decisions according to the family needs.

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Community development interventions Self development of Ain al-sira

Bottom up approach The housing blocks started mainly with two to three rooms per flat which suited the users at the beginning. but the disgen did not consider the time factor and the need for more space. Accordingly, the residents started to add different structures to fulfill their needs . some needed a shop in the ground floor others needed room for their children .

0

10 years

20 years

The Tanners , the Iwa’at and Ain Alsira residents.

Represented by the governer of Cairo Social 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Security

Political

Scope

Key stakeholder

Veto

and his committee

The intervintions were mainly to Economical Series 1 Column1

fullfill economical and social needs that the original design lacked.

Secondary stakeholder

Environmental

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It is normal .. if I have money I would build an extension and if my neighbor have some , he will build ... we support each other

?

Resident of Ain al-Sira

Yes .. what else can we do.... !!!

Resident of Ain al-Sira

The extentions took place according the the individual needs of the families and usually did not consider the neighbors which created some internal conflicts.

These extentiens have mainy patterns among the different stakeholders. still the area is seen as formal housing with better conditions than other

Within the last 20 years more extensions evolved and a lot of tension arose among the neighbors consequently.

places especially that it is hidden by the Aqueduct from the northen side.

Waled ahmed - german speaking

I came here with my children from Al-sayeda Zainab and I extended one of social housing unit to fits my needs.

OM gharam

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Discussion and Recommentdations Critical review on the interventions approach Reflection from international case studies How to approach the area in the future

2.

1.

3.

Missing Representation and Platform for discus- More Willingness for Cooperation of different sions stakeholders

Empowerment of the District Administration

By studying the different interventions, one aspect came to the forefront; the missing representation of the inhabitants and their interests. Only the tanner, living and working on the northern part of the Ain Al-Sira area have a “tennants committee‘ which provide a chamnnel for discussing their problems and coming to a common result.

The rest of the inhabitants of either Iwa‘at or the ‚social housing‘ blocks would benefit in many way if they had a representing committee, especially in terms of negotiating with the official authorities about their problems, eg. the Add-ons and the broken down sewage system (since 1959) as well as the relocaion of Iwa’at inhabitants.

Within the Egyptian Law, the influence of local disctrict administrators is very tight. Their authority iis included to street pavement of minor streets, street lighting and garbage collection only. Especially in unplanned areas which requires a focused knowledge of the area to tackle the most urgent problems of the inhabitants. Accordinly, an Empowerment through direproviding funds to the local district officials for example, would probably have a positive influence on the community.

The Stakeholder-mapping in the tanners‘ relocation intervention shows variable connection and relationships between the different involved stakeholders, but makes also obvious, that the main-stakeholders are not cooperating at all. For instance, the tanners would be basically willing to move, but not to the far places proposed by the governorate. TIn addition, the Railway company and the Ministry of Antiquities have their own interests in this area - but did not coordinated with the governorate or with the Ministry of Housing, not to mention the inhabitiants to a suitable agreement. Therfore a round table including these different stakeholders is recommendd to graps the idea of Cube, to resettle the inhabitants to a specific nearby place and to discuss the framework conditions. Otherwise no party will identify their further vision.

Accordinly, the renovation of the old aqueduct which will have a significant historical value is left totally invisible and unrecognized.

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Discussion and Recommentdations

5.

4. „Coming out of the shadow“ -> create visibility

Towards solving the problem of Iwa’at

Many inhabitants, as well as different NGOs mentioned that the whole area of Ain Al-Sira, is invisible to the officials as it is behind the aquaduct and unrecognized by the presidential visits. This might requires the renovation of the aquaduct which could have a positive but also critical impact on the area. In result, attention should be raised towards the situation of the in habitants backed up with developing the socio-economic situation if the to avoid gentrification.

Since the last tens of years there was no attempt, even if regularly stated, to resettle the inhabitans of Iwa’at.

However, it would be a possible solution to think about an in situ reconstruction. Thereby many international case-studies could be taken as inspiration. One of them, is the proposal of reconstructung a part of Dharavi, Bombai.

This project was proposed by the National Slum Dweller Federation and some experts in 2011. They proposed that instead of giving the land to private developers, it would be provided to the people directly. It required discussing the needs and wishes of the inhabitants. Afterwards, the shacks were replaced buy higher, but still not high-rise buildings. Through this attempt, a significantly better living conditions were achieved beside providing an open public space which might be used by children or by the community for social events.

This attempt could probably be adaptable, after a detailed study, in the case of Iwa’at. Thereby, several problems could be tackled: on the one hand the former existing open space could be partially regained through a higher density of the in situ relocation of the inhabitants and on the other hand the security situation could be significantly improved. This could enhance the image of the Iwa‘at community, as they are accused by others with prostitution and stealing.

Dharavi, proposed Slum Reconstruction

http://edsc.unimelb.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/DHARAVI_report_web.pdf

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Informal Areas‘ Development Approaches in Egypt - Process & Roles

Ain El Sira

Stakeholders Icons

Community

Administration/ Officials

Implementations

Social Society

Economical Cooperations

Legend signs

Inhabitants, social housing

District Administration

Social Housing

Inhabitants, temporary housing

Governorate

House-Construction

CBO

Men Agl Baladi

Inhabitants, tanning industry

UN-Habitat

Temporary-House Construction

CBO

Shemoa Al ghad

Courier Service

Temporary Connection

Tennants Committee

Ministry of Antiquities

House-Extensions ‚Add-ons‘

Sports-Club

Supermarket

Missing Connection

Benficaries

Ministry of Housing

Hospital-Construction

Hypermarket

Good Relationship

Non-Benficaries

Ministry of Industry

School-Construction

Youth-Development

Telecommunication Company

Alternating Relationship

Community

Ministry of Industry

Fustat-Garden

Micro-Loan Provision

Ministry of Industry

Slaughterhouse

Vacational Training

Payment

General Orgnization for Physical Planning

Leather-Industry

Administration

Disrupted Connection/ Tension

Tailor Training

Reporting/ Survey

Literacy Classes

Supervision

Alashank Ya Baladi

Activities

chamber of commerce Egyptian Railway Company Cube Architects /Consultants

Integrated Case Study - IUSD III - Ain Shams University - Phase I

ABC

Network with private companies

One direction Connection Two direction Connection

Examples

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Unclear Relationship

Vision Development

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