Kezdő vállalkozókat és KKV-kat támogató törekvések az Európai Unióban by iTStudy

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?ǓΦǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔșǓǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǈƺǿ

Φ ƺ ǷȉǿΡΚ ƺ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ^ȣȒȒȅȖȠǩǿǠ eȖǩǈȣǿǓ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǷǔșΦȧǹȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩǦǓΦ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ȖƺșǾȣș੼ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǔș ƺ eȉȖȉǷ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ 2ȖȅǏƺ ǿǓǾ ȠǓǦǓȠȌ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔ ƺ ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡǈƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹȠƺǷ ǈƻȖǾǩǿǓǾȪ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƻǔȖȠঀ

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Tartalomjegyzék 2ঀ ǹȌșΦȆ

ࢸ

22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿ

ࢲࢲ

22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș 22ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ 22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ 22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢳ ࢲࢸ ࢲࢹ ࢳࢴ ࢴࢱ ࢴࢸ ࢵࢱ

222ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǈƺǿ

ࢵࢴ

222ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș 222ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ 222ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ 222ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 222ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 222ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 222ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢵࢵ ࢵࢶ ࢵࢹ ࢵࢺ ࢶࢸ ࢷࢲ ࢷࢴ

2tঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ

ࢷࢺ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș 2tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ 2tঀ ࢴঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 2tঀ ࢵঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 2tঀ ࢶঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆ ই ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 2tঀ ࢷঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢸࢱ ࢹࢵ ࢹࢸ ࢹࢹ ࢺࢱ ࢺࢳ

tঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ

ࢺࢸ

tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ tঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ tঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ

ࢺࢹ ࢲࢱࢳ ࢲࢱࢶ ࢲࢱࢹ 3

tঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ tঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ tঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢲࢱ ࢲࢲࢵ ࢲࢲࢶ

t2ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ

ࢲࢲࢺ

t2ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș t2ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ t2ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ t2ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ t2ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t2ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ t2ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢳࢱ ࢲࢳࢲ ࢲࢳࢴ ࢲࢳࢵ ࢲࢳࢸ ࢲࢴࢳ ࢲࢴࢷ

t22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ

ࢲࢴࢺ

t22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș t22ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ t22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ t22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ t22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ t22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ

ࢲࢵࢱ ࢲࢵࢲ ࢲࢵࢳ ࢲࢵࢵ ࢲࢵࢹ ࢲࢶࢳ ࢲࢶࢷ

t222ঀ ?ȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓǷ

ࢲࢶࢺ

2{ঀ [ǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷ

ࢲࢷࢴ

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2ঀ ǹȌșΦȆ

ࢸ

Mustafa Yilmaz ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆॹ ȣȖșƺ eǓȖȧǹǓȠǩ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻș ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾॹ ƺǾǩ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǠΡȅȖș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠ ǾȣȠƺȠॹ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǩș ǓǹǷǓΦǏȠǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹǿǩঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔș ǔș ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǩș ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢹઔ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ ੈ ȣȖșƺ eǓȖȧǹǓȠǩ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ 2ǠƺΦǠƺȠȆșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȅȅȖে ǏǩǿƻǹȠॹ ǦǔȠ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡȖǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȆॹ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ vঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦ ǓǠΡ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹǿǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷঀ ੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ǾƺǴǏ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ǓǠΡ ȉȠǹǓȠȧǷॹ ǏǓ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǴǓǿǓǷ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǿƺǷॹ Κƺে ǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖȌǹ ƻǹǾȅǏȆ ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ǟƻΦǩșǈƺǿঀ Φ ƺੈǷȉǿΡΚ ৅ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǓǹșȌ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓ ৅ ǟȅǿȠȅș ǟȅȖȖƻș ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǦȅΦঀ ੈǷǩে ƺǏΚƻǿΡॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȉȖȉǷॹ ȅǹƺșΦॹ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǔș ǾƺǠΡƺȖ F(KেǷ শƺΦƺΦ ǿǓǾ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷষॹ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔে ǿΡǓǷǔǿȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǷǩȠǔȖ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾȤǹȠǴƻȖƺ ǔș ǴǓǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǠǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǩǠƺΦǩ ƺȖǉƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠȖƺ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠে Ȗƺ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșƻȠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓॹ ƺੈșΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧে ǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǔȖǔșǔȠ șǓǠǫȠȌ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦে ǠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș F(KেșΦǩǿȠȪ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺ ȣǠΡƺǿǉșƺǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹǿǓǷ ƺੈǷȉǿΡΚǈǓǿঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǓȠǓȠ ǾȅǿǏƺǿǩ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǈƺȖƻȠƺǩǿǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹȠƺǷ Ǔ ǷȉǿΡΚ ǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈvঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǦǓΦॹ ƺǾǩΚǓǹ ǉǔǹȣǿǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠƻșșƺǹॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșșƺǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǴȣǿǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺƺǏȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȖǓॹ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǈǔǷǔșǓǈǈ ǔș ǈǓǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠșȣǿǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷǿƺǷঀ

Hartyányi Mária ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆॹ ǩe^ȠȣǏΡ KǷȠƺȠȆে ǔș ?ȣȠƺȠȆǷȉΦȒȅǿȠ ?ǟȠঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻș șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƺ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǿȉে ΚǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǈǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔে ǠǓș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ șΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖে șΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǿǓǦǓΦǓǈǈ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷঀ ǠΡॹ ƺੈ EƺșȠǓȖǉƺȖǏ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș* ȖƺǿǠșȅȖȠ ƻǹǹǫȠ ǟǓǹ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǓǠΡ ȉșșΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǾȣȠƺȠȆșΦƻǾ শEƺșȠǓȖǉƺȖǏ ǿȌǩ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǏǓΠষ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǦȉΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠȌǹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓǿ ƻȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǩǠ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢲࢲॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǩȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ƺǏƺȠǈȆǹ șΦƻǾȅǹǿƺǷঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢹেǈƺǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔș șΦǓȖǩǿȠ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǷȉΦǓǹ ࢴࢱઔ শǉșƺǷǿǓǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǈƺǿ Κƺǿষॹ ƺǾǩ ȒǓȖșΦǓ ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩ ƺΦȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ƺǷƺǏƻǹǹΡƺǹ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓ ǾǓǠǷȧΦǏǓǿǩȧǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǈǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖॹ ǾǩǿȠ Ǿƻș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ƺΦ ࢶࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈࢲࢳঀ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ƻǹǹȣǿǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓșǫে ȠǓȠȠ ȖƺǿǠǹǩșȠƻǿ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǴȆΚƺǹ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǓǹȌǷǓǹȌ ࢵࢲঀ ǦǓǹΡ ƺੈǾǩǔǿǷঀ Φ ƺੈ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȣȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ șȅǷ Ǿƻș ȅȖșΦƻǠǈǓǹǩ ǿȌȠƻȖșƺǩǷǦȅΦ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆƺǿॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ șȅǷǷƺǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǓǿǩȧǷ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷ ǔș ǟǓǿǿ ǩș ȠȣǏǴƺǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ǓǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷ ǫǠǔȖǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠঀ ȒȒǓǿ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȣǿǷȖƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ vঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȤǴƺǈǈ ǓșǔǹΡȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǩǷǓȠॹ ǓȖȌșșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠ ǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖΚǓॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿǩ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡƺǩǷƺȠ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșƺǿ ǟǓǹΚƻǹǹƺǹΚƺॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȅǷ ǓǹǹǓǿ ǷȧΦǏΚǓॹ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉǈǈǓǿ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ǷƺǾƺȠȅΦȠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșȣǷƺȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿঀ

ॴੌEƺșȠǓȖǉƺȖǏ 2ǿǏǓΠ ȅǟ vȅǾƺǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș শE2v ষ ࢳࢱࢲࢹॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǿǓΛșȖȅȅǾঀǾƺșȠǓȖǉƺȖǏঀ ǉȅǾইΛȒেǉȅǿȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইࢳࢱࢲࢹইࢱࢴইE2v উࢳࢱࢲࢹউ'ǩǿƺǹউ[ǓȒȅȖȠঀȒǏǟ

ࢺ

ࢲࢱ

22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿ

ࢲࢲ

22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș Eƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǩǷॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿঀ ੈ tǩǹƻǠǈƺǿǷ ǩǿǟȅ ǓΚ ǾȣǹȠǩেǏȅǿȅȖ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩȠॹ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ǔș Ǿƻș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǩǠΡǓǷșΦǩǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșșǔǠǔȠॹ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷƺȠ ǦȅΦ ǹǔȠȖǓ ǿȌǷ ǔș ЙƺȠƺǹ ǹƻǿΡȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ੈ K^E শ ȅǾȒǓȠǩȠǩΚǓǿǓșș ȅǟ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓș ƺǿǏ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ EǓǏǩȣǾেșǩΦǓǏ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓșষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ hেȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǴȉǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǔș ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿঀ Φ ৙K ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȅǷǔȖȠॹ ǷǷΚেǷǔȖȠॹ ȖǔǠǩȆǷǔȖȠ ǔș ΚƻȖȅșȅǷǔȖȠ৛ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșॹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǴƻǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǩॹ ƺੈ@ শ@ȅǉƺǹ ǉȅǿȅǾǩǉ ƺǿǏ ǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠষ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǔș Ǿƻș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷॹ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ȤǴ ȧΦǹǓȠƻǠƺǷƺȠ ǦȅΦ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǿΡǦǫȠșǓ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǴƻȖȆ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷƺȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǿǓǷ Ǵȅǈǈ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠșȅǿঀ Φ ࢲࢺࢹࢱেƺș ǔΚǓǷ ȣȠƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǾǓǿȠƺǹǩȠƻș ǠΡȅȖș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǿǓǷ ǩǿǏȣǹȠॹ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟȌ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǴǔΚǔ ΚƻǹȠॹ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ΚǩǹƻǠȅǿ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠΚƺ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǏǓǾȅǠȖƻЙƺǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॹ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǦƺȠƻșȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹΚƺ ƺੈǿȌǷȖǓ ǩșঀ ǾǫǠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǩ ǟȅȖȖƺে ǏƺǹǾƺȠ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦȌǓǿ ƺੈǿȌ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƺ ƺΦ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƻΦȠƺȖȠƻșȠ ΚǓΦǓșșǓǿ ǔș ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǴȅǿ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏȖȆǹॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓǹǔȒǔșǔΚǓǹ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆǈǈƻ ΚƻǹȠƺǷ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ƺǿΡƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏ ǾǓǠǔǹǦǓȠǔșǔȠঀ Φ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƺੈȠǓǿǏǓǿǉǩƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡǈƺǿ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǈƺ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ǔș ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷে ǈƺǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠॹ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǹǔȠȠǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ǓǹȌǿΡǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫȠƻșƺǩǷȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǈƺǿǷǩ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȉǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿƺǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș ǫǠΡ Ƿǩ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ƺǷǿƻΦǿǩ ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠȧǷǓȠॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩǹƺǠ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿǓǷǷǔ ΚƻǹǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ǹǓșΦ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǩǏǓǴȧǷঀ ੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǓǠǔșΦǓǿ ǾȅșȠƺǿƻǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǷǓΦǓǹȠǔǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǔǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƻΚƺǹ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǦƺȠȆঀ ੈȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ȠȤǹǿΡȅǾȆ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǓ ǟǔȖЙƺǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦȠ ƺੈǹƻȠșΦƺȠȅȠ ǷǓǹȠǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷȖƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǹǔȒǔșǔΚǓǹ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ȤǴ ǏǩǾǓǿΦǩȆ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ Ƿǩঀ

ࢲࢳ

ȅΛǓǿ ǔș /ǩșȖǩǉǦ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅΦȠƻǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ǴȣȠȅȠȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǴȆǹ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠƺǷ শǈƻȖ ǿǓǾ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿষআ Ǿƻș ǿȌǷǿǔǹ ǟǔȖЙƺșƺǈǈƺǷ ΚƺǠΡ șȠƺǈǩǹƺǈǈ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷȖǓǿǏǴȧǷআ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ƺΦ ƺȒǴȣǷ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆআ ǠΡƺǷে Ȗƺǿ ǓǹșȌșΦȧǹȉȠȠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǷǔǷআ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǿǓǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǩȖƻǿȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǟǔȖЙǏȅǾǩǿƺǿǉǩƺ ƺੈǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ȠȉǈǈǿΡǩȖǓ ǟǔȖǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǷআ ȖǩȠǷƻǿ Κƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷॹ ǔș șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ

tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ

EȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺ

ΦǔȖȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ȠȉǈǈǓȠ ǓǹǔȖǿǩॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǠΡǴƻǷ ȌǷǓȠ ǟǓǹǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǿǩ

ੈǴȉΚȌ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺॹ ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ

tƻǹȠƻș ȅǷƺ

ੈǾȣǿǷƻǴȣǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǿƺǠΡǟȅǷȤ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠঀ Φ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে Φƻșǈƺǿ ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩƺǷǿƻǹ ǿǓǦǓΦǓǈǈ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǓǷ

ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǾȣǿǷƻে ǴȣǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǓǠΡ ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚƺॹ Ǧȅǈǈǩ

ǿΡƺǠǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻș ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșǦȅΦ

^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǿ ǔș ǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫে ȠƻșȅǷ

^ƺǴƻȠ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷॹ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷॹ ǈƺǿǷǩ ΚƺǠΡ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩ ǦǩȠǓǹ

^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠǴǓǠΡǓǷ

ǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ƺΦ ȉǿǈǓǉșȧǹǔșȧǷॹ ǔș ੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ȉșșΦǓǦƺșȅǿǹǫȠΚƺ ǾƺǠƺে ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƻǹ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌ ȖƻǴȣǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșƺǈǈƺǷॹ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșƺǈǈƺǷ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡǷȉΚǓȠȌ ǾƺǠƺȠƺȖȠƻș ȠȅǹǓȖƻǿșƺǈǈƺǷ

=ǓǹǹǓǾΦȌ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖ

ࢴࢶেࢵࢱ

ࢳࢶেࢴࢶ

=ǓǹǹǓǾΦȌ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ

ȉǹǉșǔșΦǷƺȖȅǿॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾে ΚƺǠΡ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ǷƺȖȅǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠƺǷ

EȪșΦƺǷǩ ΚƺǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǓǷ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ

eƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǷ

ǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ƺੈȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȧǷॹ ǓΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǩǷ ƺੈǷȉΦǓǹǩ ǈƺȖƻȠȅǷॹ ǔș ǉșƺǷ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷে Ǿƺǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ

ǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ƺੈȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏȆॹ ƺΦ ȧǠΡে ΚǔǏ ǔș ƺੈǷȉǿΡΚǓǹȌॹ ǾƻșȅǏșȅȖǈƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǟǓǹǓșǔǠȧǷ

eǩȒǩǷȣș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǩ ?ǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ X[ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ

(ΡƻȖȠƻșॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓে ǹǓǾ ǔș ǾȅǏǓȖǿ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ

1. ábra: তȞȫȈ ǳȸ Ǿǳȵϫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥȖ ȓǲȘȘǲȝͬȫȈ /ȈȸȵȈǨȅ ǳȸ Xǲȿǲȵȸ ǳȵȿǲȘȝǲͬǳȸǳǧǲȞ

ੈǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǈƺ ƻǹǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹȠȪǿȌǓǿ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǩ ǠƻȠǴƺঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢴে ǈƺǿ ࢲࢵࢴ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹ ࢲࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȠƺǷ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ǓǠΡ ǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșȠঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșƺ শșΦǓǾǔǹΡǩ ǩǠƺΦȅǹΚƻǿΡ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǔșǓॹ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ȧǠΡǓǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǔșǓ șȠǈঀষॹ ǩǿǠƺȠǹƺǿ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǴȅǠƻǿƺǷॹ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșƺॹ ǦǩȠǓǹǟǓǹΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșƺঀ ࢲࢶ ȅȖে șΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺੈ ǟǔȖǴ ǈǓǹǓǓǠΡǓΦǔșǔȖǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌ ǾȣǿǷƻȠ ࢲࢴ

ΚƻǹǹƺǹǴȅǿঀ ^ȅǷ ǦǓǹΡǓǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈ?ȉΦǓǹে?ǓǹǓȠǓǿ ǔș șΦƺǷে ǟȖǩǷƻǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠșΦȅȖǫȠƻșȅǷ ǓǠǔșΦ șȅȖƻǿƺǷ ǦƺȠƻșƺǩΚƺǹ ǷǓǹǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿǔΦǿǩȧǷঀ ੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ ǷǓȠে ȠȌș ǾǔȖǉǓ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹॹ ǔș ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǔȖǩ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾȠƺǹƺǿ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșșƺǹ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǓǷ ƺੈǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻș ǔș েǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔș șȅে Ȗƻǿঀ ƻȖ ǓΦǓǿ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǓ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹॹ ǾȅșȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦǓǾșΦȉǠǔǈȌǹ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹǴȣǷ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷƺȠঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔে ǈǓǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷǷƺǹ ǷȧΦǏǓǿǓǷॹ ǏǓ ƺੈȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƺ ǿƺǠΡșƻǠƺ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿǷǔǿȠ ǓǹȠǔȖȌॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠșǔǠǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǔȠȌǹॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǟǓǹǔȒǫȠǔșǔȠȌǹॹ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǦƻȠȠǓȖǔȠȌǹ șȠǈঀ ǟȧǠǠঀ ੈǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǿǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșƻȠ ƻȖ ƺΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ΚǩǹƻǠƻǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে Ǡǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƺ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǓȖȌșȉǏȉȠȠॹ ƺੈǿǓǠƺȠǫΚ ǿǓǾǩ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏȠƺǷঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǓǠΡ șȅȖ ȅǹΡƺǿ ƺǷƺǏƻǹǹΡƺǹ ǷǓǹǹ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǩȧǷ ƺੈǾȣǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǹǔȒΚǓॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿǓǾȧǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅșƺǷ শȒǹঀ ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǟǓǹȠǓΚǔșǓǷষঀ

2. ábra: ত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥ ȸͬǲȘȘǲȝ ȿǚȵȸǙǮǙȘȝȈ ȝǲǿȊȿǳȘǳȸǲ ǙতȞȫȖ ȖȨȵǳǧǲȞ࣓ ȵǳǿȈȥȞȖǳȞȿȈ ǧȤȞȿǚȸǧǙȞ࣓ Ǚতࠌࠓडࠑࠏ ǳ͠ǲȸ ȞȫȈ ȿǚȵȸǙǮǙȘȤȝ ȸͬǚͬǙȘǳȖǚǧǙȞ

ੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ȅǷȅΦǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺΦȠ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿॹ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷǈǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷȖǓ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦΦƻǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩǷ ৙ǓǹǿȌǩǓșǓে ǏǓȠȠ৛ șΦƺǷǾƻǷॹ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȅǷॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈǠȅǿে ǏȅΦȆǩ șΦƺǷǾƻǷঀ ੈǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǿǓǾǓǷ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǓǩȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǿȅȖǾƻǷ ȣǠΡƺǿǉșƺǷ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ শǦȣǾƻǿॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩষ ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠঀ ࢲࢵ

Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƺȠȠǩȠȪǏȉǷ ǾǓǠǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǷȣǏƺȖǉǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻșঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƻǹ ȠȉǈǈșΦȉȖ ǦǩΚƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǷȣǏƺȖǉȠȆǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǔǹǓǹǓǾ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǿǓǾ ΚƻǠǿƺǷ ǈǓǹǓ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǔșΦǹǓǹǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƻȠ ੈǿȌǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠșƻǠǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǓ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǷে ǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǠƻȠȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ǦƺșΦǿȅșǫȠǦƺȠȆ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦে ȠƺǹƺȠȖƺ ǔș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ȠǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ șΦǓȖȠঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦে ǿǓǷ ƺΦȅǷǷƺǹ ƺੈǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ȠȣǏƻșșƺǹ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșঀ eȅΚƻǈǈƻ ȤǠΡ ȠȪǿǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǿǓǦǓΦǓǈǈ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠƺǿǩȣǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓș ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠƻșƻȠ ǉǔǹΦȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ǈǓঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ șΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ h ȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȖƺ ǩǠƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈǓǿ ƻǹǹǫȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷঀ

3. ábra: ͬȤȞ ࠌࠓ ǳȸ ࠑࠐ ǳ͠ ȖȨͬȨȿȿȈ ǾǲȘȞȫȿȿǲȖ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ࣓ ǙȖȈȖ Ǚͬȿ ȝȤȞǮȓǚȖ࣓ ȅȤǿͧ वȵǲȞǮǲȘȖǲͬǲȝ Ǚত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȈȞǮȊȿǚȸȅȤͬ ȸͬɆȖȸǳǿǲȸ ȖǳȸͬȸǳǿǲȖȖǲȘ࣓ ȿɂǮǚȸȸǙȘ ǳȸ ȿǙȱǙȸͬȿǙȘǙȿȿǙȘष࣓ Ǚতࠍࠋࠌࠋडࠍࠋࠌࠏ ȖȨͬȨȿȿȈ ȈǮȫȸͬǙȖǧǙȞ

ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿǓǦǓΦǓǈǈǓǿ ǴȣȠǿƺǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ੈ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷঀ Φ ƺੈǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠƻș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾǈƺǿ ǦǓǹΡȠƻǹǹȆॹ ǔș Ƞȉǈǈ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǩș ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺੈșΦƺǷƺǏǔǷঀ ࢸ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾǈƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲॹࢶেșΦǓȖ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǈǈƺǿ ƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॸ ࢲࢶ

KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢳॹࢴেșΦȅȖষॹ 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢹেșΦȅȖষॹ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠ শࢲॹࢸেșΦǓȖষॹ 'ǩǿǿȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢷেșΦȅȖষॹ 'ȖƺǿǉǩƺȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢷেșΦȅȖষॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƺ শࢲॹࢷেșΦȅȖষ ǔș FǔǾǓȠȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢲॹࢶেșΦǓȖষঀ ੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǿǓǦǔΦ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ƺΦȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡǈƺǿ ǈƻȠȅȖȠƺǹƺǿȅǏǿƺǷ Ǔǹॹ Ǧƺ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿǩǠǔǿΡǹǔșȖȌǹ Κƺǿ șΦȆॹ Ȓǹঀ ǿǓǾ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹǿǓǷ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȉǷǓȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦȠ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǿǓǾ ǦǓǹΡǔǿΚƺǹȆॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǠΡșǓǾ ǹǓșΦǿǓǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǷঀ /ƺ ƺΦ h^ েǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǿǿΡǩ ȠȌǷǔΚǓǹ ǩǿǏȣǹǿƻǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ࢶ ǔΚǓǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠॹ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢷ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǔǿǓǷ ৅ ǔș ǓǈǈȌǹ ࢳ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǾƻȖ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔΚǈǓǿ ȖǓƺǹǩΦƻǹȆǏǿƺঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǷǩșǓǈǈ ǔș ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȣǷ [ǔǠȆȠƺ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓș ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠƻșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǩ ǷǩșǓǈǈǓǷ ǔș ǿǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ șȅǷșΦǫǿȪǓǷ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔঀ ੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩ ȉșșΦǓȠǔে ȠǓǹȧǷǈǓǿ ǩș ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔȠȆǹআ șȅǷǷƺǹ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǉșƺǹƻǏȠƺǠȅǷǷƺǹॹ ǈƺȖƻȠȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠȆǷǷƺǹ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺǿॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȆǷǷƺǹॹ ΚƺǠΡ Ǿƻș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹঀ ȖȖƺ ǩș Κƺǿ ǈǩΦȅǿΡǫȠǔǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩǿƺǷ ǾǩǿȌșǔে ǠǓ ǩș ǉșǓǷǔǹΡǓǈǈॹ ǔș ǓΦ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅΦǦƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ƺੈǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻș ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ǹǓǠǠΡƺǷȖƺǈǈƺǿ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹȠ ǔș ǾǓǠǈǫΦǦƺȠȆǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹȠ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺǩঀ ੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩেǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǿȅȖǾƻǷǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷȖǓ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƻǹǹǿƻǿƺǷ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺǿॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǓΦǓǹǿǓǷ শ ȖȣșǦ ǓȠ ƺǹঀॹ ࢳࢱࢱࢵষঀ ΦΦǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǓȖȌȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆΚƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǓǹȌǿΡȉș ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǠΡȪǴȠǔșॹ ƺੈǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻǈȆǹ ǔș ǈǓƺǴƻǿǹƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿঀ ੈǉșƺǹƻǏȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ǓǹΚǓǦǓȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǓǏΚǔȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌে Ȓǩƺǉȅǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȠȌǹॹ ǈǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ǩș ੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǴȆǹǔȠǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖॹ ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩে ȠǩǷƻǷ ǔș ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩȖǓ ǔș ǟǓǿǿে ȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȖƺঀ ΦȅǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǓȠȠȌș ǷǓȖǓșȌǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠে ǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǹǔșǔȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǩș ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǹǓǠǓȠ ȠǓǿǿǩ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓǩǷǿǓǷ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷঀ ?ǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺΦȅǷǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡ ǓΦॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ǷǔΦ ƺੈǷǔΦǈǓǿ ǴƻȖǿƺǷ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿে ΚƺǠΡ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠǩ ǔș ǩǏȌș ে ǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƻΚƺǹঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈ șΦȧǹǔșǩ șΦƺǈƺǏșƻǠǠƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩș ǈǩΦȅǿΡǫȠǦƺȠȆƺǿ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȖƺঀ ࢲࢷ

22ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ੈhF vȅǾǓǿ শhǿǩȠǓǏ FƺȠǩȅǿș ǿȠǩȠΡ ǟȅȖ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ȕȣƺǹǩȠΡ ƺǿǏ ȠǦǓ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿ ৅ ƺΦ F^ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǹǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓষ ǴȆΚƻǦƺǠΡȠƺ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢹ৅ࢳࢱࢳࢲেƺș ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ eǓȖΚǓȠঀ Φ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦΦƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǉǔǹȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ࢳࢱࢴࢱেǩǠ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿে ǴȅǠȤșƻǠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǹȖȣǦƻΦƻșƺঀ EǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢲࢴ ǔΚ Κƺǿ ǦƻȠȖƺ ƺੈ'ǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ 'ǓǴǹȌǏǔșǩ ǔǹȅǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǔǩǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦȠ ǫǠǔȖǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǓǿǷǩȠ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǠΡǿƺǷ ǹǓǾƺȖƺǏǿǩॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǿȌȠ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȠ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖȣǦƻΦǿƺǷ ǟǓǹॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓǦƺǹƺǏƻș Ǔ ȠǔȖǓǿ ǹƺșșȤॹ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǓǿǹǓȠǓșॹ ǔș ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ǷǩȠǔΚǓঀ ੈǴǓে ǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ȠǓǿǏǓǿǉǩƻǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿ ࢹࢳॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǟȅǷȤ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢺࢶ ǔΚ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǴȧǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠআ ǔș ࢲࢸࢱ ǔΚȖǓ ǹǓǿǿǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ hF vȅǾǓǿ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ ȉȠ ǟȌ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡȠ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ȤȠǴƻǈƺǿ ƻǹǹȆ șȠȖȣǷȠȣȖƻǹǩș ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹƻșƻȠঀ eǓșΦǩǷ ǓΦȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠȌ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠȌ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿȅȖǾƻǷ ǔș șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǓǿ ȠȣǏǴƺǿƺǷ ǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹǿǩ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠঀ Φ ȤǴ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚǈǓǿ ƺΦ hF vȅǾǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷƺȠ ǫǠǔȖǩॸ ॷ eȅΚƻǈǈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǾǩǿǏƺΦȅǿ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǠǹȅǈƻǹǩș ǿȅȖǾƻǷ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ ǔș ǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣș ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔȠ ǔș ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔȠ ǉǔǹȅΦΦƻǷআ ॷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠșǓǿǓǷ ǈǓ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șΦǓȖΚǓǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻǈƺǿॹ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓে șȧǹǴǓǿǓǷ ǓΦǓǿ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǴƺΚƺǷǈȆǹআ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǈǩΦȠȅș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǓǾǾǓǹॹ ȠǩșΦȠǓș ǾȣǿǷƻΚƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦΦǓǿǓǷॹ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে ǠǩǹƺǠ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿǓǷ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷআ ॷ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǿȌ ǔș ǹƻǿΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǟƺǴȠƺ ǓȖȌșΦƺǷȠȆǹ ǾǓǿȠǓșॹ șΦƺǈƺǏ ǔǹǓȠǓȠ ǔǹǴǓǿআ ǔș ॷ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǟǓǿǿে ȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǈǔǷǓ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǷȅǏƻșǩ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ǔș ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ ΚǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠǩ ǷƺȠƺșΦȠȖȆǟƻǷॹ ǷȅǿМǩǷȠȣșȅǷ ǾǓǠǓǹȌে ΦǔșǔǈǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǾǈǓȖǩ ǴȅǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǈǓǿঀ

ࢲࢸ

22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ Φ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷॹ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ƺΦȅǿ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǹΚƻǹȠΚƺ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ @ȣǿǏșȠȖȉǾ ǔș ^ȠǓΚǓǿșȅǿ ȠǓȠȠǓǷ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƻȠǟȅǠȆƺǿ ǏǓЙǿǩে ƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠॹ ΚƺǠΡǩș ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǾǓǠȠǓǿǿǩ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ șȅȖƻǿॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻș ǓǹȌȠȠॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșǷȅȖॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌ ǷȅȖƺǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦǈƺǿঀ Φ ǓǹșȌǏǹǓǠǓș ǉǔǹ Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǓǾǈǓȖȠ ǈƻȠȅȖǫȠƺǿǩ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠǟȅǿȠȅǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ǾǓǠșΦȧǹǓșșǓǿ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠॹ ǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ǹǔȒǴǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩǿǏǫȠƻșॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈǷȅȖƺǩ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǾȪǷȉǏǔș șΦƺǷƺșΦƻǈƺঀ ੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡǿƺǷ ƺੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǈƺǿ ǷƺȠƺǹǩΦƻȠȅȖșΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǈǓȠȉǹȠǓǿǩǓঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚǓȠ ǦȅΦ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠǴƺ ƺੈΚǫΦǩȆȠॹ ƺǷȠǩΚǩΦƻǹǴƺ ƺੈǷȣǹǉșșΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǷǓȠॹ ǔș ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ǈǩΦȠȅে șǫȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌǷ ǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ ƺੈǟǓǴǓΦǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻȖƺ ǾȣȠƺȠ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƻǷƺȠ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩǈȆǹঀ 2ǿǏȅǿǔΦǩƺ 2ǿǏȅǿǔΦǩƻǈƺǿ ƺੈ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻȖƺ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹȆǷǔঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈǾǩǿǩșΦে ȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ǓΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹॸ lΦǹǓȠǩ 2ǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠ শ ȣșǩǿǓșș 2ǿǉȣǈƺȠȅȖ ǓǿȠǓȖষ Φ 2ȒƺȖǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǓȠȠ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠ ƺੈȠǓǹǓǾƺȠǩǷƺ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺǏ ȠǓȖǓȠॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷǓǿॹ ǩǿǷȣǈƻ ে ǉǩȆș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ șȅȖƻǿ ǷǩǷǔȒΦǓȠȠǓǷȖǓঀ ੈǉǔǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ΦƺǴǹȆ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹে Ǿǩ ǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾǈƺ ǦȅΦƺȠƺǹƺॹ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǔș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷॹ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǔș ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φ 2ǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠ ΚǫΦǩȆǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹǴƺ ƺΦ ǓǹǾǔǹǓȠǩ ȠƺǿƺǿΡƺǠȅȠ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ শƺ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǈǓǿॹ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻে șȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿষঀ ੈǉǔǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǔǠΦȌșȉǷ ǷǩǿǓΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǔșΦǓǷ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩΚǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹে

ࢲࢹ

ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹॹ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷ ǿǓǷǩǷॹ ǓǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ȠǓǉǦে ǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƻșΦ (ǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆ শ(ǓǿǓȖƺșǩ EȣǏƺ XǓȖȠƺǿǩƺǿষ ੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǔșǔȠॹ ƺΦ ǓǦǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ǷǔȒǓșে șǔǠǓǩȠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǩȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩঀ ΦȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ƺੈEǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǦȅΦȠƺ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈșΦƻǿǏǔǷǷƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǠƺΦǏƻǷ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƻǩȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșșΦǔǷ ƺੈ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺॹ ƺੈ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈ ȒǩƺǉȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ȒȖȅǏȣǷȠǫΚॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚॹ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ȒȖȅЙ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॹ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹঀ Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ƺੈEǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ?ǔȒΦǔș eƻǈȅȖ শ e ে ǠȖǩǉȣǹȠȣȖƺǹ eȖƺǩǿǩǿǠ ƺǾȒষॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ șȅȖƻǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠȣǏƻșȠ ǔș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖǓΦǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻș ǠΡǓȖǓে ǷǓǷॹ ƺǾǩ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǓǠǿȌ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǔșȧǷ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǩȖƻǿȠ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȖƺ ǈǓǉșȧǹǩǷ ƺΦȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǉǔǹǴƺǩॸ ࢲঀ ƺ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǈǓǿॹ ࢳঀ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹǿǩॹ ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻΚƺǹॹ ࢴঀ ȤǠΡ ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ΚǩǹƻǠƻȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩșǾǓȖǴǔǷॹ șΦǓȖǓșșǔǷ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅȠ ǔș ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǴǓǿǓǷ ǩȖƻǿȠƺॹ ࢵঀ ЙƺȠƺǹॹ ȒȖȅǏȣǷȠǫΚॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚॹ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșॹ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ȒȖȅЙ ǠƺΦǏƻǷƺȠ ǷǩǿǓΚǓǹǿǩঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ XȖȅǠȖƺǾ শX [ /hষ iǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȖƺॹ ȠǓǉǦে ǿǩǷƺǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻșȖƺॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿǏǫǴȖƺॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȖƺ ǔș ȠȌǷǓȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠȖǓॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺǾǩǹΡǓে ǿǓǷ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣǈƻǉǩȆș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩșে ǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆǴȣǷ ǿȌॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǩǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǓǷঀ ੈȒșΦǩǉǦȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ȠǓșΦȠǓȠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠȌ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ǓΦ ǓșǓȠǈǓǿ ǿǓǾ ȠȌǷǔȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ȠȌǷǓȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȠঀ ǔǹে?ȅȖǓƺ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǷƺǏǔǾǩƻǴƺ শ|ȅȣǿǠ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǉƺǏǓǾΡষ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ǓǠΡ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠॹ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺੈ^Ǿƺǹǹ ૭ EǓǏǩȣǾ ȣșǩǿǓșș ȅȖȒȅȖƺȠǩȅǿঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹॹ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺƺǹƺȒȤ ࢲࢺ

șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷƺȠ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻșǈƺǿ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ȠȣǏƻșƺǹƺȒȤ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈ ǉǔǹǹƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔȖȠǔǷǿȉΚǓǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿǓΚǓǹǴǓǿǓǷ Ƿǩঀ ΚǓǿȠǓ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǿΡǩ ࢴࢺ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǩǿǩǾƻǹǩș șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹে ǷǓΦǿǓǷ শΚƺǠΡ ƺǿǿΡǩΚƺǹ șǓǾষॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǈƺǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ șȅȖƻǿॹ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǷȉǹȠșǔǠ ࢸࢱઔে ƻǩǠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǾƺΠǩǾȣǾ ࢲࢱࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ΛȅǿǩǠ শ/?੢ࢸࢲࢱॹࢱࢱࢱষঀ 2ȖȅǏƺǩ ǟǔȖȌǦǓǹΡǓȠॹ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǉȅƺǉǦǩǿǠȅȠ ǔș ȠǓǉǦǿǩǷƺǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠেȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠ ǩș ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ࢲࢱࢱࢱ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ শ|ȅȣȠǦ ȣșǩǿǓșș ࢲࢱࢱࢱষ ੈǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈࢳࢱ ǔș ࢴࢺ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ৅ ƺΦȅǷǔॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ȤȠȠȉȖȌ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǏǓ ǿǩǿǉș ȠȌǷǔǴȧǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșǦȅΦঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚǈǓǿ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ࢲࢱࢱࢱ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦƺΚǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ শǾƺΠǩǾȣǾ ࢲ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ Λȅǿ ৅ /?੢ࢸॹࢲࢱࢱੈ ৅ ǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿষॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ǔΚȖǓ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖǷȉΦȒȅǿȠǦȅΦঀ ΦǓǿ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƻȖ ǈǓǟȣȠȅȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷǓȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǓǠΡǔǈ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅșȣǹƻșȅǷȠȆǹ ǩș ǷƺȒ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș ƺǹƺȒȅǿ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠঀ ǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷ ^ 2 শ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠ ȅǾȒƺǿΡষ ࢲࢺࢶࢹেǈƺǿ ƺੈ?ȅǿǠȖǓșșΦȣș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠșǓ ƺੈ ǦȅșșΦȤȠƻΚȤ ȠȌǷǓ ƻȖƺǾǹƻșƻȠ ƺΦ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ Φ ^ 2 XȖȅǠȖƺǾ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺΦȅǿ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ h^ েǈƺǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷঀ ੈ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǏǾǩǿǩșȠȖƺȠǩȅǿ ǿǓǾ ƺǏ ǷȉΦে ΚǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ȠȌǷǔȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǓǦǓǹΡǓȠȠ ǾƺǠƻǿǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǷǓǹ ƻǹǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺǿঀ ^ǓǠǫȠșǔǠȧǷǷǓǹ ȠȌǷǔșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǴȆǹ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǓǹȠ শ^ 2 ș ǿǔΚǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠষ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƻǷঀ /ǩȠǓǹǓΦȌǷǓȖǓșȌ শ@ǓǿǏǓȖ EƺȠǉǦষ 2ǿǠΡǓǿǓș ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǓșΦǷȉΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǩ ƺੈ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈƺǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌॹ ^ ੈ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǴȆΚƻǦƺǠΡȅȠȠ ǦǩȠǓǹǓΦȌǷǷǓǹঀ ੈ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌǿǓǷ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ǈǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǾȣȠƺȠǿǩƺ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩȠঀ ΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǷǔȠ ǿƺȒȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ȠƺǹƻǹǿƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǦǩȠǓǹǓΦȌȠॹ ƺǷǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǩǷ ƺੈǉǔǠ ǩȖƻǿȠॹ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǩǷ ƺ ǷǔȠ ǟǓǹǓȠঀ ੈǦǩȠǓǹǓΦȌ ǔș ƺੈǷȉǹǉșȉǿȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌ ǟǓǹে ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅȠॹ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǩǷ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠॹ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠ șȠǈঀ Φ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌ ǈǓǿΡȤǴȠǴƺ ƺੈǷǔȖǓǹে

ࢳࢱ

ǾǔȠ ǔș ƺੈǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ȒƺȒǫȖȅǷƺȠঀ 2ǹΡ ǾȆǏȅǿ ƺΦȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷॹ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǴȣȠǿƺǷ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ FȌǩ eȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ 2ȖȅǏƻǴƺ শKГǉǓ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș KΛǿǓȖșǦǩȒ ৅ Kv Kষ eƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǷǩȖǓǷǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓǷঀੈ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺǩ শvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ǓǿȠǓȖș ǩȖǓǉȠȅȖΡॹ șșȅǉǩƺȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ǓǿȠǓȖșॹ FƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ȅȣǿǉǩǹॹ ^ K[ ষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒে ΦǔșȠ ǔș ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ǦǩȠǓǹǓǷǦǓΦ ǔș ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦॹ Ȓǩƺǉǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷে ǦǓΦॹ ǈǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩșঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǩș ǷǫǿƻǹǿƺǷॹ ȤǠΡǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ȖǓƺǾ ȣǩǹǏǓȖ শ ǹȅǾ ȒǫȠȌষ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǷȣȖΦȣșȠ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈvȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ^ȣǾǾǩȠ ^ǓȖǩǓș [ǓȒȅȖȠȅȠ শǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȉșșΦǓǴȉΚǓȠǓǹǓǩǿ ǷǔșΦȧǹȠ ǈǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆǷ șȅȖȅΦƺȠƺষঀ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȅȠȠ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿȌॹ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǷǫǿƻǹǷȅΦǿƺǷॸ ǠΡƺȖƺȒșΦǩǷ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƺॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǿƺǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǏǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠȖǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǩǷǓȖȖǓ ΚǩǠΡǔǷ ȌǷǓȠঀ /ƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȣǠΡƺǿȅǹΡƺǿ ȧȠǓǾǈǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿƻǿƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠǈƺǿ ǓǠΡǾǩǹǹǩȆΚƺǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǹǓǿǿǓঀ ੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷȖȆǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦȅǿ ǷȅȖে ǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǔș ȠƺǿƻǉșȅǷ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȖȌǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿǩঀ ǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ șƺǴƻȠȅș ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ șǓǠǫে ȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȅǿঀ ǿǠǹǩƻǈƺǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ࢴেࢵ ǔΚǓș ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷ ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȖƺ ΚƺǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠȖǓঀ tƺǿǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ࢲࢶ ȆȖƻǿΡǩ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠǓȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ǩǠǔǿΡǈǓঀ ੈ ǦǩǹǏǉƺȖǓ ȣșǩǿǓșș (ȖƺǿȠș ^ǉǦǓǾǓ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺΦȅǷ ƺǷǩǷ șƺǴƻȠ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔে ǿǓǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩॹ ੯ࢲࢱࢱࢱেǩǠ ȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǦǓȠǿǓǷঀ

ࢳࢲ

ǔǹে ǟȖǩǷƺ 2șǩΚƺǿǏǓ FȌǷ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ শ2șǩΚƺǿǏǓ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș 'ȣǿǏ ৅ 2v'ষ ੈ ǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș ƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǹΦƻȖǷȆΦƻșƻȠ ǟǓǹǠΡȅȖșǫȠșƺ ƺੈǾȅșȠƺǿǩǿƻǹ ǾǓǠЙΦǓȠǦǓȠȌǈǈॹ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǦƺȠȆǈǈ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠΚƺঀ Φ ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩ ǉǔǹে ǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ǿȌǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȣȠƻǿ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǏǔǹেƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ǟǓǷǓȠǓ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȖǓঀ Φੈ2v'ੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩΚƺǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșșǔǠǔȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȅǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ǓΠȒƺǿΦǩȆΚƺǹॹ ȖǓǦƺǈǩǹǩȠƻǉǩȆΚƺǹॹ ǟȖƺǿǉǦǩșǓেΦƺǹ ǔș ƻȠǦǩǏƺǹȆ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅে Φƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠঀ Φ ƺǹƺȒȅȠ ƺੈ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș 2ȒƺȖǩ 'ȌȅșΦȠƻǹΡ ǾǓǠǈǫΦƻșƻǈȆǹ ƺΦ 2ȒƺȖǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ eƻȖșƺșƻǠ ǷǓΦǓǹǩ ǓǠΡ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩƺǹƺȒেǷǓΦে ǓǹȌǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹঀ ?ǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦǿƺǷ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈǉǔǹǹƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔǹে ǟȖǩǷƻǈƺǿ ȉǿǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ǷǔȒǓșॹ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻǈƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǦȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ੈ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹȌ ǉǔǠǓǷǿǓǷ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷ ǓǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǓǠΡǔǈ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ FƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ 'ȣǿǏ ৅ F 'ষ ^ΦǓȖǓȒǓ ƺੈ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ șΦǔǹǓșǷȉȖȪ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǹȖȣǦƻΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ শ ȖȅƺǏে ƺșǓǏ ǹƺǉǷ ǉȅǿȅǾǩǉ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠॸ ে ষঀੈ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚǩȠƺ ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ΦƺǴǹǩǷ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǈȌǹ ǩș ȠǓΚȌǏǩǷ ȉșșΦǓ ƺੈșȅǷƺȠǾȅǿǏȆ ǔș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ে ॹ ƺੈF ' ǴȉΚȌǈǓǹǩ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǔș ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦȅǿȅșǫȠॹ șǓǠǫȠΚǓ ǟǓǷǓȠǓ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷǓȠॹ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈ=Ȇ (ΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ?ȆǏǓΠǔǿǓǷ শ ȅǏǓș ȅǟ (ȅȅǏ XȖƺǉȠǩǉǓষ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǹǓǾǔȠঀ ΦǓǷǦǓΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈǷǓǏΚǓΦে ǾǔǿΡǓș ǈǓșΦǓȖΦǔșȖǓ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹƻșॹ ƺੈ ǟǓǷǓȠǓ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿ ǦƺȠȆǷȉȖǔǿǓǷ Ƿǩে ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ƻȠƺǹƺǷȣǹƻș ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿॹ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǓ ȖǔșΦǓșǓǏǔș ǟǓǹǦǫǠȣǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦǔșǓঀ ੈ F ' eȉȖΚǔǿΡ শFƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ 'ȣǿǏ ǉȠ Fȅ ࢲࢱࢶ ȅǟ ࢲࢺࢺࢹষ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠ FƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠ 'ȣǿǏ শF 'ষ ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ǠƺΦে ǏƺșƻǠǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺ ǔș șǓǠǫȠǩ ǓǹȌ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ǟǓǷǓȠǔǷǓȠ ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ǟǓǹআ ǓǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩॹ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǩ ƺੈǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫȠƻșǩॹ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻȠ ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǔǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ

22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ FȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ Φ K েȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǠΡǩǷǔǈǓǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡǈƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǿȌǷǓȠঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ EǓΠǩǷȆǈƺǿॹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ (ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș @ǓǿǠΡǓǹȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶࢱઔেƻǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ƻǹǹƻșƺॹ ǾǫǠ 2ΦǹƺǿǏȅǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻǈƺǿॹ ƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș ^ΚƻǴǉǈƺǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢸࢱઔেȣǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș EǓΠǩǷȆǈƺǿ ƺੈǹǓǠǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏȌǈǈॹ ǏǓ =ƺȒƻǿǈƺǿॹ ?ȅȖǓƻǈƺǿ ǔș 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǩș ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșঀ

ࠏࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ͬ ǙȖȿȊ͠ ȖȤȵɃ ȞȫȖ ǳȸ ǾǳȵϫǙȖ ǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȤȿȿȸǚǿǚȞǙȖ ȸͬǚͬǙȘǳȖȤȸ ȝǲǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ

FȌǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǿΡȅǾȅǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǔșǔȖǓ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ șȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷƺȠ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ΦǓǷǈǓǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǿǓǾǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷঀ ੈࢳࢹ hেȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ǩș ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢳࢶઔেƺ ǿȌঀ

ࠐࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ͬ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥ ȞȫȖ ǳȸ ǾǳȵϫǙȖ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ

ੈǿȌǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻǈƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǫȒȣșƺǩ ৅ ǾǔȖǓȠॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƺॹ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǔǈ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȅșΦȠƻǹΡȅΦΚƺ ࢳࢱࢱࢺেǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻǈƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শƺΦƺΦ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷষ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǟȅȖǠƺǹǾƺ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢲࢹઔ ΚȅǹȠ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻǈƺǿॹ ࢳࢷઔ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ ࢴࢹઔ EǓΠǩǷȆǈƺǿ ǔș ࢵࢵઔ 'ǩǿǿȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ǾǔǠ șΦǓǾǈǓȠȪǿȌǈǈǓǷॹ Ǧƺ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓ ΚǓșșΦȧǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শΚƺǠΡǩș ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƺ ǿǓǾ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿষ ǷȉȖǔȠ ǩșঀ Φ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢸেǓș ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǔǈȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺੈ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔș ࢴॹࢶઔেƻȠ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ Ƿǩॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠƻș ࢷॹࢵઔেƺঀ ੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǉșƺǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡƺȠ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠ ǿȌঀ Φ K ƺǏƺȠƺǩ șΦǓে ȖǩǿȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǿǿƺǿ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ƺǏƺȠȅǷॹ ƺੈǹǓǠে ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǓșΦǷȉΦǔȖȠǔǷȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢶઔেƻǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺঀ

ࢳࢵ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ

ࠑࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ͬ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥȖ ȈȱǙȵǚǿǙȖ ȸͬǲȵȈȞȿȈ ȝǲǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ࣓ ࠍࠋࠌࠐ ऒ'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ ऒࠍࠋࠌࠑओ࣓ @ǙǧȤɂȵ 'ȤȵǨǲ ^ɂȵ͠ǲͧ

Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƻǹ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡে ǔș ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿে ǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ ǔș Ǿƻșॹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹȌ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿঀ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǿȌǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶ

ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ ΦȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǦƺȠǴƺॹ ǈǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠ ǔș ƺੈȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓșǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺ ǟȅȖǏǫȠȅȠȠ ǩǏȌȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǏȣȒǹƺ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠǷȉȖȖǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷ শΚƺǠΡǩș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈǦƻΦȠƺȖȠƻșȣǷƺȠ ǓǠΡǩǏǓǴȪǹǓǠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǩǷষॹ ƺǾǩ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦǦƺȠǴƺ ƺΦȠ ƺΦ ǩǏȌȠॹ ƺǾǩȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷȖƺ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǟȅȖǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǔș ƺΦȠ ǩș ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷॸ ǓǹǓΚǓ ǷǩΦƻȖǴƻǷ ƺΦ ǩǏȌǩǠǔǿΡǓșǓǈǈ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǩ ǷȉȖȉǷǓȠঀ ǓΚǔȠǓǹǓǷ ৅ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ƺΦ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖȧǹǈǓǹȧǹ ǷǔȠে ǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǷǓȖǓșȠǔǷ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǔǿǓǷঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ șΦȠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ șΦǩǿȠǓ șǓǾǾǩǹΡǓǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǈǓǿ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φȅǿǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǷǔȠșΦǓȖǓșǔȠ ǷǓȖǓșে ȠǔǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǔǿǓǷ (ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ শࢳॹࢶেșΦȉȖȉșǔȠষॹ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻǈƺǿ শࢳॹࢴেșΦȅে ȖȅșƻȠষ ǔș ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠǈƺǿ শࢳॹࢳেșΦǓȖǓșǔȠষঀ ੈ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌΚǓǹ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǦƺȠȆॸ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺੈ ǹǓǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ȆȖƻǷ șΦƻǾƻΚƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆǷǷƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǉǔǹȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǠǓǹ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷǷƺǹঀ

7. ábra: ͬ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥȖ ǧǲ͠ǳȿǲȘǲȈ ࠍࠋࠌࠌणǧǲȞ ऒ তࠌࠓ ǳȸ ࠑࠏ ǳ͠ ȖȨͬȨȿȿȈ ȨȞǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȥȖ ǳ͠ǲȸ ǚȿȘǙǿȖǲȵǲȸǲȿǲ Ǿȫ ȿǲ͠ǳȖǲȞͧȸǳǿɆȖ ǲȸǲȿǳǧǲȞओ

ࢳࢷ

ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ƺੈǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔș ȅǷƺǩ EǩΚǓǹ șȅǷǷƺǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș Ǵȉǿ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǿǩǿǉșǓǿǓǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩॹ ǓΦǓǷǿǓǷ ȠȣǏǦƺȠȆ ǈǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ȉșșΦǓșșǔǠǔǈǓǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ

ࠓࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ ত Ȟǲȝ ȝɂȞȖǚȘȿǙȿȥȖǳȞȿ ǳȸ Ǚত ȝɂȞȖǚȘȿǙȿȥȖǳȞȿ ȝɉȖȨǮȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖ ȸͬǚȝǙ ऒȸͬǚͬǙȘǳȖȤȸǙȞ࣓ ࠍࠋࠌࠏणǧǲȞ ͠Ǚǿͧ ǙতȘǲǿɂȿȥǧǧȈ࣓ ǙǮǙȿȤȖȖǙȘ ȵǲȞǮǲȘȖǲͬȫ ǳ͠ǧǲȞओ

ࢳࢸ

Φ K ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ȤǴॹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢲেࢵ ǟȌ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆΚƺǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ Φ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș șΦƻǾƺॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿঀ ੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȆǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ǾǔȖǓȠȖǓ ǿƺǠΡǴƻǈȆǹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖƻǷ ƺΦ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠॹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ǾƻȖ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈƺǷ ƺੈ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷঀ Φ ȤǴॹ ǩȒƺȖǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǾǔȖǓȠǓ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ǦƻȖȅǾșΦȅȖȅșƺ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ȅǹƺșΦ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǔǿǓǷঀ ^ΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș șΦȧǹǓȠǩǷ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș ƺੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿॹ শǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǔǹǓǹǾǩșΦǓȖǩȒƺȖǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș ǾȪșΦƺǷǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿষ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ЙΠ ȠȌǷǓǈǓে ǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩঀ ੈǾǓǠșΦȪǿȌ ǉǔǠǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ǿǓǾ ȖǓǿǏǓǹে ǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƻǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǴƺǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǹȌǈǈǩ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǠǔȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǓ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ ǴƻȖȣǹ ǦȅΦΦƻ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǔǿǓǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡǴƻǈȆǹ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ শࢴࢶষ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǹΡǓǿ Ƞǫে ȒȣșȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǔǿǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ȠǫΦșΦǓȖǓșǓ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǩǔǿƺǷঀ Φ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿঀ

9. ábra: ȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖȖǙȘ ȵǲȞǮǲȘȖǲͬȫ ǳȸ Ȟǲȝ ȵǲȞǮǲȘȖǲͬȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖ ȝǲǿȸͬɉȞǳȸǲ ऒȸͬǚͬǙȘǳȖǧǙȞ࣓ ࠍࠋࠌࠏणǧǲȞ࣓ ͠Ǚǿͧ ǙতȘǲǿɂȿȥǧǧȈ ȤȘͧǙȞ ǳ͠ǧǲȞ ǙȝȈȵȫȘ ͠ǙȞȞǙȖ ǙǮǙȿȤȖओ

ࢳࢺ

22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǠΡȖǓ Ƞȉǈǈ ǿȌ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȅǿॹ ǔș ǓȖȖǓ ȖǓƺǠƻǹΚƺ ƺΦ ࢲࢺࢸࢱেǓș ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ ΦȆȠƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻ ΚƻǹȠƺǷ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿঀ ƻȖ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓǹǔȒǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹȌ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ǹǓǠΡȌΦǔșǔǈǓǿॹ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǠƻȠǹȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹǿǓǷঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓș ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǩǿǓǷ ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩ ǓǹȠǔȖȌǷॹ ǏǓ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩ ȠǔǾƻǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॸ ࢲঀ ੈȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșǩ ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ƺǹȣǹȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠșƻǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǓআ ࢳঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉȖƺ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ǈǓǩǹǹǓșΦǷǓǏǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺআ ࢴঀ ੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ȖǔΚǔǿআ ࢵঀ ੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓআ ࢶঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǉǩȆ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓআ ࢷঀ ੈșΦǓǠǔǿΡșǔǠ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓআ ࢸঀ Φ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǈǈ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓআ ࢹঀ Φ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺঀ FǔǦƻǿΡॹ ƺΦ K ƻǹȠƺǹ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷȣșȅǷǿƺǷ ǉǫǾΦǓȠȠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠǔǾƺǷȉȖǔǈǓǿॸ ੈȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǔș ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ȖǔΚǔǿ ǔǹॸ ੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƺȠȠǩȠȪǏȉǷ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǿǔΦǓȠǓǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚƺǿ ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹে ǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔșǓǩȠॹ ȉǿǈǩΦƺǹǾƻȠঀ ੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǹǦǫΚǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆșΦǓǹǹǓǾǈǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǹǴǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩে ȆǴƻȠ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓঀ ΦΦǓǹ ǓǠΡǩǏȌǈǓǿ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩȠ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉȅǿ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆ ǿǓǾǩ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǔǹॸ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǔȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǹǩॹ ǈǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠǷǓΦǓǹǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƻȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǔș ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ƺੈǾȣǿে ࢴࢱ

ǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȣǷ ǩș ǓǹȠǔȖȌঀ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǈƺ ǷǓȖȧǹǴǓǿǓǷঀ ੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ șǓǠǫȠǦǓȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔǈǓǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǉȅƺǉǦǩǿǠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻș ȖǔΚǔǿঀ ੈ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷȖƺ ǟȆǷȣșΦƻǹǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹǿƺǷঀ ੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǷǓǹ ǔǹॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȠ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔে Ȗǔș ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ƺੈȒǩƺǉǩ ǦǩƻǿΡȅșșƻǠȅǷ ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǔȖǓॹ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆș ƺșΦǩǾǾǓȠȖǩƻǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȖǔșǓǷȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷঀ XǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠ ǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȖǔșșǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǦǓȠǿǓǷঀ ੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȒǩƺǉ ǾǩǿǏǷǔȠ ȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǷǓΦȌ ǷǩǦǫে ΚƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǓΦǓǹǿǩȧǷ ǷǓǹǹঀ 'ȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǴǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǏǓ ȣǠΡƺǿǩǹΡǓǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈȒǩƺǉ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠƻșƺ ǩș ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷে Ƿƺǹ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓΦǦǓșșǓǿǓǷঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǟȌǈǈ ǩǿǟȖƺșȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǷƺȒে ǉșȅǹȆǏƻș ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ǔǹॸ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏƻș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǦǓΦॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ǓΦǓǷ ȣȠƺȠ ǿΡǩȠǿƺǷ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǦǓΦॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǦǓΦॹ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷে ǦǓΦॹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǔș ƺੈȠȣǏƻș ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǷǩșǓǈǈ ǔș ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔȖЙ ȠƻȖșƺǩǷǿƺǷঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǔǈǓǿ ǷǩșǓǈǈ ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪșǔǠǠǓǹ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ȖƻǦƺȠƻșȣǷ Κƺǿ ǷȣǹǉșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷȖƺঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǩȠǷƻǈǈƺǿ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦǿƺǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠƻȖșȣǹƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ǔȖǏǓǷǉșȅে ȒȅȖȠȅǷǦȅΦ ǔș Ǿƻș ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩșॹ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǟȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷ ǷǩșΦǔǹǓșǫȠșǔǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǔȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǷȉȖǔȠॸ ǈȌΚǫȠșǔǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȣǷƺȠॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦΦǓǿǓǷ ǔș ȅǿে ǹǩǿǓ ǟǓǹȧǹǓȠǓȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠșƺǿƺǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǈǓ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏǿǩ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓঀ

ࢴࢲ

ੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ΚǔǏǓȠȠșǔǠ ǔǹॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ƺੈșΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅে ΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ǩș ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹ ȖȆǹƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏে ǔș ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșে șƻǠǈƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠঀ Φ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩ ǓǠΡȖǔșΦȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǾǓǠȠȅȖǹȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǷǩǷȧșΦȉǈȉǹǔșǔȠ ƺΦ ƺǏȆে ǔș ǓǹǹƻȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷǈǓǿॹ ǾƻșȖǔșΦȠ ƺੈ ǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǓǹǹƻȠȆ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷƺȠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿǟȖƺে șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƺ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȠঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǉǔǹΦȅȠȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠ ȠǓǿǿǩ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔে ǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏেॹ ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹে ǔș ƺΦ ƺǏȆȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǿǓ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓșșǓ ǾǓǠ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠঀ

22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦǈǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖǓ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆǷ ȒǔǹǏƻǷॹ ǔș ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȖȆǹ ǩș ȅǹΚƺșǦƺȠȣǿǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠƻǴƻȖȆǹঀ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȖƺॹ ǿǩǿǉș Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǿȌǷȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴȣǷঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾে ΦȌǓǿ Ǵȅǈǈ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ΚƺǠΡ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ǦǩȠǓǹǷƺǾƺȠǹƻǈƺǷƺȠঀ ੈ șȒƺǿΡȅǹ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƺੈ ࢴࢶ ǔΚǓǿ ǟǓǹȧǹǩ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ শΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢱ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ǟǔȖ ЙƺǷǿƺǷষ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ǴƻȖȣǹǔǷƻȠ ǷǔȠ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ ǾǔȖșǔǷǹǩঀ ੈࢴࢶ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ȉǿে ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷ ࢴࢱ ǦȆǿƺȒǩǠ ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠƺǷ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓȠȠ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșȠ ЙΦǓȠǿǩঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹșȌ ǦƺȠ ǦȆǿƺȒǴƻǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔș ǾǔȖȠǔǷǓ ࢹࢱઔॹ ƺੈ ࢸ৅ࢲࢳঀ ǦȆǿƺȒǈƺǿ ࢶࢱઔॹ ƺੈ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ࢲࢹ ǦȆǿƺȒǈƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢴࢱઔॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢴࢱ ǦȆǿƺȒ ǓǹȠǓǹȠǔΚǓǹ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǩǷঀ ੈࢴࢱ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ȣǠΡƺǿǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈǷǓǏΚǓΦǾǔǿΡǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǓǷঀ ǦǩǹǓ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ƺੈǉǦǩǹǓǩ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺੈeǓȖǾǔǷǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ eƻȖșƺșƻǠ শ K['Kষ ƻǹȠƺǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈǉǔǹǹƺǹ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔǹে ǾǓȖǩǷƻǈƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșȅǿ Ƿǩॹ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƻǹে ȠȅΦȠƺșșƺ ƺੈǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏǴƻȠঀ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠǓǿ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǈǈ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺॹ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ƺੈtǩǹƻǠǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ȆȖȣǾ ƺੈǷȅȖƺǩ 32

șΦƺǷƺșΦǈƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǹǓǠǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚƺǈǈ ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǷǔǿȠ ȧǏΚȉΦȉǹȠǓ ǦǩǹǔȠঀ ࢲࢴࢱࢺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ࢶࢲઔেƺ ǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏȠ ǔș ࢴࢺઔ ǦǩǹǔǈǓǿ ǾƺȖƺǏȠॹ ࢲࢶࢷࢳ ǟȌȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠΚƺঀ Φ ^ 'ƺǉȠȅȖΡ ȉȠǹǓȠǓ ȅǿǿƺǿ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǾƻșǩǷॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷȅȖƺǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻǈƺǿ শ^ǓǓǏষ ǿǓǾ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ࢹࢶઔেƻȠ ǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ࢲࢶઔেƻȠ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǔǷঀ EǩΚǓǹ șΦǓȖǓȠȠǔǷ Κȅǹǿƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷॹ ƺੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺΦ ^ 'ƺǉȠȅȖΡȠॹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǓে ΦǓȠȌ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǴȤ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǹǔǿΡǓǠǩ ǓǹǓǾǓ ƺΦ ȉǿǈǩΦƺǹȅǾেǔȒǫȠǔș ǔș ƺੈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǩ ǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠǟƻΦǩșǈƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷȅȖƺǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿǩǾƻǹǩșƺǿ ǔǹǓȠǷǔȒǓș ȠǓȖǾǔǷǷǓǹঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ȤǠΡ ƺǹƺǷǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ Ƿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆ ǿȌǷȖǓ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹॹ ǿǓǾ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ǩș ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ȠƺǠȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǾƻȖ ǔȖǓȠȠǓǈǈ șΦƺǷƺșΦǈƺ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺঀ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǔș ƺੈ^ǓǓǏ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǩȠȌǹ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǓǹΚƻȖǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǹƺে ȠǩǿেƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ Ȓǩƺǉȅǿ ǩș ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ǴǓǹǓǿঀ ੈΚǩǹƻǠșΦǩǿȠȪ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠȖǓ ȠȉȖǓǷΚȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈƺ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷǓȠ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠǔșǩॹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠȧǷ ǔș ƺǾǈǫǉǩȆǩǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩॹ ǉȖȅΛǏșȅȣȖǉǩǿǠ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǷॹ ȉȖǓǠǏǩƻǷȅǷॹ ǩȒƺȖƻǠǩ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷ ƺੈ ǈǫȖƻǹȆǷঀ ǏǏǩǠ ǿǔǠΡ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆ শǉșƺȒƺȠষ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ΦƺǴǹȅȠȠ ǹǓॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢹࢶ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠঀ ࢳࢱেࢴࢱ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ǉșƺȒƺȠǈƺ ƺੈ ǿǔǠΡ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǿ ƻȠ ΦƺǴǹȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȖƺঀ Fǩǿǉș șΦȧǷșǔǠ șƺǴƻȠ ȠȌǷǔȖǓॹ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ࢲࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ǉǦǩǹǓǩ ȒǓșȆȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ǹǔȠǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠƻșǩ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩǷ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ǷǩƺǏƻșƺǩǷ ǟǓǏǓΦǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǷǫșǔȖǹǓȠǓΦǔșȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾআ ƺੈǉșƺে ȒƺȠȅǷǿƺǷ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅȠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿǩȣǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ƺੈǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșǈȌΚǫȠǔșȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǦǩƻǿΡȅșșƻǠȅǷ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷঀ Φ ^ 'ƺǉȠȅȖΡ ȠƺǠǴƺǩ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈ ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǷƺǏǔǾǩƺ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺǩǿॹ ǈǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺੈ ǦǓȠǩ ǾǓǠǈǓșΦǔǹǔșǓǷǓȠ ǔș ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ^ੈ'ƺǉȠȅȖΡ ǓǹΚƻȖǴƺ ǿǔǾǩ ΚǩșΦȅǿΦƻșȠॹ ǫǠΡ ƺੈȠƺǠȅǷǿƺǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦƺȠƻșȤ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǈǓǿ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǔȖǓǿ ƺǹȣǹ ȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǔȖǩǿȠǓǿǓǷঀ Φ ^ੈ'ƺǉȠȅȖΡ ȠƺǠȅǷ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǟȅǿȠȅș ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒ ǦǩǹǓ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǷȉΦȠȧǷ ƺੈEǓǿȠȅȖǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠǦȅΦॹ ƺੈ ǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷ ?ǹȣǈǴƻǦȅΦॹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǹǔȒǿǩ ǦǓǹΡǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢵࢱࢱࢱ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǈȆǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȉȖǓǠǏǩƻǷেǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȠƺǹঀ

2ǿǏǩƺ 'ǓǹǩșǾǓȖΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǟȅǿȠȅșে șƻǠƻȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ǔș ǴȆǹǔȠǓ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻǈȆǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏǩƺǩ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȠঀ ੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹǩ ƺΦ ǩǿǏǩƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǈƺǿআ Ƿȉǹǉșȉে ǿȉǷǦȉΦॹ ȒǩƺǉȅǷǦȅΦ ǴȣȠȠƺȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚǓȠ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡॸ ੈǿȌǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȠ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ শ^e Xষ ੈ^e Xॹ ƺǾǩȠ 2ǿǏǩƺ FȌে ǔș (ΡǓȖǾǓǷȧǠΡǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠॹ ȅǹΡƺǿ শǟȌǹǓǠ ΚǩǏǔǷǩষ ǿȌǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȖǓ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǿǿǩঀ ੈ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ࢲࢷ ǔΚ ǟǓǹǓȠȠǩ ǩǿǏǩƺǩ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ șΦƻǾȅș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅȠ ǔȖǩǿȠॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅȠॹ ƺੈǷǓȖȠǔșΦǓȠǓȠॹ ƺΦ ǔǹǓǹǾǩে șΦǓȖেǟǓǹǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșȠॹ ƺੈǷǔΦǩ șΦȉΚǔșȠॹ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǾǓșȠǓȖșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ৅ੈȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǦǫǾΦǔșȠੈ৅ॹ ƺΦ ȣȠƺΦƻșȠ ǔș ȠȣȖǩΦǾȣșȠॹ ƺੈΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻȠƻșȠॹ ƺੈșΦƻǾǫȠƻșȠǓǉǦǿǩǷƻȠ ǔș 2e șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻș ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș শe[ ষ ੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪ ǿȌǷ ǦǩȠǓǹǦǓΦ ǴȣȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩȖǓ ΚƻǹƺșΦȣǹ ƺੈe[ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƺ ƺੈ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȠȌǹ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȠ ǷƺȒǦƺȠǿƺǷॹ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȅǿ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȅǿ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠॹ ƺǾǩ ǦȅΦΦƻșǓǠǫȠǩ ȌǷǓȠ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ȣȠƺȠ ǿΡǩȠΚƺ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈǾǓΦȌে ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǔঀ ^ȠƺǿǏেhȒ 2ǿǏǩƺ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ^ȠƺǿǏেhȒ 2ǿǏǩƺ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪǓǷ ǩș ǷƺȒǦƺșে șƺǿƺǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǦǩȠǓǹȠॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǷƺșΦȠȅǷ ǔș ȠȉȖΦșǓǷ ǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǦƺșșƺǿƺǷ 2ǿǏǩƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹΚǓ ƺΦ ǓΦΦǓǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǴƺΚƺǷǈȆǹঀ ǉǔǹǈȆǹ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǔș ǓǠΡ ǷƺșΦȠে ΚƺǠΡ ȠȉȖΦșǈǓǹǩ șΦǓǾǔǹΡ ࢲ ǔș ࢲࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ [ș ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȉșșΦǓǠȪ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȠ ǷƺȒ ƺੈ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻș ΚƺǠΡ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ΦȉǹǏǾǓΦȌș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ੈ^ȠƺǿǏেhȒ 2ǿǏǩƺ ȒȅȖȠƻǹ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷ ǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƺǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ǔș ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȖȆǹ ǔș ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǠƺȖƺǿǉǩƻȖȆǹঀ

ࢴࢵ

^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠ ੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș [ǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș FȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ lǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ শeǩǹǹΚƾΠȠΚǓȖǷǓȠষ ࢳࢱࢱࢸ ȆȠƺ ǾȪে ǷȉǏȠǓȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠॹ șΦƻǾȅș Ǿƻș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǹॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǷǷǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ࢹࢹࢱ ǿȌȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƺǷ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǿǓǷঀ RǷ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿƺǷॹ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȣǷ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏǔș ǟǓǹǷǓǹȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǔǹǓȠǷǔȒǓș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢲ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻȠȅȖ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓে ȠǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿঀ ੈ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻȠȅȖƺ ƺੈ eǩǹǹΚƾΠȠΚǓȖǷǓȠঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ǷȉȖȧǹǈǓǹȧǹ ǿǔǠΡ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǓǹȌƺǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠ ǩșǷȅǹƻǷǈƺǿ ǔș ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷǓǿॹ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡǩ ǹƻȠȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ΚƺǠΡ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿॹ ȉȠǹǓȠে ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠǉșǓȖǓ ǉǔǹǴƻǈȆǹঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓে ȠǓǷ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒǓǷॹ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠǴƻǷ șƺǴƻȠ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǩǷǓȠॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ ǈǓঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉে ΚǓȠǓǷ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾƺȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ /ȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǿȌ Ǔǹ ȠȣǏǴƺ ǷǔȒΦǓǹǿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠॹ ǔș ǷȉΦΚǓȠǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǓǿǓȠǓȠॹ ǾǩșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ ǩǠǓǿǩș ǴƻȖǦƺȠȆ ȤȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢹ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǓș ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢲࢱࢸ ǓΦǓȖ ǓǾǈǓȖȖǓǹ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȠƺǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǴȣǷ șȅȖƻǿঀ

22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ F^ FȌǷ শhF vȅǾǓǿষ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ǉǔǹǴƻǈȆǹ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠǔșǔȠ ΚǩǹƻǠে șΦǓȖȠǓ ǟǓǹǠΡȅȖșǫȠșƺঀ Φ F^ FȌǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺΦ F^ েȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷƺȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ǿȅȖǾƻǷƺȠ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹǔȖǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǔș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉে ǏǩǷ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǾƺǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓǷॹ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷॹ ȒȖȅǠȖƺে ǾȅǷॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȅȖǾƻǷ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ΚƺǹȆǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƻǷ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓঀ ੈ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǩǿȠȪ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺΦȅǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǷ ΚƺǹȆșƻǠǠƻ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ȉȠ ǟȌ ȠǔǾƻȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠΚƺॸ

ࢴࢶ

ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ

ƺ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǔș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓআ ƺ ǿȌǷǷǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿǩ ǓȖȌșΦƺǷ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǔșǓআ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƺ ƺੈǈǔǷǓে ǔș ǈǩΦȠȅǿșƻǠǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƻǈƺআ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǹǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟȅǷȅΦƻșƺআ ƺ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǈƺ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǔșǓ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ǔș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƺǷȅȖঀ

Φ F^ FȌǷ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǹǴƺ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺΦ F^ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠॹ ƺੈࢳࢱࢴࢱেǩǠ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǓǿǏȌ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ শࢳࢱࢴࢱ ǠǓǿǏƺষ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔș ǔș ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒȅǏƻș șȅȖƻǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿে ǹȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǈǓǟȅǠƺǏȆǈǈ ΚǩǹƻǠǿƺǷ ƺੈǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ (ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷ ੈ șΦǓǠǔǿΡǓǷ ǈƺǿǷƻȖǴƻǿƺǷ ǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ǷȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȆșॹ EȣǦƺǾǾƺǏ |ȣǿȣș ࢲࢺࢸࢸে ǈǓǿ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈ (ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷȅȠ শșΦȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ǟȅȖǏǫȠƻșǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǟƺǹȣșǩ ǈƺǿǷȅȠষॹ ƺੈșΦǓǠǔǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǔș ƺੈǈƺǿǠǹƺǏǓșǩ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ȠȌǷǔǦǓΦ ǴȣȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ |ȣǿȣș ȒȖȅǟǓșșΦȅȖ ǾƻȖ ǹǔȠǓΦȌ ǷȅǿǉǓȒǉǩে ȆǷȖƺ ǔȒǫȠȌ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƺ ΚƺǹȆǏǩ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƻȠȠȉȖǔșȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢶেǈǓǿ ǷȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠƺǿǩ FȅǈǓǹেǏǫǴƺȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢳࢱࢱࢷেǈƺǿ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠǓ ƺੈ FȅǈǓǹেǈǔǷǓǏǫǴƺȠঀ EȣǦƺǾǾƺǏ |ȣǿȣș ǾȅǏǓǹǹǴǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷॹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǹǓǠșΦǓǠǔǿΡǓǈǈǓǷ Ƿǩș ȉșșΦǓǠȪ ǦǩȠǓǹǓǷǷǓǹ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǩǿǏǫȠǦƺȠǿƺǷঀ ੈ(ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷ ƺǈǈƺǿ ǩș ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹƻǹǹȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢺࢵઔেǈƺǿ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅে ǿƻǈƺǿ ƻǹǹॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ƺੈȠȉǈǈșǔǠǓ ǿȌঀ ੈǈƺǿǠǹƺǏǓșǩ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǉșƺǷ ƺੈǟǓǿǿǾƺȖƺǏȆ ࢷઔেȅȠ ǈǩȖȠȅǷȅǹǴƺॹ ƺǾǩ ǓȖȌșǫȠǩ ƺੈǈƺǿǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦǩȠǓǹǓșșǔǠǔȠ ǔș ǓǠΡȤȠȠƺǹ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹǴƺ ǟȧǠǠǓȠে ǹǓǿșǔǠǔȠঀ ΦȠ ƺੈȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șΦǓǠǔǿΡ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ȠƺǹƻǹȠƻǷ Ƿǩ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǴƺ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǷǩșΦȅȖȣǹǿƺǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǈȆǹॹ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǈǩȖǷȆΦǿǩ ƺੈǈƺǿǷǩ ǈȧȖȅǷȖƻǉǩƻΚƺǹॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǦǩȠǓǹǟǓǏǓΦǓȠǓȠ ǟǓǹǾȣȠƺȠǿǩঀ ੈ(ȖƺǾǓǓǿ ƺǿǷ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷǓȠॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ȅǷƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ șΦǓǠǔǿΡ ǓǾǈǓȖ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹ ǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȅȠȠǿƺǷ ǔȖΦǩ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ƺੈ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǦȅΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦƻș ǔȖΦǔșǓ ǓΦΦǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǈǩΦȠȅǿșƻǠ ǔȖΦǓȠǔΚǓǹ ǴƻȖ ǓǠΡȧȠȠঀ ΦǓǿ ǟǓǹȧǹ ƺੈ ǉșȅে ȒȅȖȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǈƺǿǷ ǟǓǹȌǹ ǔȖǷǓΦȌ ǿΡȅǾƻș ǾǓǠǈǫΦǦƺȠȆǈǈ ǦǩȠǓǹȧǠΡǟǔǹǹǔ ȠǓșΦǩঀ /ƺșȅǿǹȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șȠƻȠȣșΦȤॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǉșƺǹƻǏȅǷǦȅΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȅǿȅș ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏȤ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷǈȌǹ ƺǹƺǷǫȠƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩ ࢶ ǟȌș ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷƺȠঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǿ ΚǓșΦǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǾȪǷȉǏǔșǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷƺȠঀ ǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ǷǔșΦǓǿ ƻǹǹॹ ǷǔȖǓǹǾǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǷȉǹǉșȉǿȠঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ࢳ ࢴࢷ

ȠƺǠǴƺ ǴȣȠ ǦǩȠǓǹǦǓΦॹ ǾƺǴǏ Ǧƺ ࢷ ǦǔȠǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșǓǿ ЙΦǓȠǩǷ ƺੈȠȉȖǹǓșΦȠǔșȠॹ ȠȅΚƻǈে ǈǩ ǷǔȠ ȠƺǠ ǩș ǷƺȒ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȠঀ @ǓǠΚǔǠȧǹ ƺੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ǓǹǿȉǷǓ ǷǓȖȧǹ șȅȖȖƺঀ /ƺ ƺੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠȠƺǠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ǿǓǾ ЙΦǓȠॹ ƺੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠ Ƞȉǈǈǩ ȠƺǠǴƺ șǓǾ ǷƺȒ ǦǩȠǓǹȠঀ eǓǦƻȠ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȠƺǠǿƺǷ ǠȅǿǏǴƺ ƺǷƺǏ ƺੈΚǩșșΦƺЙΦǓȠǔșșǓǹॹ ƺੈȠȉǈǈǩǓǷǿǓǷ ǔȖǏǓǷȧǷ ǷȉΦȉș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȠ Ƞƺǹƻǹǿǩঀ 'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǷǔȠ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǓ ȠƻȒǹƻǹǴƺ ƺੈȠȧΦǓȠ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǈƺǿঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ȅȖșΦƻে Ǡȅșॹ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ࢲࢹ৅ࢴࢺ ǔΚǓș ǉǔǠȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷঀ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩǹǓǠ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǩ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǓǠΡ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢹࢱࢱ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǈȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȠƺǹঀ ੈ'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹ ƺੈࢲࢹ৅ࢴࢺ ǔΚǓș ǷƺǿƺǏƺǩƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷǔǿȠ șΦǓȖΦǓȠȠ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǈƺǿ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǈǓǿঀ ੈࢳࢱࢳࢱেƺș ǷƺǿƺǏƺǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖΚǈǓǿ ǾǓǠǟȅǠƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ǉǔǹȅǷ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ǾǓǠǔȖȠǓǿǩ ǔș ȖǓƺǠƻǹǿǩ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșƺǩȖƺॹ ǴǓǹǓǿে ȠȌșǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹΚƺ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓǩǷǦǓΦআ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ǔș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩ ƺੈ'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺ ȠƺǠȅǷ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșƺǩ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠআ ॷ ǾƺΠǩǾƺǹǩΦƻǹǿǩ ƺੈǷǫǿƻǹȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǦƺȠƻșƻȠॹ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠ ǔș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠে ǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȠআ ॷ ǈǓΚȅǿΦƺǿǩॹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿǩ ǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌ ǹǓǠǴȅǈǈ ǔș ǹǓǠȅǷȅșƺǈǈ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǷƺȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓșǓǷǓȠঀ

22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉȅǾ Φ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǉǩȆ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ǿƺȒǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉȅǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿƺǠΡ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ΚǩșΦǿǓǷ ΚǔǠǈǓॹ ǔș ƺǷǩǷ ǾƺǿƺȒșƻǠ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻে ȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺੈ৙ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ৛ ǟȅǠƺǹȅǾ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșǔȠঀ tƺǿǿƺǷ ǷȉΦȠȧǷ ȅǹΡƺǿȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈșǓǾǾǩǈȌǹ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ Ǔǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǏǓ ǩǏǓ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷ ƺੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǾǔǏǩƺ ǈǹȅǠǠǓȖǓǩॹ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓে șǫȠǾǔǿΡ ǦƺȠƻȖƺǩȠ ǟǓșΦǓǠǓȠȌ șȒȅȖȠȅǹȆǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșȤ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǩ ǩșঀ Φ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉȅǾ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠȆȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹ ƺੈȠǓǿǿǩ ΚƻǠΡȆ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ࢴࢸ

vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉȅǾ Φ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉȅǾ ǿȌǩ ƻǠƺ ƺੈǾƻȖ ƺǷȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦǿǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ șΦȆǹঀ [ǔșΦǹǓȠǓș șǩǷǓȖȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǿƺȒȖƺǷǔșΦ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ Ƞƺǿƻে ǉșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦঀ K^^ শ ȖǩǿǠǩǿǠ KȣȠ ^ȣǉǉǓșșǟȣǹ ^ǩșȠǓȖșষ ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșȧǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǉǔǹȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺঀ KǿǹǩǿǓ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ȠƺǠǴƺǩ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǉșǓȖǔǹǿǓǷॹ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠǴƻǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠॹ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǓǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ ੈ K^^ FǓȠΛȅȖǷ ƺੈǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠ ǿΡȤǴȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿ ǔș șǩে ǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșǦȅΦ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ȤȠȅǿঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ǉǔǹ ΚǓΦǔȖǹǩ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ǔȒǫȠșǓǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴȆ ƺǹƺȒ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ Ǿǩǿে ǏǓǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǔȖǓΦΦǔǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ ੈ K^^ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠॹ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ȒȖȅǾȆǉǩȆș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠঀ ੈ K^^ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖȆǹ ƺǹǷȅȠȅȠȠ ǷǔȒǔȠॹ ǔș ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ǟȅȖȖƻșǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡΚǓΦǔȖǓǷঀ ੈ K^^ ǿȌǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ ƻȒȅǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆșΦǓǹǹǓǾǓȠॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǴǓǿǓǷॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆে ǴƻȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠƺǩǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿ ǟƻȖƺǏȅΦǿƺǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǉǔǹǴƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷॹ ǴȆȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠǩ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠƺǩǷ ǈȌΚǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǿǓǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǓΦǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ȅȒȠǩǾƻǹǩș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅȠ ǈǩΦȠȅে șǫȠΚƺ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǾƻȖǷƻǿƺǷঀ ੈv শvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȣșǩǿǓșș ȅȣǿǉǩǹষ E ੈশEǓǿ ș ǦƺǿǠǓ ǠǓǿȠș ǉȠǩȅǿ (ȖȅȣȒষ ƺǷǉǩȆǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ Φȅǿ ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȖǓ ǟȆǷȣșΦƻǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǔǹǓǿ ǴƻȖǿƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷǓǿঀ KǹΡƺǿ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺǩǷ ǩș ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦȒȅǿΦȅȖǷǔǿȠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǷǔǿȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǿǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ ੈǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓș ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ǷǫΚƻǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǿǩॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺǷে ȠǫΚƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠঀ ȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǿǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓș șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ƺȒƺǷǔǿȠ ǔș ǠȅǿǏȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ǩș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠșǔǷঀ 38

ੈv ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓ ȠȤǹ ǦȅșșΦȤ ǩǏǓǩǠ ΚȅǹȠ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧǠΡǓঀ ǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ƺǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǓǹȌে ǾȅΦǏǫȠȆ ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȠॹ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǟǔȖЙ ΚǓΦǔȖǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǷে ǿƺǷ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ȠȉǾǓǠǔȠ ΚȅǿȣǹȠƺȠǴƻǷ ǟǓǹॹ ΚƺǹȆǏǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȠ ǓǹȌǩǏǔΦΚǓॹ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠΚǓ ƺੈǹƻǿΡȅǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƻȠॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ǾƺȖƺǏƻșƻȠঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺȒǴƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ শvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺΡ KȖǠƺǿǩșƺȠǩȅǿ ৅ v Kষ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ƺΦǔȖȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ǹƻǿΡȅǷ ƺǷȠǫΚ ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǩ ǹǓে ǠΡǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǿƺǷঀ FȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƻȠȅȖȅǷ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩȠ ǈȣΦǏǫȠǴƺ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǉǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǩǿǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷॹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǦǓΦ ǔș ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠșƻǷ ƺੈ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡȖƺȠȉȖȌ ǉǔǹǿƺǷ ƺੈǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ƺੈv K ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșȤ ǓǠΡǔǿǓǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǹǔȠǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺǩȠ ǔȒǫȠǩ ǔș ǷƺȠƺǹǩΦƻǹǴƺॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǷǩƺǷে ǿƻΦƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ ੈ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǩǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ࢲࢵࢵ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș ࢲࢲࢱ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ȧǿǿǓȒǹǩǷ ǾǓǠ ǓΦȠ ƺੈǿƺȒȅȠঀ tƻǹǹƺǹƺȠΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ȠǩșΦȠΚǩșǓǹȌǷ ǔș ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǠΡȪǹǿǓǷ ǓǷে ǷȅȖ ȉșșΦǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺǹƻǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǷȖǩȠǩǷȣș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩȖǓॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺে ǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ ੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢶࢱࢱ șΦǫȖǩƺǩ ǾǓǿǓǷȧǹȠ ǹƻǿΡ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƺǿΡƺǠǩ Ƞƻে ǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ =ȅȖǏƻǿǩƻǈƺǿ ǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƻǈƺ ǴƻȖǦƺșșƺǿƺǷঀ KǾƻǿǈƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈv K ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǿǓǾǓȠ ǾȅǿǏǦƺșșƺǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓ ǓǹȖǓǿǏǓΦǓȠȠ ǦƻΦƺșșƻǠȖƺঀ Φ ǓǹșȌॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș v K ȆȠƺ ƺੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻΚƻ ǿȌȠȠǓ Ƿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ǔș Ƞȉǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǓǾǈǓȖȠ ǔȖȠ Ǔǹঀ FǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅǈǈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ȉșșΦǓǷƺȒǉșȅǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ǟȅǠΡƺșΦȠȆǷǷƺǹॹ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷǓȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔǹǔȖǓ ƻǹǹǴƺǿƺǷঀ ੈvȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺΡ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȅǹǏƺǹƺॹ ƺੈ ǦȅȅșǓvȅǾǓǿঀȅȖǠ ǩș ƺੈǟǓǿȠǩ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹআ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺੈǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǓǏΚǓǿǉ ΛǓǈșǦȅȒǴƺে ǩǷǈȆǹ ΚƻșƻȖȅǹΚƺ ƺੈǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ǓǠΡ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǦƻǿΡƺǏƻΚƺǹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷ ǾǩǷȖȅǦǩȠǓǹǓǩǿǓǷ ǟǓǹƻȖ ǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ

ࢴࢺ

22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ @ǩǴǴƺȠ XƺȒƺǏ ੈ@ǩǴǴƺȠ XƺȒƺǏȅȠ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦƺȠǹƺǿ ǿȌǷ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓ ࢲࢺࢶࢺেǈǓǿঀ ੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ࢸ ȤȠȠȉȖȌ ǟƺǹȣșǩ ǿȌ ǦȅΦȠƺ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ࢵ ǉșȅǾƺǠ Ȓƺে ȒƺǏ শǩǿǏǩƺǩ ȅșȠΡƺষ ǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷঀ /ǩȠȧǷǓȠ ǔș ȠȧȖǓǹǾȧǷǓȠ șΦƻǾȅș ƺǹǷƺǹȅǾে Ǿƺǹ ȒȖȆǈƻȖƺ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈ ǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ৅ ȒǔǿΦȧǷ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠॹ ࢹࢱ [șেǿΡǩ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿǿǓǹ ǩǿǏȣǹȠƺǷঀ ੈ Ǿƺǩ ^ǦȖǩ EƺǦǩǹƺ (ȖǩǦƺ hǏΡȅǠ @ǩǴǴƺȠ XƺȒƺǏ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓȠ ǠΡƻȖȠȆ ǿȌǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ Ǿƺ ǾƻȖ ࢵࢴ ǓΦǓȖ ȠƺǠǠƺǹॹ șΦǓȖȠǓ 2ǿǏǩƻǈƺǿঀ ੈ @ǩǴǴƺȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪ ȒƺȒƺǏǾƻȖǷƺ 2ǿǏǩƻǈƺǿঀ ƻȖ ƺੈ ȠǔΚǔȖǓǷǹƻǾǴȣǷ ǿΡȣșΦǩǴƻȖƺ șȅǷƺǿ ǓǾǹǔǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ƺΦȠ ǾƻȖ ǷǓΚǓșǓǿ ȠȣǏǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƻȖǷƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǔȠ ƺੈΚǩǏǔǷǩ ǿȌǷ ƺǷƺȖƺȠǓȖǓǴǓ ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșȧǷॹ ƺੈ^ǦȖǩ EƺǦǩǹƺ (ȖǩǦƺ hǏΡȅǠ ȠǓȠȠǓ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔঀ ੈࢹࢱ [ș ǷȉǹǉșȉǿǿǓǹ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠ ǔΚǓș ǟȅȖǠƺǹǾƺ Ǿƺ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺੈࢴॹࢲ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏȅȠঀ ȠǦǓǹ ȅЙǓ ȠǦǓǹ ȅЙǓ ƺΦ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ǷȅǿȠǩǿǓǿș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ΚǩǹƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǴǓ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǷǫΚȧǹ ΚǓȖșǓǿǠȌ ǔș Ǧƺে ǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹȠƺ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǩȒƺȖƻǠǈƺǿঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ȒƻǿেƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ǿȌǷ șǩে ǷǓȖǓș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌǴǓǷǔǿȠ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖƻǠ ƺȖǉȣǹƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ǔș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ǏȉǿȠȉǠǓȠǩ ƺੈȒǩƺǉȖƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓǷǓȖȧǹǔș ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡƺǩȠঀ EƺǿƺȒșƻǠ ǟƻȖƺǏǦƺȠƺȠǹƺǿȣǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺΦȅǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ 2e ǔș ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ǩȖƻǿȠ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ǔǹǓȠǷǔȒǓș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻșșƺǿƺǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺǿॹ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪে șǫȠǩ ƺੈ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǈƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠǔȠঀ ৙^ȅǷƺȠ ǦǩǈƻΦȠƺǾ ȤȠǷȉΦǈǓǿॹ ǏǓ șȅǷ ǹǓǉǷǔȠ ǾǓǠȠƺǿȣǹȠƺǾॹ ƺǾǩ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǴȖƺǷǓΦǏǴǓǾ ǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ȒȖȆǈƻǹǷȅΦΦƺǷঀ ੈǷǩȠƺȖȠƻș ȠǓǦƻȠ ǷȣǹǉșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌে ǏǔșǓǾǈǓǿॹ șΦƺǷǾƺǩǹƺǠ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡǷǔǿȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ৛ ৅ ǾȅǿǏǴƺঀ R ǩș ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǩșΦǿǓǷ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȣǏƻșȣǷǷƺǹॹ șΦƺǷে ǔȖȠǓǹǾȧǷǷǓǹ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷǷǓǹ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚƺǿ ǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǦȅΦঀ ࢵࢱ

ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ șΦƻǾȅș ǿƺǠΡ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠȪ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǿǩǠǔȖǩƺǩ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșȅǷ șȅȖƻǿ ƺੈ 'ȅȖǏ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȅȠȠ Κƻে ǹƺșΦȠƻșǩ ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǔșǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿॹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈ ǩǹǹ ǔș EǓǹǩǿǏƺ (ƺȠǓș ƻǹȠƺǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȅȠȠ EȅǈǩǹȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ƺΦ ǠǔșΦșǔǠǔȖȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿঀ Φ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǓșǓȠǈǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾȅǈǩǹƺǹǷƺǹে ǾƺΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ (Ǧƻǿƺǩ ǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡǩ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹƺȠǿƻǹ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈΚƻȖƺǿǏȆș ƺǿΡƻǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǹǹƻȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ƺǏƺȠƺǩǷǿƺǷ ȠƻȖȅǹƻșƻȠॹ ǫǠΡ ǓǹȌΦΚǓ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǦƺǹƺǿǏȆșƻǠȅȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȅǹΡƺǿƺǿǿΡǩȖƺ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ (Ǧƻǿƻǈƺǿॹ hǠƺǿǏƻǈƺǿॹ eƺǿΦƻǿǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș 2ǿǏǩƻǈƺǿ ǩș ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǔǷॹ ǈǩΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ΚƺǹȆǈƺǿ ǔǹǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǾǓǿȠǦǓȠঀ ȅЙǓ ƺੈ ^ǩǓȖȖƺ @ǓȅǿǓেǩ ȖǓƺǾ XǓȖǟǓǉȠ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏȆǴƺǷǔǿȠ ȤǴ ǾȅǈǩǹȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȅȠȠঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ǈǓΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈ ȖƺǿǠȅș vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿ 'ǓǹǹȅΛșǦǩȒ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷ ƺǷǷȅȖǩ ǓǹǿȉǷǓॹ ƺȖƺǉǷ KǈƺǾƺ |ȅȣǿǠ ǟȖǩǉƺǿ @ǓƺǏǓȖș 2ǿǩȠǩƺȠǩΚǓ শ| @2ষ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻǿƺǷ ȖǔșΦǓঀ Φ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ Ƞȉǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶࢱࢱ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌȠ ȣȠƺΦȠƺȠȅȠȠ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷǈƺ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓॹ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǷȣȖΦȣșȅǷȖƺ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȖƺॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹƻǹǹȆ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ Φ ȉșΦȠȉǿǏǫǴ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ȠǦǓǹ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ KǈƺǾƺ ǓǹǿȉǷǷǓǹ ǔș ƺੈȠȉǈǈǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌΚǓǹ ƺੈ vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿ েǈǓǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ǓǹǿȉǷǩ ǉșȤǉșȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǿॹ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈƺǿ ƺੈ|ƺǹǓ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿॹ ǔș ΚȅǹȠ ƺǹে ǷƺǹǾƺ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦǿǩ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩॹ ǉǩΚǩǹ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ șΦǟǔȖƺ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩΚǓǹঀ ੈΛƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿǩ ȉșΦে ȠȉǿǏǫǴ ǈǓǟǓǴǓΦǔșǔȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ȠǦǓǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩǾǔǏǩƺেǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǠǦƻǿƺǩ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ǟǓǹǹǓǿǏǫȠǔșǔȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩ ǓǠΡ ƺǟȖǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠǩȠȌǷǓেƺǹƺȒȅȠঀ hǠΡƺǿǉșƺǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠǔǷ Ǔǹ ȠǦǓǹ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ FǓǾΦǓȠǓǷ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓ শhFষ ǔș ƺੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ eƻΚǷȉΦǹǔșǩ hǿǩȆ শ2ehষ ( E eǓǉǦ ǏǫǴƻΚƺǹॹ ƺǦȅǹ Ƞȉǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢷࢱ ǴǓǹȉǹȠ ǷȉΦȧǹ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǈǓ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ࢶ ǷȉΦǔ ƺੈFȌǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ƺΦ 2?e șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷǈƺǿ ȠǦǓǹ ƺੈ (Ǧƻǿƻǈƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ vȅǾǓǿ ǩǿ eǓǉǦ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ƺੈvȅǾǓǿ ǩǿ eǓǉǦ ǟȖǩǉƺ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșƻΚƺǹ ǔș ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșșƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǟȖǩǷƻǈƺǿ ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩȠঀ

ࢵࢲ

ǈǩǠƺǩǹ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ ǈǩǠƺǩǹ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ȆȠƺ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠș ǓǹǿȉǷ Κ ǓΦǔȖǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺঀ R ƺΦ ǓǹǿȉǷǓ ƺੈ 'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹǿǓǷ ǩșॹ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȠǓșȠে ΚǔȖΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠƻǿƺǷঀ ੈǿƺǠΡƺȒǴƺॹ ǏΛƺȖǏ ঀ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ 22 ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠে Ƞƺ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡȠॹ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ǩș ࢵࢺઔ ƺੈ=ȅǦǿșȅǿ ǉșƺǹƻǏ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȖǔșΦǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǈƺǿঀ ࢲࢳॹࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǏȅǹǹƻȖȅș ΚƺǠΡȅǿƻΚƺǹ Ȍ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǠƺΦǏƺǠƺǈǈ ǿȌǴǓॹ ƺǷǩȠ ƺੈ'ȅȖǈǓș ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǹǓǠǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓșǓǈǈ ǿȌǩ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠǓǩ ǷȉΦǔ șȅȖȅǹȠঀ ǈǩǠƺǩǹ ǷǓȖȧǹǩ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠॹ ǔș șΦǓȖǔǿΡ ǾƺȖƺǏȠॹ ƺǷƻȖǉșƺǷ ƺΦ ƺȒǴƺঀ ǾǩǷȅȖ ǠΡǓȖে ǾǓǷǷȅȖƻǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǹƻȠȅǠƺȠȠƺ ƺΦ ƺȒǴƻȠॹ ΚȅǿΦȅȠȠƺ ȌȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩșǔǠǓǷǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻে Ǵƺ ǔș ΦșǩǈȅǿǠƻșƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǔș ΦƺǴǹȅȠȠঀ Φȅǿǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ƺǷƺȖȠƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ȒƻǹΡƺǟȣȠƻșƻȠ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǿƺǷ șΦǓǿȠǓǹǿǩॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǿȅǷǷǔǿȠ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡǦǓΦঀ ੈ /ƺȖΚƺȖǏ ȣșǩǿǓșș ^ǉǦȅȅǹ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǔșǔȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǓǹǓǾΦȌ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǿȅǷǷǔǿȠ ǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩ ƺੈ'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡǿǔǹঀ ࢲࢺࢺࢸেǈǓǿ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡ ǏǩΚǫΦǩȆǴƻǿƺǷ ƺǹǓǹǿȉǷǓ ǔș ȠƻȖșে ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺ ǹǓȠȠঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢲেǈǓǿ ΚƻȖƺȠǹƺǿȣǹ ƺੈ 'ǩǏǓǹǩȠΡ ǓǹǿȉǷǔΚǔ ΚƻǹȠॹ ș ǓΦȣȠƻǿ ȤǴ ǩȖƻǿΡǈƺ ȠǓȖǓǹȠǓ ƺੈǉǔǠǓȠঀ ੈǉǔǠ ǓǹǿȉǷǓǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔΚǈǓǿ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȖƺ ǷǔșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǴে ȖƺǔǹǓșșΦǔǷ ƺੈ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷƺȠঀ eȅΚƻǈǈǩ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǦȅΦΦƻƺǏƻșƻΚƺǹ ǾǓǠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪǓǿ ΚǩșșΦƺǿΡǓȖȠǓ ǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǩȠঀ tǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ƺǹƺȠȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ȧǠΡǟǔǹǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȤΚƻ ΚƻǹȠॹ ǔș ƺੈ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡȠƻȖșƺǷ ȖȅșșΦ ǹǔȒǔșǓǩǈȌǹ ȒȖȅЙȠƻǹȠঀ eȉǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢱࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǏȅǹǹƻȖ ǷǓȖȧǹȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒǴƺǩǦȅΦ ƺΦ Ȍ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ǩǏǓǴǔǿঀ ǈǩǠƺǩǹ =ȅǦǿșȅǿ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ȅǷȅș ǹǔȒǔșǓǩȖȌǹ ǔș ǾǓȖǔșΦ ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǩȖȌǹঀ FΡǩȠȅȠȠ ƺੈǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȖƺॹ ǔș ƺੈΚƻșƻȖǹȆǷǿƺǷॹ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷǿǓǷ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ǵȅǈǈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșে ǈƺǿ ǦǩșΦঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǷǓΚǓșǓȠ ǿΡǩǹƺȠǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǷǓȖȧǹǩ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠ ǔș ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺǴǓে ǹǓǿǹǔȠǓȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ȠƺǠǴƺ ƺੈ ȠȌǷǓȒǩƺǉǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșșƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ^2'E ੈশ^ǓǉȣȖǩȠǩǓș 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡ ૭ 'ǩǿƺǿǉǩƺǹ EƺȖǷǓȠș șșȅǉǩƺȠǩȅǿষ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆȠƺǿƻǉșƻে ǿƺǷঀ ǈǩǠƺǩǹ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǏǏǩǠ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ǿȌ ƺੈXǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ 'ȆȖȣǾƻǿঀ

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222ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǈƺǿ

ࢵࢴ

222ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ȣȖȆȒƻǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǩ ǟȧǠǠǓǿǓǷ ƺȠȠȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒǓșেǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǿΡȅǾƻǿ ȤǴ ǉǔǠǓǷ ǴȉǿǿǓǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ȤǴ ȒǩƺǉȅǷ ǿΡǫǹǿƺǷ ǾǓǠॹ ȤǴ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ƺǹƺǷȣǹǿƺǷ Ƿǩঀ Φ h ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺǩ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǓ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșȖƺॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠșǓ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠঀ Φ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ǟȅȖȖƻșƻȠॸ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ Ƞȉǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢵ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǓǷ ȣȖȆȒƺ șΦǓȖȠǓঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢵ ȆȠƺ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǹǔȠȠǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ǓǹȌǿΡǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈࢳࢸ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾǈȆǹ ࢳࢴেǈƺǿ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠঀ EǫǠ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǔΚΚǓǹ ǓΦǓǹȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩƺǷ ࢵࢶઔেƻǿƺǷ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșƺॹ ǾȅșȠƺǿȖƺ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢴࢸઔেȖƺ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠঀ Φ h^ েǈƺǿ ǔș ?ǫǿƻǈƺǿ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ǴȆΚƺǹ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॸ ࢶࢲઔॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢶࢷઔঀ [ƻƺǏƻșȣǹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǓ ǩș ǹƺșșȤǈǈ ƺΦ hেǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ h^ েǈƺǿ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿॹ ǔș ǷȉΦȧǹȧǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǷǓȖȧǹ ǈǓ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǉǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ șȅȖƻǈƺঀ ੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǓǾǈǓȖȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦȉǿ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ǠΡǓș ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ ৅ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ƺੈ ǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺੈșΦƺǈƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤƺǷॹ ƺੈǾǩǠȖƻǿșȅǷॹ ƺΦ ǩǏȌșǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ৅ ǾǓǠǉǔǹΦƻșƻȖƺ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠঀ FǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩƺǷǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢴࢸઔেƺ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǟȅǹΡে ȠƺȠǿǩॹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ǔș ?ǫǿƻǈƺǿ ǔǹȌ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ࢶࢲઔেƻΚƺǹঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿ ǾǔǠ ǹǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǠΡȌΦǿǩॸ ॷ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǿƺǷ ǿǓǾ ƺǏ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ƺǹƺȒȅǷƺȠ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǦǓΦআ ॷ ǿǓǦǔΦ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǿǩ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ǔș ȒǩƺǉȅǷǦȅΦআ ॷ ǿǓǾ ǷȉǿǿΡȪ ƻȠȖȣǦƻΦǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠআ ॷ ƺ ǷȣǏƺȖǉǉƺǹ ǴƻȖȆ șΦƺǿǷǉǩȆǷ ǟǔǹǓǹǾǓȠ ǷǓǹȠǓǿǓǷআ ॷ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ǿǓǦǔΦǷǓșঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǩ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǓǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ǩǿǏǫে Ƞƺǿǩॹ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǿǩ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ƺੈǿȌॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺΦ h ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǩǿƺǷ ǉșƺǷ ǓǠΡǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ ࢵࢵ

tƺǿ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȉșșΦǓǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓষॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ΚȅǿΦȆ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺΦ hেȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǷƺǹ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǴǓ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǦǓΦǫে ȠȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠॹ ǔș Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǿȌȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦȉǿ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ࢶࢳઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ h ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǩǿƺǷ ǉșƺǷ ࢴࢵॹࢵઔেƺ ǿȌॹ ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǿƺǷ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢴࢱઔেƺ ǿȌǷǔঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻș ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǔș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓে ȖǓǾȠǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǏǏǩǠ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠǹƺǿ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓǹȌȠȠ ƻǹǹȆ ǟȌ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿॸ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ

ƺ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșॹ ƺ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǔșǓॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǉǔǹȤ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦƻșॹ ƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȉșșΦǓǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓঀ

222ঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȠ ǉșƺǷ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠȪ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓȖΚǓǷ ǈƻȠȅȖ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǦƺǿǠȅǹȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǩΚǓǹ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǿǩঀ ੈ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǷȉΦȉș ǟǓǹǹǔȒǔșǿǓǷ ƺੈ ȠǓȖΚǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǟǓǹșΦƺǈƺǏǫȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹȠॹ ǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹǴƺ ƺΦ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǟȅȖȖƺে ǏƺǹǾƺșǫȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻȠঀ ǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ǓǠΡ șȅǷǷƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǈǈ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ƺੈ ǾƻȖ ǹǔȠǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ੈǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǦƻȖȅǾ ȒǩǹǹǔȖǓǿ ǿΡȣǠșΦǩǷॸ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓআ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓআ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǔș ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƺঀ ࢲঀ ȒǩǹǹǔȖॸ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে Ƞƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ॷ iǴ ƺǹƺȒȅǷॸ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈȠƺǿȣǹƻș ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔে ǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺঀঀঀ ॷ ঀঀঀǔș ȤǴ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॸ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ƺੈǟǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿঀ

ࢵࢶ

ࢳঀ ȒǩǹǹǔȖॸ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǈǓǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ΚǩȖƻǠȅΦǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǔș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǦǓȠǿǓǷ ॷ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǈǈ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦॹ ॷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠǉǩǷǹȣșȣǷ ǏȉǿȠȌ șΦƺǷƺșΦƺǩǈƺǿॹ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǔșȧǷ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓॹ ॷ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ǷȅȖșΦƺǷ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠƺ ȤǴ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǷǩƺǷǿƻΦƻșƺॹ ॷ ǉǔǠǓǷ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǈǈ ƻȠȖȣǦƻΦǦƺȠȆșƻǠƺॹ ॷ ǷȣǏƺȖǉǈȆǹ șǩǷǓȖॸ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡ ƺੈǉșȌǏǈǓ ǾǓǿȠॹ ǈǓǉșȧǹǓȠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ॷ ƻȠǹƻȠǦƺȠȆǈǈ ǔș ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪǈǈ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșঀ ࢴঀ ȒǩǹǹǔȖॸ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǔș ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƺ ॷ iǴ ǟǓǹǟȅǠƻșॸ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒǓǷॹ ॷ ȤǴ ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷॸ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺΦ ǩǏȌșǓǷॹ ƺੈǾǩǠȖƻǿșȅǷॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩǓǷ ǔș ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƺঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦȌ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ȠǩșΦȠƻǈƺǿ ǷǓǹǹ ǹǓǿǿǩȧǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠে ȖƺǾȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ Φ ȤǴ ȠƻΚǹƺȠȅǷ ǷȣǹǉșȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ƺੈǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦ ǓǠΡ ǓǠǔșΦ ȣȖȆȒƻȖƺ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșǩॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠে ǟȅȖǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓǦȅΦΦƺ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǩȠ ǔș ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΚǓ ƺੈǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƻȠ ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷƺȠ ǟǓǹǷǔȖǩǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈƻ ॷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻȖƺ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓআ ॷ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǠΡȪǴȠǔșǔȖǓ ǿǓǾǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ǈȅǿȠƻșǈƺǿॹ ǔș ǔΚǓșॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷǩǾȣȠƺȠƻে șȅǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȖȌǹআ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǩ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǈȌΚǫȠǔșǔȖǓআ ॷ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȠॹ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǔș ǾǓǠЙΦǓȠǦǓȠȌ ǓǹǹƻȠƻșȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠΚƺ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǏȌș ǓǹȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ Et ੈশ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ tǩǏǔǷǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǹƺȒষॹ ƺΦ [' ੈশ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ [ǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǹƺȒষ ǔș ƺΦ ^ ੈশ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ^Φȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǹƺȒষ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƻΚƺǹঀ

ࢵࢷ

ੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔș ੈeǦǓ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǉȠ শ^ ষ ƺΦ h Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ শǷǷΚেǷষ Κȅে ǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ ǷǓȖǓȠǓঀ ǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƺΚǫȠșƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǾǹǔǹǓȠǓȠॹ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠșǓ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǔȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓșșǓ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔে șȧǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡƺǩȠঀ Φ ^ ੈƻȠǟȅǠȆ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ƺΦ h ǔș ȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾƺǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ eǫΦ ƺǹƺȒে ǓǹΚ ΚǓΦǔȖǹǩ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆș ǔș ȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻȠঀ ΦǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹΚǓǷ ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿǓǷ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦȅΦΦƻƺǏȅȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ ȣǿǩȆș șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșșΦǔǷ ƺੈǴȅǠǩ ǔș ƺǏে ǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓȠ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ hেǈƺǿॸ 2ঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǈǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǷ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ 22ঀ (ΡȅȖș ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈǉșȌǏǈǓ ǴȣȠȅȠȠ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ 222ঀ ^ΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻș ƺΦ ǓǹȌǈǈ ǷǩǉșǩǈǓǿ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦΦ ǓǹΚ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ 2tঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩȖǓ ȖǓƺǠƻǹȆ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ tঀ ੈ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǩǠƺΦǫȠƻșƺॸ ǓǹȌ ǷǓǹǹ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉΦǈǓșΦǓȖΦǔșǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠॹ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ Ƿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ t2ঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǷǓে ȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ȠȖƺǿΦƺǷǉǩȆǷ ǩǏȌǈǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ǷǩЙΦǓȠǔșǓǩȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǴȅǠǩ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ t22ঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ șǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ Ƿǩ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǿǩ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș Ȓǩƺǉ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷǫǿƻǹȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ t222ঀ ੈǷǔșΦșǔǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ƺੈǷǷΚ েǷǈƺǿ 2{ঀ ?ǔȒǓșșǔ ȠǓǿǿǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǩ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷǈȆǹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ {ঀ OșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺșΦǿȣǷȖƺ ǟȅȖǏǫȠșƻǷ ƺੈȒǩƺǉȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ Φ ^ ੈǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺΦ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ƻȠȧǹȠǓȠǔșǔȖǓঀ ǴƺΚƺșে ǹƺȠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȅȖǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺॸ ǷƺȖȅǹǴƻǷ ǟǓǹ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǹȌǏȌ ǔș ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠșǔǷ ƺੈȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșΚƻǹȠƻș ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǩȠঀ ੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ƻȠȧǹȠǓȠǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦΦƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ࢵࢸ

ǷȅΦȆ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ȣǿǩȆș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻȠॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǏǩȒǹȅǾƻș ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠঀ Φ ^ ੈǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȒǔǹǏƻȠ ǩș ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ ǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƺǩǈȆǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǩǿșে ȒǩȖƻǉǩȆȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ

222ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ ࢳࢱࢱࢹ ȆȠƺ ȣȖȆȒƺ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ࢶࢱ ǔΚ ǹǓǠșȤǹΡȅșƺǈǈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǦƺȠƻșƺǩȠȆǹ șΦǓǿে ΚǓǏॸ ǾȅșȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓǾǈǓȖ ΚȅǹȠ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩॹ ǔș ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏȠƺǷ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹে șƻǠ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ șΦǩǿȠȖǓঀ Φ h ǫǠΡ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠƺǿ ƺੈ@ǩșșΦƺǈȅǿǩ FȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ǔș 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ শ@ǩșǈȅǿ (ȖȅΛȠǦ ƺǿǏ =ȅǈș ^ȠȖƺȠǓǠΡষ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻǈƺ ǦǓǹΡǓΦȠǓ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢶ ȆȠƺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔș ǷǔΦΦǓǹǟȅǠǦƺȠȆ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǦȅΦȅȠȠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ǷȧǹȉǿΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠঀ ǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣȖȆȒƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǴǓǿ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǓǏȖǔǈǓॹ ǔș ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ȖƻȠƺॹ ǾǔǠ Ƞȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǉșȅǾƺǠǠƺǹ শ^ ੈ৅ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǉȠষ ǔș ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚΚǓǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺঀ Φ ^ ੈǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ h ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǈǈ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ ǹǔȠǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠǓȠ ǷƺǾƺȠȅΦȠƺȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆș ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔǈȌǹ ǔș ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔǈȌǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺǈǈȆǹ ƺΦ ƺǾǈǩǉǩȆΦȣș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈȆǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ hেș ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷǈȆǹ ǓȖǓǏȌ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓǷǓȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓǿǩঀ Φ h ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺǾǈǩǉǩȆΦȣș ǾǓǿǓȠȖǓǿǏǓȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǉșȅǾƺǠǈƺǿঀ ੈǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ^ ੈǷȉে ΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻǈƺǿ ƺΦ ƺੈǾǓǠǠΡȌΦȌǏǔș ƻǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌ ǹǓǠǴȅǈǈ ǷǓȖǓȠে ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǓǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠșǔǠǔǿ ǾȤǹǩǷঀ ੈǷǷΚেǈƺȖƻȠ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻșǿƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻ ǷǓǹǹ Κƻǹǿǩƺॹ ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺǹǷƺǹে ǾƺΦȆ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǦǓΦ ǷǓǹǹ ǩǠƺΦǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦΦ ǓǹȌǈǈ ǷǩǉșǩǈǓǿ ǓǹΚ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩ Ǵƺে ΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦॸ ࢵࢹ

ॷ Φ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǾǓǿȠǓșșǔǠǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ শ( [ষ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿǏȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ƺੈ ǷǔȒΦǔșॹ ƺੈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșॹ ƺੈ? ੼ ' ǔș ƺੈȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǦƺǿǠȅǹǴƺ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǹǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǈǓȖȣǦƻΦƻșǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǩȠƻșƻȠঀ [ǓǾǔǹǦǓȠȌǹǓǠ ǓΦ ƺੈȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ǾǩǿǏ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșॹ ǾǩǿǏ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǴǓǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǷȉΦǈǓǿ ǾȣǹȠǩǿƺǉǩȅǿƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȒȖȆǈƻǹǿƺǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓΦǿǩঀ ॷ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǾƺǠƻǿȠƻȖșƺșƻǠȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻș শ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ XȖǩΚƺȠǓ ȅǾȒƺǿΡ ^ȠƺȠȣȠǓ ৅ ^X ষ ॷ ੈǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓȠȠ ƻǟƺǷȣǹǉșȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠ ƺੈȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾȅǷǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǈǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǟȌǷǔǿȠ ǷǷΚেǷ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǷǓǏΚǓΦǾǔǿΡǓș ƻǟƺǷȣǹǉșȅǷƺȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƺǿƺǷঀ

222ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺॹ ǷȅȖǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ GEO \2017

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h শࢳࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠষ

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ǓȣȖȆȉΚǓΦǓȠ শࢲࢺ ȅȖșΦƻǠষ

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ǓȣȖȆȉΚǓΦǓȠ শࢲࢹ ȅȖșΦƻǠষ

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șǓǦȅȖșΦƻǠ

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ƻǿǩƺ

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șΦȠȅȖșΦƻǠ

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4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

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(ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠ

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^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠ

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GEO \2017

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/ȅȖΚƻȠȅȖșΦƻǠ

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KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ

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EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

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EƻǹȠƺ

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/ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƺ

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ȣșΦȠȖǩƺ

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@ǓǿǠΡǓǹȅȖșΦƻǠ

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XȅȖȠȣǠƻǹǩƺ

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2ΦǹƺǿǏ

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@ǩǓǉǦȠǓǿșȠǓǩǿ

eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ࠌࠋࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ FǲȝǲȖ ȸͬǲȵȈȞȿȈ ǾȤǿȘǙȘȖȤͬȿǙȿȤȿȿȸǚǿȈ ȵǚȿǙ ऒৰओ

ੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƻȠ ȤǠΡ șΦƻǾǫȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈࢳࢱ৅ࢷࢵ ǔΚǓș ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȠ ǓǹȅșΦȠǴƻǷ ƺΦ ƺΦȅǿȅș ǷȅȖȤ ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǹǔȠșΦƻǾƻΚƺǹঀ ੈǾȣȠƺȠȆǷ ƺΦ h ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǔǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹǿƺǷঀ ࢶࢱ

ੈǟǔȖЙ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ শƺǿǿƺǷ ࢴࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠƻǈƺǿষ ȉșșΦǓșșǔǠǔǈǓǿ Κƺǹƺে ǾǩΚǓǹ ЙƺȠƺǹƺǈǈƺǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔȖЙ ȠƻȖșƺǩǷঀ ^ΦǩǿȠǔǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺੈࢲࢶেࢳࢵ ǔΚǓș ǔș ࢳࢶেࢵࢺ ǔΚǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦǓǿ ǷȅȖȅșΦȠƻǹΡǈƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔॹ ƺΦ ࢶࢱ ǔș ࢷࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩǓǷ ǔș ƺੈࢷࢶ ǔΚǓș ΚƺǠΡ ǩǏȌșǓǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌঀ ੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǿȌǩ ǔș ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ࢳࢶ ǔș ࢵࢺ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ΚȅǹȠ শࢶࢺઔ ǔș ࢶࢹઔॹ ǹƻșǏ ࢲࢲঀ ƻǈȖƺষঀ Φ hেࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ǷȅȖǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷǈƺǿ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ

11. ábra: ত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥȖ ȸͬǚͬǙȘǳȖȤȸ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ ࠍࠋࠌࠍणǧǲȞ ȖȤȵ ǳȸ Ȟǲȝ ȸͬǲȵȈȞȿ ǨȸȤȱȤȵȿȤȸȊȿ͠Ǚ ऒ ɂȵȥȱǙणࠎࠒओ

ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ শ hেࢴࢸষ ࢵࢱॹࢷ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ƺǷȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǓǈǈȌǹ ࢳࢺઔ শࢲࢲॹࢷ ǾǩǹǹǩȆষ ǿȌঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǈƺǿ শ hেࢳࢹষ ǿǔǾǩǹǓǠ ǾƺǠƺে șƺǈǈ ΚȅǹȠॸ ࢴࢲઔ শࢲࢱॹࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩȆষঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿǷǔǿȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǓǹȠǔȖȌ ΚȅǹȠঀ Φ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ @ǩǓǉǦȠǓǿșȠǓǩǿǈǓǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺে șƺǈǈ শࢵࢴઔষॹ ǓΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȠǓ @ǓȠȠȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢵࢱઔষॹ @ǩȠΚƻǿǩƺ শࢵࢱઔষ ǔș @ȣΠǓǾǈȣȖǠ শࢴࢺઔষঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ǓΦ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷ শࢲࢶઔষॹ ȣȠƻǿƺ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǩǷ EƻǹȠƺ শࢲࢹઔষ ǔș 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠ শࢳࢱઔষঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢴࢱઔ ΚȅǹȠ ȣȖȆȒƺ শ hে ࢴࢸষ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǔș ࢳࢹઔ ƺੈࢳࢹ ȠƺǠȤ hেǈƺǿঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǴȆ ǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǔǿǓǷ ȉșșΦǓǦƺে șȅǿǹǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻΦƺǹǔǷȅș ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ǟǓǴǓΦǩ Ƿǩ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌǦȉΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺঀ ΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǟȌƻǹǹƻșȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ΚǓȠȠǔǷ șΦƻǾǫȠƻșǈƺঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȅǷƺ Κƺǿ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌǈǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǓǠΡ ǾƻșǩǷ ƻǹǹƻșॹ ƺੈǦƻΦȠƺȖȠƻșॹ șΦƺǈƺǏǩǏȌș ǓǹǟȅǠǹƺǹȠșƻǠॹ ǈǓȠǓǠșǔǠ ΚƺǠΡ ǟȅǠΡƺȠǔǷȅșșƻǠॹ ǓǹȌȖǓǦƺǹƺǏȠ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖ ΚƺǠΡ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǈƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺে ǩǏȌș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǉșƺǷ ࢲࢶઔেǿƺǷ ΚȅǹȠ ǾƻșȅǏƻǹǹƻșƺॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢴࢵઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌǈǓǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢶࢱઔেƺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǾƻșǩǷ ƻǹǹƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ࢵࢸઔেȣǷǿƺǷ ǾƻșǩǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ǩș ΚȅǹȠॹ ࢴઔ ȒǓǏǩǠ ǉșƺǹƻǏȠƺǠǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺǿঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș ƺǏƺȠȅǷǈȆǹ ǷǩǩǿǏȣǹΚƺ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ࢵॹࢵઔেƻǿƺǷ ΚȅǹȠ ǾƻșǩǷ ƻǹǹƻșƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢴॹࢸઔেƻΚƺǹঀ ࢶࢲ

=ǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș 2ΦǹƺǿǏȅǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॹ ƺੈ ǹǓǠƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ȒǓǏǩǠ ǹǈƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ /ȅȖΚƻȠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș [ȅǾƻǿǩƻǈƺǿঀ ੈ ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻǈƺǿॹ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॹ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ȒǓǏǩǠ [ȅǾƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈ șΦƻΦƺǹǔǷȅș ƺȖƻǿΡȅǷ ǉșƺǷ Ƿǩș ǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢹ ȆȠƺॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ েࢱॹࢲઔেǷƺǹॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ েࢱॹࢳઔেǷƺǹঀ

12. ábra: 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿǲȈǙ࣓ ȝɂȞȖǙǲȵȫणǾǲȘȝǳȵǳȸ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ࣓ hF2 ࣓ 2@K^e e ǳȸ ȞǲȝͬǲȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖओ

ࢶࢳ

FȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǈƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǫȒȣșƺǩ ৅ ǾǔȖǓȠॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƺॹ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǔǈ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȅȖǩΦƻǹΚƺ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǔǿǓǷ ƺੈȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǿǓǾǓ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ࢲࢳ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƺǏƺȠȅǷঀ ΦǓǿ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻে ǷƺȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠȠȧǷ ǾǓǠॸ ǾǩǷȖȅে শǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ Ƿǩșে শࢲࢱেࢵࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹে ǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ ǷȉΦǓȒǓș ǔș ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ শȠȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষঀ ΦǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ ǈǓ ࢲࢱ ȅȖșΦƻǠȖƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ƻǈȖƺॸ

13. ábra: 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿǲȈǙ࣓ ȞǲȝͬǲȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǫȒȣșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸেǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡॹ ƺੈ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǓǹǹƻȠƻșॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ƻǠƺΦƺȠƺǩǈƺǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠǠΡǓǹ ǔș ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǾȣǿǷƻΚƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢷࢱઔেƺ ΚȅǹȠ ǿȌॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ࢶࢺઔॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢶࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺঀ Φ hেࢳࢹেȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȠƺȠΚƺ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦǓǿ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ șȅȖȖǓǿǏǈǓǿ ࢷࢱઔॹ ࢷࢶઔ ǔș ࢶࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǔș ƺΦ hেࢳࢹ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǿƻǹ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿॸ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖॹ șΦƻǹǹǫȠƻș ǔș ȖƺǷȠƻȖȅΦƻșॹ ΚǫΦǓǹǹƻȠƻșॹ

ࢶࢴ

ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ǔș ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆॹ ǟǓǹǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǩȒƺȖঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸেǈǓǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƻে ȣǹ ƺੈǟǓǹǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ƺǷȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ࢳࢲઔেƺ ΚȅǹȠ ǿȌঀ

ࠌࠏࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿǲȈǙ࣓ ȝɂȞȖǙǲȵȫणǾǲȘȝǳȵǳȸǲȖ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ ǳȸ ȞǲȝͬǲȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖओ ऒEǲǿȓǲǿͧͬǳȸ࣒ ȝȈȞǮǲȞ ȤȵȸͬǚǿȵǙ ǧǲǨȸɆȘȿ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ࣓ ȖȈ͠ǳ͠ǲ ^ȱǙȞͧȤȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ࣓ KȘǙȸͬȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ ǳȸ @ǲȞǿͧǲȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿओ

ੈǿȌǩ ǔș ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǿǷǔǿȠǩ ǾǓǠȅșΦǹƻșƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǷǩΚǔȠǓǹǹǓǹঀ XǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡে ǷǓǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǓ ΚȅǹȠ ǿȌ ǹǈƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ǓǹǠǩȣǾǈƺǿॹ ƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ 'ǩǿǿȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ 'ȖƺǿǉǩƺȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿॹ EƻǹȠƻǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻǈƺǿॹ [ȅǾƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ^ΦǓȖǈǩƻǈƺǿॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ ੈșΦƺǷে Ǿƺǩॹ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș ǾȪșΦƺǷǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿॹ @ǓȠȠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǔș ^ΦǹȅΚƻǷǩƻǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹȠƺǷঀ ੈ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȠȤǹșȤǹΡǈƺǿ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ǔș ^ΦǹȅΚƻǷǩƻǈƺǿঀ

ࢶࢵ

ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ hেࢴࢸেǈǓǿ ǩș ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠǓǈǈǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔȖЙ ȠƻȖșƺǩǷঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺেࢴࢸ ǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǟǔȖЙ ǔș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ শࢵࢲઔ ǔș ࢵࢱઔষ Ƿȉে ΦǔȒǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǓȠȠঀ Φ hেࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢵࢳઔॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢳࢷઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ

ࠌࠐࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ XǙȞȿǲȈǙ࣓ ȝɂȞȖǙǲȵȫणǾǲȘȝǳȵǳȸǲȖ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿ ǳȸ ȞǲȝͬǲȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖओ ऒEǲǿȓǲǿͧͬǳȸ࣒ ȝȈȞǮǲȞ ȤȵȸͬǚǿȵǙ ǧǲǨȸɆȘȿ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ࣓ ȖȈ͠ǳ͠ǲ ^ȱǙȞͧȤȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ࣓ KȘǙȸͬȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿ ǳȸ @ǲȞǿͧǲȘȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȿओ

EǫǠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ ƺǹƺȒǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǓȠȠॹ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǔǹ ƺੈ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ƺੈ ǟǓǹșȌǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȪǓǷǔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ੈ Ƿȉে ࢶࢶ

ΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ȉȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǔǿǓǷ șΦǩǿȠǴǓॸ șΦȠȅȖșΦƻǠॹ 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠॹ ǓǹǠǩȣǾॹ FǔǾǓȠȅȖșΦƻǠ ǔș @ȣΠǓǾǈȣȖǠঀ ੈ ǹǓǠƺǹƺǉșȅে ǿΡƺǈǈ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ XȅȖȠȣǠƻǹǩƻǈƺǿॹ [ȅǾƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ǹǈƻǿǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș /ȅȖΚƻȠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȠǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷঀ ǔȖǓǷ ǔș ǴȣȠȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǿǓȠȠȆ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓ ƺΦ hেࢳࢹেǈƺǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢷઔেǷƺǹ ΚȅǹȠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǓǹȠǔে ȖǔșǓǷ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦȠƺǷঀ ੈࢴࢱেǈȆǹ শ hেࢳࢹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ 2ΦǹƺǿǏ ǔș FȅȖΚǔǠǩƺষ ࢳࢱ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔঀ ੈǹǓǠে ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴƺΚƻȖƺ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș EƻǹȠƻǿ ΚȅǹȠ ǷǩǾȣȠƺȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǴƺΚƻȖƺ FǔǾǓȠȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ @ǩȠΚƻǿǩƻǈƺǿॹ ƻǿǩƻǈƺǿ ǔș @ǓǿǠΡǓǹȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƺ ǔș ƺੈǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔș ȅǷƺǩ ǓǹǠǩȣǾǈȆǹॹ XȅȖȠȣǠƻǹǩƻǈȆǹॹ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠǈȆǹॹ @ǓȠȠȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹ ǔș /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƻǈȆǹ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔǹǓȠȠƺȖȠƺǾƻȖȆǹঀ Φ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅȠ ǹǓǦǓȠǓȠȠ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǿǩॸ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡ ǔΚআ ࢲেࢶ ǔΚআ ǔș Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢶ ǔΚঀ

ࠌࠑࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ ड XǙȞȿǲȈǙ࣓ ȞǲȝͬǲȿȈ ȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖ ǙȘǙȱȓǚȞ ऒEǲǿȓǲǿͧͬǳȸ࣒ ȸɃȘͧȤͬȤȿȿ ȸͬǚȝȊȿȤȿȿ ǚȿȘǙǿ࣒ /ȤȘȘǙȞǮȈǙ࣓ @ǲȿȿȤȵȸͬǚǿ࣓ ǿͧǲȸɆȘȿ ?ȈȵǚȘͧȸǚǿ࣓ XȤȵȿɂǿǚȘȈǙ ǳȸ ǲȘǿȈɂȝओ

ࢶࢷ

Φ ȉȠ ȣǿǩȆș ȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺǏƺȠƺǩ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǔΚǓ ǾȪে ǷȉǏǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǩঀ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ƻǈȖƻǿ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆॹ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǷǩǉșǩǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॸ

222ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 222ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ੈ ǓǹșȌ Ȓǩƺǉॹ ǩȒƺȖॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔে ǿΡǓΦǔșǓॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦȌ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ șǓǠǫȠȌ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠঀ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿ ǾƻȖ șΦȆǈƺ ǷǓȖȧǹȠॹ ƺੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǉșȅǾƺǠȅǿ শ^ ষ ǔș ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉșǓে ǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ KÊ শ ȅǾȒǓȠǩȠǩΚǓǿǓșș ȅǟ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ EǓǏǩȣǾে^ǩΦǓǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǩșǓșষ ੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǔȖȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ǔș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȆ ȣǿǩȆș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢳॹࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩƻȖǏ ǓȣȖȆș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșșǓǹঀ ੈ KÊ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠে ǷǓΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷॸ ॷ ੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓ ॷ ੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻș ǔș ƺੈȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǴȣȠƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ॷ ੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǿǓǷ ǷǓǏΚǓΦȌ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ॷ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ੈ KÊ ƺΦ ^ ੈ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǉșȅǾƺǠ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩ ƺੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷƻȠॸ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǔȠ ƺΦ h ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆΚƺǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷ ȖǔΚǔǿॸ ॷ |ȅȣȖ ȣȖȅȒǓ ȣșǩǿǓșș XȅȖȠƺǹॸ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺে ȠȅȠȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǦǓΦঀ 2ǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǩǿȠǓȖƺǷȠǫΚ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǔșǈǓǿআ ॷ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ ȣȖȅȒǓ FǓȠΛȅȖǷॸ șǓǠǫȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǿǩ ƺੈ Ȓǩƺǉǩ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷǦȅΦॹ ǹǓǠΡȌΦǿǩ ƺੈǴȅǠǩ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǿǩ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǩș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǓȠ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿআ ࢶࢸ

ॷ ^E 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹǩșƺȠǩȅǿ ^ȣȒȒȅȖȠॸ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ȒǩƺǉȅǷȖȆǹॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠে ǷȉΦǩΚǔ ȠǔȠǓǹǔǈǓǿআ ॷ XȅȖȠƺǹ ȅǿ ǉǉǓșș Ƞȅ 'ǩǿƺǿǉǓॸ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹ șǓǠǫȠ ƺΦ hেȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹƻșƻǈƺǿঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾȅǷǷƺǹ ȠƺǿƻǉșȅǷƺȠ ƺǏ ǔș ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǩș ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ƻȠȖȣǦƻΦǿǩॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǾǩȣȠƻǿ ǉșȌǏে ǈǓ ǾǓǿȠǓǷॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ ȤǴȖƺǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ șΦƻǾȅș ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓșΦǷȉΦȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǟǓǹȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ Κƻǹƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡে șǔǠȧǷǈǓǿॸ v ǠƺȠǓ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ੈv ǠƺȠǓ ǓǠΡ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƺ ȒȅǿȠॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓǦȅΦΦƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠ ǟǓǹǓȠ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǷƺȠঀ eƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ǓǠΡ ǹǩșȠƻȠ ƺੈ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷȖȆǹॹ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷȖȌǹॹ ƺੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǷȖȆǹঀ ǠΡ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠॹ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅȠ ǔș ǿΡǓǹΚǓȠ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠΚƺ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǴƻǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠ ƺΦȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺΦȅে ǿȅș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷ ǔș ȣǠΡƺǿƺΦȅǿ ƺੈǿΡǓǹΚǓǿ ǈǓșΦǔǹǿǓǷঀ ੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹॹ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹॹ ǔș ǓǹǹƻȠǴƺ ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǩǿে ǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆΚƺǹঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǴƻǷ ȖƺǴȠƺ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹƺǷ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǴȅǠǩ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫে Ƞǔșǩ ȠǩȒȒǓǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ƺǏ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǹǓǦǓȠ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǿǩ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ Ȓǩƺǉȅǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȅȠȠ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ȠǓȖǔǿঀ eǓșΦǩ ǓΦȠ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆΚƺǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷƺȠॹ ǟǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹǹƻ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ Κƻǹǿǩॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠǦƺșে șƻǷ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷǓȠ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǩș ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǿǓǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেǈǓǿ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǿǔǠΡॹ ࢲࢵ hেȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǔȖǩǿȠȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ

ࢶࢹ

ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠȌ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ শv ^ষ ੈv ^ ࢴࢲ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿǓǾΦǓȠ শƺΦ h ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩॹ 2ΦǹƺǿǏॹ FȅȖΚǔǠǩƺ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠষ șΦƺǷে ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǷȧǹǏȉȠȠǴǓǩ ƺੈ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ RǷ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǔȖȠ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǔȖȠ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ ੈv ^ ȠƺǠǴƺǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆॹ ǾƻȖ ǹǔȠǓΦȌ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে ȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǔș ǷȅǿȠƺǷȠ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ^ǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈƻ ƺੈǴȆǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ƺΦȅǿȅșǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ ࢳࢱࢱࢺেǈǓǿ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǔș ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢳࢳ ȅȖșΦƻǠ Ƿǈঀ ࢳࢸࢱ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ƺǹǷȅȠǴƺঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉে ΚǓȠǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǾǓșǔǹǴǔǷ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠȧǷǓȠॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǿȉΚǓǹΚǓ ƺੈȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠȅȠॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΚǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩǿǏǫȠƻșȠ ǾǩǿȠ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷȅȖȅșΦে ȠƻǹΡȠȆǹ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ șȅǷƺǿ ȠȤǹȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǓΦȠॹ ǔș ƺǷȠǫΚƺǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǈƺǿঀ ੈ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șǩǷǓȖǓșॹ ȠȤǹșΦƻȖǿΡƺǹȠƺ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǈǓΚȅǿȠ ǉǔǹǷȉΦȉǿșǔǠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǷǩȠȪে ΦȉȠȠ ǉǔǹȅǷƺȠঀ eȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢷࢶࢱ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǾǓǠǈǓșΦǔǹǔșȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȠǓǷॹ ǔș Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢷࢲ ࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓǓǿǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ șΦȆǹǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǾǓǠঀ ੈǿƺǠΡǷȉΚǓȠǓǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶࢱ ȤǴॹ ǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƻǷॹ ǔș ࢳࢳ ǿȌǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺে ȠȆ ǷǹȣǈȅȠ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƺǩǿƺǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ǩǿǏȣǹȠঀ ੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǦȅΦ ȠǩΦǓǿǦǔȠ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॸ ǹǈƻǿǩƺॹ ǓǹǠǩȣǾॹ ǩȒȖȣșॹ EƺǉǓǏȆǿǩƺॹ (ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠॹ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠॹ 4ȖȅȖșΦƻǠॹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠॹ EȅǿȠǓǿǓǠȖȆॹ /ȅǹǹƺǿǏǩƺॹ [ȅǾƻǿǩƺॹ ^ΦǓȖǈǩƺॹ ^ΦǹȅΚƻǷǩƺॹ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƺॹ ^ȒƺǿΡȅǹȅȖșΦƻǠॹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ?ǩȖƻǹΡșƻǠঀ ੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿ ǔș ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǔșǔǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǷȅȖƺǩ șȠƻǏǩȣǾǈƺǿ শƺΦ ȤǴॹ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǈƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ǔș ǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌΚǓǹ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿƻǹǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷȠȆǹ ǿǓǠΡǓǏǩǷ ǔΚǔǩǠষঀ

ࢶࢺ

222ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ^ǦǓeȖƺǏǓș ੈ ^ǦǓeȖƺǏǓș ǓǠΡ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șǓǠǫȠ ƺੈ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǿƺǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǩȠॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǓȠ Ƞƺǹƻǹǿǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǔȒȒǓǿ ȤǴ ȒǩƺǉȅǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦǷǓǏǿǩঀ ੈ^ǦǓeȖƺǏǓș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠ শ2e ষ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ Ǔǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ șΦǓȒȠǓǾǈǓȖǔǈǓǿॹ ƺΦȠ ȠȪΦȠǓ Ƿǩ ǉǔǹȣǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢳࢱࢳࢱেǩǠ ǓǠΡǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ ǷȉȠ ȉșșΦǓ ƺੈȒǩƺǉǉƺǹঀ vǩǿǠș FǓȠΛȅȖǷ ੈ vǩǿǠș ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƺঀ ੈ ǷǩǹǓǿǉ ǿΡǓǹΚǓǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ȅǷȠƺȠȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǿǓǷ șΦȆǹঀ KǷȠƺȠȆƺǿΡƺǠȅǷƺȠ শǉǩǷǷǓǷǓȠॹ ȠƺǿǟȅǹΡƺǾȅǷƺȠॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷƺȠ șȠǈঀষॹ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷƺȠ ǷǓȖǓșǦǓȠ ǈǓǿǿǓ ƺੈǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦΦǔȠǓǦǓȠǩ ǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƻȠ শȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩȠ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে ΦǔșǓǩȠষॹ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠǦƺȠǴƺ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǩȠ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ƺǿΡƺǠƺǩȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǾƺǠƺ ǩș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȖƻ ΚƻǹǦƺȠঀ ੈȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǹȠ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǷ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǏǔǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǈǓǿǿǓ șƺǴƻȠ ΛǓǈșǦȅȒȅȠ ǩșঀ v e2'| ৅ ੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȠ ǔǹΚǓΦȌ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷƺȠ ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǹƻșȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚǩǏǓȅǩǿে ȠǓȖǴȤǷǈƺǿ ȅșΦȠǴƻǷ ǾǓǠ ȠȣǏƻșȣǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǓǹǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦΦƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǠΡȌΦȠǔǷ ǹǓ ǷǔȠșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺ ΚƺǠΡ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿঀ ੈΚǩǏǓȆǷȅǿ ǔș ƺੈǷǔȠșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠǈǓșΦǔǹǔșǔǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ȒǔǹǏƻǷǷƺǹ ǩș șΦȅǹǠƻǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓșǓȠǓǷȖǓॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ΚǔǠǦǓΦΚǩȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ƻȠƻǹǹƻșȠॹ ǔș ǈǓ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ Ǔǿে ǿǓǷ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƻȠঀ ?ǩȠǓȖǴǓǏ ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔș șȅȖƻǿ ȠǩșΦȠǓǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǷǓǹǹ ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩঀ ǩǟȅȖh শ(ȉȖȉǠȅȖșΦƻǠষ FȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșșƺǹ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșșǓǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠঀ /ƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ƺੈ ǠȉȖȉǠ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ΚǩșșΦƺȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǓȠ ƺȠȠȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǟȅǠǴƺǿƺǷॹ ȠȤǹ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅșǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹȠǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡে șǔǠǓȠঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȧΦǏǓǿǩ ƺΦ ǩǹΡǓǿ ƺȠȠǩȠȪে ǏȉǷǷǓǹ ǷǩȠǓǹǴǓșǓǏǦǓșșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴȧǷǈǓǿॹ ƺΦ ǩǟȅȖh ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷƺȠॹ șΦǓǾǩǿƻে

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ȖǩȣǾȅǷƺȠ ǔș ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷƺȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǔȖǩǿȠȌ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǿƺǷঀ ǠΡǔǿǩ ǷȅǿΦȣǹȠƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǩș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ৅ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ Φ hেș /ȅȖǩΦȅǿȠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǉșǓে ȖǓȒȖȅǠȖƺǾঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॸ KǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔș ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǔȖȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǔș ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ǿȉে ΚǓǹǔșǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ȖǔΚǔǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷȅǾǈǩǿƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺƺǹƺȒȤ ǔș ƺΦ ৙ǓǏȣȠƺǩǿǾǓǿȠ৛ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠঀ ੈǉǔǹ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺΦ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓȖȌșȉǏǴȉǿ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǔș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺǟǓǴǹǓșΦে Ƞǔș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ

222ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǷΚেǷ /ǓȠǓ KǹΡƺǿ ȒƻǿǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ȣȖȆȒƺ șΦǓȖȠǓঀ ^ǓǠǫȠ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǓǾǈǓȖȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦে Φȉǿ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǹȠƺ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡ ǷǓȖǓে ȠǔǈǓǿ ǓǠǔșΦ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠঀ ੈǟȌ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚǈǓǿ ȌșșΦǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓΦǩǷ ǾǓǠॹ ƺੈǷǷΚ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻΚƺǹ শ^E șșǓǾǈǹΡষ ǔș ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ OșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǔȖȠ ǫǴ ƻȠƺǏƻșƻΚƺǹ শ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ XȖȅǾȅȠǩȅǿ ΛƺȖǏș ǓȖǓǾȅǿΡষ ǓǠΡǩǏǓǴȪǹǓǠঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǦǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǟȌ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺșșƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆșॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅে ǿƻǹǩș ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷȖȆǹঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǦǓȠǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǩș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ȒȖȅЙȠƻǹǦƺȠǿƺǷ ƺǈǈȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺ ǦȅǿǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆ ǷȉΦে ȒȅǿȠǩ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȅǿ ǷȉΦΦǔȠǓșΦǩǷॹ ȖǓǷǹƻǾȅΦΦƻǷ șƺǴƻȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșȪ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǩǷǓȠঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ OșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǔȖȠ ǫǴǴƺǹ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷ ƺΦȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ȉșșΦǓș hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ 2ΦǹƺǿǏॹ ^ΦǓȖǈǩƺ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǩ

ࢷࢲ

ǩș ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǈǓǿঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢷ ȆȠƺ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢹࢱࢱ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ǴǓǹȉǹȠǓǷ ƺੈǏǫǴȖƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ Ƞȉǈǈ ǓΦǓȖ ȤǴ ǉǔǠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦ ǴƻȖȣǹȠƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻঀ Φ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșșǓǹ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǏȆ ǉǔǹȅǷ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠȆ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǷǩΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșƺ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓঀ ॷ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƺॹ ॷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ ǴƻȠșΦȅȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǾǓǠǩșে ǾǓȖȠǓȠǔșǓॹ ȠȅΚƻǈǈƻ ॷ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ǔș ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹƻșƺঀ ੈǏǫǴ ǿΡǓȖȠǓșǓǩȠ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǷΚেǷ /ǓȠǔǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦǓǷǔǿȠ ǾǓǠȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ǷǷΚেǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǿ ǦǩȖǏǓȠǩǷ Ƿǩॹ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷǈƺǿॸ ࢲঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ৅ KǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ΚƺǠΡ ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔে ǈǓǿ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏȅȠঀ ࢳঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔș ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ ࢴঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ৅ KǹΡƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠ Ǔǹǩșে ǾǓȖǔșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠॹ ǓǠΡে șΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǓǹǴƻȖƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ࢵঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȧǹȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǹǔȒǔșǔǿǓǷ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔে ǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș Ƿȉে ΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷ ƺੈȒǩƺǉȅǷ ǷǫǿƻǹȠƺ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦ hেǿ ǈǓǹȧǹॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹঀ ࢶঀ ੈΦȉǹǏ ȒǩƺǉȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ΦȉǹǏ ȒǩƺǉȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠȣǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈΦȉǹǏ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǈǓǿ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǦƺǿǠȅǹƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǈƺǿঀ ࢷঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȖȠ ৅ ǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔে ǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻȠ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦΦƻǷঀ ੈ ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪǓǷॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩǓǷॹ ǹǓǠƻǹǩș ǈǓΚƻǿǏȅȖǹȆǷॹ ǾȅΦǠƻșǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠƺǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǓȠǿǩǷƺǩ ǷǩșǓǈǈșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆǷ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǩȠ ǩș ǏǫǴƺΦΦƻǷঀ

ࢷࢳ

ੈΦșȪȖǩ ǟȌǏǫǴƻȠ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻΦȆǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹǩǷ ȅǏƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǈƻȖǾǓǹΡǩǷ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǷȖǓƺȠǫΚƺǈǈǿƺǷ ǔș ǹǓǠǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹȆǈǈǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷঀ

222ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ `ȒǓǹƺ =ƺǷțƺ ৙ ੈ XǓȠǩ ǓǹǓǾǓǿȠ শOȠȉǏǩǷ ǓǹǓǾষ ǉǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǓǷǔǿȠ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩॹ ǏǓ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǓǹǹƻȠȅǷॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺੈ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠॹ ƺੈȒȖȅǾȆǉǩȆॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǴȉΚȌ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓ ǩș ƺΦ ǔǿ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǾঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ȠƺȖȠȅǷ ǓǏΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩșঀ ΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿ ǟȅǹΡƺে ǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ȒȖȆǈƻǹȅǷ ȤǴ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖǓΦǿǩॹ ЙΦǩȅȠǓȖƻȒǩƻȠ ȠƺǿȣǹȅǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșΦƺǷȠȣǏƻșȅǾǾƺǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǾǿǓǷ ȠȣǏǴƺǷ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ EǓǿȠȅȖƻǹȅǾ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷƺȠ ǩșॹ ǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓǾ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷǷǓǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆǴȣǷƺȠॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȉǾ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠǾƺȖƺǏǴƺǿƺǷ ƺΦȅǿ ƺੈȠȣǏƻșে șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈǴȆ ǾȣǿǷƺΚǔǠΦǔșǦǓΦ ǷǓǹǹঀ EǩǿǏǩǠ ǩș șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹȠǓǾ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷǷƺǹ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƺǟȣȠƻșȅǾ șȅȖƻǿঀ [ǓǿǠǓȠǓǠ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻȠ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠȠǓǾ ƺǈǈƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǉǔǠǓǾ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹǴǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǹΚƻȖƻșƺǩǾǿƺǷॹ ǔș ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȧǿǷঀ ੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ƺੈǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǓΦ șǓǠǫȠ ȠȤǹǹǓǿǏȧǹǿǩ ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷǓǿঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǾǾǓǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǩ ǾƻȖǷƻȠ ǦȅΦȠȣǿǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǔș ƺੈȠȅΚƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ǩș șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǷ ǾǓǠȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈșΦǫǿΚȅǿƺǹƺȠঀ ǈǈƺǿ ǦǩșΦȧǿǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǉșƺǷ ƺੈǷǓǾǔǿΡ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓșॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǉșƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿȅǷǷƺǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȣǿǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠॹ ƺǷǩǷে ǿǓǷ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ ੈ șΦƺǈƺǏǩǏȌ ǔș ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡǈƺǿ ȠƺȖȠƻșƺ ǿǓǾ ǷȉǿǿΡȪॹ ǏǓ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓșঀ ΦǔȖȠ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǓǾ ƺΦ ȉǿǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖǓ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦȧǿǓȠǓȠ ȠƺȖȠȅǷॹ Ǧƺ ȠȤǹȠǓȖǦǓǹȠǿǓǷ ǔȖΦǓǾ Ǿƺে ǠƺǾঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șǩǷǓȖǓ ƺੈ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșșǓǹॹ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșșǓǹ ǾǔȖǦǓȠȌॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ȤǴ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǹȌƻǹǹǿǩঀ iǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȅǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ǾǓǠে ǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǏȌǈǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺঀ ǿǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ƺǈșΦȅǹȤȠ ǓǹȌǿΡǓॹ ƺǷǩǿǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǩ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺΦȅǿ ƺੈ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǿ ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǩǷঀ /ƻȖȅǾ ǟȅǿȠȅș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺǾǩȖǓ ǟǓǹ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǷǔșΦȧǹǿȉǾ ǔș ƺǾǩΚǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǿǔΦǿǓǾॸ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺੈЙΦǩȅȠǓȖƻȒǩƻș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǾǓǠে șΦǓȖΦǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠΚǓΦǓȠǔșঀ ࢷࢴ

Φ ǓǾǈǓȖǿǓǷ ǟǓǹ ǷǓǹǹ ǷǔșΦȧǹǿǩǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ǉǔǠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ ǷǓǾǔǿΡ ǾȣǿǷƺॹ ǔș ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺ ǩȖƻǿȠ ǔȖΦǓȠȠ șΦǓǿΚǓǏǔǹΡঀ /ƺ ǓΦ ǾǓǠΚƺǿॹ ǾƻȖ ǉșƺǷ ǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻș ǷǓǹǹঀ ੈȠƺǿƻǉșȅǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǷǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ƺǷƺȖ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ șΦǓȖǓΦΦǓǿ ǾǓǠ ǦȅΦΦƻ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ȠȣǏƻșȠ ৅ ǓΦ ȅǹΡƺșǾǩॹ ƺǾǩȠ șǓǿǷǩ ǿǓǾ ΚǓǦǓȠ Ǔǹ ȠȌǹȧǿǷঀ hȠƻǿƺ ǾƻȖ ǉșƺǷ ǈƻȠȅȖșƻǠȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ șƺǷ ƺੈǈƻȠȅȖ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠে ǿǩ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠȅȠঀ৛ EǩǉǦƺǓǹƺ /ȖǏǹǩǋǷȅΚƻ ৙eƺǿȣǹȠƺǾ ǾȅǹǓǷȣǹƻȖǩș ǈǩȅǹȆǠǩƻȠ ǔș ǾǩǷȖȅǈǩȅǹȆǠǩƻȠॹ ǔș ȖȉΚǩǏ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȠƺǾ ǓǠΡ ǷȆȖǦƻΦ ǾǩǷȖȅǈǩȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǹƺǈȅȖƺȠȆȖǩȣǾƻǈƺǿঀ ǹΚǓΦȠǓǾ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǾƺȠॹ ǏǓ ǦǩƻǿΡȅΦȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷঀ ੈșΦȧǹǔșǩ șΦƺǈƺǏșƻǠ ƺǹƺȠȠ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠǓǾ ǓǠΡ ȅșΦȠƻǹΡȠƻȖșƺǾে ǿƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǷȅΦǾǓȠǩǷƺǩ ǷȖǔǾǾƻȖǷƺ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ǔș ȖƻǴȉȠȠǓǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦǓȖǓȠǓǾ ȠƺǿǫȠƺǿǩ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǓȠॹ ǔș ƺǾǩ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈǫΦǿƺǷ ǈǓǿǿǓǾॹ ǔș ǷȅǾȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡǓǾǓȠঀ FǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹ ǩș șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹȠǓǾ ƺΦ ȣȠƺǾ șȅȖƻǿ ৅ șȅǷ ǓǾǈǓȖȖǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǓǠȒȖȆǈƻǹȠƻǷ ǓǹΚǓǿǿǩ ƺੈ ǷǓǏΚǓǾॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǔȖΚǓǷǷǓǹঀ tȅǹȠƺǷ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǷ ǔș ǩșǾǓȖȌșȉǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǓǠে ȒȖȆǈƻǹȠƺǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺșȠǫǹȣșȅǾȠȆǹॹ ǔș ȒȖȆǈƻǹȠƺǷ ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƻȖƺ ǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖǫȠǓǿǩঀ ^ȅǷșΦȅȖ ƺΦΦƺǹ ǔȖΚǓǹȠǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷȖǓ Ƞȉǈǈ ǩǏȌȠ ǷǓǹǹ șΦƻǿǿǩঀ Ǔ ǦƺȠ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ șΦȧǹǔșǩ șΦƺǈƺǏșƻǠȅǿ ΚȅǹȠƺǾॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș ΚȅǹȠ șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȉȖȌǏǴǓǷ ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǾǾǓǹॹ ǔș ƺੈ ΚǓǹȧǷ ΚƺǹȆ ȠȉȖȌǏǔșǿǓǷ ǿǓǾ ƺੈ ǾǓǿǿΡǩșǔǠǓॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺੈǾǩǿȌșǔǠǓ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺঀ ^ΦǓȖǓǿǉșǔȖǓ ƺੈǟǔȖǴǓǾॹ ƺΦ ǔǏǓșƺǿΡǴƺ ǔș ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏȅǾ Ǿǩǿে ǏǩǠ ǩș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠঀ FΡǩȠȅȠȠ ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǏȅǹǠȅǷȖƺ ǔș ΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡǓǷȖǓঀ ੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǾȆǏে șΦǓȖǓǩǾǿǓǷ șȅǷ ȠǩȒǩǷȣșƺǿ ǿȌǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǴǓ Κƺǿ ৅ ȅǏƺЙǠΡǓǹǔșॹ ǔȖΦǓǹǓǾॹ ƺੈǉșƺȒƺȠǾȣǿǷƺ șΦǓȖǓȠǓȠǓॹ ȤǴ ȣȠƺǷ ǟǓǹǟǓǏǓΦǔșǓঀ ǠΡ ǩǏǓǩǠ ƺΦ ǔǿ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏ ǟȌ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺঀ șǓǦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓȠে ǈǓǿ ȠȤǹ ǷȅǿΦǓȖΚƺȠǫΚ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ǩǏǓƻǹǩș ǉșƺǹƻǏǾȅǏǓǹǹ ৅ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ƺੈǿȌ ƺੈǦƻΦǩǾȣǿǷƻȠ ΚǔǠΦǩঀ [ȅșșΦƺǹǹƻșșƺǹ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ Ǧƺ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏǴƺ ƺੈșǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠ ƺੈǦƻΦǩǾȣǿǷƻে ǈƺǿॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺΦ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ȍ ǾƺǠƺ ǷǔȒȠǓǹǓǿ Ȗƻঀ ǿ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ЙΦǓȠȠǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǔȖȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǔșǔȖǓ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǩǏȌǾॹ ǫǠΡ ȠȉǈǈǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȠǓǾ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏȅǾǾƺǹঀ ੈǉșƺǹƻǏȅǾ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠǓȠ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǾȆǏȅǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƺǷঀ ੈǟǔȖǴǓǾ ƺǿΡǴƺ ΚǩǠΡƻΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǾȖǓঀ ੈǟǔȖǴǓǾ ǾǓǠǔȖȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǔȖȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅǾ ƺǿǿΡǩȠॹ

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ǔș ǾǔǠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǩș ǓǹǹƻȠȠƺ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǉșƺǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷঀ ੈ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓǾ ǔș ƺੈ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǷǔȒΦǔș ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠঀ (ΡȆǠΡșΦǓȖǩȒƺȖǩ ǉǔǠǿǔǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦΚƺ ǦƺșΦǿƻȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǾ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș șΦƺǷǩȖƻǿΡȤ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩǾǿƺǷॹ ƺΦ E ੈȅǷȠƺȠƻș ȒǓǏǩǠ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷǈǓǿ șȠǈঀ ੈǹǓǠে Ǵȅǈǈ ǩșǷȅǹƺ ƺੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠঀ ੈșǩǷǓȖǓǾǈǓǿ ǏȉǿȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǴȆ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷȖǓ ǟǓǹ ΚȅǹȠƺǾ ǷǔșΦȧǹΚǓঀ ?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺΦ ȅǏƺЙǠΡǓǹǔș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓ ǔș ǓǾȒƻȠǩƺ ৅ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǔǿȠ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ǾǩǿǏ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹȅǾঀ ੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ȤǠΡșΦǩǿȠǔǿঀ ?ǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ȤǴ ǏȅǹǠȅǷƺȠ Ƞƺǿȣǹǿǩ ǔș ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺǿ ǩș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿǩ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǾ șȅȖƻǿঀ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǷȅǏȅǾ ƺੈ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ 2șǾǓȖǓǾ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅǾ ƺੈ ǴȆ ǾȣǿǷƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȠǓǉǦǿǩǷƻǷƺȠঀ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǿ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǫȠȅǾ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩে ȆǷƺȠঀ KǏƺЙǠΡǓǹǓǷ ƺੈȠȉǈǈǩǓǷ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǩȖƺঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǓǷ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǩঀ 'ȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǾ șȅȖƻǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǴǓǷঀ ੈΚǓǹǓǾ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǷ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǓ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȅǾȖƺঀ tǩȠƻș ȧǠΡǓǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ƺੈǈǔǷǔȖǓ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǓǾॹ ǩǠΡǓǷে șΦǓǾ ȤǠΡ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚǔǠǔǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǷǩ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠ ǹǓǠΡǓǿঀ FǓǾǉșƺǷ ǷȅȅȖǏǩে ǿƻǹȅǾॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹȅǾ ǩș ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖșƺǩǾƺȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǉșƺȒƺȠǈƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ ?ȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓǾ ৅ ǾǓǠȠǓȖΚǓΦǓǾ ƺੈ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǾǓȠঀ XȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷƺȠ ȅǹǏȅǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƺǹƻǹȅǷঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǓǾॹ Ǧƺ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǉǔǹǴƺǩǾॹ ǔș șΦǓȖǓȠǓǾ ǓǹǔȖǿǩ ȌǷǓȠঀ ?ǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǠΡȅȖșƺǿ ǏȉǿȠǓǿǩঀ OșșΦǓ ȠȣǏȅǾ ǦƺǿǠȅǹǿǩ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǾǓȠ শƺ Ǿȣǿে ǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǿ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠষঀ FǓǾ ǦƺǈȅΦȅǷ ȠƺǿƻǉșȅȠ ǷǔȖǿǩঀ ?ǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǾƻșȅǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƻȠ ǔș ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǩȠ ǦƺșΦǿȅșǫȠƺǿǩঀ ǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓǾ ǷǓǹǹ ǾƺǠƺǾঀ ੈ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓΦǔș ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦǩ ƺੈȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻȠঀ /ƺ Κƺǿ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǏॹ ǿǓ ǦƺǠΡǏॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓȠȉȖǴǓǿǓǷঀ șǩǿƻǹǏॹ ƺǾǩȠ ǔǹΚǓΦǓǹॹ ǹǔǠΡ ǈȅǹǏȅǠॹ ǔș ǓΦ ǈȅǹǏȅǠǠƻ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓǏǓȠ ǩșঀ FǓ ǈƻǿȠș șǓǿǷǩȠॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǓȠ ǿǓঀ ș ǿǓ ǟǓǹǓǴȠșǏ Ǔǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴȆॹ Ǧƺ Κƺǿ ΚƺǹƺǷǩॹ ƺǷǩǦǓΦ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǦǓȠșΦॹ Ǧƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǿǓǹ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǔǹঀ ੈΚǓΦǓȠǔș ȠȉǷǔǹǓȠǓș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺΦȅǿ ǿȌǩ ǷΚƺǹǩȠƻșȅǷ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǟǔȖЙ ǿǓǾ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷঀ FǓ ǟȅǴȠșǏ Ǔǹ ƺੈǿȌǩșǔǠǓǏǓȠॹ ǿǓ ȒȖȆǈƻǹǏ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠ ȣȠƻǿȅΦǿǩॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ șȅșǓǾ șȧǹ Ǔǹ ǴȆǹॹ șȌȠ ǿǓΚǓȠșǔǠǓșșǔ ΚƻǹǦƺȠșΦঀ৛

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@ǓǿǷƺ XȣǦ ৙ࢲࢺࢹࢺেǈǓǿ ǦȅΦȠƺǾ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈǉǔǠǓǾॹ ƺੈ=ƺΦȅǿȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǷǓΦে ǏǓȠǓǷȠȌǹ ǟȅǠΚƺ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷ ǷǓǹǹǔǷǓǷǷǓǹ ǹƻȠǴƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈǉǔǠǓǷǓȠॸ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǩȖȅǏƺǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǷǓǹॹ ǫȖȆșΦǓȖǓǷǷǓǹঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠȧǿǷ Ƿǩ ƺੈǏȅে ǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾȅǷ ǾǓǠȌȖΦǔșǓ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢶেǈǓǿ ǷǓΦǏȠȧǿǷ Ǔǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǟȅǠΡƺȠǔǷȅșșƻǠǠƺǹ ǔǹȌ ǓǾǈǓȖǓে ǷǓȠॹ ǔș ࢳࢱࢱࢷেȠȆǹ ƺੈ=ƺΦȅǿ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉে ǏǩǷঀ ੈǠǹȅǈƻǹǩș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǔǈǓǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ șΦƻǾȅș ǷȣǹǉșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓȠ ΚǓșΦǫȠǓȠȠȧǿǷ Ǔǹॹ ǫǠΡ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠȌȖΦǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠȣǷ ƺੈ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǩΚǓ ȠȖǩ শ ȠȖǩ ৅ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠষ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉȠΚȉΦǩ ƺΦ ȉǷȅǹȆǠǩƻȠॹ ƺΦ ǓȖǠȅǿȆǾǩƻȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓȠǩǷȣș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅȠঀ ੈșΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓȠ ǔȒǫȠॹ ǔș ǿƺȒǴƺǩǿǷǈƺǿ ǩș ǟǓǴǹȌǏǩǷঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠǈƺǿ ǦƺȠ ǴȅǠǩ ǓǠΡșǔǠǈȌǹ ƻǹǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ࢷࢴ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷঀ ੈǷȉΦǓǹǾȤǹȠǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƻȖȅǾșΦȅȖȅΦȠȣǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ƻǹǹƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȠঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǩș ǾȣǿǷƻȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓȠȠȧǿǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǓǠǔে șΦǓǿ ƺੈǷȉΦǓǹǾȤǹȠǩǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ Ƿǩ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȖǓǷǓșΦȠΚǓ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȖȆǹ শȒǹঀ șȒǓȖǠǓȖে șΦǩǿǏȖȆǾƻșȅǷॹ șǉǹǓȖȅșǩș ǾȣǹȠǩȒǹǓΠǓșǓǷ șȠǈঀষঀ ^ΦƺǷȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǾ ƺΦ ǓȖǠȅǿȆǾǩƺ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȉǿ ǩș ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦȠƺǾঀ ΦȆȠƺ șΦƻǾȅș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆǈƺǿ ǴƺΚǫȠȅȠȠȣǷ ƺੈ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǓȖǠȅǿȆǾǩƻȠॸ ƺੈ ǷƺȖে ȖǩǓȖȖǓǦƺǈǩǹǩȠƻǉǩȆȠȆǹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǩ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠǾǓǠȌȖΦǔșȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǩǠ ȅǹΡ ǾȆǏȅǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǏǓǴȪǹǓǠ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǦǓȠǩǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠॹ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹǿǓǷ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǩ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș ǷȉΦǈǓǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠǓȠ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿƺǷঀ ੈ ǷȉȖǷȉȖȉș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ȤȠȠȉȖȌǩ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȣǿǷॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈ =ƺΦȅǿ ǔș ƺੈ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǩΚǓ ȠȖǩ șΦƻǾȅș ǏǫǴƺȠ ǿΡǓȖȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ Φ ȠȖǩ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹ ΦȉǹǏșΦȅে ǉǩƻǹǩș ǟȖƺǿǉǦǩșǓেǷǔǿȠ ȠǓȖǴǓǏ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻǈƺǿঀ 4ǠΡ ǔȒȧǹ ƺੈǈǓǟȅǠƺǏȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǩș ƺੈȠƺǠǴƺǩঀ EǓǠ ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǠΡȌΦȌǏΚǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șǓǾ ǹǓǦǓȠ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǿǔǹǷȧǹঀ ^ΦƻǾȅǾȖƺ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖ Ƿȣǹǉșƺ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏȅǾ ৅ ǔǏǓșƺȒƻǾॹ ǔǏǓșƺǿΡƻǾ ǔș ƺੈȠǓșȠΚǔȖǓǩǾॹ ǷǔșȌǈǈ ƺੈǟǔȖǴǓǾ ǔș ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǾ ৅ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ΚȅǹȠঀ Φ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ৙ȒƻȖȠǟȅǠȆǷ৛ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǿǔǹǷȧǹ șǓǾ șǩǷǓȖȧǹȠ Κȅǹǿƺ ৅ ǓΦǓǷ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠǈƺǿ ǓǠΡ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǦǩǓȖƺȖǉǦǩƻǈƺǿॹ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȠȤǹ ǩǏȌșǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ࢷࢷ

ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǩș ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻǿॹ ǏǓ ǈǓǿǿȧǿǷॹ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǈƺǿ ǹƻȠȠƺǷ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹȠॹ ǔș ƺǿΡƺǠǩǹƺǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƺǷ ǈǓǿǿȧǿǷǓȠঀ ǷǷȅȖǩǈƺǿ ƺੈǈƺǿǷȅǷ ǔȒȒ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓȖǓΚǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǾȅșȠॹ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǷȉǿǿΡȪ ȠȌǷǔে ǦǓΦ ǴȣȠǿǩॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǿǔǹǷȧǹȉΦǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǈȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠȠƺǷ ǈǓǿǿȧǿǷঀ ੈǷȣǹǉșǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƻǾ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǦƺǴǹƺǾȅǾ ৅ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠȠȆǹ ȤǴǫȠȆ ΚƺǠΡȅǷॹ ǔș ΚƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪǹǓǠ ƺΦ ȣȠȅǹșȆǩǠ ƺΦ ǩș ǾƺȖƺǏȅǷঀ EǩǿǏǩǠ ǩș ǈǩΦȅǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺǷƺȖȠƺǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒǓș ΚƺǠΡȅǷ ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǿǩ ǾƺǠƺǾȖȆǹॹ ǔș Ƞƺǹƻǿ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ Ǿƻș ǓǾǈǓȖȖȌǹ ǩșঀ ǩΦȅǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺǷƺȖে ȠƺǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǩ ƺੈȒǩƺǉȅǿॹ ǔș ǴȉΚȌǈǓǹǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǩঀ 'ȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖ ǿǓ ƻǹǹǴȅǿ ǾǓǠ ǔș ǿǓ ǉșƺǷ ΚƻȖǴȅǿ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ Ƞȅে ΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșșΦǓ ǾƺǠƻȠ ǔș ǷǓȖǓșșǓ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓǾǔǹΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǔǿ ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȅǾॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǓǠΡ ǓǠΡǔǿǩșǔǠॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦǩǷ ǾƻșȅǷȠȆǹঀ ^ΦǹȅΚǔǿǩƻǈƺǿ ǿǩǿǉșǓǿ ǓǹǔǠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǓǠΡ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚƺǿ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǹǓǠǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƺΦ ৙ǩȒƺȖǾƻǠǿƻșȅǷ৛ ǾǩƺȠȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȠȉǿǷȖǓȠǓȠȠǓǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȖǓǾǓǷ ǉǔǠǓȠঀ Φ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǏǷǓΦȠǓǷ ȖȆǹƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǴȆ ǏȅǹȅǠॹ ǔș Ǵȅǈǈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾƺȠ ǔȒǫȠঀ ǠΡ ǩǏǓǴǓ ǾƻȖ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǾǓǿǓǏΦșǓȖǓে ǷǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ǾƻșǿƺǷ ƺੈǉǔǠǔȠ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƻǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ șǓǾॹ ƺǷǩǷ șƺǴƻȠ ǉǔǠǓȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǓǷঀ ǿ ǾƺǠƺǾ ǿǓǾ șȅǷ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ ǩșǾǓȖǓǷঀ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ șȅǷǷƺǹ Ƞȉǈǈ Κƺǿঀ 2ȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǓǹǓșǔǠǓঀ [Ǔƻǹǩșƺǿ ǿǔΦΚǓॹ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǾƺǠƻǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ȠȣǏ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǏǓ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǟǓǹǓșǔǠǓǷǔǿȠ ǾƻȖ ǾƺǠƺ ǩș ǠΡȅȖșƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹǦƺȠঀ eƺǹƻǿ ƺΦ ƺΦ ȅǷƺ ǓǿǿǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǠΡ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǔǹǓȠșΦƺǷƺșΦǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƻȠȖƻǹǿƺǷॹ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƻȠ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠǔșȠঀ Φ ǩș ǩǠƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠ șǩǷǓȖǔȠ ȒǔǿΦǈǓǿ ǾǔȖǩǷॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǔȖǿǩ ǷǫΚƻǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅǷǈƺǿ ৅ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷ șΦƻǾƻǈƺǿॹ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠΚǔে ǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿॹ ƺΦ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠșǔǠǈǓǿঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǈǩΦȠȅǿșƻǠȅș ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǈǓǿ ǉșƺǹƻǏȅȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠǦƺȠǿƺǷঀ EǔǠ ƺΦ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ȖǓǾǓǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ șǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠǩǷ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠॹ ǦƺǉșƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǾǓǠ ǿǓǾ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹǩ ǓΦȠ ȠȌǹȧǷঀ৛

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2tঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ

ࢷࢺ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺΦ ࢲࢺࢺࢱেǓș ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ǿƺǠΡ ȖǔșΦǓ ǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǷǔǿȠ ǩǿǏȣǹȠঀ ੈ ǈȤǴȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺΚǩșΦȅǿΡ ǾǓǠǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȠƻ ΚƻǹȠ ৅ ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǿƺȒȖȆǹ ƺੈǾƻșǩǷȖƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ৙ΚƻǹȠƺǷ৛ঀ FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷǈƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓǏΚ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ Κƺǿॹ hেș ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺȠǈƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǹǔȠ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠ ǔǹǓȠǟȅȖǾƺঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǦƻȠȠǓȖǔǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ শǹঀ șΦȅǉǩƺǹǩΦǾȣșষ ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆǷȅǿ ƻȠǫΚǓǹȌ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡƺǩ ǹǓǿǿǔǿǓǷ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǿƺǷॹ ǾƻȖȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦƻșȅǷ ǦȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȤ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȖƺঀ =ǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺੈ ǷȣǏƺȖǉȠȆǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǔǹǓǹǓǾॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșǩ ǦƺǴǹƺǿǏȆșƻǠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡॹ ƺੈ ǷǫșǔȖǹǓȠǓΦȌ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻș ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌঀ ?ǓΚǔș ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ǔș ƺǷǩǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǷॹ ƺΦȅǷ șǓǾ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ǓǹǔǠ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠȅȠ ƺੈ ǾǔǏǩƻǈƺǿॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒȒǔ Κƻǹǿǩঀ ੈǷȉΦȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ȠƺǿǫȠƺǿƺǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǩșǾǓে ȖǓȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȠƺǿƻȖ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƻǷǷƺǹॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈȠƺǿƻȖȅǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿঀ ǠΡ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেƺș ǷǔȖǏȌǫΚǓș ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔș ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǷǓȖȧǹȠǓǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǹǩșȠƻǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǔǹǔȖǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǈǓǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅΦȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠ ȖƺǿǠșȅȖȅǹȠƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹƺșΦƺǏȆǷॸ ࢲঀ ࢳঀ ࢴঀ ࢵঀ ࢶঀ ࢷঀ ࢸঀ ࢹঀ

EƺǠƺș ƺǏȆে ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ ?ǩșΦƻǾǫȠǦƺȠƺȠǹƺǿ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ǷǓȖǓșǹǓȠ eǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠȠǓǹǓǿ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ eȌǷǓǦǩƻǿΡ ȖȌș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ?ǔșǓǏǓǹǾǓș ǈǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǩ ЙΦǓȠǔșǓǷ

শ ੈΚƻǹƺșΦƺǏȆǷǿƺǷ ࢲেȠȌǹ ࢶেǩǠ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǿǩȧǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠঀ ੈǟǓǿȠ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹে ȠƺǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǠΡǩǷǓ ࢴ ǟǓǹǓȠȠǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠঀষ ੈȠȅΚƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শƺ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ǷǷΚেǷষ ƻǹȠƺে ǹƻǿȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǴȧǷ ƻȠ ǷǩǉșǩȠ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓșǓǈǈǓǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹǴȣǷঀ

ࢸࢱ

?ǩȠǔȖȧǿǷ ƺੈǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓॹ ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠȣǿǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅȠ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩঀ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ࢲঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǓ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǓ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǿǩ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 2ǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ে ǉșȅǾƺǠ শ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǉȠॹ ƺੈȠȅΚƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ^ ষ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǩȠঀ ੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ȉșșΦǓে ǟȅǠǹƺǹȆ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেǓș ^ ੈ eǔǿΡǹƺȒǴƻǿ শ^ ੈ 'ƺǉȠ ^ǦǓǓȠষ ƺǹƺȒȣǹॹ ƺੈ ǏǩƺǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺ ǩș ǓΦ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșঀ ǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǓǹǾȅǿǏǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ƺǏȆȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ȉșșΦǓȠǓȠȠॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǴǓǹǓǿে ȠȌș ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓȠ ȖȆ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺঀ ੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆȖƺॹ ȤǴ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșƺ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ƺΦǔȖȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǿǩǿǉșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǈǩȖȠȅǷƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ 2?eেǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠ ǔș ƺੈΛǓǈƺǹƺȒȤ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƺ ƺΦ hেș ƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƺȖƺǏॹ ƺΦ ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾে ǈǓǿ ǔș ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǈǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚǓǈǈǓǿ Ƿǩ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǿǩঀ ǹƺȒ ǷǷΚেƺǏƺȠȅǷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƺ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

EU-28

arány

EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ EȖǏ ੝

arány

EU-28

EǩǷȖȅ

ࢶࢲࢶࢳࢺࢹ

ࢺࢵॹࢲઔ

ࢺࢴॹࢱઔ

ࢺࢱࢱࢱࢶࢳ

ࢴࢴॹࢺઔ

ࢳࢺॹࢹઔ

ࢲࢱॹࢱ

ࢲࢹॹࢱઔ

ࢳࢱॹࢺઔ

ࢳࢸࢱࢸࢷ

ࢵॹࢺઔ

ࢶॹࢹઔ

ࢶࢱࢲࢶࢴࢶ

ࢲࢹॹࢺઔ

ࢳࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢺॹࢳ

ࢲࢷॹࢸઔ

ࢲࢸॹࢹઔ

ࢵࢴࢹࢵ

ࢱॹࢹઔ

ࢱॹࢺઔ

ࢵࢲࢶࢺࢱࢱ

ࢲࢶॹࢸઔ

ࢲࢷॹࢸઔ

ࢲࢱॹࢲ

ࢲࢹॹࢳઔ

ࢶࢵࢶࢸࢶࢹ

ࢺࢺॹࢹઔ

ࢲࢹࢲࢸࢵࢹࢸ

ࢷࢹॹࢶઔ

ࢷࢷॹࢷઔ

ࢳࢺॹࢵ

ࢶࢳॹࢺઔ

ࢶࢷॹࢹઔ

FƺǠΡ

ࢺࢲࢸ

ࢱॹࢳઔ

ࢹࢴࢷࢸࢱࢺ

ࢴࢲॹࢶઔ

ࢴࢴॹࢵઔ

ࢳࢷॹࢳ

ࢵࢸॹࢲઔ

ࢵࢴॹࢳઔ

Össz.

ࢶࢵࢸࢷࢸࢶ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢳࢷࢶࢵࢲࢺࢷ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

ࢶࢶॹࢶ

ࢲࢱࢱॹࢱઔ

?ǷΚ

szám

EU-28

szám

?ȉΦǔȒ

arány

EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ

/ȅΦΦƻƺǏȅȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷ

Méret

?ǩș

arány

'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƺ

arány

17. ábra: ͬǲȖ Ǚত ࠍࠋࠌࠑणȵǙ ͠ȤȞǙȿȖȤͬȥ࣓ Ǚত 2v ǨȤȞ ǚȘȿǙȘ ȖǳȸͬȊȿǲȿȿ ǧǲǨȸȘǳȸǲȖ࣓ ȝǲȘͧǲȖ ࠍࠋࠋࠓडࠍࠋࠌࠏणǲȸ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿणǙǮǙȿȤȖȤȞ ǙȘǙȱɂȘȞǙȖࣚ ͬ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ Ǚͬ ɃȞࣚ वȞǲȝणȱǳȞͬɆǿͧȈष ǿǙͬǮǙȸǚǿȵǙ ȿǲȵȓǲǮȞǲȖ ȖȈ࣓ ǙȝȈ ȝǙǿǚǧǙȞ ǾȤǿȘǙȘȓǙ Ǚͬ ȈȱǙȵȿ࣓ Ǚͬ ǳȱȊȿȫȈȱǙȵȿ࣓ ȖǲȵǲȸȖǲǮǲȘȝǲȿ ǳȸ ȸͬȤȘǿǚȘȿǙȿȥȈȱǙȵȿ࣓ Ǯǲ Ǚত ȝǲͬȫǿǙͬǮǙȸǚǿ ǳȸ ǲȵǮȫǿǙͬǮǚȘȖȤǮǚȸ࣓ ͠ǙȘǙȝȈȞȿ ȅǙȘǚȸͬǙȿ ȿǲȵɆȘǲȿǳȞ ȝɉȖȨǮȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖȵǙ Ȟǲȝ ȿǲȵȓǲǮ ȖȈ࣓ ǙȅȤǿͧ ǙͬȤȖȵǙ Ǚত ȓǲȘǲȞȿȫȸ ȵǳȸͬǧǲȞ Ȟǲȝ ȱȈǙǨȈ ǙȘǙȱȤȖȤȞ ȝɉȖȨǮȫ ǚǿǙͬǙȿȤȖȵǙ ȸǲȝ࣓ ȝȈȞȿ Ǚͬ ȤȖȿǙȿǚȸ ǳȸ Ǚͬ ǲǿǳȸͬȸǳǿɆǿͧࣚ তȝǳȵǲȿ ȸͬǲȵȈȞȿȈ ǧǲȸȤȵȤȘǚȸȵǙ ǙতȖȨ͠ǲȿȖǲͬȫȖǳȱȱǲȞ ȿȨȵȿǳȞȿ࣒ ȝȈȖȵȤ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸ ऒࠋडࠔ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओ࣓ ȖȈȸ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸ ऒࠌࠋडࠏࠔ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओ࣓ ȖȨͬǲȱǲȸ ȝǳȵǲȿɉ ǨǳǿǲȖ ऒࠐࠋडࠍࠏࠔ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओ ǳȸ ȞǙǿͧ͠ǚȘȘǙȘǙȿȤȖ ऒࠍࠐࠋणȞǳȘ ȿȨǧǧ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿओࣚ ͬ ɂȵȤȸȿǙȿणǙǮǙȿȤȖ ǲȘȫȞͧǲ࣓ ȅȤǿͧ ǙতȸȿǙȿȈȸͬȿȈȖǚȖ ȨȸȸͬȅǙȞǿǧǙȞ ͠ǙȞȞǙȖ ǳȸ ȨȸȸͬǲȝǳȵȅǲȿȫȖ Ǚͬ ǲǿͧǲȸ ȤȵȸͬǚǿȤȖ ͠ȤȞǙȿȖȤͬǚȸǚǧǙȞࣚ তȅǚȿȵǚȞͧǙ࣓ ȅȤǿͧ ȞǳȅǚȞͧ Ȥȵȸͬǚǿ ǲȸǲȿǳǧǲȞ Ǚͬ ǙǮǙȿȤȖ ǲȘȿǳȵȅǲȿȞǲȖ ǙতȅǲȘͧȈ ȅǙȿȥȸǚǿȤȖ ǚȘȿǙȘ ȖȨͬͬǳȿǲȿȿ ǙǮǙȿȤȖȿȥȘࣚ

ࢸࢲ

ΦǓǷ ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆॹ ƺੈ 2v ǉȅǿ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǈǓǉșǹǔșǓǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢹ৅ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ȣȖȅșȠƺȠেƺǏƺȠȅǷȅǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹǿƺǷঀ Φ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺΦ Ȥǿঀ ৙ǿǓǾ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ৛ ǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॹ ƺǾǩ ǾƺǠƻǈƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǴƺ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖȠॹ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖȠॹ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǓȠ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȆǩȒƺȖȠॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǔș ǓȖǏȌǠƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻșॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǦƺǹƻșΦƺȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǿǓǾ ȠǓȖǴǓǏ Ƿǩॹ ƺǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ȖǔșΦǈǓǿ ǿǓǾ Ȓǩƺǉǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷȅǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷȖƺ șǓǾॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡঀ ੈǾǔȖǓȠ șΦǓে ȖǩǿȠǩ ǈǓșȅȖȅǹƻșȖƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷǔȒȒǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȠॸ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș শࢱ৅ࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș শࢲࢱ৅ࢵࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষॹ ǷȉΦǓȒǓș ǾǔȖǓȠȪ ǉǔǠǓǷ শࢶࢱ৅ࢳࢵࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষ ǔș ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ শࢳࢶࢱেǿǔǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠষঀ Φ ȣȖȅșȠƺȠেƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǓǹȌǿΡǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșȠƺে ȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠǈƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǔș ȉșșΦǓǾǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȉΦΦǔȠǓȠȠ ƺǏƺȠȅǷȠȆǹঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƺΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǩǏȌǈǓǿ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǹȠƺǷॸ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢳ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ ƺੈǦȅΦΦƻƺǏȅȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷ ࢲࢷॹࢹઔেǷƺǹॹ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢶॹࢸઔে Ƿƺǹ ǿȌȠȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǓ ƺǹȣǹǾƺȖƺǏ ƺੈǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǔǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠঀ ੈǷǷΚ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢹেƺș ΚƻǹșƻǠȅȠ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦȌ șΦǩǿȠǓȠ șǓǾ ǔȖȠǓ Ǔǹॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏȠƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠঀ ੈ ǹǓǠǟǓǹǴǓǈǈ ࢲࢱ ǟȌȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǿǓǷ Ƞȉǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠǴƻǷঀ ੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǷǷΚেǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢴॹࢴ ǟȌȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǓǹǾƺȖƺǏ ƺੈࢴॹࢺেǓș hেƻȠǹƺǠȠȆǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǈǓǴǓǠΡΦǓȠȠ ǉǔǠǓǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢵॹࢳઔেǷƺǹ ΚǩșșΦƺǓșǓȠȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢳॹࢸઔেǷƺǹ ǿȌȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ƺǿǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠȪॹ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ǷȉǹǉșȉǿȉǷǦȉΦ ǴȣȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǉǔǠǓǷঀ OșșΦǓșșǔǠǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǦȅΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺ ࢲࢱॹࢲઔ ΚȅǹȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿॹ ƺੈࢲࢵॹࢱઔেȅș hেƻȠǹƺǠǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ࢺࢶࢱࢱ ǉǔǠǓȠ șΦƻǾȅǹȠƺǷ ǟǓǹॹ ƺǾǩ ࢵࢲઔেǷƺǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ƺੈǾǓǠǓǹȌΦȌ ǔΚǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠঀ ^ȅǷ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǉǔǠ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ǈȌΚǫȠǓȠȠǓ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠ ƺΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ࢴࢵࢹࢸ ǉǔǠ ৅ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓșॹ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ࢲࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ࢲࢳॹࢲઔেƺ ৅ ǠΡȅȖșƺǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǉǔǠ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǓΦǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠȅȠঀ

ࢸࢳ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ࢳঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ^ েȒȖȅЙǹǴƺ Φ ^ েȒȖȅЙǹȠ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ࢷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓে ȠǓǿ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠॸ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾॹ ǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡॹ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦে ǠƺȠƻșॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ૭ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆॹ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻș ৅ ǓΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆ ƺੈǹǓǠȖȅșșΦƺǈǈ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡঀ

ࠌࠓࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ eǲȘȓǲȸȊȿȝǳȞͧɆȞȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȅȤͬ ͠ȈȸͬȤȞͧȊȿ͠Ǚ

ੈȠȅΚƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ȖȉΚǩǏǓǿ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǴȧǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠǦȅΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠȅȠȠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǔȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ^ েƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓǷ ǾǓǿȠǔǿঀ ੈǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅে ǹȆǏȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷȖǓ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǟǓǴǓΦǓȠǈǓǿ ȠǔȖȧǿǷ Ƿǩঀ ৙(ȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦΦ ǓǹȌǈǈ ǷǩǉșǩǈǓǿॻ৛ Φ ƺΦ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚ ƺȖȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩȠ ǾƻȖ ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻে șƻǿƺǷ ǷǓΦǏǓȠǩ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻǈƺǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩঀ KǹΡƺǿ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓΦॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪǓǷ ǔș ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠǦƺȠȆǷঀ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾǓǠǉǔǹȅΦȠƺ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏে ǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǹǓȖȉΚǩǏȧǹȠǓǷॹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ȒǓǏǩǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ ǾǓǠ ǩș șΦȪǿȠঀ

ࢸࢴ

ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ǓǹǓǴǔǿ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǈǓ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƺǏȆȠǓȖǦǓǩǿǓǷ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǦƺȠƻșƺ ȠȉǈǈǿΡǩȖǓ ǿǓǾ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșॹ ǾǓȖȠ șȅǷ ǷǷΚ ǾƻȖ ǓǹǓΚǓ ƺǹƺে ǉșȅǿΡॹ ࢲࢱઔ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺșƻǠǩƺǏȆেǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷঀ ƺষ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ

19. ábra: তȓȤǧǧȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥ ǙǮǙȿȤȸͬȘȤȱȤȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȞǚȘ ȓȤǧǧ ȿǲȘȓǲȸȊȿȝǳȞͧȿ ȓǲȘǲȞȿǲȞǲȖ࣓ ǙতǧǙȘȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥȖ ǿͧǲȞǿǳǧǧǲȿ

ੈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠΚǓΦǔȖǓǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻș ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢱࢺেǓș ࢵࢶઔেȖȆǹ ࢶࢳॹࢷઔেȖƺ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǓȠȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȖƺঀ ੈ ǷǓȖǓȠǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓǿ Κƺǿ ǾǩȠ ǴƺΚǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈ ǾǔǏǩƺΚǩșșΦǦƺǿǠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșƺ ǿǓǾ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠȌঀ ࢸࢵ

ੈ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǾȣȠƺȠȆ ȉșșΦǓșșǔǠǔǈǓǿ Ƿǩșșǔ ǾǓǠǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠȅȠআ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦ ƺੈǾȣȠƺȠȆ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠǩঀ ǈষ EƻșȅǏǩǷ ǓșǔǹΡ ੈǷȣǏƺȖǉȠȆǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǔǹǓǹǓǾ ƺΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ǓȖȌșȉǏȉȠȠॹ ࢵࢴॹࢳઔ ΚȅǹȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿঀ Φ ƺǏȆșșƻǠȖǓǿǏǓΦǔș ȠǓȖǔǿ ȤǴ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ǔǹǓȠǈǓॹ ǏǓ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷে șǔǠ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠȌ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƻǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǩǏȌǈǓǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓΦȠǓȠǿǓǷ ǴȉΚȌǈǓǹǩ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ȒȖȅǈে ǹǔǾƻǷȖƺॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷǓȠ ǉșȌǏ ǟǓǿΡǓǠǓȠঀ

ࠍࠋࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ তȓȤǧǧȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥ ǙǮǙȿȤȸͬȘȤȱȤȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȞǚȘ ȓȤǧǧ ȿǲȘȓǲȸȊȿȝǳȞͧȿ ȓǲȘǲȞȿǲȞǲȖ࣓ ǙতǧǙȘȵǙ ȝɂȿǙȿȥȖ ǿͧǲȞǿǳǧǧǲȿ

ੈǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹȠ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƺ ࢲࢱઔেǷƺǹ ǿȌȠȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƻে Ǿƺ ǩșॹ ƺǷǩǷǓȠ ƺੈǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǓǹȠǩǹȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ΚǔǠΦǔșǔȠȌǹঀ ǉষ /ƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩǿǏǫȠƻș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ࢴࢷࢳॹࢶ ǓȣȖȆȖƺ ǿȌȠȠঀ ੈǈǓЙে ΦǓȠǓǿǏȌ ǾǩǿǩǾȣǾ ȠȌǷǓ ƺΦ ǓǠΡ ǟȌȖǓ ǴȣȠȆ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹ ࢵࢶॹࢶઔেƻȖƺ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠॹ ǏǓ ǾǔǠ ǫǠΡ ǩș ǓΦ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺΦ hেǈƺǿঀ Φ ƺǏȆǈǓЙΦǓȠǔșǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǩșƻǠƺ ȣǠΡƺǿǉșƺǷ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠ শǔΚǓǿȠǓ ࢲࢵেȖȌǹ ࢲࢲেȖǓষঀ

ࢸࢶ

ੈǴȅǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǩǿșȠƺǈǩǹ ΚȅǹȠƺॹ ƺੈǈȅǿΡȅǹȣǹȠ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǔș șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅে ΦƻșȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǓǹȌǩǏǔΦǓȠȠ ȠǓȖǦǓǷ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅΦΦƻǷ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠঀ ੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƺȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƻǩ ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƺ ǦƺǿΡƺȠǹȆǈƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ Φ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷ ǴƺΚȣǹȠƺǷ ȣǠΡƺǿॹ ǏǓ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺǏǾǩে ǿǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆș ȠǓȖǦǓǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏȆΦƻș ȠǓȖǔǿ শǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠǫȒȣșȤ ƺǏȆǷƺȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǈǓЙΦǓȠǿǩॹ Ƞȉǈǈ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǈǓǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺষঀ ੈ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǴǓǠΡǔǈǓǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেǈǓǿ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǔǿΦȠƻȖǠǔȒǓǷ ǷȉȖǔȠ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ শȒǹঀ ȠƺΠǩșȅǷȖƺॹ ƺȣȠȆșΦǓȖǓǹȌǷȖǓ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǩΦșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖƺষঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǔǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȆșǾǩǿȌșǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈǉǔǹে ǹƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹȌǿΡǦȉΦ ǴȣȠȠƺșșƺ ƺΦ ƺǏȆΦƻșǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǷΚেǷƺȠঀ

21. ábra: Șȿǳȵǳȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȖȨͬȈǿǙͬǿǙȿǚȸ ȿǲȵǳȞ

ࢸࢷ

Ǐষ ?ȉΦǈǓșΦǓȖΦǔș ǔș ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș

22. ábra: Șȿǳȵǳȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ࣓ ȖȨͬǧǲȸͬǲȵͬǳȸǲȖ ǳȸ ǚȘȘǙȝȈ ȿǚȝȤǿǙȿǚȸȤȖ ȿǲȵǳȞ

ΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ hেƻȠǹƺǠȅǿ ǟǓǹȧǹǩ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǓঀ ੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓȖΚǓǷ ЙΦǓȠǔșǩ ǾȅȖƻǹǴƺ ǴƺΚȣǹȠॹ ƺΦ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ЙΦǓȠǔșǩ ǷǔșǓǏǓǹǓǾ ࢸ ǿƺȒ ΚȅǹȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ȤǴ ǷȉΦǈǓșΦǓȖΦǔșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ǔǹǓȠǈǓॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ h ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ǦƻȖȅǾ ǷȉΦǈǓে șΦǓȖΦǔșǩ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǔȠ ȧǹȠǓȠȠǓ ƻȠ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǴȅǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǈǓঀ Ǔষ 'ǩǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻș ੈΚǩșșΦƺȣȠƺșǫȠȅȠȠ ǷǷΚেǦǩȠǓǹǩǠǔǿΡǹǔșǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ࢷॹࢷઔেȖƺ ǓșǓȠȠ ΚǩșșΦƺঀ ੈFȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ /ǩȠǓǹȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǩȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺΦ EF ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǈǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেǈƺǿॹ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǓΦǔșȖǓॹ ǷǩǔǹǓΦȠǓ ƺੈǈƺǿǷȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡȠॹ ǔș ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻে ȖȣǹȠ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǓǷǦǓΦঀ ?ȧǹȉǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǟȅȖǏǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǓǠΡǓș șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ȖǔǠǩȆǩȖƺॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ƺǹƺȠȅǿ ΚƺǠΡ eȅǷƺǴ ǈȅȖΚǩǏǔǷǓঀ ǦǦǓΦ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǷǫșǔȖǹǓȠǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǦƺșΦǿȅșƺǷ ǹǓǦǓȠে ǿǓǷ ƺΦ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǾǩǷȖȅǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ƺੈ ȠȣȖǩΦǾȣș ǔș ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷ ǔǹǔǿǷǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ƺǠȖƻȖ ǷǷΚেǷ ǩș ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹȠǓǷঀ ੈșǓȖȠǔș ǔș ȠǓǴ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǠƺΦǏƻǷǿƺǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ǩǏǓǩǠǹǓǿǓș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǓȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǈǓ ΚǓǿǿǩॹ ƺǾǩǿǓǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ƻȠǦǩǏƺǹǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈȒǩƺǉǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǓǹȌǩǏǔΦǓȠȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșॹ ǏǓ ǩǏǓǩǠǹǓǿǓș ǹǩǷΚǩǏǩȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǩǷƺȠঀ ࢸࢸ

23. ábra: Șȿǳȵǳȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ϫȞǙȞȸͬȊȵȤͬǚȸ ȿǲȵǳȞ

ǟ ষ ǠΡșǔǠǓș Ȓǩƺǉ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ǏȅǈȅǠȆș ǦǓǹΡǓǿ Κƺǿ ƺΦ hেȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺੈșΦȧǷে șǔǠǓș ǴȅǠǩ ǦƺȖǾȅǿǩΦƻǉǩȆ ǾǓǠȠȉȖȠǔǿȠঀ 2ǏǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ 2eেȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƺȠǔȖǷǔȒ ǾǓǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ 2?eেȒǩƺǉȅǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǦƺΦƺǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȠ Ǿȣে ȠƺȠǴƺॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ 2?eেȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷƺȠ ǔș ƺΦȅǷ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșƺǩȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿঀ 2eেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦȅǿȅșǫȠ ƺੈ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈ ǷǷΚ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǴǓǿǓǷ ǓΦǓǷǦǓΦ ƺੈȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǩș ȒǩƺǉȅǷǦȅΦঀ

ࢸࢹ

ࠍࠏࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ Șȿǳȵǳȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȱȈǙǨȤȖ ȿǲȖȈȞȿǲȿǳǧǲȞ

Ǡষ ?ǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǓ ƺΦ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƺȖƺǏ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǔȖǓǿঀ [ȅǾǹȆ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠে ǾǔǿΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƺȠǩǷƺǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ǈǓ ǓǿǿǓǷ ƺੈȠȖǓǿǏǿǓǷ ƺੈǾǓǠƻǹǹǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺে ǾȅǷƺȠॹ ǩǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠেǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷƺȠঀ

ࢸࢺ

ࠍࠐࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ Șȿǳȵǳȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȖǳȸͬȸǳǿǲȖ ǳȸ ȈȞȞȤ͠ǚǨȈȥ ȿǲȵǳȞ

Ǧষ ?ȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ hেƻȠǹƺǠ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈ ǾȣȠƺȠȆȠ ǩșঀ ƻȖ ƺੈ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǈƺȖƻȠ ȠǓǉǦে ǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠƻȠ ǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠǔǷॹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșȖǓ ǹǓǿǿǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ࢲࢶઔেƺ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǈƺȖƻȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșƻǦȅΦ শƺΦ h ƺǏƺȠ ࢳࢴઔষঀ FǔǾǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌ ƺੈǦȣǹǹƺǏǔǷǷǓΦǓǹǔșॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƺǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠ Йǿƺǿে șΦǫȖȅΦƻșƺ ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ǾǓǠȤǴȣǹȆ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻǦȅΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩΚǓǹ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǈǓǿঀ

ࢹࢱ

ࠍࠑࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ Șȿǳȵǳȸ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȖȨȵȞͧǲͬǲȿȿɂǮǙȿȤȸȸǚǿ ȿǲȵǳȞ

ǩষ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻș ΦȠ ƺੈ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺΦ ȣȠȅǹșȆ ࢴ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ Κƺǿ ƺΦ hেǈƺǿঀ Φ ǩǏǓǠǓǿ ǿΡǓǹΚǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƺ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǷǷΚেǷ ǷȧǹȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșƺ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻǈȆǹঀ

27. ábra: ȘȿǳȵǳȸǲȖ Ǚͬ hणǚȿȘǙǿȿȥȘ Ǚ ȞǲȝͬǲȿȖȨͬȈ͠ǳ ͠ǚȘǚȸ ȿǲȵǳȞ

ࢹࢲ

2tঀ ࢲঀ ࢴঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈȖǔșΦǈǓǿ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹǴȣǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॹ ǓǠΡ ࢲࢹࢸ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆ ǿȌ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƻΚƺǹ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ࢴ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷॸ ࢲঀ KȠȠǦȅǿ ǾƺȖƺǏǿƺǷॹ ǿǓǾ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿƺǷ ǾȣǿǷƻȠॹ ǓșǓȠǹǓǠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖǴȧǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻǈƺ ǈǓșǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷঀ ࢳঀ ?ȅǾǈǩǿƻǹȠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌǈǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ȣȠƻǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǩǷ ƺੈȖƺǿǠșȅȖǈƺǿঀ ࢴঀ ?ƺȖȖǩǓȖȠ ǔȒǫȠǓǿǓǷॹ ǷǩƺǷǿƻΦΦƻǷ ƺੈǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩǷǓȠॹ ǷǓǾǔǿΡǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ȣȠƺΦǿƺǷ șȠǈঀ শǏǓ ǾǔǠ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǓșǓȠǈǓǿ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠষঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǹǔȠ ǓǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ƺǹȠǓȖǿƺȠǫΚƻǴƺ ƺੈ ǟȌƻǹǹƻșȤ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖ ǈǓȠȉǹȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ৅ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺǏ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƺǏ ȠȪΦΦ Ƿǩ ǉǔǹȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǹƺǷǫȠș Ƿǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǔǹΚǓΦǏ ƺΦ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠঀ ੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅș Ƞƺǿȣǹƻșॹ ƺੈǉǔǹȅǷ ǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓ ǔș ǓǹǔȖǔșǓॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ ǈǓȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ǦƺșΦǿȅș șΦǓȖǓȒ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ ƺǹƺȒǔȖȠǔǷǓǩॹ ǏǓ ǓȖȖǓ ǿǓǾ ǓǠΡǟȅȖǾƻǷ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǩ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ Ǔ ȠǔȖǓǿঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓȖǓȒে ǾȅǏǓǹǹ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǓșǓȠǈǓǿ ǟǔȖЙঀ ੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǷȉȖǓ ǈȌΚȧǹȠ ȣǠΡƺǿॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǷȉȖǓ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȅȠȠঀ /ƺǈƻȖ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠƺǈǈƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȅǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȧǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠȧǷ ǾǔǠ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢹেƺș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹșƻǠȅȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔ ΚƻǹȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ǏǓ ǓΦǓǿ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ ƺੈǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡ ǾǔǠ ǉșƺǷ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȅǿ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ǔșΦǹǓǹȠǔǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǈǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠȖƺ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșȣǷƺȠঀ /ƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙȠ ȠƺȖȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǟȌǿǓǷঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈǿȌȠȌǹ ǩș ǓǹΚƻȖǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǹǓǠΡǓǿॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ȠǓȖǾǓǹȠ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹȖǓ ǩș șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿঀ OșșΦǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǿǩ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƻΚƺǹॹ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǿǓΚǓǹǔșșǓǹঀ ੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǿǓǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ǾǔǹΡǓǿ ǠΡȉǷǓȖǓΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿॹ ƺǾǩȠ ǴȆǹ ƺǹƻȠƻǾƺșΦȠ ƺΦ ƺΦ ƺǏƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ hেǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǿȌǷ ΚǔǠΦǩǷ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǦƻΦǩে ǾȣǿǷƻȠॹ ǔș ǓǠΡǈǓǿ ȌǷ ǩș ƺੈǹǓǠǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠǓǈǈǓǷ ǓΦΦǓǹঀ

Φ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦΦƺ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿșƻǠȅǷǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿǏ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷǈǓǿॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓǷȖǓ ǷǔșΦǫȠǩ ǟǓǹ ƺੈǏǩƻǷȅǷƺȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǠΡƺǷȅȖǩǈǈ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƺ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔȖΦǓǹǾǩ ǹǔǿΡǓǷ ৅ ǿǓǾ ǓǹǔǠ ǓȖȌșǓǷ ǓǠΡ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǦȅΦॹ ǿǓǾ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ Ȗƺǉǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǦȅΦǿǩॹ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǦƺȠȆǷॹ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǿǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓǠǈǫΦǦƺȠȆǷॹ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǦƺǴǹƺǿǏȆǷ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹǿǩॹ ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǈǩΦƺǹǾȣǷ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠॹ șȠǈঀ FƺǠΡȅǈǈ ȉǿǈǩΦƺǹȅǾǾƺǹॹ ǷǩȠƺȖȠƻșșƺǹॹ ǴȆ ǩǏȌǠƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻșșƺǹॹ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠǠƺǹ ǔș ǦƺȠǔে ǷȅǿΡșƻǠǠƺǹ ǴȆ ǓșǔǹΡ Κƺǿ ǓΦǓǿ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǠΡȌΦǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǟȌǈǈ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠ ǫǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹǿǩॸ EȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆ ੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈǟȌ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖ ƺੈǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖॹ ƺǾǩǿǓǷ Ƿȧে ǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȅǷƺǩ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓǷॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ǦǩƻǿΡƺॹ șΦȧǹǔș ȣȠƻǿ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖǔș ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓॹ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖǦȅΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșॹ ƺੈȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ΚƺǠΡ ǓΠȠȖƺ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǓঀ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻে șƻǦȅΦ ƺੈǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǦƺȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻș ȣȠƻǿǩ ΚƻǠΡǈȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ǩǠǔǿΡǔǈȌǹঀ ^ȅǷƺǿ ƺǷǷȅȖ ΚƻǠǿƺǷ ǈǓǹǓ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǾǔǠ ȅȠȠǦȅǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǷǓǹঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǓǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǟȅǿȠȅșঀ tǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǓ ǾƺǠƺșƺǿ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠ ǔș ǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷǔǿȠ Ǐȅǹে ǠȅΦȅȠȠঀ FƺǠΡȅǿ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷǈƺǿ ǿǩǿǉș șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ ƺੈ ǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿ ǾǓǠșΦǓȖΦǓȠȠ ȠȣǏƻșȖƺঀ lΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșȠॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșȠ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǿǓǾ ΚǔǠǓΦে ǿǓǷॹ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǿǩǿǉșǓǿǓǷ ȠǩșΦȠƻǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǓǦǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ ǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǈǓǿ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȅȠȠƺǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǔșΦȖǓ șǓǾ ΚǓșΦǩǷॹ Ǧƺ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǔȖǩ ȌǷǓȠঀ XǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷ ੈ ǿȌǷ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǿƺǷॹ ǿǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓǷ ȒǔǿΦȠ Ƿȉǹǉșȉǿে ǷǔȖǿǩॹ ǿǓǾ ƺǷƺȖǿƺǷ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌȠঀ ?ǓΚǔșǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ǈƺǿǷǩ ǦǩȠǓǹǓॹ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ȒǓǏǩǠॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿॹ ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǈǩΦƺǹǾƺȠǹƺǿșƻǠȅȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦঀ ΦǔȖȠ ƺΦȠƻǿ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǓȠȠ ȠȌǷǔǴȧǷ ǩș ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ৅ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǾǓǠȠƺǷƺȖǫে 83

Ƞƻșșƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǔș ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖǴȧǷȠȌǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȧǷȠȌǹ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ǹǓǠǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺǷȅȖঀ ?ǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹȠ ǩș ǠǓǿǓȖƻǹǿƺǷঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔে ǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǔǹǓȠ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȉșșΦǓǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓ ǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠঀ Φ ǓΠȠȖƺ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹȠ ǦƺǴǹƺǾȅșƺǷ ǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǉǔǹȅǷȖƺ ǟȅȖǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ lΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠॹ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȉǈǈǿΡǩȖǓ ǓǠΡșΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǉǔǠǓǷॹ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ǓǿǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾȧǷ ΚǩșșΦƺǟȅǠȅȠȠƺǈǈॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺੈ ǟȌ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƺॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșঀ ੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǓǹǷǓȖȧǹǩǷ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆȠॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ȠȉǈǈǹǓȠǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ǴƻȖঀ ੈ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷ ǾǓǠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ǿȌǩǓșǓǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏে ǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ȌǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ǾǓǠȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠƺǷॹ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șȅǷșΦȅȖ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ ǓǹȠǔȖ ƺȠȠȆǹॹ ƺǾǩȠ ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǷǈǓǿ ǉșǩǿƻǹȠƺǷঀ ੈǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǩǷ ǔș ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǩǷ ȠȤǹǿΡȅǾȆȖǔșΦȠ ǿȌǷআ ǟǓǹȠǓǦǓȠȌǹǓǠ ǓΦ ƺΦ ȅǷƺ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠȧǷǓȠ ǹǓǠȠȉǈǈșΦȉȖ ǈǩΦে ȠȅǿșƻǠȅșǿƺǷ ΚǔǹǩǷঀ 2ǿǷƻǈǈ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷȠȆǹॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷ ǓǹΚǓșΦȠǔșǔȠȌǹঀ ǠΡ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓǿǓǷ șǩǷǓȖǓșǿǓǷॹ Ǧƺ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǩ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș Ǔǹǟȅে ǠƺǏǴƺॹ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩ ȌȠ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓঀ ੈǟǓǹǾǔȖǔș ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ƺǹে ǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǹǓǿǿǩঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșƺǿ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠǹǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺ ǔș ƺੈEȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹঀ

2tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ ੈ ǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǓǠΡǩǷ ȒǩǹǹǔȖǓ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ৅ ƺǾǩ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷॸ ৙@ǓǠΡǓǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ǉǔǹΦȅȠȠ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșƻȠॹ ǓǿǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǴǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ শǩșষঀ৛ Φ ǓǦǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ǾȣȠƺȠȆॸ FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷইȠƻȖșƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǉǔǹǔȖȠǔǷǓ ੼ࢳࢱઔ ࢳࢱࢳࢱেȖƺঀ ࢹࢵ

ੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȠ ȠȪΦȠǓ Ƿǩ ǉǔǹȣǹॹ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈȠǓǉǦে ǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȖƺ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹΚƺॸ ॷ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ȠƻȖșƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ॷ Φ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșǫȠƻșƺ ॷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔǹǓȠǟȅȖǾƺ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƺȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ॷ Φ ȤǴȖƺǷǓΦǏǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǾǓǠǫȠǔǹǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ੈǉǔǹȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷॸ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ șΦǷȉΦ ǓǹǿǓΚǓΦǔșǓ

FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷইȠƻȖș ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǷ

șΦǷȉΦ ǴǓǹǹǓǠǓ

ǷȉΦȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ǉǔǹǴƺ

FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓঀ ੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǏȅǾǩǿƻǹȠ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȆ șΦƻǾǈƺǿ ǹǓǠΡǓǿǓǷ ǿȌǷ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǓǹǩȠ ǿǓ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǴǓ ȤǴȖƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷǓȠঀ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș tartalma

ੈǾƻȖ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ Ȓǩƺǉǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ শǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷॹ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓǷॹ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ șȠǈঀষ ǾǓǠǦǩȖǏǓȠǔșǓॹ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǿƻǹ ȒǹȣșΦȒȅǿȠ ǴƻȖǴȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǔȖȠ șȠǈঀ Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ǟȌǈǈ ǩȖƻǿΡƺǩ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ǿȌǩ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠƺǷǿƺǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǏǓǏǩǷƻǹȠ ǟȅȖȖƻșআ ॷ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ৅ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠআ ॷ ǿȌǩ ǦǩȠǓǹǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ ǾǩǷȖȅЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșșƺǹঀ Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹঀ

=ƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ǩǿǏǩǷƻȠȅȖশȅǷষ

FȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷইșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǈƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƺঀ

ࠍࠓࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ EǙǿͧǙȵȤȵȸͬǚǿ ȈǿȈȿǚȘȈȸ ^ȿǙȵȿɂȱ ^ȿȵǙȿǳǿȈǚȓǙ

ੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǟȆǷȣșΦƻǈƺǿ Κƺǿ ƺੈǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ǩșॸ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƻǷ șΦǷȉΦ ǓǹǿǓΚǓΦǔșǓ

tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ

șΦǷȉΦ ǴǓǹǹǓǠǓ

ǷȉΦȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ǉǔǹǴƺ

EǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ȉǿșΦǓȖΚǓΦȌǏȌॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȅǾȒǓȠǓǿǉǩƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǹǓǠƺǹǷƺǹǾƺșƺǈǈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ

Φ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș tartalma

2ǟǴȤșƻǠǩॹ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓșॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖ ǔș șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǔșǓ ǔș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ȠȣǏƻșȠȖƺǿșΦǟǓȖ ǔș ǾǓǠǴǓǹǓǿǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǟȅȖǾƻǈƺǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩǿǓǷ ƺǷȠǫΚ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǩ ǟȅȖǾƻǈƺǿ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ȠǔȖǈǓǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȆƺǿঀ

ࢹࢶ

=ƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ǩǿǏǩǷƻȠȅȖশȅǷষ

ੈȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǈƺ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠǓȠȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǔș ȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ șΦƻǾƺঀ

29. ábra: 'Ȥȵȵǚȸ࣒ EǙǿͧǙȵȤȵȸͬǚǿ ȈǿȈȿǚȘȈȸ ^ȿǙȵȿɂȱ ^ȿȵǙȿǳǿȈǚȓǙ

2tঀ ࢳঀ ࢲঀ ǠΡǔǈॹ ǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ (2FKX ࢶঀࢲঀࢺেࢲࢸ শ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș 2ǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș KȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ XȖȅǠȖƺǾষ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢵ৅ࢳࢱࢳࢱেƺș ǩǏȌșΦƺǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǓǹȌșǓে ǠǫȠǔșǓঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓ ǓǹǔȖǿǩ ƺੈࢸࢶઔেȅș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻȠঀ [ǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ࢴࢱ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠǩ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢴࢱ ǔΚ ǟǓǹǓȠȠǩ ƻǹǹƻșǷǓȖǓșȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΚǓ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦΦƺǿƺǷঀ tǩșșΦƺ ǿǓǾ ȠǔȖǫȠǓǿǏȌ ƺǿΡƺǠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓȠǩ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǏǓΦǔșǔȖǓঀ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș 2ǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș KȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ XȖȅǠȖƺǾ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ ȆȠƺ ƺΦ {2E ƺǿǷ ǩș șǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșƻȠ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ǷƺǾƺȠȠƺǹ Ƿǫǿƻǹ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺΦ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷॹ ǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȧǹȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșƻȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƻǷ শȒǹঀ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǓǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǴȣȠƻșǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷǹƺșΦȠǓȖǓǷǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿƺǷষঀ 2ȖǩǿΡǩ eǓȖΚ Φ 2ȖǩǿΡǩ eǓȖΚ ǓǠΡ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠ ȤǴে ȖƺǩȒƺȖȅșǫȠƻșƺঀ ੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦॹ Κƺে ǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓঀ 'Ȍ ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ƺੈǈȖȣȠȠȆ ǦƺΦƺǩ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǈǓǿ শ( Xষ ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ শࢳࢱࢲࢷেȅșষ ࢳࢴॹࢶઔেȖȆǹ ࢴࢱઔেȖƺ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǓ ࢳࢱࢳࢱেȖƺঀ Φ 2ȖǩǿΡǩ eǓȖΚ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǷǔȒǓșে șǔǠǔȖǓॹ ǔș ƺΦ ƺȣȠȆǩȒƺȖॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǓǷȠȖȅǿǩǷƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ Ǿƻș ǩȒƺȖƻǠƺǷǈƺǿ ǩș ǓȖȌșǫȠǓǿǩ șΦƻǿǏǔǷȅΦǩǷ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ /ȅȖǩΦȅǿȠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ eƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș ǷȅǿΦȣǹȠƻǉǩȆǷॹ ǓেǹǓƺȖǿǩǿǠ ǷȣȖΦȣșȅǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǷ ƺੈ/ȅȖǩΦȅǿȠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǾƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǩșǾǓȖǓে

ࢹࢷ

ȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠॹ ǷǩȠǔȖΚǓ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷȖƺॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒƻǹΡƻΦȆǩ ǟǓǹȧǹǓȠ ǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔȖǓঀ

2tঀ ࢴঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ࢶॹࢲ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǿȌ ǔǹȠ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ࢶࢳॹࢴઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩ Ƿǩঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ǴƺΚȣǹȠॹ ǦƺǈƻȖ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ শࢲࢶ৅ࢸࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩষ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǉșƺǷ ࢶࢲॹࢴઔেƺ Ƞƺǹƻǹ ǾȣǿǷƻȠঀ Φ ࢲࢵઔেǷƺǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ KȖșΦƻǠȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ƺੈǉǔǠǓǷ ࢵࢳॹࢷࢵઔেƻǿƺǷ Κƺǿ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺঀ /ƺ ƺੈࢳࢶࢱ ǟȌǿǔǹ ȠȉǈǈǓȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǉǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǿǔΦΦȧǷॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈॸ ࢴࢵॹࢲઔঀ eȉǈǈ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȅșȠ ȠƺǹƻǹȣǿǷ ƺੈࢲࢱ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǿƻǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈǓȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǉǔǠǓǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿঀ

ࠎࠋࣚ ǚǧȵǙ࣒ তȞȫȈ ȿɂȘǙȓǮȤȞǧǙȞ Șǲ͠ȫ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖ ǙȵǚȞͧǙ ड Ǚͬ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖ ȸͬǚȝǙ ȸͬǲȵȈȞȿȈ ȖǙȿǲǿȥ ण ȵȈǚȖȵǙ ȘǲǧȤȞȿ͠Ǚ

/ȅΦΦƻ ǷǓǹǹ ȠǓǿǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǿ ǉǔǠǓǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǈƺǿ Κƺǿে ǿƺǷॹ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǉǔǠǿǓǷ ǉșƺǷ ࢲࢶઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩঀ tƺǿǿƺǷ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǔș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȠȆǹ ǟȧǠǠȌ ǦƺȠƻșȅǷ ǩșঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǹȧǹȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠƺǷ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠȆǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡǩ ǔș șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿ ࢶࢲॹࢵઔঀ Φ ৙ǓǠΡǔǈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ৛ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǓΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǩ ƺੈȠǓΠȠǩǹǩȒƺȖॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾঀ ࢹࢸ

ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǟǓǹșȌǟȅǷȤ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢲࢺॹࢸઔ ΚȅǹȠॹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢲࢹॹࢳઔেƻΚƺǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেȉș ƺǏƺȠȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩ ȖƺǿǠșȅȖ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǟǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻș Ƿȧǹȉǿে ǈȉΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǩǿ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ƺȖƻǿΡǈƺǿ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ǿȌǷॸ ȠƺǿƻȖǷǔȒΦǔșॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș শࢸࢺઔষॹ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡǩ ǔș șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ শࢷࢸઔষॹ ǈȉǹǉșǔșΦǓȠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡ শࢷࢶઔষॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺে ǹȅǾȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ শࢷࢵઔষॹ ǾȪΚǔșΦǓȠǓǷ শࢷࢳઔষॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ শࢶࢹઔষॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȅǾƻে ǿΡȅǷ শࢶࢶઔষॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș শࢶࢺઔষॹ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ শࢵࢺઔষॹ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ শࢵࢺઔষॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƺȠǩǷƺ শࢳࢲઔষॹ ǾȪșΦƺǷǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș শࢳࢳઔষঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢲࢷઔেǷƺǹ ǷƺȒȠƺǷ ǟǔȖЙ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǩǷǿƻǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ЙΦǓȠǔșȠঀ ੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǷǈƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈǓǷ ƺੈЙΦǓȠǔșǈǓǹǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ৅ ǓǠΡ ǟǔȖЙ Йে ΦǓȠǔșǓ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ƺੈǏȣȒǹƻǴƺ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǓǠΡ ȣǠΡƺǿȅǹΡƺǿ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǈƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌ ЙΦǓȠǔșǔǿǓǷঀ

2tঀ ࢵঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ 2tঀ ࢵঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ EƺǠΡƺȖ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș 2ȒƺȖǷƺǾƺȖƺ ੈǷƺǾƺȖƺ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓॹ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǔș ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ƺੈǷƺǾƺȖƺ ǹǓǠǟȌǈǈ ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹ ƺੈǾƺǠΡƺȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șǓǠǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈǷȧǹȒǩƺǉȅǷȅǿॹ ȤǴ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹȠƻȖƻșƺॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺੈșΦȅǾșΦǔǏȅș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷȖƺঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǦƻΦ ੈ EƺǠΡƺȖ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǦƻΦ ǉǔǹǴƺ ȤǴ Ȓǩƺǉǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ƺΦ ǓΠȒȅȖȠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩǷ ǈȌΚǫȠǔșǓॹ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǟǓǹǹǓǿǏǫȠǔșǓঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ࢴࢺ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǿƺȒȅȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǓǿ ࢷࢲࢸ ǉǔǠ ΚǓȠȠ ȖǔșΦȠঀ ੈΚǩșșΦƺǴǓǹΦǔșǓǷ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚƺǷॹ ƺΦ ΠȒȅȖȠ ǷƺǏǔǾǩƺ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॸ ॷ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȒȖȅǾȆǉǩȆॹ ॷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ॷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓॹ

ॷ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺॹ ॷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ǹȅǠǩșΦȠǩǷƺǩ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷঀ ^ΦǔǉǦǓǿΡǩ eȌǷǓƺǹƺȒেǷǓΦǓǹȌ ȖȠঀ EǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ șΦƺǷȅșȅǏȅȠȠॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ ȠƻȖșƺșƻǠঀ FǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ lǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ ੈǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǓȠ ǷȉȠǩ ȉșșΦǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ȠȌǷǔȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷঀ ǠΡȖǓ ǿȉΚǓǷΚȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠƺǏƺȠǈƻΦǩșșƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǩȒƺȖǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȅǷǈȆǹঀ

2tঀ ࢵঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ^ ৅ ?ǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșȧǷǷǔǿȠ ƺੈ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌȠ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƺΦȠƻǷ ǾǓǠॸ ৙ƺ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǓȠǩǷȣșॹ ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǾƺǠƺȠƺȖȠƻș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔǿ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ৛ঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ॷ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșॹ ॷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩȠǓȖΚেǷǔșΦǫȠǔșॹ ॷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷঀ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠǩ tƻǹǹƺǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ?ȉΦƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ǔǹǴƺ ƺੈ ǟȌΚƻȖȅș ǾǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓঀ EǩǷȖȅǦǩȠǓǹȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴȣǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ hেǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǩǠǔǿΡǈǓ ΚǓǿǿǩঀ iǴ ǔș ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ƺੈȒǩƺǉǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿঀ ǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ǷǫǿƻǹǿƺǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǓǠΡǔǈ শǿǓǾেȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺে ȠƻșȅǷƺȠ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷǿƺǷঀ 'Ȍ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș EȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷ KȖșΦƻǠȅș ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শtK^ ষ ੈ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ^ΦǔǉǦǓǿΡǩ ?ƻȖȠΡƺ XȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ƻȠǾǓǿǓȠǩ ǹǩǷΚǩǏǩȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǩǿƺǷ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșƻȖƺ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȆ ࢹࢺ

ǦǩȠǓǹȠǓȖǾǔǷঀ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚǈǓǿ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓΦǩǷ ƺੈ EƺǠΡƺȖ tƻǹǹƺǷȅΦȆǷ FƺȒǴƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșǓǿ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƻȠ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈXȖǩǾƺ XȖǩǾǩșșǩǾƺ ǫǴƺȠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǦে ǦǓΦ ǷȉȠȌǏȌ EǓǠΡǓǩ XȖǩǾƺ ǫǴƺȠঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷ Ƿǩॸ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ ॷ

ƺ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǓȠॹ ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷȖȆǹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșॹ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ΚƻșƻȖȅǷॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǟȆȖȣǾȅǷॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșঀ

^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ƺੈ ǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǔȖȠ শ2t^ ষ Φ ƺੈ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ƺΦ 2?e ǩȒƺȖƻǠǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǾǩǷȖȅে ǔș ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ șΦǓȖΚǓΦ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǠΡȌΦȠǓșǓǩ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈǦƺǿে ǿȅΚǓȖǩ 2eॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǔș ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǉǩȆș ǷǩƻǹǹǫȠƻșȅǿॹ ƺੈ 2eেǓǿঀ E' ই/ǩΚǓǿȠȣȖǓș ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ৙șǓǠǫȠșǓ ƺੈ ǴǓǹǓǿ ǔș ǴȉΚȌ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǩȠॹ ǔș ǓΦΦǓǹ ǦȅΦΦƻে ǴƻȖȣǹǴȅǿ ǓǠΡ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷȠǓȖǓǾȠȌ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǷǩƺǹƺǷȣǹƻșƻǦȅΦ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿঀ৛ Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴȣǷ ƺΦ 2ǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖǦƻΦƺǷॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠে șΦǓȖȠǓ Ƞȉǈǈ ǦǓǹΡșΦǫǿǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ƺੈ v^ শvȅǾǓǿ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȅǾȒǓȠǩȠǩȅǿষ 2ǿǉȣǈƺȠȅȖॹ ƺǾǩ ǟȌǹǓǠ ǿȌǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ ǿǠΡƺǹǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ƺǿǠΡƺǹǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌে ǷǓȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǓǹΡǩ ΚƺǠΡ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȌǏǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǩȖƻǿȠঀ

2tঀ ࢶঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆ ই ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ 2ǿǿȅeȖƺǏǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠঀ @ǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺǏ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǩș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǩ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷǷƺǹ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǦǓǹΡșΦǫǿǓǷǓǿ ǔș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓǿঀ @ȅǠǩșΦȠǩǷƺǩॹ ȠǓǉǦǿǩǷƺǩ ǔș ƺǿΡƺǠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ

ࢺࢱ

ȅǈǈƺǿȠȆ Φ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș ǾǓǿে ȠȅȖȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷॹ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷॹ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿঀ ΦǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺੈ ȅǈǈƺǿȠȆॹ ǓǠΡ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ șΦȆǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ࢺࢱ ȆȖƻș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ǓǹșƺǴƻȠǫȠে ǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ƺੈ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠ ƺǿǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺॹ ƺǹǉǫǾǓॸ XǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷȖȌǹ ǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȖȠƻǹ ΦȠ ƺੈΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȠ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌ ȧΦǓǾǓǹȠǓȠǩॹ ƺǷǩ ǷǓΦǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹॹ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔș ȠǔǾƻǈƺǿ Ƿǫǿƻǹ ȠƺǿǟȅǹΡƺǾȅȠ ȣǠΡƺǿǓǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠǿƺǷঀ ?ǷΚ /ƻΦ șƺǹƻǏǩॹ ǾǩǷȖȅে ǔș ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǷǹȣǈǴƺঀ ^ΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǷ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ॷ ǦǩȖǏǓȠǔșॹ ॷ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠșΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșॹ ॷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻș ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȠǔǾƻǷǈƺǿ শǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠȠǓে ΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠেǓȖȌșǫȠǔșॹ ǴȅǠǩ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻș șȠǈঀষঀ XȅȖȠƻǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ [ȉΚǩǏॹ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩƺș ȠƺǿƻǉșȅǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȠǔǾƻǷǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ Ȓǹঀ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǩǿǏǫȠșȣǿǷ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǷǔșΦǫȠșȧǿǷ ^vKeেǓǹǓǾΦǔșȠঀ /ƺΚȅǿȠƺ ȖǓǿǏǓΦǿǓǷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǩ ?ǓȖǓǷƺșΦȠƺǹȅǷƺȠঀ 2ǿǠΡǓǿǓșǓǿ ǹǓȠȉǹȠǦǓȠȌ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ȤȠǾȣȠƺȠȆȠ ƺǴƻǿǹƺǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ƺǹƺȒǴƺǩȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺ ǈǓ ǹǔȒǔșȖȌǹ ǹǔȒǔșȖǓঀ ^ȠƺȖȠেȣȒ (ȣǩǏǓ 2ǿǠΡǓǿǓșǓǿ ǹǓȠȉǹȠǦǓȠȌॹ ࢴࢳࢷ ȅǹǏƺǹƺș ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡ ৅ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƺǿƻǉșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǿƺǷঀ ੈȠǔǾƻǷ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșॹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॹ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ȣǿǩȆș ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷॹ ǴȅǠǩ ƺǹƺȒȅǷॹ ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆॹ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠ ǓǹȌǿΡǓǩ șȠǈঀ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ FȌǩ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ tǓȖșǓǿΡșȅȖȅΦƺȠ ੈv^ 2ǿǉȣǈƺȠȅȖ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǩǷǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ƻǹǾƺǩǷ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǴǔΚǓǹঀ ࢺࢲ

2tঀ ࢷঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ƺȖȖƺ EƻȖǩƺ ੈ [[ ੈ ?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆș 2ǿȠǔΦǓȠ শΛΛΛঀǈƺȖȖƺঀǦȣষ ƺǹƺȒǫে ȠȆǴƺॹ ȧǠΡΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺॹ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǓॹ ǉȅƺǉǦঀ ࢴࢱ ǔΚǓǿ ƻȠ ƺੈEƺǠΡƺȖ [ƻǏǩȆǿƻǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ǈǓǾȅǿǏȆǷǔǿȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ǷǔșȌǈǈ șΦǓȖে ǷǓșΦȠȌেǾȪșȅȖΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǔǿȠঀ ੈ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖΚƻǹȠƻș ȣȠƻǿ ȤǴ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǈǓǿ ȠƺǹƻǹȠƺ ǾƺǠƻȠঀ ੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ȤǠΡ ȠȣǏȠƻǷ ǾǓǠে ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏƻǹǹƻșȣǷǈȆǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾȧǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹȠƺǷॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǫǠΡ ȠȣǏȠƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǹΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻȖȆǹ șΦƻǾǹƻȠ ǷǩƻǹǹǫȠƺǿǩঀ 4ǠΡ ࢲࢺࢺࢷে ǈƺǿ EƻȖǩƺ ৅ șȅǷ Ǿƻș ǾƺǠΡƺȖǦȅΦ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆƺǿ ৅ ǷǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹȠঀ ?ǓΦǏǓȠǈǓǿ ƺȖȖƺ ΚȅǹȠ ǴȆ ƺੈ ǉǔǠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ Ƿǩ ȠȣǏȠƺ șΦƻǾǹƻΦǿǩ ƺΦ ǓΠȠȖƺ ǾȣǿǷƻǷƺȠঀ ?ǔșȌǈǈ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏǿǩ ǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ ƺΦȅǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ƞȉǈǈ ǦƺșΦǿƻȠ ǩș ΚǓǦǓȠǿǔ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǿƺǷॺ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ǓǠΡ ȖȉΚǩǏ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǠΡǓȖǓǷȖȣǦƺেǷǔșΦǫȠǔșșǓǹ ȒȖȆǈƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠঀ Φ ǾǓǠǹǓǦǓȠȌșǓǿ ΦƻȖȠ Ȓǩƺǉ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǹǔǠ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠșǔǠǓॹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠƺ ৅ ǦƺǾƺȖȅșƺǿ ǟǓǹƺǏȠƺॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹে Ƞƺॹ ǿǓǾ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺș ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǔȖǓঀ tƺǹƺǾǩΚǓǹ ǷǔșȌǈǈ ƺΦȠƻǿ ǾǔǠǩș ƺǏȅȠȠ ǾƺǠƻǿƺǷ ǾǔǠ ǓǠΡ ǓșǔǹΡȠঀ ǹǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ ƺΦȅǿॹ ǾǩǷ ƺΦ ǓȖȌșșǔǠǓǩॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ȠƺǹƻǹȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǾǩǈǓǿ ǩǠƺΦƻǿ ǴȆॹ ƺΦ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ȠȣǏǿƺ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƺǿǩঀ ΦȅǷǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǏȌǷǈǓǿ șȅǷ ǉǔǠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǾǓǠ ƺੈȒǩƺǉȅǿ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ǓǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǈǓǿ ǹǓǟȅȖǏǫȠȅȠȠ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ƺǿΡƺǠȅǷƺȠ ǷǫǿƻǹΚƺঀ EƻȖǩƺ ǓΦǓǷǷǓǹ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǹǔǠǓǏǓȠȠॹ ǾǓǠ ΚȅǹȠ ǠΡȌΦȌǏΚǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ȍ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ ȠȣǏǿƻ ǓΦȠ ǉșǩǿƻǹǿǩঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ ΚƻǹƺșΦȅǷƺȠ ȠȣǏǿƺ ƺǏǿǩ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩে ǷƻǉǩȆș ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷȖƺॹ ǟǓǹ ȠȣǏǿƺ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓǿǩ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠȅș ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩȠȣƻǉǩȆǷǈƺǿঀ ǷǷȅȖ ǾƻȖ ΚȅǹȠ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ƺǹƺȒǓǹΚǓ ƺΦȠ ǩǹǹǓȠȌǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩȠȌǹ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșঀ iǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǉșƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǟǓǴǓ ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺੈǉǔǠǿǓǷॹ ǓǠΡ ΚǓΦǓȠȌॹ ƺǷǩ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǈǓǿ ǏȉǿȠঀ eȣǏƺȠƻǈƺǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǾƺȠǓǾƺȠǩǷƺǩ ǾǓǠǟȅǿȠȅǹƻșȅǷƺȠ ǩș Йে ǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩॸ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷॹ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠॺ শEƺȠǓǾƺȠǩǷȣș ǹƻǿΡƺǷǔǿȠ Ƿǩ ΚȅǹȠ ǈǔǷȧǹΚǓ ƺੈǾƺȠǓǾƺȠǩǷƻΚƺǹ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻǈƺǿঀষ EǓǠ ΚȅǹȠ ǠΡȌΦȌǏΚǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ࢳ ǔΚǈǓ ȠǓǹǩǷॹ ǾǫǠ ǷǩǏǓȖȧǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǉǔǠ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓș ȠȣǏেǓ ǹǓǿǿǩॹ ǴȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȖȅșșΦȣǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ৅ ƺǿǿƻǹ ǓǹȌǈǈ ǿǓǾ șΦƺǈƺǏ ǟǓǹƺǏǿǩঀ

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?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆș ǩșǷȅǹƻȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠ ǷǔȠ ǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǴƻΚƺǹॹ ǔș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǷǔȒȒǓǿ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆș ǷǔȒΦǔș ǓǹșȌ ǾƺǠΡƺȖ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠƺǿƻȠ ৅ ǦƺǈƻȖ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ȠȣǏƺȠƻǈƺǿ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǾǩ ȤǴșΦǓȖȪȠ ƺǹǷȅȠȠƺǷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓȠǈǓǿ ǦǩƻǿΡΦȅȠȠ ƺੈȒǔǿΦॺ 2ǠƺΦƻǿ ǷǩǉșǩǈǓǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷॹ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǴȣǷ ǹƺǷƻșƻǿƺǷ ࢷ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș șΦȅে ǈƻǴƻǈƺǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǓǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩॹ ǔș ǉșƺǷ ǟǔǹ ǔΚΚǓǹ ǷǔșȌǈǈ ǷȉǹȠȉΦȠǓǷ ǓǠΡ ࢳࢶ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș ǈǔȖǹǓǾǔǿΡǈǓঀ ੈ ǹƺǷƻș ǓǠΡ ǉșƺǹƻǏȠƺǠǔ ΚȅǹȠॹ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺș ЙΦǓȠǔșǩ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺǈǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǏȌǈǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿǓǷ șΦƻǾǫȠȅȠȠঀ tǩșșΦƺȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓॹ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǷǔȠ ǔΚǈǓǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǏǓ ǓΦȠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ǫǠΡ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹȠǓঀ ੈǉǔǠ ǔǹǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǟȅȖǏȣǹȆȒȅǿȠ ΚȅǹȠ ǓǠΡ ȒȖȅЙ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǓঀ Φ ȅǹǏƺǹȠ ǓǠΡ ǈƺȖƻȠে ǴȣǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠǓॹ ƺǷǩǿǓǷ ǦȅǈǈǩǴƺ ƺੈΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȠǓȖΚǓΦǔș ৅ ǫǠΡ ǩșǾǔȠ șǩǷǓȖȧǹȠ ǓǹȌǈǈȖǓ ǹǔȒǿǩ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ƺǿΡƺǠǩ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔș ǿǔǹǷȧǹঀ ǹǴȉȠȠ ƺΦ ƺΦ ǩǏȌ ǩșॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ EƻȖǩƺ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǠƺȠȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌȠ ǷǓȖǓșঀ iǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȠƺॹ ƺੈǾȆǏșΦǓȖ ǓǹǔǠ ǴȆ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚȅǿΦΦƺ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǓȠঀ EƻșǟǓǹȌǹ ΚǩșΦȅǿȠ ǿǓǾ șΦǓȖǓȠȠǓ Κȅǹǿƺॹ Ǧƺ Ǿƻș ǾȅǿǏǴƺ ǾǓǠ ǿǓǷǩॹ ǾǩȠ ȠǓǠΡǓǿঀ tǔǠȧǹ ƺੈǹƺșșȤ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ȠǓȠȠǓ ǹǓ ƺੈΚȅǷșƻȠॹ ǾǓǠȌȖǩΦΚǓ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿƻȠ ƺੈǉǔǠǈǓǿঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅș ǹǔȒǔș ƺੈࢲࢳࢱ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș ǩȖȅǏƻǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȉǹȠȉΦǔș ΚȅǹȠঀ FǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ƺੈǉǔǠॹ ǏǓ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ƺǏȆǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǷȉǹȠȉΦǔșȖǓॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǴƻǷ ƺΦ ǓΦΦǓǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅȠঀ /ƺǾƺȖȅșƺǿ ࢳࢶ ǟȌș ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺে ǾȅǷȅǿॹ ȤǠΡǦȅǠΡ ǔȖǏǓǾǓș ΚȅǹȠ ΚƻǹȠƺǿǩঀ ǠΡșΦǓȖ ǉșƺǷ ǿǓΚǓȠ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠȠƺǷॹ ǩșǷȅǹƻǈȆǹ ǩǿȠǔΦǓȠ ǹǓȠȠॹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǩ ǷȉȖȧǷǓȠ ǷǩǈȌΚǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻșșƺǹঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ࢲࢱ ǟȌ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǓȠǈǓǿঀ ੈǉǔǠ ǓȖȌșșǔǠǓ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǏǩ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺȠƻȖে șƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷȖȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǩǷঀ EƻȖǩƺ ǠΡǓǿǠǓșǔǠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫে Ƞǔșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ǔȖΦǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦǓȖǓȠ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƺ ǓǹΚǔǠǓΦǿǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǦǓǹΡǓȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǿ ǏǓǹǓǠƻǹǿƻ ȌǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ Ƞȉǈǈ șΦƺǈƺǏǩǏȌȠঀ ^ȅǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǓǹȌȠȠ ৅ ȤǴ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠॹ ȤǴ ȧǠΡǟǔǹǷȉȖ ǾǓǠǉǔǹΦƻে șƻȠঀ eǓȖΚǓΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǴȉΚȌǈǓǿ ǷȉǿΡΚǓȠ ǫȖ ǔș ǴȆȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠǩ ƺǷǉǩȆǷǈƺǿ ΚǓșΦ ȖǔșΦȠঀ ੈ ǉǔǠǓȠ ǟǓǿΡǓǠǓȠȌ ΚǓșΦǔǹΡǷǔǿȠ ƺΦȠ ǓǾǓǹǩ Ƿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǓǦǔΦ ƺੈ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǷ ȣȠƻǿȒȆȠǹƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǹǦƺǹǾȅΦȅȠȠ ȠȣǏƻș ȠȅΚƻǈǈȉȖȉǷǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆǿƺǷঀ EƻȖǩƺ ȤǠΡ ǔȖΦǩॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǴƺ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ƺੈȒǔǿΦǷǓȖǓșȠȖȌǹ șΦȆǹॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǔǹǓȠȖǓ șΦȆǹȆ ǉǔǹȠॹ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșȠ ǹƻȠ ǈǓǿǿǓঀ /ƺ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǩ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ǿǓǾ ǟƻȖƺșΦȠȆ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺঀ

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ȧșΦǷǓ ǾƺǠƻȖƺॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦȅǿ ǉǔǠǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ࢳࢲ ǔΚǓ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȉΚǔॹ ǾƻȖ ǿǓǾ șȅǷ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷঀ tǔǹǓǾǔǿΡǓ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǿǓǷ ǠΡȅȖșॹ ǏǓ ƺǹƺȒȅșƺǿ ƻȠǠȅǿǏȅǹȠ ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǦȅΦǿǩƺঀ /ƺ ǈǩȖȠȅǷƻǈƺǿ ΚƺǠΡȣǿǷ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǹǓȖȉΚǩǏȧǹǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǩǿȠǔΦǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷॹ ǏǓ ǓǾǓǹে ǹǓȠȠ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚǿƺǷ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșǿǓǷ ǩș ǷǓǹǹ ǹǓǿǿǩঀ 'ȅǿȠȅșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǟǓǹ ȠȣǏǴȣǿǷ ƻǹǹǿǩॹ ǔș ǩǏȌȖȌǹ ǩǏȌȖǓ ȤǴȖƺǷǓΦǏǓǿǩॹ ǓǹȌȖǓ ǿǔΦǿǩॹ ǿǓǾ ΚǩșșΦƺǟǓǹǔঀ ΦȠ ƺǴƻǿǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠǓǠΡȧǷ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǩǏȌǈǓǿ ৅ ǿǓ ȠȤǹ ǿƺǠΡ ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȖǓॹ ǏǓ ǿǓ ǩș ȠȤǹ ǷǩǉșǩǷǓȠঀ XȅȖșȠ [ǔǷƺ XȅȖșȠ [ǔǷƺ ǾǔȖǿȉǷ ǉșƺǹƻǏǈȆǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǩǷॹ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǾȆǏȅǿ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǔȖǏǔșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣǠΡƺǿǓΦȠ ƺੈ ȒƻǹΡƻȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠǴƺঀ ?ȉΦǹǓǷǓǏǔșǾǔȖǿȉǷǿǓǷ ȠƺǿȣǹȠॹ ǔș șΦǓȖǓȠȠǓ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȠƺ ƺੈǠȅǿǏȅǹƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে Φƻșǈƺ ǷǓΦǏǴǓǿॹ ǾǓȖȠ ȤǠΡ ǔȖǓΦȠǓॹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƻǹǾȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǿǓǾ ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǷǔǿȠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈ ǉșƺǹƻǏǈƺǿ ǩș ΚȅǹȠ ǓȖȖǓ ȒǔǹǏƺॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺੈșΦȧǹǓǩ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷঀ ǓǩȖƺȠǷȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ E ੈ ǷȣȖΦȣșȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǷǔȒǓΦΦǓ ǾƺǠƻȠঀ ȒȒǓǿ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǓ ǓǹȌȠȠ ǏǩȒǹȅǾƻΦȅȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔș șȅǷ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓȠ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǿǓǷǩ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ǔș ƺΦǔȖȠ ǩșॹ ǾǓȖȠ șΦǩǿȠǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǏǩƻǷȠƻȖșƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ΚȅǹȠঀ ΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǿǓǷ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠǓș ΚȅǹȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǏȅǹȅǠॹ ƺǾǩȠȌǹ [ǔǷƺ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǾǔǠ ǟǔǹȠঀ ǠΡǩǷ ǈƺȖƻȠǿȌǴǓ ȖǔǠȆȠƺ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǾƻȖ șΦƺǈƺǏǩǏǓǴǔǈǓǿ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓș ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷȅǷƺȠঀ eȣǏȠƺॹ ǾǩǷ ǓǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǿƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǩॹ ǫǠΡ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠ ৅ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿΡǫǹȠ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓȠ ƺǹǷȅȠǿƺǷॹ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǦǓȠǩǷॹ ȖǓǷǹƻǾȅΦǦƺȠǴƻǷ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠঀ ǹǓǩǿȠǓ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșƺǿ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ΚƺǹȆǈƺǿ ǷǩΚǩȠǓǹǓΦǦǓȠȌঀ Ǔ [ǔǷƺ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǓǠΡǔǈǷǔǿȠ ǩș ȅȠȠǦȅǿ ΚȅǹȠ Ƿǩǉșǩ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩΚǓǹॹ ȖƻǔȖȠॹ ǫǠΡ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ΚǓșΦȠǓǿǩΚƺǹȆǴƺঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ǈƺȖƻȠȅǷǷƺǹ ǓǠΡǓΦȠǓȠȠǓǷ ৅ Ƿǩ ǾǩǈǓǿ ȠȣǏǿƺ șǓǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ /ƺșȅǿǹȆ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹƺǷƺȠ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅΦȠƺǷ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǷǩǠॹ ЙǿȅǾǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈ ȠǓȖΚǓȠঀ 'ǔǹ ǔΚǓǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈ EǓșǷƺঀǦȣেȠॹ ǔș ǾƻȖ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǿǓǷǩƻǹǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷॹ ƻȠȒȖȅǠে ȖƺǾȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷঀ Φ ǓǹǓǴǔǿ ǦǩƻǿΡȅș ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈ ȠȣǏƻșȣǷॹ ࢷ ǦȆǿƺȒ ȣȠƻǿ ǟǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠǔǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșƺǈǈƺǿ ǷǓǹǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩȣǷঀ ǹǷǓΦǏȠǓǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǿǿǩॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠȒȖǓΦǓǿে ȠƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǿǔΦȠǓǷ ǔș șȅǷ ǷȉǿΡΚǓȠ ȅǹΚƺșȠƺǷঀ 'ȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠƺǷॹ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǈƺȖƻȠȠƻ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȠঀ EǩǓǹȌȠȠ ǈǓǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈȒȅȖȠƻǹȠॹ ǟǓǹǷǓȖǓșȠǓǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷǓȠॹ ࢺࢵ

ƺǷǩǷ ǴȆ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠȪ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓȠ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǟȅȠȆǷƺȠ ȠȣǏȠƺǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦȅǷȖȆǹঀ RǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ ǩǿǠΡǓǿ ǟǓǹȠǓǦǓȠȠǔǷ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠ ƺੈȒȅȖȠƻǹȖƺঀ ?ǓΦǏǓȠǈǓǿ ࢶࢱࢱ ǴȆ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠȪ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹȠƺǷ ƺੈΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȅǿঀ ǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺȖȖƺ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠে ȖƻǹȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷǓȠ ΚȅǿΦΦƻǷॹ ǿǓǾ ƺੈΚƻșƻȖǹȆǷƺȠॹ ǫǠΡ șȅǷ ΚƻșƻȖȖƺ ǓǹǹƻȠȅǠƺȠȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠșǓǿǓǷঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ (ȅȅǠǹǓেǦǩȖǏǓȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ȖǓǷǹƻǾǉșǫǷȅǷƺȠॹ X[ে ǉǩǷǷǓǷǓȠ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓǷ Ǔǹॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǹǓǠǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǈǈ ƺੈ৙șΦƻǴȖǓǷǹƻǾ৛ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹȅǿ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠ ƻȖȣǹȆ ǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠǓǷ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ƺੈȖǓǷǹƻǾȅΦƻșǈƺǿঀ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹƻșȠȆǹ șΦƻǾǫȠΚƺ ࢲॹࢶ ǔΚǈǓ ȠǓǹȠॹ ǾǩȖǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǹǷǓΦǏȠǓ ȉǿǾƺǠƻȠ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦǿǩঀ ੈȒȅȖȠƻǹǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷǿǓǷ ǿǓǾ ǷǓǹǹ ΚƻșƻȖȖȆǹ ΚƻșƻȖȖƺ ǴƻȖǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠॹ ƺǦȅǠΡ ǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ȅȠȠǦȅǿȖȆǹ ȠȣǏǴƻǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷǓȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈȒȅȖȠƻǹǿƺǷ ȠȣǏǦƺȠȆ ǈǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈȌΚȧǹȠ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓș ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷ Ȓǩƺǉƺঀ ੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ șΦƻǾȅș ȠƺǠǴƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ȠȣǏȠƺ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻȠ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǾǓǠǔǹǦǓȠǔșȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺঀ Φ ƺੈȠǔǿΡ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș [ǔǷƻǿƺǷॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ǩǠƺΦǩ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǿǓǷǩঀ ǠΡ ǉǔǠ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ǷȅǾȅǹΡ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠॹ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ƺǏȆǏǿƺǷ ǷȅǿМǩǷȠȣșȅǷॹ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹǿǓǷ Ƿȅǉে ǷƻΦƺȠȅǷॹ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷঀ [ǔǷƺ șΦǓȖǓȠǩ ǾǩǿǏǓΦȠ ৅ șΦǓȖǓȠ ȤǴ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǷǩȠƺǹƻǹǿǩ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆে șǫȠƺǿǩॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹΚƺ ƺΦ ƺΦΦƺǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƺ ǟȌǿȉǷǓ ǹǓǿǿǩঀ FƺǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢴ ǠΡǓȖǓǷ ǿǓΚǓǹǔșǓ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǾƺǠƺ ȅșΦȠǦƺȠǴƺ ǈǓ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǴǔȠ ৅ Ȓǔǹে Ǐƻȣǹ ƺੈǿΡƻȖǩ șΦȧǿǓȠǓȠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩΚǓǹ ȠȣǏǴƺ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǩঀ ੈ ǷǔȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆ ǾȅșȠ ǾƻȖ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌǈǓǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ eǓȖΚǓΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǩȖȅǏƺǩ ƺǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆǦȅΦ ΚǓșΦǿǓǷ ǟǓǹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȌǷ ǾƺǠȣǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ǩǏȌȠ șΦǓǿȠǓǹǦǓșșǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǿǓǷঀ eǓȖΚǓΦǩǷ ǓǠΡ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖȅǹǏƺǹ ǈǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǟǔǹǓ ৙ǦȅΦΦƻΚƺǹȆǷƺȠ৛ॹ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠॹ ǷȉǿΡΚǓǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǿƻǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩȖǓ șΦȧǷșǔǠ ǹǓে ǦǓȠ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǷǓǏǔș șȅȖƻǿঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓș ЙΦǓȠǔșȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǹȌȖǓ ǿǓǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿΡȣǠƺȠǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿঀ ^ȅǷ ǩǏȌșǓǈǈ ȠƺǠǴȣǷ ǩș Κƺǿॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǹǏƺǹ ǷǓǹǹȌǓǿ ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹȆǈƺȖƻȠॹ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹǦǓȠȌঀ ^ȅǷ ǓǹƺǏȆ ǿǓǾ ǦǩșΦ șƺǴƻȠ ǾƺǠƻǈƺǿॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǹǓȒȌǏǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔǷȧǷ ǓǹǿΡǓȖǩ ǾƻșȅǷ ȠǓȠșΦǔșǔȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺΦȠঀ ǹǷǓΦǏǓǿǓǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǩॹ ǈǹȅǠȅȠ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǓǷ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓǿॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǿΡǫǹǩǷ șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠ ΚǩǹƻǠƺॹ ǾǓǠƺǿǿΡǩ ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǠǓǹঀ ੈEǓșǷƺ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ǓǠΡ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǩƺǉȠǔȖॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǓǠΡ Ƞƺǿȣǹƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǿƺǷ ǩș ȖǔșΦǓঀ ǹǿΡǓȖȠǔǷ ƺੈ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠ ƺǿǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǏǫǴƻȠঀ iǠΡ ǔȖΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǏȧǹƻǹǹȆ ǏȅǹǠȅȠ ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșșǔǠ ΚǩǹƻǠƻǈƺǿॹ șȅǷ ǓǾǈǓȖ ǔǹǓȠǔȠ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠΚƺঀ

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tঀ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ

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tঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢲࢸেǓș ( E শ(ǹȅǈƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ EȅǿǩȠȅȖষ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǈǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢲࢷেȅș ǔΚǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈǓǿ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖȠॹ ƺȖȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺ ƺǾǩǹΡǓǿ șǩǷǓȖǓǷǓȠ ǓǹǔȖǿǓǷ ǔș ƺǾǓǷǷȅȖƺ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿঀ ੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ࢶࢸॹࢶઔেǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ǉșƺǷ ࢶࢳॹࢺઔ ǠȅǿǏȅǹȠƺ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǴȆ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢲࢸেǓș ǈǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆ ǷǔșΦǫȠȌǩ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǓΦ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ Ǿȅে ȠȅȖǴƻǿƺǷ ǠΡǓǿǠȧǹ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƺ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠșƻǠƺঀ hǠΡƺǿǉșƺǷ ǓșΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǈǓে șΦƻǾȅǹȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖȅǷ ǟǓǹǓƺǿǿΡǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠǿƺǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ șΦȅǾșΦǔǏƺǩǷॹ ƺੈǠȉȖȉǠȉǷ ǔș ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷȉǷঀ tƺǿ ȣǠΡƺǿ ǿǔǾǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǦȉΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ Κƻǹƻș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ ǠǔșΦ ȣȖȆȒƻǦȅΦ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺ ǾǔǠǩș ȖǓǿǏǷǫΚȧǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƻǾƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǟȅǠে ǴƺǿƺǷঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǦƻȠȠǓȖǔǈǓǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǹǹǦƺȠॸ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǉșǓǷǔǹΡ șΦƻǾƺॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷॹ ǏǓ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǦǩƻǿΡȅșșƻǠƺǩ ǩșॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹƺșΦƺǏȆǷ ǷǓΚǔș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹে ǾǓΦȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǹƻȠǿƺǷঀ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ƺੈșΦƻǾȅǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓșǓȠȖǓ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺੈǠǹȅǈƻǹǩș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǷ ƺǹƺȠȠॹ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ শȉșșΦǓș ǷȅȖƺǩ șȠƻǏǩȣǾȤ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ৅ ࢵॹࢹઔॹ ǓǈǈȌǹ ࢳॹࢷઔ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ࢳॹࢳઔ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠষঀ ੈǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ șΦƻǾƺ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǾƺǠƺș ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƻǾƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ șǩǷǓȖȧǹ ȠƺǹȒȅǿ ǾƺȖƺǏǿǩȣǷ ǔș șȠƺǈǩǹǹƻ ΚƻǹǿƺǷঀ ੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǔȠ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠșΦǓȖȪșǔǠ ΚǓΦǔȖǹǩॹ ǿǓǾ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǾƺǠƺș ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƺॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓ ǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ȉșșΦǓǦƺșȅǿǹǫȠΚƺ ƺੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠǠƺǹঀ Φ ǴȆ ǴǓǹǿǓǷ ȠǓে ǷǩǿȠǦǓȠȌ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƻȖƺॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȖǓ ǿǔΦΚǓঀ ȖǏǓǷǓșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓȠǩ ǟƻΦǩșǈƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦǓǹ ǟǓǹǓ ǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠে șǔǠȪ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷǷǓǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ǔș ȌǷ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǷȠǫΚƺǈǈǿƺǷঀ ੈȠǓǿǏǓǿǉǩƻǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ƺΦ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ȠȣǏƻে șǩǠǔǿΡȪ ǩȒƺȖƻǠƺǷƺȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƺঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷ ƺੈ ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǿƺǠΡǷǓȖǓșে ǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡǓǈǈǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǩșșΦƺǓșǔșȖǓঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ Ƿȅǿে ǉǓǿȠȖƻǹȆǏǿƺǷঀ ǈǈȌǹ ƺǏȆǏȆƺǿ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƺ ƺΦȅǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǈƺǿ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻșॹ ƺǾǩǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ƺੈșΦȅǾșΦǔǏǴƺǩΚƺǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿঀ

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FƺǠΡ ƺΦ ƺșΦǩǾǾǓȠȖǩƺ ƺੈ^ΦȆЙƻǈƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ Ǿƻș ΚƻȖȅșƺǩǈƺǿইȖǔǠǩȆǩǈƺǿ ǔǹȌǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǿǿΡǩȖǓ ǹƻȠǴƻǷ ǴȆ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǿǓǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠঀ ੈ ǟȌΚƻȖȅș ǔș ƺੈȠȉǈǈǩ ȖǔǠǩȆ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǩș ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǔșǓǷঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǷǔǿȠ ƺੈǷȉΦȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻȠ ǔș ƺΦ Ǔ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǔȠॹ ƺੈǷȅȖȖȣȒǉǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǾǓȠॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ শǾƻș șΦȆΚƺǹ ƺੈǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșǔȒǫȠǔșȠষ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹǩǷঀ Ǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆে ǷƺȠ ǩǹǹǓȠǩॹ ǓΦǓǷ ƺੈǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȆ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǾǔǠ ǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓșǓǈǈǓǿ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ǓșǓȠȧǷǈǓǿ ȣǠΡƺǿǩș ƺΦ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡǈƺǿ ǹǓǠΡǓǿঀ Φ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ȠǔȖǓǿ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǿƺǠΡ șΦȧǷșǔǠ ǹǓǿǿǓ ǓǠΡ ǾǔǠ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓΦȌ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡȖǓ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ ǾƻȖ Κƺǿ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƺঀ ^ΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǾǔǏǩƺЙǠΡǓǹে ǾǓȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǈȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒǓǷ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǦƺȠǴƻǷ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦে ȠƺȠǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ƺȠȠǩȠȪǏȉǷǓȠঀ ੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ Ƿǩș ǦƻǿΡƺǏƺ ǓΠȒȅȖȠȅȖǩǓǿȠƻǹȠॹ ƺǾǩ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠ ƺΦΦƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȉǿঀ ੈ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ΚǓȖșǓে ǿΡǓǹȌǿΡǔǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠ ȅǹǉșȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǹǹǓǿǏǫȠǔșǓ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻǈȆǹ ǿǔΦΚǓ ΚƺǹȆǴƻǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ǓǹȌǿΡঀ ?ǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষ ƺΦ h ȉșșΦǓș Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ࢺࢺઔ েƻȠॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ࢺࢹઔেƻȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷঀ ੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻǿƺǷ ȒȅǿȠȅș ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșƺ ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǔș ƺΦ ǓΦǓǷȖǓ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȣǿǩȆș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻǈȆǹঀ ੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș শǷǷΚষ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢴইࢴࢷࢲঀ șΦঀ hেƺǴƻǿǹƻș ǏǓЙǿǩƻǹǴƺঀ ੈǟȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǷΚেȖȌǹ ΚƺǿেǓ șΦȆॸ ॷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ șΦƻǾƺॹ ॷ ǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ΚƺǠΡ ǾǔȖǹǓǠǟȌȉșșΦǓǠঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ΚǔǷȅǿΡ ƺੈǦƺȠƻȖΚȅǿƺǹ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈșΦǓȖǓȒǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΚƺǹȆǴƻǈƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ șȅǷ ƺੈǦƺে șȅǿǹȆșƻǠॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹǦƺȠƻȖȅǹǴƻǷ ȌǷǓȠঀ ੈǷǩșΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ǔș ǈǓΚƻǹȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǿƺǷॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȤǴॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǫǿƻǹƺȠȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠƺǿƺǷঀ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ȤǴƺǷǷƺǹ ǷǓǹǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿǔΦǿǩȧǷঀ ࢺࢺ

ੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓΦȌșǔǠǓȠ ȖǓǾǔǹॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺੈǠΡȅȖș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƺș ǾǓǠȠǔȖȧǹǔșȠ ǉǔǹȅΦΦƻǷ ǾǓǠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ƺǾǩ ȣǠΡƺǿǉșƺǷ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ Κƺǿ Ǿƻș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷȖƺॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșȖǓঀ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǈǓǿ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǈǓǦƺȠƻȖȅǹȠƺǈǈƺǷॹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǾǩǿǏΚǔǠǩǠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȧǷȖǓ ǔș ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴȣǷȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏ Ƿǩঀ /ƻȖȅǾ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ Κƺǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠॸ ॷ ƺ ΚƺǠΡȅǿ ȉșșΦǓǠǓ ǔș ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǿǓǷ șǓǈǓșșǔǠǓআ ॷ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȠȅǹǓȖƺǿǉǩƺআ ॷ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ƺΦ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǈƺǿ ǠΡ ǠΡȅȖș ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǩ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔș ǟǓǹǟǓǏǩ ǓǹȌȠȠȧǿǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǈǓȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠॹ ǾǓǹΡ ƺੈ ǷȌǷȅȖșΦƺǷȖƺ ǿΡȤǹǩǷ ΚǩșșΦƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠǓȠ ƺੈ ΚƺǏƻșΦƺȠ ǔș ƺੈ ȠȤǹǔǹǔșǔȖȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȠƺ ǾǓǠঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ȠƻȒǹƻǹǔǷȅȠ ǠΡȪǴȠȉǠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǴȣǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǏǓ ƺੈΚƺǏƻșΦƺȠǈƺǿ ǩș ȣǠΡƺǿȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ EǩǿǏǓΦǓǷǦǓΦ ƺǏȆǏǩǷ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȤǴ ȠǓǉǦǿǩǷƻǷǷƺǹ ǩș ǓǹȌƻǹǹȠƺǷॹ ǾƺǹȅǾǷȉΚǓȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺΦ ȌȖǹǔșǦǓΦॹ ǷȅǿΡǦƺǩ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǔș ǷǓȖƻǾǩƻǷƺȠ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠǓǷঀ ?ǔșȌǈǈ ƺੈǟȅǿƻșȠ ǔș ƺੈșΦȉে ΚǔșȠ ǩș ǟǓǹȠƺǹƻǹȠƻǷॹ ǾǓǹΡ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǩǷǿǓǷ ǩș ƻȠƺǏȠƻǷঀ Eƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǴƺ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ Ƞǔে ǿΡǓΦȌǴǓॹ ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ǓȖȌșȉǏǩǷঀ ੈȠȣǏƻșƺǹƺȒȤ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǩǿƺǷ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǓ ȤǴ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹ ǾǓǠঀ ǷȉΦǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ ƺੈǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻș ǔș ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻș șȅȖƻǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǠǓǹ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǓǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔș ǔș ƺੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠǔș ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǔș ǾǔǠ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿঀ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǾǔǠ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺΦ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșȧǷȖǓॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩǷ ǔș ƺੈȠǓǦǓȠে șǔǠȧǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ƺǾǓǿǿΡǩǈǓǿ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷॹ ǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ΚƺǠΡ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓș ǠƺΦে ǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȆ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠȧǷ Κƺǿॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ ǉǔǠǟȅȖǾƺ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǾǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǿƺǷ șΦƻǾǫȠƺǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǈǓǿ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( ࢹࢵ ই ࢳࢵঀࢱࢺঀࢲࢺࢺࢺষ ǹǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǓȠȠ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ǟȅȖǾƻǈƺǿ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹǦƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে ΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ǉǔǹǴƺǩǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǔǈǓǿঀ ࢲࢱࢱ

OșșΦǦƺǿǠǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚে ΚǓǹ ৅ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȤǴǴƻșΦȧǹǓȠǔșǓ ȣȖȆȒƻǈƺǿ শ KE ই ࢳࢱࢲࢳইࢱࢸࢺࢶ ΚǔǠǹǓǠǓș ΚǓȖΦǩȆষॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶঀ ǿȅΚǓǾǈǓȖ ࢲࢲেǔǿ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻǉșƺ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȠƺ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ৅ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǉǫǾȪ ƺǿΡƺǠȅȠॹ ࢴࢲ ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșșǓǹঀ ?ǩș șΦƻǾǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǩș ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȅǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॹ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȣǿǩȆș ƺǹƺȒȅǷǈȆǹ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǈȆǹ ȠƻȒǹƻǹǷȅΦȆ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷȉΦǔȒে ȒȅǿȠǴƻǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻǹǹǿƺǷॹ ǟȌǹǓǠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷঀ EǩǿǏǓΦ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǓǹǔǠ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓș ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺੈșΦǟǔȖƻǈƺǿॹ ǾƻȖȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈΚǔǠșȌ ǉǔǹ ǓΦঀ ੈ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾȖǓ ǾǔǹȠȆ ǓǹȌȖǓǹǔȒǔșǓǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȖƺॹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠॹ ǦƺȠǦƺȠȆșƺǈǈ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǦȅΦǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩে ƻǹǴƺ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡǈƺǿ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔΚƺǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹǔȒǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹƻșƺ ǷȣǹǉșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓǹǹǩǠǓǿșॹ ǟǓǿǿে ȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǔș ǩǿǷǹȣΦǫΚ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǓǹǔȖǔșǔǈǓǿঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǩΚǓǹ ǷǓǹǹ ȠƻȖșȣǹǿǩȣǷॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǓșǓǿ ǦȅΦΦƻ ȠȣǏǿƺǷ ǴƻȖȣǹǿǩ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓǏǔে șǔǦǓΦ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǟǓǹǿȌȠȠǓǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ǔș ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȖǔȠǓǠǔǈǓǿঀ ੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷǿƺǷ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǹǦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷ Κƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉǿșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦȆ ǷȉȖǿΡǓে ΦǓȠǈǓǿ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȌ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔǈǓǿঀ Φ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚǓǷ șȅȖƻǿ ǴȆǹ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǔș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡȅȖǩে ǓǿȠƻǹȠ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȠ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǦȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȤ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ ੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǾȣǿǷƺǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȅș Ƞƻে ǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹȠƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆΚƻ ΚƻǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǹǓǠǟȌǈǈ ǷȅȖǹƻȠƺǩॸ ॷ ƺ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǩॸ ƺੈ ǈƺǿǷȅǷ ǔș Ǿƻș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺ ǿȌǷǓȠ ΚȅǿΦȆ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺΦ ȣǿǩȆș ƺǹƺȒȅǷ șǓǾ ȒȖǓǟǓȖƻǹǴƻǷ ȌǷǓȠॹ șǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠǩȠȌǷǓেƺǹƺȒȅǷআ ॷ ƺ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ǔș ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș Ǿƻș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǷ ৅ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷে ǿƺǷ ǉșƺǷ ǓǠΡǦƺȖǾƺǏƺ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǈƻȖǾǩǟǔǹǓ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǓ ǓǹȌȠȠআ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǷǓΚǓșǓȠ ȖȣǦƻΦǿƺǷ ǈǓ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǈǓ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǈǓআ ॷ ǷǓΚǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷȖȌǹআ

ࢲࢱࢲ

ॷ ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ৅ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏ ǔș ƺੈșΦȧǹȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǓǹǷǔȒΦǓǹǔșǓǩȠॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅșǿƺǷॹ șȠȖǓșșΦǓșǿǓǷ ǔș ǩǏȌǩǠǔǿΡǓșǿǓǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƻǷঀ

tঀ ࢳঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ Φ ৙ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș৛ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƺ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȣǿǩȆș șΦǩǿȠȪ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȅǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ȖǔșΦǔȖȌǹ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢹেƺș ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǾǔǹΡȖǓǦƺȠȆ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșȅǷ ǷƺȠƺǹǩΦƻȠȅȖƻǿƺǷ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȣǹȠঀ ǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșƺǿ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠƻ ΚƻǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȣȖȆȒƻǿƺǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȤǴǈȆǹǩ ǈǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǓȖȖǓ ƺΦ ǩǠǔǿΡȖǓ ȖǓƺǠƻǹΚƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ǓǹȌ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔș ǩǿে ǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȅȖǾƻǴƺǷǔǿȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠȅǷ ȤǴǴƻǔǹǓǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ƺੈǷǔΦΦǓǹǟȅǠǦƺȠȆ ৙ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ৛ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȠঀ ΦȠ ƺੈǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǩș ƻȠΚǓȠȠǓ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƺঀ Φ ȤǴ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦƺǷȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩǓ ǷǓǹǹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǟǔǹǓ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠঀ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷॹ ƺੈǷǔΦǾȪΚǓșǓǷॹ ƺੈșΦƺǈƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤƺǷॹ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȖǓ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷঀ ੈǉǔǹ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ȤǠΡ ȠǓǷǩǿȠșǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠȖǓॹ ǾǩǿȠ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓșΦǷȉΦȖǓ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǈǓǹǩ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩǿǏȣǹǴƺǿƺǷ Ǔǹॹ ǾǓে ǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷ ǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹƻșƻǦȅΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷ ǈƻȖǾǓǹΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓে ǷǓǏǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǴȆǹǔȠǓȠ șΦǓǾ ǓǹȌȠȠ ȠƺȖȠΚƺঀ ੈ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ ǔș șΦƺǷǩȖƻǿΡȤ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ ǩΦȠȅșǫȠƺǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǦȅΦॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǾƻȖ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǓȠȠ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷȖǓ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺॹ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹΚƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ȒǩƺǉȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǉǔǹȅΦǿƺǷ ǾǓǠঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ΚǩșΦȅে ǿΡȣǹƻșƺ ƺੈǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ƺǹƺȒǟȅǠƺǹǾƺǩΚƺǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ΚƻǹȠȅΦǩǷঀ ੈǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓǷǓǹȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǦȣǾƻǿ ȠȌǷǓ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǿ Κƺǿॹ ǔș ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷȣșȅǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǔȖǏǓǾǓǹǿǓǷঀ

ࢲࢱࢳ

ੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ȠǓȖΚǓǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƻȠ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓ ǈǓ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺॹ ǏǓ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ǿǔǾǩ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆȠ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǓǹȅșΦȠƻșƺǷȅȖॹ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔș șȅȖƻǿ ȒǹȣșΦȒȅǿȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǏΚƺ ǿȌǩ ȧΦǹǓȠȠȣǹƺǴǏȅে ǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș ЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșƺǷȅȖ ǿǓǾ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩșॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǟȣǿǷǉǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷঀ Φ hǿǩȆ ǷǓȖǓȠșΦǓȖে ΦȌǏǔșǔǈǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏǷǔǿȠ Κƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΚƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆǩǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǹǓে ǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǏǓΦΦǓǿǓǷ ǟǓǹॹ ǔș ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǴǓǿǓǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ Ƿǩ ǩș ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠ ǟǓǹΚƻΦȅǹȠƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷȧǹșȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ Ǔȣে ȖȆȒƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡƺǩȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǩșǾǓȖΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ȤǴ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǈǓǿ ǟǓǹǦǫΚȠƺ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ șȅȖƻǿ șΦǩșΦȠǓǾƺȠǩǷȣș ǔș ǦȅǹǩșΦȠǩǷȣș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƻȠ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹǴƺঀ ੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟȌ ǟȅȖȖƻșƺ Φ ǓǠǔșΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǈƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ǏǓЙǿǫǉǩȆ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǾǩǷȖȅেॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒে ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ শǷǷΚেǷষ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢶࢱ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ǔΚǓș ǟȅȖǠƺǹǾȣǷ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ࢶࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓȣȖȆȠॹ ǔșইΚƺǠΡ ǔΚǓș ǾǔȖǹǓǠǟȌȉșșΦǓǠǓ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǹƺǏǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈࢵࢴ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓȣȖȆȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǟȅǠƺǹȅǾǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșȠ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȠƻǷ ƺੈǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠǈƺǿॹ ǔș ǦƺȠƻǹΡǈƺ ǹǔȒǓȠȠ ࢳࢱࢱࢶঀ ǴƺǿȣƻȖ ࢲেǴǔǿ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ǩșঀ ੈǾǓǠƺǏȅȠȠ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅে ǷƺȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȅȖǩΦƻǹǴƻǷॹ ǟȅȖǾƺ ǔș ǾǔȖǓȠ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ șȅȖȅǹǴƻǷ ǈǓॹ ƺǾǩ șǓǠǫȠ ƺੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺǿ ǩș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǿǩ ƺੈ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ǾƻȖ ȉǿǾƺǠƻǈƺǿ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿǉǩƻȠ ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠȅȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ hেǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦΦƺ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǴȅǠ ǾǓǠșǔȖȠǔșǔȠ ƺੈǠǹȅǈƺǹǩΦƻǹȠ Ȓǩƺǉ ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșƻǈƺǿঀ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǩǿƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȠȆǹॹ ƺੈǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾȠȆǹ ǔșইΚƺǠΡ ƺΦ ǔΚǓș ǾǔȖে ǹǓǠǔȠȌǹ ǟȧǠǠȌǓǿ ǏȉǿȠǓǿǓǷ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠেǓ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺ ȒƻǹΡƻΦǿǩॹ ǔș ǾǓǹΡ ৅ ƺੈ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹȠ ৅ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷ ȖƻǴȣǷঀ ΦƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠǓȠ șǓȖǷǓǿȠǩ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșƺॹ ǏǓ ǓΦ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾ Ǿǩǿে ǏǓǿঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǈǓșȅȖȅǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǓǹǹǓǿȠǔȠǈǓǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǿȠ ǓǾǹǫȠǓȠȠ ǟȣǿǷǉǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǈǓșȅȖȅǹƻș ƺΦȠ ǉǔǹȅΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǴǓǿ ƺΦ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ƺੈǷǔΦে ࢲࢱࢴ

ǾȪΚǓșǓǷॹ ƺੈ șΦƺǈƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǓȠǓǷ șΦƻǾƺঀ OșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹΚƺॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟȅǠƺǹǾƺ ȠƻǠƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǔॹ ǿǩǿǉș Ȗƻ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ǴȅǠǩ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșঀ ੈǷǷΚেǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǾƺǠƺȠƺȖȠƻșǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǦǓে ȠȌॹ ǏǓ ǓΦ ǿǓǾ ǾǓȖǫȠǩ Ƿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǩǿȠ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺॹ ǟǓǹǟȅǠƻș ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹ ȉșșΦǓȠǓȠȠ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǴǓǹǓǿșǔǠॹ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǷȅǿǉǓȒǉǩȆΚƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ȒǩǹǹƺǿƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓǷǔȒȒǓǿ ȠǓșে ȠǓșȧǹǦǓȠ ǾǓǠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠ ǾǔǠ ǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈƻ ΚƻǹǩǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ȠȧǿǓȠǓǩ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹ ƺੈǷȅǿΦǓȖΚƺȠǫΚ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǓॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǿȉΚǓǷșΦǩǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿșƻǠƺॹ ƺੈȒǩƺǉ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡΚǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǔș ǦǩƻǿΡƺǩ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈǓǷॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǓΦǓǷǷǓǹ ΚƺǹȆ ǾǓǠǈǩȖǷȆΦƻș ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡॹ ǿǓǾ ǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅșॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹঀ EǩǿǏǓΦǓǷ ǾǩƺȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹșƻǠ ȣȠƻǿॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ ȣȖȆȒƺ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșƺǩ șȅে Ȗƻǿ ǷȣǹǉșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǔȖǴǔǷ ƺΦ h ǟȌ ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșǓǩȠ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓǹǹǩǠǓǿșॹ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǔș ǩǿǷǹȣΦǫΚ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ੈ h[KX ࢳࢱࢳࢱ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻΚƺǹ শࢷষ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǏǓ Ǔǿǿǔǹ ǩș șΦǔǹǓșǓǈǈ ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǷƺǹ ƺੈǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșȠॹ ƺΦ ǩǿে ǿȅΚƻǉǩȆȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆșΦǓǹǹǓǾǓȠॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǈǓǹǓǔȖȠΚǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷঀ ੈǈǩΦȅǿΡȠƺǹƺǿșƻǠ ǔș ƺੈȒǩƺǉǩ ǦǩƻǿΡȅǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓ ǈǩΦȅǿΡǫȠȆ ǿȌǷ ǹǓȠȠǓǷ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǹƻȠǿȅǷȅǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ǹǓǦǓȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǩȠ Ǵȅǈǈƺǿ ǉșǩǿƻǹǿǩॹ ȅǹǉșȆǈǈƺǿॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿǟǔে ǹǓ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖǓǷǷǓǹ ǓǹȌƻǹǹǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǔș ǫǠΡ ƺੈȒǩƺǉ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩȠ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠǓǿǩঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǈǓǿ ǾƺΠǩǾƻǹǩșƺǿ ǷǩǦƺșΦǿƻǹে ǦƺșșƻǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșȣǷǈƺǿ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔșΦșǔǠȧǷǈǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿে ΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȅǿঀ ?ȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǷǓǹǹǓǿǓǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǦǓȠȌǷ ƺΦȅǷ ƺΦ ƺǷƺǏƻǹΡȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǈǩȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩǷǈȌǹ ǟƺǷƺǏȆ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǾǩƺȠȠ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǓǷঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅșॹ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅে ΦȅȠȠ ǓșǓȠǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƺ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșঀ

ࢲࢱࢵ

tঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ Φ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓșΦǾǔǴǔǿǓǷ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡȅș ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƺǩ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșǾǓǿȠǓșșǔǠ ǓǹΚǓǩ ǾƻȖ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ /ǓȖǉǓǠșǔǠ ǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡƻǿƺǷ ࢲࢹࢸࢺঀ ƻȒȖǩǹǩș ࢲࢷেƻǿ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏȅȠȠ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩǈǓǿ ǩș ǹǓ ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ǟǓǷȠǓȠΚǓॹ ǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈȉȖȉǷǹȌǏȠǓǷ ƺੈ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅș ǷȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠǩ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡǈƺ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( ࢶࢷ ই ࢲࢴঀࢱࢸঀࢲࢺࢺࢲষঀ Φ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǔȖȠǔǷǷǔ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿǫȠƻșƺ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǟǔȖƻǈƺǿ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹǴȉǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ǿƺǠΡ ȖǔșΦǓ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏǩǷঀ ੈǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ΚǩǹƻǠȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǦƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșƻȠ ǔș ƻǹǹƺǾȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǴƻȠ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǈƻǿƻșǾȆǏ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓ ǔș ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆ ǴȅǠǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢵেȠȌǹ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅș ƺੈ ǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( Fȅঀࢹࢷ ই ࢴࢱঀࢱࢺঀࢳࢱࢱࢴষঀ ੈΦƻȖƺǏǔǷƺǩ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿǓǾ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǔǏǓȠȠ ࢲࢳ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠ ǓǠΡǩǷǓঀ Φ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƺੈǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦǔșǔȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓে ǹǓǾȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻȖȆǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷঀ EǓǠȠǩǹȠǴƺ ƺੈǿΡǫǹȠ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿ ǈƻǿƻșǾȆǏȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȅǷȅǷ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿ ǿǓǾǓষ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ৙ǹƻȠșΦȆǹƺǠ șǓǾǹǓǠǓș ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșॹ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾ ΚƺǠΡ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠ৛ ǾȉǠǔ ȖǓǴȠȌΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƺ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿ ƺǏȅȠȠ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ȠƺȖȠȅΦƻșƻȠঀ ੈΦƺǷǹƺȠƻșॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈșΦǓΠȣƻǹǩș ΦƺǷǹƺȠƻș ƺੈǴȅǠǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǈǓǿ ǾǓǠে ǓǠΡǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșșǓǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȠȆǹ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅș ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ শXȖȅǾঀ ^( Fȅঀ ࢴࢴ ই ࢳࢷঀࢱࢵঀࢳࢱࢲࢷষঀ Φ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǟȅǠƺǿƺȠȅșǫȠǴƺ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ ?ȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ৅ࢳࢱࢲࢹেƺș ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ șȠƺǈǩǹǩȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦƻșƻǈȆǹ ǓȖǓǏȌ ǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠǓǩȠॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǩ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǿǓǾে ΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșǓǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǩȠঀ ੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ȠȧǷȖȉΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǏǏǩǠǩ ǓǹǔȖȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ǩǹǹǓȠȌǓǿ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǔǹǓȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ Φ ǾƺǠƻǈƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǴƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȖǓ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȆ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǦȅșșΦȤȠƻΚȤ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹǴƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈ ǿǓǾȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ǷǩȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǓȠ ǓǠΡǔǈ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ǩș ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷঀ ੈEȣǿǷƺ eȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǓ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǾǓǠȠǩǹȠǴƺ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ࢲࢱࢶ

ǟȅȖǾƻǴƻȠॹ ƺੈǷǩΚƻǹȠșƻǠȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșǫȠǩ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǏǫǴƺΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓǹΚǔȠঀ ੈǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿǓǾǩ ƺǹƺȒȤ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓș ǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƻǈƺǿॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǉșȅȒȅȖে ȠȅǷ ȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈΚƻȖƺǿǏȆș ǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ eȅΚƻǈǈǩ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠǔǷȅǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ǹǓǟǓǷȠǓȠΚǓ ƺੈ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǈǓǿॹ ƺੈ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡে ǈǓǿॹ ƺੈ 'ǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǈǓǿॹ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ ?ȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǔȖȌǹ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǓǠΡΚǓȖǓș ǓȖȌǷȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǔǈǓǿॹ ƺੈ șƺǹƻǏȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǈǓǿॹ ƺੈ șƺǹƻǏȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹǩ ǈƻǿȠƺǹǾƺΦƻș ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǈǓǿॹ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǈǓǿॹ ƺੈ ȧǿȠǓȠȌ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǈǓǿ șȠǈঀ ੈǴȅǠǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǷ ƺੈǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷ ǩǠƺΦșƻǠȅș ǟǓǹে ȅșΦȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔΚǓǹ ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșȉǏȠǓǷ ƺੈEȣǿǷƺ eȉȖΚǔǿΡǷȉǿΡΚǓ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ǿΡȅǾƻǿ ৅ ƺΦ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ƺȒƺșƻǠǩ șΦƺǈƺǏșƻǠǠƺǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǈȅǉșƻȠȅȠȠ ƺȒƻǷ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǔΚǓǹঀ Φ ΚƻǹƺșΦ ƺΦȅǷȖƺ ƺੈǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿ ƺੈǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǓǹǹƻȠȆ ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșǓǿ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹȠǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǩ ǿǓǠƺȠǫΚƺǿ ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹȠƺ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻȠॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǟǔǿΡǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅȠ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ǓǹȌ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈeƺǿƻǉșǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦȧǹȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǠȅǿǏȅΦȆǷ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƻȠ ǩǹǹǓȠȌǓǿॹ ǦƺǿǠșȤে ǹΡȅΦΚƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șȧȖǠȌșǓǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ƺੈǴȅǠǩ ǷǓȖǓȠȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǟȖǩșșǫȠǔșǔȖǓॹ ǷȅȖșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȖǓঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȧǷǈǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ Ȓǩƺǉ ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșƻǈƺǿ ǓΦǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ǩș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǦƺȠȆǷঀ ǩΦȅǿΡȅș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȒǔǿΦƺǹƺȒȅǷ ǷǩȅșΦȠƻșƺ șȅȖƻǿ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǈƺǿ ǿƺȒǴƺǩǿǷ ে ǈƺǿ ǩș ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹ ƺੈ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ ΦǓǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে ȠƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺੈ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ǔș ^Φȅǉǩƻǹǩș lǠΡǓǷ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ ȅșΦȠ șΦǔȠঀ ੈ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǩș ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺΦǔȖȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǔǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȖƺ ৅ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǷǓǹॹ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠǿȉে ΚǓǹǔșșǓǹॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠȌ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹ șȠǈঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǩ Φ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩॹ ǴȆǹ ǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷǷƺǹ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠǈƺǿॹ ǷǔȠǟǔǹǓ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓে ǹǫȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƺǷȅȖॸ ॷ 2ǿȠǓǠȖƻǹȠ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺআ șΦǩșΦȠǓǾƺȠǩǷȣș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǠƺȖƺǿȠƻǹƻșƻȠ ǉǔǹΦȆ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩॹ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǔș ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেƺǹƺȒȅǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǉǔǹǴƻǈȆǹআ ࢲࢱࢷ

ॷ ǔǹΦȅȠȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷ ƺΦȅǿ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǿǓǾǓǷǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǷǩșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ǴǓǹǹǓǾǓΦঀ ੈǈƻȠȅȖǫȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆǿƺǷ ǩș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǦǓȠȌǷ ৅ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓǠǓȖȌে șǫȠȌ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǓǠΡǓǏǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǿȌǷȖǓ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷȖƺ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș șΦǟǔȖƻǷǈƺǿ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ȅȖΚȅșǹƻșƻȖƺ ΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ ǈǓঀ ΦǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ƻȠǾǓǿǓȠǩ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǏǏǩǠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷ ȌǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǫǠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠ ǿǓǾ șΦȪǿǿǓǷঀ ΦǓǷǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǓșǓȠǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǾǓǠে ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǓȠȠ ǈƻǿƻșǾȆǏ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏǦƺȠȆॹ ƺǾǓǿǿΡǩǈǓǿ ƺੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓș ǉǔǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓș ƻǹǹƺȒȅȠƻǿƺǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǓॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺǏǏǩǠॹ ƺǾǫǠ ǾǩǿǏǓΦ ǔșșΦǓȖȪ ǔș ȅǈǴǓǷȠǫΚ ǷǓȖǓে ȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΦƺǴǹǩǷঀ 2ǏȌǿǷǔǿȠ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠȌ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷȖǓॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷ ǦǩƻǿΡƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ শȒǹঀ ǿǓǾǩষ ƺǹƺȒȅǷȅǿ ΚƺǹȆॹ ǴȅǠǩǹƺǠ ΚǔǏǓȠȠ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆǦȅΦ ΚǓΦǓȠǦǓȠঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟȌǈǈ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾƺǩ ੈȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǦȅΦƻș ǷǔȠșǔǠǷǫΚȧǹ ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ȣǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺੈ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾȅǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ǩș ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿȌঀ ǔǹǴȣǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǔǹΡ ǔș ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠșƺǿƺǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈǷȉΦǟǓǹǟȅǠƻșǈƺǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿ ǦȅΦΦƻƻǹǹƻșƻǈƺǿঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǈƺǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠঀ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖȆǹ șΦȆǹȆॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ৅ࢳࢱࢳࢱেƺș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔে Ǡǩƺ শǓǹǟȅǠƺǏΚƺ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻǉșƻǿƺǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢷঀࢲࢲঀࢲࢵেǩॹ ࢺࢷࢸঀ șΦƻǾȤ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƺȠƻΚƺǹষ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺੈșΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔȖǓॹ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȖǓ ǔș ƺੈ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹঀ ੈǉǔǹ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ȉǿǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻș ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƻǈƺǿॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ ੈ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƺ ƺΦ h ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖǓ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǟǓǹȧǹΚǩΦșǠƻǹȠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ শ ȣȖȆȒƺ ࢳࢱࢳࢱষॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǴƻǿƺǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǷǩǦƺșΦে ǿƻǹƻșƻȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǓǹǩ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș ȉǿǾƺǠƻǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȆ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔǈǓǿঀ Φ ǩǿǏȅǷȅǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ǈǓǩǹǹǓșΦǷǓে ǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ȒȖǩȅȖǩΦƻǹƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ƺǿǿƺǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠȧǷ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǓ ǾǓǠǓǠΡǓΦΦǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔΚƺǹঀ

ࢲࢱࢸ

ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅș ΚǩȠƻȠ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǓȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȖȆǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǈȌǹ ǾǔǠșǓǾ ǷǓǹǓȠǷǓΦǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș șΦǩǿȠȪॹ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦȆ ȅȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾঀ

tঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾȠȆǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǴȤǹǩȣșƻǈƺǿ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢳࢸ৅ࢴࢲઔ েƻȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩǷ ǿȌǷ শƺΦ ǩǿǏǓΠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖƻǠȠȆǹ ǟȧǠǠষঀ FǓǾ șΦƺǈƺǏ ǓǹǟǓǹǓǴȠǓǿȧǿǷ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈșΦƻǾǈƺǿ ǈǓǿǿǓ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ ǩșॹ ƺੈǷǓȠȠȌ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǿǓǾ ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢵ৅ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷ ȠǔǿΡǹǓǠǓș ƺǏƺȠƺǩ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǟǓǿȠǩǓǷǓȠ শǹঀ ࢴࢲঀ ƻǈȖƺষঀ hǠΡƺǿǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǈǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆǈƺǿ শXƺǹȅΚƺॹ eǩǦȅǾǩȖƺॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢸঀࢱࢸঀࢲࢴঀষ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ࢶ ǔΚǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ ࢶࢱઔেǷƺǹ ǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǓȠȠॹ ǔș ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ǿȉΚǓǷșΦǩǷঀ ੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȅǹΡƺǿॹ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȖǓ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ǔș ƺੈǷȣǹে ȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǩȒƺȖঀ Φ ƻȠǹƺǠ ǈȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ࢴࢱ৅ࢵࢺ ǔΚǓș শƺǷȠǫΚ ǷȅȖȤষॹ ƺǹƺȒেইǾǓșȠǓȖে ǷǔȒΦǔșșǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǔȖǓȠȠșǔǠǩΚǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷॹ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩȠ ǓǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș Ǧȣে Ǿƻǿ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǓঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǔǈǓ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॸ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷॹ ΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻȠƻșॹ ǩȒƺȖ ΚƺǠΡ ǩǿǠƺȠǹƺǿঀ FƺǠΡȅǿ ǴȆ șΦƻǾǫȠȆǠǔȒǓș ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷ ǔș ǈǓșΦǔǹ ǩǏǓǠǓǿ ǿΡǓǹΚǓǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǾǓǠে ȠƺǷƺȖǫȠƻșȅǷǈȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǉșƺǹƻǏǴƺ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǷǓΦǏȠǓ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠঀ Φ ƻȠǹƺǠ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ Ƿǩșșǔ ЙƺȠƺǹƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ৅ ࢳࢶেࢵࢵ ǔΚǓșǓǷঀ ੈȠȣǏƻșǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚ ǩȒƺȖƻǠƺǷǈƺǿ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ শࢲࢹ ǔș ࢳࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩষ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǓ ǟǔȖЙঀ iǠΡ ȠȪǿǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǷǓΦǏǓǿǓǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺॹ Ǧƺ ǾƻȖ ǉșƺǹƻǏǴȣǷ Κƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǫǠΡ ȠǓȖǓǾȠșǓǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǔǹǦǓȠǔșȠ ǔș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǟȖǩșșǓǈǈ ƺǏƺȠȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ǷǓǏΚǓΦȌ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ Φ ƺੈȠȖǓǿǏ ƺੈǉǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ƺੈșΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșșǓǹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫে ǉǩȆǈƺǿ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǉǔǠȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǾȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌঀ ^ƺǴǿȅș ƺੈșΦƻǾȅǷ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșƺǷঀ EǩΚǓǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ȆȠƺ ǹǔȠǓΦǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ Ǔ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻে ǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ƺੈǟǓǿȠ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷǈƺǿ ȠǓȖǾǔșΦǓȠǓș ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦǾǔǿΡঀ

ࢲࢱࢹ

ੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷǔȒȒǓǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹॸ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢶࢸॹࢹઔেƺ ǏȅǹǠȅে ΦǩǷॹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ࢵࢷॹࢷઔেƻΚƺǹঀ Φ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺੈΚƻȖȅșȅǷǈƺǿॸ ࢶࢷઔॹ ǔș ΚƺǹƺǾǩে ΚǓǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ΚǩǏǔǷǓǿॸ ࢵࢱॹࢹઔঀ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǈƺǿ ৅ ǈƻȖ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ǈȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ƺੈ șΦƻǾȣǷ ৅ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡǈƺǿ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȠǓȠǩǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ǓǠΡǓș ȖǓǟǓে ȖǓǿǉǩƺȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǔș ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ȣȠƺǹǿƺǷ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓে ȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǓǠΡ ǷȅȖƻǈǈǩॹ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ( E ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǿ শ( E (ǹȅǈƻǹǩș ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢲࢸॹ ࢳࢹঀ ȅঀষ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠƻșșƺǹ ǓǹǹǓǿȠǔȠǈǓǿॹ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠșΦǓȖȪșǔǠ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹȠƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȖǔșΦƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǦƺșȅǿǹǫȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǦȅΦঀ 2016 ǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌ

tǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǈƺǿ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșșǓǹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ

EȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆ ǔș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǓǠΡǈǓǿ

Össz.

'ЙƺǷ

FȌǷ

Össz.

'ЙƺǷ

FȌǷ

Össz.

'ЙƺǷ

FȌǷ

ࢲࢴࢴࢸࢹࢳ

ࢸࢸࢱࢴࢸ

ࢶࢷࢸࢵࢶ

ࢳࢹࢲࢶࢱ

ࢲࢺࢵࢲࢳ

ࢹࢸࢴࢹ

ࢳࢸࢶࢺࢺࢹ

ࢲࢺࢳࢸࢸࢶ

ࢹࢴࢳࢳࢴ

EǓΦȌ ǠƺΦǏƺ șƻǠॹ ǓȖ ǏȌে ǔș ǦƺǹǠƺΦ Ǐƻǹ ǷȅǏƻș

ࢳࢶࢳࢴ

ࢸࢸࢸ

ࢲࢱࢹࢺ

ࢹࢲࢸ

ࢳࢸࢳ

ࢲࢵࢴࢱࢶ

ࢲࢲࢹࢷࢷ

ࢳࢵࢴࢺ

Bányászat

ࢲࢱࢸࢸ

ࢹࢸࢺ

ࢲࢺࢹ

ࢲࢶࢷ

ࢲࢳࢹ

ࢳࢹ

ࢲࢱࢵ

ࢹࢸ

ࢲࢸ

ࢳࢲࢵࢺࢶ

ࢲࢶࢲࢸࢱ

ࢷࢴࢳࢶ

ࢴࢶࢱࢴ

ࢸࢷࢷࢴ

ࢹࢵࢱ

ࢲࢺࢴࢵࢹ

ࢲࢵࢹࢵࢸ

ࢵࢶࢱࢲ

ǿǓȖǠǩƺ

ࢳࢵࢵࢲ

ࢲࢺࢳࢵ

ࢶࢲࢸ

ࢵࢳࢸ

ࢴࢵࢴ

ࢹࢵ

ࢸࢳࢳ

ࢶࢸࢹ

ࢲࢵࢵ

tǫΦে ǔș ǦȣǹǹƺǏǔǷǠƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻș

ࢲࢵࢹࢹ

ࢲࢱࢺࢲ

ࢴࢺࢸ

ࢳࢲࢴ

ࢲࢸࢲ

ࢵࢳ

ࢴࢱࢴ

ࢳࢶࢸ

ࢵࢷ

ȒǫȠȌ ǩȒƺȖ

ࢷࢴࢳࢶ

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ࢲࢹࢹࢴ

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ࢴࢴࢱ

ࢲࢲࢱࢺࢸ

ࢺࢸࢹࢱ

ࢲࢴࢲࢸ

ȣȠȆে ǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǔșॹ șΦǓȖΚǩΦ

ࢲࢺࢹࢲࢶ

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ࢴࢷࢷࢶ

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ࢲࢱࢷࢱࢺࢶ

ࢸࢳࢴࢲࢷ

ࢴࢴࢸࢸࢺ

@ȅǠǩșΦȠǩǷƺ ǔș ȖƺǷȠƻȖȅΦƻș

ࢸࢶࢳࢵ

ࢶࢱࢹࢷ

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ࢲࢳࢳࢱ

ࢺࢵࢶ

ࢳࢸࢶ

ࢲࢶࢺࢹࢴ

ࢲࢵࢳࢷࢱ

ࢲࢸࢳࢴ

2ǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾ ǔș ΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻȠƻș

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ࢲࢴࢴࢵࢴ

ࢶࢶࢷࢳ

?ȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆॹ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǓ

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XǔǿΦȧǠΡ ǔș ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻș

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2ǿǠƺȠǹƺǿ

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XȖȅǟǓșșΦǩȅǿƻǹǩș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǔș ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻș

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ǏǾǩǿǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆș ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ

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?ȅȖǾƻǿΡ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ

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Összesen

(ΡƻȖȠƻșॹ ǩȒƺȖ

ࢲࢱࢺ

2016 ǔǠΚǓΦǓȠȌ Össz.

'ЙƺǷ

KǷȠƺȠƻș

ࢹࢲࢶࢱ

ࢳࢴࢵࢹ

ǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡ ǔș șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǾȣǿǷƺ

ࢹࢹࢺࢺ

?ȣǹȠȤȖƺॹ șȒȅȖȠ ǔș șΦȆȖƺǷȅΦƻș Eƻș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ

tǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǈƺǿ șΦǓȖΦȌǏǔșșǓǹ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ FȌǷ

EȣǿǷƺΚƻǹǹƺǹȆ ǔș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅș ǓǠΡǈǓǿ

Össz.

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ࢳࢹࢴࢶ

ࢷࢱࢷࢵ

ࢲࢲࢲࢺ

ࢶࢵࢷ

ࢲࢴࢳ

ࢲࢱࢸࢲࢲ

ࢶࢸࢲࢱ

ࢶࢱࢱࢲ

ࢳࢳࢺࢶ

ࢲࢳࢺࢲ

ࢲࢱࢱࢵ

ࢵࢵࢴ

ࢴࢲࢲ

ࢵࢱࢶ

ࢴࢸࢱࢶ

ࢳࢷࢺࢵ

ࢲࢱࢲࢲ

ࢴࢱࢸࢸ

ࢲࢴࢳࢹ

ࢲࢸࢵࢺ

ࢹࢹࢺ

ࢵࢹࢵ

ࢲࢸࢱࢵࢲ

ࢹࢳࢲࢶ

ࢹࢹࢳࢷ

31. ábra: tǲͬǲȿȫȖ࣓ ȸͬǲȵͬȫǮǳȸȸǲȘ ͠ǲͬǲȿȫȈ ȱȤͬȊǨȈȥǧǙȞ ǙȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖ ǳȸ ǨǳǿȿɂȘǙȓǮȤȞȤȸ ȝɂȞȖǙ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȥȖ ȝǲǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ ऒࠍࠋࠌࠏडࠍࠋࠌࠑओ

tঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ tঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ੈ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠƺ ƺੈ Ƿǩে ǓǾǓǹȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺॸ ॷ Φ ǓǾǈǓȖǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠƺ শࢳࢱࢱࢴেȠȆǹষ ॷ ੈǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ শࢳࢱࢱࢵেȠȌǹষ ॷ ੈǷȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ȅǾǈȣǏșǾƺǿǴƺ শࢳࢱࢱࢶেȠȌǹষ ॷ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ Ƞƺǿƻǉșॹ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻǉșƻΚƺǹ শࢳࢱࢱࢵেȠȌǹষ ॷ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ শƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿষ ॷ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ǔș ^Φȅǉǩƻǹǩș lǠΡǓǷ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǟȌșΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ƺੈEȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ǔș ^Φȅǉǩƻǹǩș lǠΡǓǷ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺ শE@ Xষ ǷƺȒȠƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǿȠǩǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆȖƺ șΦƺǷȅșȅǏȅȠȠ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǩș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺǷঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷ ǦȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȅǿ ǓǹȌȠǔȖǈǓ ǦǓǹΡǓΦǩǷ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦȅȠȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓȠॹ șΦȅȖȅș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷǷǓǹঀ KǹΡƺǿ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƺȠǫΚ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ ǈǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠ ǈǓ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǷƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș șΦȠǓȖǓȅȠǫȒǩƻǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔǈǓǿॹ ƺੈȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔΚǓǹ ৅ ǾǩǿǏǓΦȠ ȒǓȖșΦǓ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅș ǟǓǹȧǠΡǓǹǓȠ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ࢲࢲࢱ

ǔș ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾে ΦǓȠǩ Ƞƺǿƻǉșॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻǉșƺ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦΦƺঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǹǴƺঀ EǩǿȠ ǾƻȖ ǓǾǹǫȠǓȠȠȧǷॹ ƺੈǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǾȣǿǷƺǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে ΦǔșǓǩ ȖǔΚǔǿ শ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƺ ৅ ǓΦ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǾǔǠ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșȅǷ ƺǹƺȠȠষ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺআ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ শȒǹȣșΦȒȅǿȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȒǔǿΦƺǹƺȒȅǷ ǷǩȅșΦȠƻșƺǷȅȖ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ șȅȖƻǿॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺ ǿȌষআ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺȒǴƺॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷॹ ǔș ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩȠ ΚǩȠƺȠǴƻǷ ǾǓǠঀ

tঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ Φ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠǓȠǓȠȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ƺੈǹǓǠƺǷȠǫΚƺǈǈƺǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷॹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷǈƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǿǓǷ ǩǠǓǿ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓ Κƺǿ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǟǓǴে ǹȌǏǔșǔǈǓǿঀ Φ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƺΦ ƺǹȣǹȖȆǹ ǟǓǹǟǓǹǔ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷॹ ǔș ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ȠȉǈǈșǔǠǔȠ ǾǓǠǦǫΚǴƻǷॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǔșΦȧǹǿǓǷ ǾǓǠΚǩȠƺȠǿǩ ǔș ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ শǟǔȖЙȠ ǔș ǿȌǩȠ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠষ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ 2ȒƺȖǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓȠ শ 2 ষ ǔș ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƻȠ শ ষ ǔȖǏǓǾǓș ǾǓǠǓǾǹǫȠǓǿǩঀ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ ৅ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ Φ ǓǹșȌ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢸেǈǓǿ ǾǓǠে ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓॹ ΚƺǠΡǩș ƺੈ^ǓǹǓǿƺঀ ੈȠƺǠǴƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ȠȣǏȆে șȅǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ șΦƺǈƺǏǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȤ șΦƺǷǾƻǷ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩআ ǈȅǹǠƻȖॹ ȅǹƺșΦ ǔș Ǿƻș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺȖȖƺ ȠƻȖșȣǹȠƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩॹ ǔș ƺǷǩǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǩǿȠǓǿΦǫΚ ȠȣǏƻșǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻș ΦƺǴǹǩǷঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ƺੈ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷǿǓǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ȠȉǷǔǹǓȠǓșǓǏǔșǦǓΦ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓে ǏǔșǦǓΦঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ^ΦȆЙƻǈƺǿ ǔș XǹȅΚǏǩΚǈƺǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ 'ȆȖȣǾȅȠ

ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔΚǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ শ ^E X ষ

ࢲࢲࢲ

șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǔș ƺǷȠǫΚ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹȌǏǔș EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹঀ ੈ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷǷƺǹॹ ȖǔǠǩȆǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǷǓǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ Ǔǹে ȠǓȖǴǓǏǴǓǿǓǷঀ 2ǹΡǓǿǓǷ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ΚǩȖȠȣƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǩǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖȅǷॹ ƺੈǷȉΦে ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǟǔȖƺ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠॹ Ǿȅǿǩে ȠȅȖǩǿǠॹ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǿǓǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǓॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿǏǫǴƺǷॹ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǿȅǷǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǔș șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷঀ ੈ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǷǔǿȠ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ Ǿƻș ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǩΚǓǹॹ ƺǾǓে ǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǔǿǓǷॹ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǔș ȠƺȖȠȆș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓঀ /ȅșșΦȤ ȠƻΚȤ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅȠ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ 2ȒƺȖǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǠǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ șΦƻǾȅș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ΚǔǠǦǓΦ ΚǩȠȠǓǷॹ ǔș Ƿȧে ǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ șΦǔǹǓșǷȉȖȪ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅș ǾǓǠǈǓșΦǔǹǔșǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦȠǓǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǔǷ ƺΦ ƺǹȣǹȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƻǹȠ ǿǓǾ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǈǓǿॹ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǈǓǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǉǔǹǴƺǩ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ƺ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ șΦǟǔȖƻǷǈȆǹ ǔȖǷǓΦȌ ǔș ǓǹȠǔȖȌ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǦƻȠȠǓȖȪ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦȆǷ ȉșșΦǓǷȉȠǔșǓআ ॷ ȤǴ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǦǓΦআ ॷ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșșǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǓșǓǾǔে ǿΡǓǷȖȌǹআ ॷ ƺ ǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷ ƻȒȅǹƻșƺ ƺੈǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ǔș Ƿȉǹǉșȉে ǿȉș șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻș ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿআ ॷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǈȌΚǫȠǔșǓআ ॷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦআ ॷ ƺ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡȠƺǹƺǿșƻǠ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿঀ ੈ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ǾƻȖ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ȠǫΦ ǔΚǓ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǾǓǠǫȠǔǹǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȉǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ǩǏȌǷȉΦǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǟǔȖƻȠ ǔȖǩǿȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷॹ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǔș ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǾȅȠȅȖে ǴƻΚƻ ΚƻǹȠঀ ࢲࢱ ǔΚ ǓǹȠǓǹȠǔΚǓǹ ǩș ƺΦȅǿ ǾȣǿǷƻǹǷȅǏǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ ƺੈ ǠǹȅǈƺǹǩΦƻǉǩȆॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ǔș ƺੈ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǩȖƻǿΡƻǈƺ ǦƺǹƺǏǴȅǿॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ Ƞȉǈǈ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȅΦǩǉǫȆǷƺȠ ǈǓȠȉǹȠǓǿǩঀ

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v ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ ǾǓǠ ƺੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ȠƺǿƻǉșȅȠ ƺǏ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷে ǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǷǫΚƻǿǿƺǷ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿǩॹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșǩ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǩș ȒȣǈǹǩǷƻǹǿƺǷঀ ੈ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȣǷȅǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆ ǓǠΡ ǦǫȖșΦǓǷǉǩȆॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷ ƺΦ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆȠƺǿƻǉș ȠƺǠǴƺǩȖȆǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǹǩǿǷǓǷ Ǿƻș ǿȌǩ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷǦǓΦঀ (ǓǿǏǓȖȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ੈ(ǓǿǏǓȖȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ǓǠΡ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ࢲࢺࢺࢵেǈǓǿ ƺǹƺȒǫে ȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǷȣȖƺȠȆȖǩȣǾ ǔș ^ȠƺǿǩǾǩȖƺ /ƺǏǴǩǾǩȠȅΚƺ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆ ƺșșΦȅǿΡ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠșƺ ƺੈǷȉΦΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǾǈǓȖǩ ǴȅǠƺǩǿƺǷ ȠǩșΦȠǓǹǓȠǈǓǿ ȠƺȖȠƻșƻȖƺঀ @ȅǈǈǩΦǩǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ǦǓǹΡǩ ǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅǷǿƻǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȅǠƺǏǴƻǷ Ǔǹ ƺΦ F^ ǔș ƺΦ h ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǴƻȠঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǷॸ ǔȖǏǓǷΚǔǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷআ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷআ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆȠǓȖǴǓșΦে Ƞǔșআ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷআ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷ ǔȒǫȠǔșǓঀ Φ ࢲࢺࢺࢶ ǔș ࢳࢱࢱࢴ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ ƺΦ ƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢱ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅে ΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॸ ǿȌǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǩ ǓȖȌșΦƺǷআ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠআ ǿȌǷ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșে ǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǈƺǿআ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓǹȌǾǓǿǓȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǩ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣșƺআ ǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺ șȠǈঀ ȅǹǠƻȖ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ eƺǿƻǉșƺ ੈ ȅǹǠƻȖ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ eƺǿƻǉșƺ ǓǠΡॹ ƺੈEƺǿƺǠǓȖ EƺǠƺΦǩǿǓ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓΦǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻȠ শeǦǓ vȅǾǓǿ ৅ ȠǦǓ (ǓǿȠǹǓ 'ȅȖǉǓ ȅǟ ȠǦǓ ȣșǩǿǓșșষ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢳ ǴƺǿȣƻȖǴƻǿƺǷ ΚǔǠǔǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦǔȖȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪে șǫȠșǓ ƺੈǴȆǹ ǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǓǹȌǾǓǿǓȠǓǹǔȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǈƺǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ЙƺȠƺǹ ǔș ȠǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǩȠ ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩȠǓǹǴǓșǓǏǦǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ ǔș ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǈȌǹ ǔȖǷǓΦȌ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷƺȠ ǩș ǟǓǹǷƺȖȅǹǴƺ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹঀ ੈȠƺǿƻǉș ǦƺΚǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓșșǔǠǠǓǹ ȠƺȖȠ ȧǹǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓǿ ȅȠȠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈȠƺǠȅǷȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈǈǓǹে ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ǷȉΦǔǹǓȠ ǹǓǠǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩঀ

ࢲࢲࢴ

ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ƺੈeƺǿƻǉș tǓΦǓȠȌǩ ƺǷƺǏǔǾǩƺ ǉǫǾǾǓǹ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠ ǷȉΦǔȒΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǿȌǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ǟǓǈȖȣƻȖǴƻǈƺǿ ΚǔǠǓΦȠǓ Ǔǹ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔșȠঀ ੈǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ǔș ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǷ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠǴƺ শ v^Xষ ੈ șΦȆЙƺǩ ΚƻȖȅșǩ ǈǫȖȆșƻǠ ǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƺȠƻȖƺ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǾǓǠ ࢳࢱࢱࢴঀ ǴȤǿǩȣș ࢴࢱেƻǿॹ ǿȅǿে ȒȖȅЙȠ ǴȅǠǩ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǷǔǿȠঀ ੈșΦȆЙƺǩ FΡǩȠȅȠȠ eƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ শKȒǓǿ ^ȅǉǩǓȠΡ 'ȅȣǿǏƺȠǩȅǿষ ǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǴƻȠ ΚǩșΦǩ ȠȅΚƻǈǈॹ ƺǾǩ ࢲࢺࢺࢸ ǔș ࢳࢱࢱࢳ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȉȠȠॹ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓȠȠǓ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǉșǓȖǔȠॹ ǔș ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠ Ƿǩ Ǿƻș ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷǔȖǏǔșșǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǿƺǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ KǹΡƺǿ ȠȣǏƻșȠ ǦƺǹǾȅΦȠƺǷ ǟǓǹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ǦȅΦǦƺȠȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓঀ ੈ v^X ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ƺੈǿȌǷǷǓǹॹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǠǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ȤǴ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿ ǩș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǩ ƺੈșΦƺǷǔȖȠǓǹǾǔȠ ǔș ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ΚƺǠΡ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǦƺΦƺǩॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ǷȉΦȉș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠ ǾǓǠঀ

tঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ੈ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǔȠ শ^ǓǹǓǿƺষ ƺΦǔȖȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǔș ȠȣǏȆșȅǷ ࢳࢱࢱࢸ ǓǹǓǴǔǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷǈȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ǷǓȖǓǷƺșΦȠƺǹȅǷƺȠ ǦȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ƻȠƺǏǦƺȠǴƻǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșǿƺǷ ƺੈȠȣǏƻে șȣǷƺȠॹ ǔș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ Ƿǩॹ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǫȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹΚƺ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǔΦে ǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǔș ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺȖȖƺ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦȠǓ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠșƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ƻǹǾƺǩǷƺȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƺ ȣȠƻǿǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǟȆȖȣǾȅȠ ǩș ȖǓǿǏǓΦȠǓǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢲࢱ hেȠƺǠƻǹǹƺǾ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǩǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǩǷǓȠ ǔș ǴȆǹ ǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠঀ Φ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ শΚƺǠΡ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȠ ǟȅǿȠȅǹǠƺȠȆ ǿȌǷষ ǓΦȖǓǩǿǓǷ ƺǏȅȠȠ ȉǿǈǩΦƺǹǾƺȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǔȖȠǓșȧǹǴǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȠǔǾƻΚƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǹǓǠǟȖǩșșǓǈǈ ȠȣǏǿǩΚƺǹȆǷȖȆǹॹ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷȖƺ ǹǓǹǴǓǿǓǷঀ @ǔȠǓΦǩǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ǓǠΡ ȣșǩǿǓșș ƺǿǏ XȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿ শ Xvষ ǿǓΚȪ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǩșঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ ǿȅΚǓǾǈǓȖǔǈǓǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈǹǓǠȣȠȆǈǈǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ȧǹǔșȧǷǓȠঀ ࢲࢲࢵ

ੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚǈǓǿ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓΦǩ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿƺȒǴƻȠॹ ƺǦȅΚƻ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǩș ǾǓǠǦǫΚǿƺǷॹ ǏǓ ǟȌǷǔǿȠ ǏǩƻǷȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩ ǴȆ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǿƺǷ ǩș ǈǓǾȣȠƺșșƻǷঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǔȖǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǏǫǴƺǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǏǫǴƺȠ ǩș ǷǩȅșΦȠƺǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷইǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǩǿǓǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǓǷǔȒȒǓǿঀ Φ ǔΚ ǿȌǴǓ ǏǫǴƺȠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷƺȒǦƺȠǴƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ șȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǿƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺॹ ƺੈǏǩΦƻǴǿॹ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠॹ ƺੈǾȅǏǓǹǹǷǓǏǔș ǔș ƺੈșΦǫǿǔșΦে ǷǓǏǔșঀ ΦΦǓǹ ƺੈ([ 2 ੈǾƺǠƺΦǩǿ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠ ǏǫǴǴƺǹ ǩșǾǓȖǩǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠঀ ੈǏǫǴƺȠ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓș șΦƺΚƺΦƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ȣȠƻǿ ǫȠǔǹǩǷ ȅǏƺঀ Φ ǔΚ ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡƺ ǏǫǴƺȠ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ȅșΦȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷইǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴে ǏȅǿȅșȅǷǿƺǷঀ hǠΡƺǿǓΦǓǿ ǏǫǴ ǷǩȅșΦȠȆ ǠƻǹƻǴƻǿ ǷǩșǓǈǈ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǔǠȪ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠ ǩș ƻȠƺǏǿƺǷ ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǿƺǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻș ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔে șǓǷǔǿȠঀ ੈǏǫǴ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺ ǔș ǷǩȅșΦȠȆǴƺ ΚǠǓǿǩ EǩǿǉǦǓΚ শǷȉΦǷǓǏΚǓǹȠ X[ ǔș ǾǔǏǩƺșΦǓে ǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿষঀ Φ ǔΚ ƺșșΦȅǿΡƺ ǏǫǴƺȠ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓॹ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷǈƺǿ ৅ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷॹ ǓǠǔșΦে șǔǠȧǠΡॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșॹ șΦǔȒșǔǠॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ǹȅǴƻǹǩș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖॹ ǴȆȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠ ৅ ǹǓǦǓȠ ǓǹǿΡǓȖǿǩঀ ੈǏǫǴ EǓǠǩ ^ƺΚȅΚƺ ৅ ƺੈEȖșঀ hǿǩΚǓȖșǓ @ȠǏঀ ǔș ƺੈ'ƺǾǓș ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƻǿƺǷ ǿǓΚǔǦǓΦ ǷȉȠȌǏǩǷঀ

tঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǔȖǏǓǷǓș șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠ ƻǹǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȧǿǷȖǓ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷȖȌǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺੈǹǓǠǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹȆǈǈƺǷƺȠ ΚǓșșΦȧǷ ǩȠȠ șȅȖȖƺঀ ΦǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺੈǿȣǹǹƻȖȆǹ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ǟǓǹ ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺș ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴȧǷǓȠॹ ǓΦǔȖȠ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƻǷ ǹǓǦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ 2ȖǓǿƺ ?ȅǾǩȠȅΚƺ 2ȖǓǿƺ ?ȅǾǩȠȅΚƺ ǷƺȖǩΦǾƺȠǩǷȣș șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠॹ ƺǷǩ ƺੈ ǏƺΚȅșǩ ࢳࢱࢱࢱেǓș tǩǹƻǠǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ȆȖȣǾȅǿ ƺੈ (ǹȅǈƺǹ @ǓƺǏǓȖ ǟȅȖ eȅǾȅȖȖȅΛ ǉǫǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺঀ Φ Ȍ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓ ȒǔǹǏƻΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǈȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǹȌȠȠ ƻǹǹȆ ǠƻȠƺǷ ǹǓǏȉǿȠǦǓȠȌǷঀ Φȅǿǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǩș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǔǈȌǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǦǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠƻǹǹƻșƻȖƺ ǔș ǓǠΡ ǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș șΦǓǾǔǹΡǩșǔǠȖǓ ǩșঀ ࢲࢲࢶ

2ȖǓǿƺ ǩȖǩǠΡǹǔșȖǓ ǾǔǹȠȆ ƺǷƺǏǔǾǩƺǩ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖȠ ǔȒǫȠǓȠȠ ǟǓǹঀ EǔȖǿȉǷǩ ǾǓșȠǓȖে ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺΦ ȣȖȅে2ǿǟȅ ǓǿȠǓȖȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ȧǠΡΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ǦƺȠ ǔΚǓȠ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ƺΦ KȖǩМƺǾǓ șΚǔǏ ǷȅΦǾǓȠǩǷƺǩ ǉǔǠ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǴƺǷǔǿȠঀ 2ȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ ࢳࢶࢱࢱࢱ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠȌǈȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠॹ ǔș ࢲࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǏȅǹǹƻȖȅș ǉǔǠǠǔ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈǈȣǹǠƻȖǩƺǩ KȖǩМƺǾǓেǓȠঀ Φ KȖǩМƺǾǓেǿǔǹ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ ǔΚǓǷ ȣȠƻǿ ƺΦȅǿ ǷƺȒȠƺ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓॹ ǓǠǔșΦ ȒȅǿȠȅșƺǿ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǈǓǿ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǓ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǩঀ ǓǩȖƺȠǷȅΦȅȠȠ ǦƻȠ ǓǠΡ ȠǫΦ ǦȆে ǿƺȒȅș ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ E ੈǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓ ƺੈ^ȠƺǿǟȅȖǏǩ lΦǹǓȠǩ 2șǷȅǹƻǈƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǦǓȠǓȠȠ ƺੈǿƺǠΡ ȒȖǓșΦȠǫΦșȪ ^ǹȅƺǿ 'ǓǹǹȅΛșǦǩȒ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈƺǿ ǩșঀ R ΚȅǹȠ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǈȅǹǠƻȖॹ ƺǷǩ ^ȠƺǿǟȅȖǏǈƺǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠॹ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢹ ǿȌǿǓǷ ƺੈࢵࢹ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆǈȆǹ ƻǹǹȆ ȅșΦȠƻǹΡǈƺǿঀ 'ǓǹǩǏǔΦȠǓॹ ǾǓǿΡে ǿΡǩȖǓ ǉșȅǏƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǴȅǿ ǾǩΚǓǹ ǔȖȠǓ Ǔǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǹΚǓǠΡǔǷ ǓǈǈǓ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻǈƺঀ ^ȠƺǿǟȅȖǏ ȣȠƻǿ 2ȖǓǿƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǹǹǩƺǿΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǔȖȠ ǔș ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿে ǠǔȖȠ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ƺǹǓǹǿȉǷǓǷǔǿȠ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ȧǠΡǿȉǷȉǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠে ȠǓঀ (ΡȅȖșƺǿ ǹǓșΦƻǾȅǹȠ ƺੈǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠ ǷȅǿΦǓȖΚƺȠǩΚǩΦǾȣșƻΚƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ȤȠǴƻǈƺ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ǓǠΡ ǩǹΡǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǈǓǿঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǓǠΡ ǔΚ ȣȠƻǿ ǓǹǈȤǉșȤΦȅȠȠ ǓȠȠȌǹ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻȠȆǹॹ ǔș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺ ƺੈ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ E ੈ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ƺੈ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ǾǓǠǷǓȖǓșȠǓ ƺΦ ǩΦȖƺǓǹǩ ǩǿǠƺȠǹƺǿǉșȅȒȅȖȠॹ ƺੈ?ƺǾȅȖॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺǷǷȅȖǩǈƺǿ ǿΡǓȖȠǓ Ǔǹ ƺੈ Ev ǔș Eǩǿǩ ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǴȅǠƻȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ KǹΡƺșΚƺǹƺǷǩȠ ǷǓȖǓșȠǓǷॹ ƺǷǩ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ȠȣǏǴƺ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠঀ Φ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠ ǓǹǓǩǿȠǓ ǿǓǾ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠǓ 2ȖǓǿƻȠॹ ǏǓ ΚǔǠȧǹ ƺΦ ȣǏΚƺȖǩƺșșƻǠƺ ǠΡȌΦȉȠȠঀ FǓΚǓȠΚǓ ǩǏǔΦǩ ǟǓǹ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿȠǓǷǓȠॸ ৙ ΦȠ ǾȅǿǏȠƺǾ ǾƺǠƺǾǿƺǷॸ ৖2șȠǓǿǓǾॹ ǩșǾǓȖǓǷ ǓǠΡ ЙǉǷȆȠॹ ƺǷǩ ȉǹǿǩ ȠȣǏǿƺ ǓΦǔȖȠ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƻǔȖȠॹ ǓȖȖǓ ǿǓǷǓǾ ƺǴƻǿǹǴƻǷ ǟǓǹॹ ƺǷǩȠ ǓǠΡƻǹȠƺǹƻǿ ǿǓǾ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹॻ৕ EǔǠ ǉșƺǷ ǿǓǾ ǩș ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǾ EvেȠ ƺΦǓǹȌȠȠঀ Ǔ Ǧƺ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ǷǔȖ ȠȌǹǓǏ ΚƺǹƺǾǩȠॹ ǔș ǿǓǾ ƺǷƺȖșΦ ȣǏΚƺȖǩƺȠǹƺǿ ǹǓǿǿǩॹ ǩǠǓǿȠ Ǿȅǿে ǏƺșΦঀ 4ǠΡ ȠȉȖȠǔǿȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚǔǠȧǹ ǷǔȠ ǔΚǓȠ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǈƺǿ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠǓǾঀ৛ ?ȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ƺΦǓǹȌȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ?ƺǾȅȖǦȅΦ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦȅȠȠॹ 2ȖǓǿƺ ǟǓǹǟǓǏǓΦǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǴȆǹ ǴȉΚǓে ǏǓǹǾǓΦȌ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ǠΡ ǦǓǹΡǩ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ șȉȖǉǔǠ ȒȖȅǾȆǉǩȆȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ ƺੈ Ev ǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǟȖƺǿǉǦǩșǓেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺੈ ƺȖȣΚƺǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿঀ ੈǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǷȣȒƺǷȅȠ ǠΡȪǴȠȌ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡΦȌ ǿΡǓȖǦǓȠǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ࢳࢱࢱࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓΚ ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ȤǴ Ev {ࢶেȉȠঀ 2ȖǓǿƺ ǩȠȠ ǟǓǏǓΦǓȠȠ ǟǓǹ ǓǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠॸ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓș ȅǹǏƺǹȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠȉȠȠ ǷȣȒƺǷ ȣȠƻǿ ЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǓǠΡ ǈǩΦȅǿΡȅș ȉșșΦǓǠǓȠॹ ȤǠΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ƺੈǷȣȒƺǷȅǷǔȖȠ ǷǩЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ȉșșΦǓǠ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺੈ Ev ǔȖȠǔǷǓ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǾƺȖƺǏȠঀ 2ǹΡ ǾȆǏȅǿ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠȉȠȠ ࢴࢹࢱࢱࢱࢱ ǷȣȒƺǷȅȠॹ ǾǓǠǿΡǓȖȠǓ ƺΦ ƺȣȠȆȠॹ ǔș ǾǩȣȠƻǿ ǹǓΚȅǿȠƺ ƺੈǷȅǉșǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǈȌǹ ƺੈǷȣȒƺǷȅǷ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǔȠॹ

ࢲࢲࢷ

ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǾƺȖƺǏȠ ࢷࢳࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓΚ ȠǩșΦȠƺ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓঀ ǈǈȌǹ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦȠƺ ƺੈǹƻǿΡƺ ȠƺǿǫȠȠƺে ȠƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ǓǈǈȌǹ ΚƻǹȠȅȠȠƺ ΚƺǹȆȖƺ ƺΦȠ ƺΦ ƻǹǾƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǹǓșΦঀ ǔǠǓॹ ƺੈ ȖǓƺȠǩΚǓ ^ȅǹȣȠǩȅǿș șΦƻǾȅș ǷȧǹȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈȆǹ ǔȒȧǹ ǟǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǹȣে ΠȣșȒǩƺǉ ǷȉȠ ȉșșΦǓॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǈǓǿ 2ȖǓǿƺ ǴȆ ǦƺșΦǿƻȠ ΚǓșΦǩ ƺੈࢲࢶ ǔΚǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȒƻǹΡƺǟȣȠƻșƺ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǟǓǹǦƺǹǾȅΦȅȠȠ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǩ ȠȌǷǔǴǔǿǓǷঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ eȅǏȅȖȅΚƺ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ȅȒȠǩǾǩșȠƺॹ ǾƺǠƻΚƺǹ ȖƺǠƺǏȆ ƺੈǹǓǹǷǓșǓǏǔșǓॹ ǦƺȠƻȖȠƺǹƺǿ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƻǴƺঀ Φ ƺੈǷǩǴǓǹǓǿে ȠǔșǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺǾƺȖȅșƺǿ Ȍ ǹǓșΦ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ KȒȖƺǦॹ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǓǾ ǔΚȧǹȠ Ǔǹॺ ࢲࢺࢷࢶেǈǓǿ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠॹ tƻȖǿƻǈƺǿॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǿΡƻȖǩ ǟȌΚƻȖȅșƻǈƺǿ ǔș ǓǠΡǈǓǿ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ΚƻȖȅșƻǈƺǿ ǿȌȠȠ ǟǓǹঀ FǔǠΡ ǔΚǓȠ ȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ eȣǿǔΦǩƻǈƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǾǓǠȠƺǿȣǹȠ ǟȅǹΡǔǷȅǿΡƺǿ ǈǓșΦǔǹǿǩ ǟȖƺǿǉǩƻȣǹঀ 'ǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ eȣȖǩΦǾȣș 2ǿȠǔΦǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈ^ΦȆЙƺǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȠ ЙǹȅǹȆǠǩƻȠঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴǔǿǓǷ șΦƻǾȅș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ƻǹǹȅǾƻșƺ ǩș ΚȅǹȠঀ ǿǩǾƻȠȅȖǷǔǿȠ ǷǓΦǏȠǓ (ȅǹǏǓǿ ^ƺǿǏșেǓǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǷǓȠǓেȠǓǿǠǓȖǩ ȧǏȧǹȌǦǓǹΡǓǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ^ΦȆЙƻǈƺ ǷȉǹȠȉΦȉȠȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈ^ǦǓȖƺȠȅǿ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǓȖǓǷǔǿȠ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻȠȅȖƺǷǔǿȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏȖǓ Ƿȉǹে ȠȉΦȉȠȠॹ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ǩȒȖȣșȖƺॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺǿǩǾƻȠȅȖ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ȅǦƻǈƺॹ ǔȠȠǓȖǾǩ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈ^ǦǓȖƺȠȅǿǈƺǿঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺॹ ǷǓΦǏǓȠǈǓǿ ƺੈ^ΛǩșșƺǩȖ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔȖȠǔǷǓে șǫȠǔșǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǓǷǔǿȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈ[ƺǏǩșșȅǿǿƻǹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǓȠȠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǩ ǔș ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠǩে ǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǷǔǿȠঀ ^ΦƺǷǾƺǩ ȠȣǏƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ǾǓǠǟȅȖǏȣǹȠ ǓΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ȖȧșșΦǓǹǈǓǿॹ ȧȖǩǉǦǈǓǿॹ @ƺȣΦƺǿǿǓেǈƺǿॹ @ȣǠƺǿȆǈƺǿॹ KșǹȆǈƺǿ ǔș XȅΦșȅǿΡǈƺǿ ǩșঀ ੈ [ƺǏǩșșȅǿ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǴǔΚǓǹ ΚƺǹȆ ΚǩǦƺȖȅș ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠƺ ࢲࢺࢺࢶেǈǓǿ ƺȖȖƺ ǷǔșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ^ǩǹΚǩƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦƺǠΡǴƺ ȅȠȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǴƻȠঀ Φ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǿǓǷǩ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȅǾȅǹΡƺǿ ǟȅǠে ǹƺǹǷȅΦΦȅǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ƻǹǾƻΚƺǹॹ ǔș ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈeȅǏȅȅȖȠॹ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǓǹșȌ ǉȅǿǉǩǓȖǠǓ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƻȠঀ ੈǉǔǠ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǩ ǔș ΚƺǠΡȅǿǷǓΦǓǹǔșǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦǓǾǔǹΡȖǓ șΦƺে ǈȅȠȠ ǔǹǓȠșȠǫǹȣșে ǔș ǉȅǿǉǩǓȖǠǓ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǫǿƻǹȠঀ ੈǦƻȖȅǾ ǔΚΚǓǹ ƺΦǓǹȌȠȠ ǾǔǠ ǓǠΡ ǟȌș eȅǏȅȅȖ ǓǠΡ ࢶࢱࢱࢱࢱࢱ ǹǓΚ ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ǉǔǠǠǔ ǿȌȠȠǓ Ƿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ࢵࢱ ȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌș ǔș ࢶ ȠǓǹǴǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠॸ ࢴ ǿȌȠ ǔș ࢳ ǟǔȖЙȠঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǿƺে ǠΡȅǿ șΦǓȖǓȠȠǓ Κȅǹǿƺ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǿǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓȠॸ ৙ ΦȠ ǾȅǿǏȠƺǾॹ ǾƻȖȒǓǏǩǠ ǿǓǾॹ ǿǓǾ ǟȅǠȅǷ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǷƺǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ EƺǷƺǉșȅǷ ǔș ǿǓǦǔΦ ǾǓǠǠΡȌΦǿǩ ȌǷǓȠঀ ੈǴȉΚȌǈǓǿ ǉșƺǷ ǿȌǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠȅǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿǩঀ৛ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ƺȖȖƺ ǩș ǷǔșΦȧǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠǴƺ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƺ ǓǹșȌ ȠǓǹǓΚǫΦǩȆș ȠƺǹǷেșǦȅΛেǴƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹǹΡǓǹ ǿƺǠΡ ȠǓȖΚǓǩ ΚȅǹȠƺǷॸ ৙EǓǠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǿȅǾ ƺੈǾǓǿȠƺǹǩȠƻșȠ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǈȅǹǠƻȖȅǷ ǿǓǾ ǈǓșΦǔǹǿǓǷ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǩǷȖȆǹঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǿǓǾ ǩș ȠƺǹƻǹǴƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺΦȅǷ ȅǷƺǩȠঀ ΚǓǷǩǠ ƺΦȠ ࢲࢲࢸ

ǦƺǹǹȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿǓǾ șΦƺǈƺǏ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƺǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ǔȖΦǔșǓǩǷǓȠঀ ^ΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǾ ǾǓǠΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠে ǿǩ ƺੈ ǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǟǔȖЙƺǷƺȠঀ [ǓǿǠǓȠǓǠ ǷȅǾȒǹǓΠȣșșƺǹ ǷȧΦǏǓǿǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ǾȅșȠƺǿƻǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȖǓǿǠǓȠǓǠ ǿȌ ǷǓȖȧǹȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǔǹǔȖǓঀ ȖȠǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ǟǓǹΦƺǷǹƺȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈǈȅǹǠƻȖ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǿƺǷ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺΦȠ ƺੈǾǫȠȅșΦȠ ǾǓșǔǹȠǔǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȌǷ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅǈǈƺǷॹ ǏǓ ǾȅșȠ Ȗƻ ǷǓǹǹ ǴȉǿǿǩȧǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ǿǓǾ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǩǠƺΦঀ৛

ࢲࢲࢹ

t2ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ

ࢲࢲࢺ

t2ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ੈǿȌǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șȠƻȠȣșΦƺ ƺΦȅǿ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦΦƻǷ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǉǩΚǩǹǩΦƻǉǩȆǴƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǏǓǾȅǷȖƻǉǩƻǴƻǿƺǷ șΦǩǿȠǴǔȠঀ ǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻǠǈƺǿ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ Ƿȉে ΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ȉǿȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔș ǓșΦǾǔǴǓ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏǩǷঀ Φ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǓǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǷȉΦǔǹǓȠǈǓǿॹ ǔș ǿǩǿǉșǓǿ ȖƺǴȠȣǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿΡȅǾƻșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǠƻȠǴƺ ǹǓǿǿǓ ƺੈșΦƺǈƺǏ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƻșে ǿƺǷ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿǔǹǓȠȧǷǈǓǿঀ Φ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓ ȖƺǏǩǷƻǹǩșƺǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦǩǷ ƺੈǾȤǹȠǈǔǹǩȠȌǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǓ ƺੈǷȅȖƻǈǈƺǿ ǉșƺǷ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠȅȠȠ șΦƺǷǾƻǷǈƺǿ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷে ǈƺǿ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȧǷ ǷǔȠșǔǠȠǓǹǓǿȧǹ ǴƺΚȣǹȠঀ Ǔ ƺΦȠ ǩș ǹƻȠǿȣǿǷ ǷǓǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷॹ ǷȅǾȅǹΡ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǦƻȠȠǓȖǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƻǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾȣǿǷ ǿǓǦǓΦǓǿ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǴƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǩ ǾǩǿȠƻǩȠআ ș ǓΦǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷǿƺǷ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǓǹȌΦǾǔǿΡǓǩǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷঀ eȉȖȠǔǿǓǹǾǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ ࢲࢹࢷࢲেǓș ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǔșǔǩǠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺΦ ǹȒȅǷȠȆǹ ^ΦǩǉǫǹǩƻǩǠ Ƿǩș ƻǹǹƺǾȅǷ Ǿȅে ΦƺǩǷǴƺ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǿǔǦƺ ǓǹǹǓǿȠǔȠǈǓǿ ƻǹǹȠƺǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșșƺǹঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǈǓǿ ǿǓǾ ΚȅǹȠ ǷȉǿǿΡȪ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǩȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǓǾƺǿǉǩȒƻǉǩȆǔȖȠ ǟȅǹΡȆ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǷǔșȌǿ ǷǓΦǏȌǏȉȠȠ ȣȖȆȒƺ Ƞȉǈǈǩ ȖǔșΦǔǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǾƻȖ ǉșƺǷ ƺΦǔȖȠ ǩșॹ ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǩ ǟȅȖȖƺǏƺǹȅǾ ǉșƺǷ ƺੈࢲࢺঀ șΦƻΦƺǏ ΚǔǠǔȖǓ ǔȖǷǓΦǓȠȠ ǾǓǠআ ǏǓ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǩȒƺȖ ǓǹǷǓΦǏȠǓ ǟǓǹΚǓǿǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌ ǿƺǠΡ ȖǔșΦǔȠॹ ƺੈ৙ǿȌǷǔȖǏǔș৛ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǷǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǓșșǔ ΚƻǹȠঀ ࢲࢺࢲࢱেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǿȌǩ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǏǓǹǓǠƻǹȠǴƺǩ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ FȌǩ ?ȅǿǠȖǓșșΦȣșȅǿ ?ȅȒȒǓǿǦƻǠƻǈƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǷǩǷǩƻǹȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǾƻȖǉǩȣș ࢹেƻȠ ǿȌǿƺȒǿƺǷঀ ࢲࢺࢵࢶেǈǓǿ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ ȣȠȅǹșȆ ǷǩȖƻǹΡƺॹ hǾǈǓȖȠȅ Ǐǩ ^ƺΚȅǩƺ ȖǓǿǏǓǹȠǓ Ǔǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩș ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȆǴȅǠȅȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷঀ শ ȖȖǓ ǾƻȖ ࢲࢺࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ǩș ǷǔșΦȧǹȠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠ ƺੈ(ǩȅǹǩȠȠǩেǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƺǹƺȠȠॹ ǏǓ ƺੈXƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǓǹȣȠƺșǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅȠঀষ ੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǷǓΦǏǓǿǓǷ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹȠॹ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈǩș ȒƺȒǫȖȅǿॸ ƺੈ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǓǹȌǫȖǴƺ ȣǠΡƺǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǷȉΦΚǔǹǓǾǔǿΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǦƺǠΡǴƺআ ƺੈtǩǹƻǠǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ȆȖȣǾ (ǹȅǈƺǹ ࢲࢳࢱ

(ǓǿǏǓȖ (ƺȒ 2ǿǏǓΠ ǉǫǾȪ ǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșǔǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ƺੈࢲࢵࢶ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺੈࢵࢲঀ ǦǓǹΡǓǿ ƻǹǹ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȠǓȖǔǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ƻȠǟȅǠȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻǈƺǿ ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȅȖে șΦǓȖȪ ǩȒƺȖȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ Κƺǿ ৅ ǿǓǾ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷȖƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷȖǓ ǷȅǿǉǓǿȠȖƻǹে Κƺ ৅ॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓ ΚǓșΦǩ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ șƺǴƻȠȅș ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩȠॸ ǴȆǹ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ȠǔǿΡॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ ǈǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǈǓǿॹ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ƺǈǈȆǹ ƺੈșΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǈȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǷǷȅȖƺ ǦƻǿΡƺǏƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅে ΦƻșǿƺǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓǷǓǹȌȠȠ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǦȅΦ ǔș ƺੈ( XেǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșȣǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅșƺǿ ǔȖǩǿȠǩǷ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈǈǓȖȣǦƻΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ΚǩșșΦƺƻǹǹǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷǔșǓǏǓǹǾǓș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșȣǹƻșƺঀ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷǓȠ ǓȖȌșǫȠǩ ƺੈǾǩǷȖȅেǷǷΚেǷƺȠ ǾǓǠǉǔǹΦȆ șΦƻǾȅș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșॹ ƺੈ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ (ƺȖƺǿǉǩƺƺǹƺȒ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǴƺΚƻȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȆ șΦƻǾȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ƺੈ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǹǓǠǓǩǿǓǷ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȠȌǹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǔȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǩǠঀ ੈ ǷȉΦǓǹǾȤǹȠǈƺǿ ǟȅǹΡȠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǩȠƺ ȤǴȖƺ ǓǹȌȠǔȖǈǓ ǦǓǹΡǓΦȠǓ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǷǔȖে ǏǔșǔȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǠΡǔǈ ǏǩǾǓǿΦǩȆǩ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠঀ Φȅǿ ȠȤǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ǷǩșΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ƺΦ ƻȠǹƺǠȅș ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ǔș ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǦƺǴǹƺǾȅșƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ ΚƻǹƻșȖƺ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆȖƺ Ǿƻș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺΦȠ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǓ ȉǿǾƺǠƻǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦΦƺ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǠΡǓǿǠǓ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǔȠঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡ শ ƺǿǉƺ Ǐঅ2Ƞƺǹǩƺॹ 2șȠƺȠॹ E e ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡǉǓǿȠȖȣǾষ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǠΡǓǿǠǓ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǓ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǔȖǓȠǓ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǿǓǾ ǔȖǏǓǾǓș ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșǿǩॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ǾǔǠ ƺੈǹǓǠǷǩে șǓǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩș ǷǔȒǓș ǷǩȠȪǿȌ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡȠƻȖș ǹǓǿǿǩ ƺੈȒǩƺǉȅǿঀ ੈ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ǷǔȖǏǔș ȠǓǦƻȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǦƺǴǹƺǿǏȆেǓ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǟǓǹǔ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ǾȅǏǓȖǿ ȣȠƺȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠƺǿǩ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔȠ ǾǓǠșΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ ǦǦǓΦ ƺੈΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ǷȧǹșȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷ ǩș șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹॸ ƺΦ ƺǏȆΦƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ȅȒȠǩǾƺǹǩΦƻǹƻșƺॹ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣș ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺ ƺΦȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻșǈƺॹ ƺΦ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠƻȠƺǏƻșǈƺ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆǈƺআ ƺΦ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƺǟȅǠΡƺșΦȠƻș ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǹǓǠǩǿǷƻǈǈ ǓǿǓȖǠǩƺǩǠǔǿΡǓș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǉǔǠǓǷ Κȅে ǿƺȠǷȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿআ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǾȅǏǓȖǿǩΦƻǹƻșƺॹ șȠȖȣǷȠȣȖƻǹȠƺǈǈ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǈƺǿǷǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȤॹ ǔș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺșƺǈǈ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ƺǏǴȅǿ ƺੈǿΡǩȠȅȠȠ ȠȌǷǓȒǩƺǉǦȅΦ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǩșআ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈȠƻȖǠΡǩॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺΦ ࢲࢳࢲ

ǩǾǾƺȠǓȖǩƻǹǩș ǩǿǟȖƺșȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ƺΦ ȣǹȠȖƺ șΦǔǹǓșșƻΚȤ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓȖȣǦƻে Φƻș ȖǔΚǔǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǈǓǹșȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷȖǓ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǷƺȒǩȠƺǹǩΦǾȣș ৅ ǾǓǹΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ ǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ǷǔΦǈǓǿ Κƺǿ ৅ ȒƺȖƺǏǩǠǾƻǴƻǿƺǷ ǹǓǷȧΦǏǔșǔȖǓষ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǷǓǹঀ ੈ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ șΦǓǾǈǓșȧǹॹ ȠǓǦƻȠ ǿǔǠΡ ǟȌ ȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƺ ǷȉȖǔ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅșȣǹǿƺǷॸ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǓǏΚǓΦȌǈǈ ƺǏȆΦƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺআ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȌǷǔșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǷȅǿșΦȅǹǩǏƻǉǩȆǴƻǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ƺੈ ȠȌǷǓ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǈǈ ǓǹȅșΦȠƻșƺ ȖǔΚǔǿআ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆǈƺॹ ƺੈ ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǉǩȆǈƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩΚǔ Κƻǹƻșǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓআ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓΦȌǈǈǔ ȠǔȠǓǹǓ ƺΦƻǹে Ƞƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟǓǹǦƺǠΡǿƺǷ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǔș Ȓǩƺǉǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷǷƺǹॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ șȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻǷǷƺǹ ǔș șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǿǓǾ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺșƺǷ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓে ǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǟǓǹƺǏƺȠ ǾƻȖ ǾǓǠȅǹǏȆǏȅȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻș ǿǓǾ ǈƺǿǷǩ ǉșƺȠȅȖǿƻে ǩǿƺǷ ǏǓȖǓǠȣǹƻǉǩȆǴƻȠȆǹ ƺੈǾǓǠȤǴȣǹȆ ȠȌǷǓǴƺΚƺǷǈƺ ΚƺǹȆ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ƺǏȆȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷǓǿ ƻȠ শȤǿঀ șΦȣȒǓȖƺǾȅȖȠǩΦƻǉǩȆষ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆǩǠ শȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ƺǏȆǴȆΚƻǫȖƻș ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻșেǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖǓ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǈƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǉșȅǾƺǠষॹ ǏǓ ǿǓǾ șΦƺǈƺǏ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǏǷǓΦǿȧǿǷ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǾǓǠȤǴǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǹƻșƺ ƺੈ E2^ শƺ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹȌǏǔș EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾƺষ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǿǓǾȖǔǠǩǈǓǿ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡ ࢵঀࢱ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǓǠΡǩǷ șƺȖȅǷǷȉΚǓ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢸেǓș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșǈǓǿঀ ΦǓǷ ǟȅǿȠȅș ǓǹǓে ǾǓǩ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ƺੈǹǓǠǏǩǿƺǾǩǷȣșƺǈǈƺǿ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǔș ǹǓǠǴȅǈǈƺǿ ǟǓǹșΦǓȖǓǹȠ ǉǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩΦƻǉǩȆȖƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǷॹ ǔș ǫǠΡ ǷǩǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƺ ȌǷǓȠ ƺੈ ȠǓǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿșǔǠ ƻǹǹƺȒȅȠƻǈȆǹॹ ȤǴȖƺǩǿǏǫȠΚƺ ƺΦ ȠǓǹǴǓș ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠঀ ੈ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǾƻȖ ƺੈ ǦǓȠǓǏǩǷ ǷǩƺǏƻșȠ ǔȖȠǓ ǾǓǠॹ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢲ ǟǓǈȖȣƻȖǴƻǈƺǿ ৙ǹǓǠǴȅǈǈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǷǔǿȠ৛ ǩǏǔΦǩॹ ƺੈE2^ Ǿƻș ǟȅǿȠȅș ǿΡȅǾȅǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǔșǩ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾƺǩ ǩș ǷǩǓǠǔșΦǫȠǩǷঀ 2ǹΡǓǿ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺΦ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǔș ƺǹƺȠȠ ƻǹǹȆॹ XƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠǿǓǷ ǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠ ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴে ȠƻșƻȖȆǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻǴƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓșǓǿ ǓǹǓǾΦǩ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȖǓ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșƻȠঀ

ࢲࢳࢳ

t2ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ࢳࢱࢲࢳ ȆȠƺ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿșॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿȖǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȌ ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻে Ȗƺ ȠȉȖǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ǾƺǠƺș ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔȖȠǔǷǷǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ȤǴ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǓ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓঀ ΦǓǿ ȠȉȖǓǷΚǔș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔǿȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈ ࢲࢸࢺইࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓșॹ ৙ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ șȧȖǠȌș ǩǿȠǔΦে ǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖȌǹ৛ॹ Ǿƻș ǿǔΚǓǿ ƺੈ ǓǉȖǓȠȅ ȖǓșǉǩȠƺ ࢳঀࢱ শFȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ ࢳঀࢱষ ǉǫǾȪ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǈȌǹ ƺੈࢳࢳࢲইࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠঀ ੈ ࢲࢸࢺইࢳࢱࢲࢳঀ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ șΦƻǾȅș ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ƺੈ [ǓșȠƺȖȠॹ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺॻ ǉǫǾȪ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǔșǈȌǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǓǠΡॹ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȖȠ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ǾǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖ ƻǹȠƺǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢳ ƻȒȖǩǹǩșƻǈƺǿ ǟǓǹƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠॹ ࢲࢳ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǈȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ Ƿǩঀ eƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆǷ ǈǓǿǿǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷ ǩșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǟȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩΚǓǹ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǷȅǿΦȣǹȠƻǉǩȆ șȅȖƻǿ ǾǓȖȧǹȠǓǷ ǟǓǹঀ Φ 2ȠƺǹΡঢ়ș ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǉȠ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠȠǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǴȅǠȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǈǓ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǟȅǠƺǹǾƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ȤǴॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚॹ ǾƺǠƺș ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔȖȠǔǷȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǴǓǹȉǹǩঀ Φ ǩǹΡǓǿ ȠǫȒȣșȤ ǉǔǠǓǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǟǓǹ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖȪ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓȠ শࢳࢶেࢴࢳঀ ǉǩǷǷǓǹΡষॹ ƺǿǔǹǷȧǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈƻȖে ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǩ ΚƺǠΡ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖȖƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦƻșȠ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǿǔǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺǦȅǠΡ ǓΦȠ Ǿƻș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷ ȠǓșΦǩǷঀ Φ ȤǴ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓǠǔșΦ ǔǹǓȠǉǩǷǹȣșƻȖƺ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏǿǓǷॸ ƺੈǈǓǴǓǠΡΦǔșȠȌǹ ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓǿॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǿ ƻȠ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠșǔǠ ƻǹǹƺȒȅȠƻǩǠঀ ΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ȉșșΦǓș șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǴǔǿǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǦǓΦ ǩǠƺΦȅǏȆ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠǓȠ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ƺੈࢲࢸࢺইࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠ ȠȤǹǾȣȠƺȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖȪ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǿঀ ^ȅǷǷƺǹ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƻȠǟȅǠȆॹ ǷȅǦǓȖǓǿș șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșșƻ ΚƻǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ȤȠǴƻǿƺǷ ȠƺȖȠǴƺঀ ƻȖ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǾǓșșΦǓ Κƺǿ ƺੈΚǔǠǹǓǠǓșȠȌǹॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșƻǿ șȅে ǷƺȠ șΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠȅȠȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȤǴ ǴȅǠƺǹǷȅȠƻșǩ ǹǔȒǔșॸ ƺੈࢸࢷইࢳࢱࢲࢴঀ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓȖǓǴȪ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺΦ ȤǠΡǿǓΚǓΦǓȠȠ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ [ǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺੈࢴইࢳࢱࢲࢶ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǓȖǓǴȪ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠॹ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǓǠΡǓΦǾǔǿΡ ǔș ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢸেǓș ǷȉǹȠșǔǠΚǓȠǔșǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ শࢳࢴࢳইࢳࢱࢲࢷঀ șΦঀষॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩ ȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǓȠǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ǴƺΚǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǔș ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷǓȠঀ hǠΡƺǿƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ȤǴƺǈǈ ǿȅȖǾƺȠǫΚ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǈƻȖ ǿǓǾ șΦȅȖȅșƺǿ ƺΦ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ǉȠ ȖǔșΦǓǩ ৅ ǩș ǿƺǠΡǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ ǠƺΦǏƺǠǫȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺΦ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷƺȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠǿƺǷ ƺੈǹǓǠǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓ ƺΦ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖǩƺ ࢵঀࢱ ǉǫǾȪ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚ শƺǿǠȅǹ ǔș ȅǹƺșΦ ǿΡǓǹে ΚǓǿষঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǓǹǹǓǿǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿȠǔș ǓǹșȌșȅȖǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǩ șȠƺȖȠȣȒ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡে ࢲࢳࢴ

ȖǓ ৅ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ șȠƺȖȠȣȒǴƺǩȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǷȅǿǷȖǔȠ ǔș ǠΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ ৅ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅșǫȠॹ ȖȉΚǩǏ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷȖȌǹ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅșșƻǠǈƺǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺΦ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ șΦǩǿȠ ǔș ƺΦ শƺǷȠǫΚ ǔș ǿǓǾ ƺǷȠǫΚষ ƻǹǹƻșǷǓȖǓșȌǷ ǾƺǠƺș șΦƻǾƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾǓΦȠǓঀ ੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǓǷॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ǓȖȌȠǓǹǴǓșǓǈǈ ǦƺȠƻșȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ƺੈȠǩȒǩǷȣșƺǿ ǟǔȖЙ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖে ǈƺǿॹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠȅȠ ȠƺǿȤșǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ȠǓȖǔǿঀ ੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȅȠ ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ǾǔǹΡȖǓǦƺȠȆ șȠȖȣǷȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅǷ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșȅǹǴƻǷ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡȅǷƺȠঀ Φ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǈǓǿॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ Ǐǔǹǩ ȖǔǠǩȆǴƻǈƺǿ ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓে ȠǓȠǹǓǿ ƺੈǷǔȒΦǔș ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƻȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷॹ ǾǔǠ ƺǷǷȅȖ ǩșॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈȠȤǹǷǔȒে ΦǓȠȠșǔǠ șǓǾ ȖǩȠǷƺ ǴǓǹǓǿșǔǠঀ ੈXƺȖǹƺǾǓǿȠǈǓǿ ǾǓǠΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠ ǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ΚǓΦǓȠȌ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǩȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ ȤǠΡ ȠȪǿǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩॹ ǾǩǿǏ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ șΦǟǔȖƻǈƺǿ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǓ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǈƺǿঀ ੈ ΚƻǹșƻǠ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ȠǫΦ ǔΚǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȖƺ ǩș ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǾǓǠƻǹǹǫȠȅȠȠƺ ƺੈ ǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹǦƺȠȆ ȒȅΦǩȠǫΚ ȠǓǿǏǓǿǉǩƻȠঀ OșșΦǓșșǔǠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹে ǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢵেࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǔȖǓ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǹȌΦȌ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǦǓΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠॹ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ ǉșƺǷ ƺΦ ࢶࢱ ǔΚǓș ǔș ǩǏȌșǓǈǈ ǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǿȉΚǓǷșΦǩǷॹ ǾǩǷȉΦǈǓǿ ƺੈࢴࢶেࢵࢺ ǔΚǓșǓǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ǿƺǠΡǴƻǈȆǹ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƺȠǹƺǿॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹƺǈǈƺǷǿƻǹ ȒǓǏǩǠ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿঀ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿॹ ǷȅȖǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ǴȆΚƺǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔॸ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ ࢲࢱࢱেǈȆǹ ǉșƺǷ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢵࢷ ǿȌ ΚȅǹȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠॹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢷࢸઔেƻΚƺǹঀ ǔǹǓǿ ƺੈ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ șȅǷǷƺǹ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅșƺǈǈƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺǹǩǠ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢱઔঀ EƻșȖǔșΦȠ ƺΦ ǩǿƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƺ ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǾƺǠƺșॹ ǓǹǔȖǩ ƺੈ ǾȣǿǷƺǷǔȒǓș ǷȅȖȤ ǿȌǩ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ǾƺǴǏǿǓǾ ǟǓǹǔȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺੈǴǓǹǓǿșǔǠǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǟȌ ȅǷƺ ƺੈǉșƺǹƻǏॹ ƺǾǓǹΡে ࢲࢳࢵ

ǿǓǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻȖƺ ǿǩǿǉș ǦƺȠƻșƺঀ ੈǿȌǷ ࢲࢶઔেƺ șΦƻǾȅǹȠ ǈǓ ƺȖȖȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷȧǷ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǓ ǾǩƺȠȠ ǦƺǠΡȠƺ Ǔǹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǔȠঀ (ΡƺǷȖƺǿ ǓΦ ǿǓǾ șƺǴƻȠ ǏȉǿȠǔșॹ șȌȠ ƺΦ ǓșǓȠǓǷ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǔǈǓǿ ǓǹǈȅǉșƻȠȅȠȠƻǷ ƺੈΚƻȖƺǿǏȆș ǿȌǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠে ǈǓ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ȌǷǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅȠȠ ǷǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǦƺǠΡǿǩȣǷ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƻșȣǷƺȠঀ Φ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆǷ ΚƺǹƺǾǩΚǓǹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǓǹǓ ǿȌॹ ƺǾǩ ƺǿǿƺǷ Ƿȉে șΦȉǿǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ȠƺǿƻȖȅǷ ΦȉǾǓ ǩș ǿȌॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǩșǷȅǹƻǷǈƺǿঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈșΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǷǈƺǿ ǓǠΡǔȖȠǓǹǾȪǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ȠȤǹșȤǹΡǈƺǿॸ ࢲࢱࢱ ǟȌǩǠƺΦǠƺȠȆǈȆǹ ǾǩǿǏȉșșΦǓ ࢲࢲ ƺੈǿȌঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩșǔǠǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ শǷǈঀ ࢵઔॹ 2șȠƺȠॹ ࢳࢱࢱࢶষॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔঀ ੈǿȌǩ ǔș ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ੈǷȉΦǓǹ ࢸࢱࢱ ǓΦǓȖ শࢷࢹࢷࢴࢹࢺষ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ࢳࢷઔেƻȠ ȠǓșΦǩ Ƿǩঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǠΡǦƺȖǾƺǏƺ শࢴࢳॹࢲઔষ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈȠȉǈǈșǔǠ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǈȆǹ ƻǹǹ শǓΦ ƺΦ ƺȖƻǿΡ ǾǓǠǓǠΡǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔΚƺǹষঀ EƺǴǏǿǓǾ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ শࢺࢳॹࢲઔষ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾƺǠȣǷǈƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǴƻǷ ƺੈΚǓǿǏǔǠǹƻে ȠƻșȠॹ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǓȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹǾƺȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ Ȥǿঀ ǦǩǠǦ ǾƺȖǷǓȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ΦȅǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƺੈ ǹǓǠƺǷȠǫΚƺǈǈƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǩǠǔǿΡȪ ǠΡƻȖȠƻșǈƺǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠǿƺǷ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷƺȠঀ Φ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹে ǷǓΦȌ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢳࢹॹࢵઔেƺ ǿȌॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺȖƻǿΡ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ࢴࢱઔেȖƺ ǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǩǷঀ ΦǓǷǿǓǷ ǉșƺǷǿǓǾ ƺੈǟǓǹǓ শࢵࢹॹࢵઔষ ƺੈǉșȤǉșȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǔș ǉșȤǉșȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆে Ǡǩƻș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈȆǹ ǷǓȖȧǹ Ƿǩॹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ǟǔȖЙ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢴࢺॹࢱઔে ƻΚƺǹঀ ੈȠȌǷǓǩǠǔǿΡǓș ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺੈǈǓȅșΦȠȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ ǓǹǦƺǿΡƺǠȅǹǦƺȠȆ শƺ ǿȌǷ ࢲࢸॹࢲઔেƺ ǔș ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢲࢸॹࢶઔেƺষঀ Φ ȤǴǏȅǿșȧǹȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚƺǹƺǾǩΚǓǹ ЙƺȠƺǹƺǈǈƺǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ শƺ ࢳࢶেࢴࢵ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȤǴǏȅǿșȧǹȠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢴࢶॹࢸઔেȅȠ ȠǓșΦǿǓǷ Ƿǩॹ șΦǓǾে ǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢳࢺॹࢺઔেƻΚƺǹষॹ ǔș ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǈǓȅșΦȠȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ শࢳࢳॹࢷઔ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈࢳࢱॹࢶઔেǷƺǹষঀ ੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ЙƺȠƺǹƺǈǈƺǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠǓǈǈǓǷ ǩșॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺੈȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǩ ƺȖƻǿΡȣǷ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿॹ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșȧǹǔșǿǓǷ ǩș ǓǹȌǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠșǔǠঀ ੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ƺੈǾǓșȠǓȖǟȅǷȅΦƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠǹǔȠǔǈǓǿ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦǿƺǷॸ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ শࢴࢴঀࢷઔ șΦǓǾǈǓǿ ƺੈࢳࢲઔেǷƺǹষ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ǓǠΡƺȖƻǿȠ শࢲࢲॹࢸઔॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢲࢱॹࢸઔষঀ

ࢲࢳࢶ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠǫȒȣșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ੈ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ ǈǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǓǹǹƻȠƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȒȅǹǠƻȖǩ ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȉșșΦǓȠƺȖȠȅΦƻșॹ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡॹ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǩǿ ǩșঀ ੈǟȌǈǈ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǔǿȠ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷॸ ǦǓǹΡǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǷ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȉșșΦǓȠƺȖȠȅΦƻșॹ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǠȅǿǏȅΦƻș ǔș ΚǔǏǓǹǓǾॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșॹ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺে ȠƻșȅǷআ ǏǩΚǓȖΦǩȠƻș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǓॹ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǉǩȆॹ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓॹ ǷȉȖǷȉȖȉș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠঀ ੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ࢹࢷઔেƺ ȤǠΡ Κǔǹǩॹ șΦǓǾǔǹΡǓșǓǿ ǩș ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ࢺࢱઔ ȤǠΡ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǴƺॹ Ȍ ǾƺǠƺ ǩș ǓȖȌșȉে ǏȉȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƺ ǔș ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǔșǓ ǷȉΦǈǓǿঀ EǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢲࢴੈࢱࢱࢱ ǴȅǠǩǹƺǠ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖȠ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǹǔȠǓΦǩǷॹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢹࢳੈࢱࢱࢱ ǏǓ ǟƺǉȠȅ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ࢷࢲੈࢱࢱࢱ ȒȖȅЙȠȅȖǩǓǿȠƻǹȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș șΦȅǹে ǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖ ࢴॹࢵઔেǷƺǹ ǴƻȖȣǹȠ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ( XেǦǓΦঀ ੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆǈƺǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈঀ ǔȖǓǷॹ ǴȣȠȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ЙΦǓȠǔșǓ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǔॸ ࢳࢱࢱࢵেǈǓǿ Ȓǔǹে Ǐƻȣǹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ȠǓǹǴǓș ЙΦǓȠǔșǓ শƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ȉșșΦǓș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǓǾষ ǷȉȖȧǹǈǓǹȧǹ ࢸઔ েǷƺǹ ΚȅǹȠ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǔॹ ǾǫǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ ǓΦ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ ࢳࢱઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ƺΦ ƺΦ ȅǷƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ƺΦ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ ǈǔȖǓΦǔșȪ ǾȣǿǷƻǷȖƺ ȉșșΦȒȅǿȠȅে șȣǹॹ ǔș ǾǓȖȠ ƺΦ ƺΦȅǿȅș ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȉǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ЙΦǓȠǔșǓǷ ৅ ǩǠƺΦॹ ǉșƺǷ ǷǩǉșǩΚǓǹ শࢳઔষ ৅ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈƺǷঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǓșǓȠǔǿ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƻȖȣǹǔǷȅș ǈǔȖȠǔȠǓǹǓǷǈȌǹॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺǷǈȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȠȤǹȆȖƺǏǫǴƺǷǈȆǹ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǓǷঀ Φ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚȠǩΦǓǏǓǷ ȠǓǿǏǓǿǉǩƻǩ শǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ই ǉșȉǷǷǓǿǔșॹ ǾȉǠȉȠȠǓș ȅǷȅǷ șȠǈঀষ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǷȣǹǉșǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠȤ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǦǓΦॹ ƺੈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǈǓǩǹǹǓșΦǷǓǏǔș ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ K ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺȠ ƺੈ (ǹƺǿǉǓ șȅȖȖƺ ΚǓșΦǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ΚƺǹƺǾǩȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾȖȌǹॹ ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǠȅǿǏȅΦƻșǩ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦে ΦƻǟǔȖǔșȖȌǹॹ șȌȠ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺǷȖȆǹ ǩșঀ Φ șǓǠǫȠ ǾǓǠǾƺǠΡƺȖƻΦǿǩ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿǈে șǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠǫȠǔǹǔșǔǈǓǿ ǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦে ǿƺǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓș ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠঀ ǠΡΚƺǹƺǾǩ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǷȉΦȉș ǾǩǿǏǓΦǓǷǈǓǿॸ ƺੈ ǿȌǷȖǓ ΚǩǹƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓ ǷǓΚǔșǈǔ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǟȅǠǿƻǿƺǷঀ Φ ƺǹȆǹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠ șǓǾ ࢲࢳࢷ

ǴǓǹǓǿȠ ǷǩΚǔȠǓǹȠॸ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ࢴࢸઔেƺॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǉșƺǷ ࢳࢴઔেƺ ƻǹǹǫȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹ ǴƻȖȆ ǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠȅǷƺȠॹ ǾǩǿȠ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǷǩ ǾƻșǿƺǷ ǏȅǹǠȅΦΦȅǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t2ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ hǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓ ࢲࢺࢺࢺ ȆȠƺ ƺΦ hǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓॹ ƺੈ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩॹ 2ȒƺȖǩॹ ?ǔΦǾȪǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƻǷ hǿǩȆǴƺ ƺΦ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǓǠΡǓșǫȠǩ ǔș ǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅșƺǿ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷƺǾƺȖƺȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖȠঀ 'ȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǟǔȖƻΚƺǹॸ ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾǾƺǹ ƺǹƻǫȖȠ ǔș ƺੈ ǷǔșȌǈǈǩǓǷǈǓǿ ƺΦ șǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾǾƺǹ ǾǓǠȤǴǫȠȅȠȠ ǓǹșȌ ǴǓǠΡΦȌǷȉǿΡΚ ȖǔΚǔǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǿƻǹ șΦȧǹǓȠȠǓǷ ǓȖȖǓ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǷঀ ੈhǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓেȠ ǔș ƺੈǷƺǾƺȖƺȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǔΚǓǷ ȆȠƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷঀ ΦǓǷǷǓǹ ƺੈǉǔǹȅǷǷƺǹ ǫȖȠƺ ƺǹƻ ࢲࢺࢺࢺেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǓǠΡǓȠǔȖȠǔșǩ ǿΡǩǹƺȠǷȅΦƺȠȅȠ ƺΦ hǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓ ǔș ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢱࢴেƺș ǾǓǠȤǴǫȠƻș ǩș ǓΦǓǷǓȠ șΦȅǹে ǠƻǹȠƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƻǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǷƺȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǿƻǹঀ ੈ ǟȅǷȅΦƺȠȅșƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷ ǔș ƺੈșΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǓǠ Ƞȉǈǈ șΦƻΦ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǈȆǹ ƻǹǹॹ ƺǷǩǷǓȠ ƺੈǹǓǠȖǓȒȖǓΦǓǿȠƺȠǫΚƺǈǈ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓǷ ǴǓǹȉǹȠǓǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓǷȅȖ ƺੈǷƺǾƺȖƻǷǷƺǹ ǓǠΡǓȠǔȖȠǔșǈǓǿ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹȠƺ ƺੈǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǔǈǓǿআ ƺੈǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠ ǟȌ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǾǓǠșΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠƻে șƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹΚƺ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǦȅΦॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓে ǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔǦǓΦঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ǿǔǦƻǿΡॸ ƺੈǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǓȠȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷȖȌǹ ǔș ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǓǷǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾȆǏǴƻȖȆǹ ƺΦ ǔȖǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷ șΦǔǹǓșǷȉȖȪ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƺॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻș ǩȖƻǿΡΚȅǿƺǹƺǩǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȪǷȉǏǔșǦǓΦ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǾǓǠȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓॹ ΚƻșƻȖȅǷ ǔș ǈࢳǈ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǓঀ

ࢲࢳࢸ

Φ hǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǿǷǔǿȠ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǈǓșΦƻǾȅǹȆǩȠ ǔș Йে ǠΡǓǹǓǾǾǓǹ ǷǫșǔȖǩ ƺੈȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡȧǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȖǔșΦǹǓǠǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǏȖǩƺǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǷ ǟȆȖȣǾƻǿ ǩșॹ ƺǾǩ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǩș ǦǓǹΡǓș ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠঀ Φ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǿΡȅǹǉ ǔΚǈǓǿ ƺੈ eǦǓ ȠȅȣȖ ȅǟ 2ȠƺǹΡ ȅǟ ΛȅǾǓǿ ǏȅǩǿǠ ǈȣșǩǿǓșș ȖȅƺǏșǦȅΛ ǩș șǓǠǫȠ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȖǓ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǴƻǈȆǹঀ ǿΡƺǠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȆ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ KǹƺșΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ শ 2 șষ KǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩș ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻȠ ƺǹǷȅȠǴƻǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅে ΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǷΚেǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǾǓǠǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ǔș ƺੈǾȅে ǏǓȖǿǩΦƻǹƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ Φ ȖǔșΦǓ ƺΦ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ 2 ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǿƺǷ শ Fষ ǔș ƺΦ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ ȣȖȅȒǓ FǓȠΛȅȖǷǿǓǷঀ ੈ 2 েșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖȪ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǏǿǓǷ ǹǓॹ ǩǏǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǔȠॹ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠ ǔș șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻșȠ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫে Ƞƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ƺੈЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǔȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ǈǓǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖȅǷǈƺǿঀ ^ȠƺȖȠ ȣȒ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺ ੈ^ȠƺȖȠ ȣȒ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓș ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ǔș ǓǠΡǔǈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷȖȌǹ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ [ǔǠǩȆǷȖƺ ǈȅǿȠǴƺ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǏǓ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷȖǓ ǩșॹ ǔș ȖǔșΦǹǓে ȠǓșǓǿ ǩșǾǓȖȠǓȠǩ ƺੈǹǓǠǟȖǩșșǓǈǈ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺੈȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠǩ ǦƺȠƻȖǩǏȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺੈǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷƺȠঀ 2ǿΚǩȠƺǹǩƺ Φ 2ǿΚǩȠƺǹǩƺ ƺΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȅȠȠ ǈǓȖȣǦƻΦƻșেǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻș ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƻǹȠƺǹ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ȧǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠǓঀ 'ǓǹșȅȖȅǹǴƺ ǔș ǷǓΦǓǹǩ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǔș ȣǿǩȆș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌȠ ǔș ƺǹƺȒȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹǿƺǷ ȤǴ ȠƻȖșƺșƻে ǠȅǷ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ?ȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǿǓǷ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓșǓǿ ǿΡȤǴȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟȌ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌǩ Φ ࢲࢺࢺࢳঀ ǟǓǈȖȣƻȖ ࢳࢶেǩॹ ࢳࢲࢶঀ șΦঀ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠǩ ǩǿȠǓȖΚǓǿǉǩȆȠ শƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹে ǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓষ ǦƺȠƻǹΡȅǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ǦǓǹΡǓΦȠǓ ƺੈࢹࢴইࢳࢱࢲࢳ șΦঀ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠঀ ࢲࢳࢹ

Φ ȣȠȅǹșȆ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠȅȠ ࢳࢱࢱࢶেǈǓǿ ƺǏȠƻǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈ ǷǩΚȅǿƺȠ ȖǔșΦǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷǓΦǓǹǔșǔǔȖȠ ƺੈ Ǿǩে ǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ șΦƻǿȠ (ƺȖƺǿǉǩƺƺǹƺȒ șΦǓǷǉǩȆ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ȆȠƺ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ǔș ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹȠ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǔș șΦƺǈƺǏȤșΦȆ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ ǩșঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেȠȆǹ ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆǷ ǩș ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹǦǓȠǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈ^ǾƺȖȠ ૭ ^ȠƺȖȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȤǴ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ Κƻǹǹƺǹে ǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȖƺঀ eȅΚƻǈǈǩ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌǷ ƺੈǈƺǿǷȅǷȠȆǹ ǔș ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡȠȆǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷǿƺǷ ੈ EǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖǓǷ eƺǿƻǉșƺ ǓǹǿȉǷșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ ȖǔșΦǹǓǠǓ ǔș ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȠƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦে ȠǔșǔȖǓ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǓǠΡǓȠǔȖȠǔșǩ ǾǓǾȅȖƺǿǏȣǾȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺǹƻǫȖȠ ƺΦ KǹƺșΦ ƺǿǷșΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠॹ ƺੈ ȅǿЙǿǏȣșȠȖǩƺॹ ƺੈ ȅǿǟƺȒǩॹ ƺΦ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ȣșǩǿǓșș FǓȠΛȅȖǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǹǹǩƺǿǉǓ ȅǟ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǩΚǓșঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢵঀ ǴȤǿǩȣș ࢵেǔǿ ƺǹƻǫȖȠॹ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢷঀ ǟǓǈȖȣƻȖ ࢲࢷেƻǿ ǾǓǠǦȅșșΦƺǈǈǫȠȅȠȠ ǴǓǠΡΦȌǷȉǿΡΚ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦ ǓǠΡ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦǩȠǓǹǦǓΦ ǴȣȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈǈƺǿǷȅǷ ǔș ƺੈȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǫȠȌǷ ΚǔǠȖǓ ǩș ǦƺǴȠȅȠȠƺǷঀ ੈEǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖȠƺǿƻǉș ǹǿȉǷșǔǠǔǿǓǷ șǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ 'ȌȅșΦȠƻǹΡƺॹ ƺੈ(ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ EǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ǔș ƺੈ (ƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș XǔǿΦȧǠΡǾǩǿǩșΦȠǔȖǩȣǾ ƺǹƻǫȖȠƺ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ?ȉΦȒȅǿȠǩ (ƺȖƺǿǉǩƺƺǹƺȒǴƻǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǓΦǾǔǿΡǔȠ ƺੈ EǩǿǩșΦȠǓȖȠƺǿƻǉș ǹǿȉǷșǔǠǓ ৅ șǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǩ KșΦȠƻǹΡ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȖȆǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢴঀ ǾƻȖǉǩȣș ࢲࢵেǔǿঀ ੈǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș ȖǔșΦǹǓǠ ࢳࢱࢲࢵঀ ǴƺǿȣƻȖ ࢲࢵে ȠȌǹ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷঀ

t2ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ KȖșΦƻǠȅș ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শ 2 ষ ࢲࢺࢷࢲেǈǓǿ eȅȖǩǿȆǈƺǿ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȅǹƺșΦ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷǓǏΚॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷ ǔș șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺঀ Φ ƺੈǹǓǠǦǩȠǓǹǓșǓǈǈ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƺȒȅǿȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ȠȉǹȠǓǿǓǷ ǈǓ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿঀ ?ǩΚƻǹȆ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǿǓǷǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǦǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǟȅȖǾƻǹȆǏǦƺȠǿƺǷ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠǦƺȠǴƻǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠ ǾǩǿǏ șΦƺǷǾƺǩǹƺǠॹ ǾǩǿǏ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩǹƺǠঀ

ࢲࢳࢺ

Φ 2 ॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ' E ΚǩǹƻǠǦƻǹȆΦƺȠƻǿƺǷ ȖǔșΦǓॹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǟǔǹ ǔΚșΦƻΦƺǏƺ ǟǓǹǓে ǹȌșǓ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷǿƺǷॸ ॷ ƺ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺॹ ǾǓǠșΦǩǹƻȖǏǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠȠǓǹǴǓș ȒȅΦǫে ǉǩȆȠ ǈǓȠȉǹȠȌ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿআ ॷ ƺ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾ ȖƻǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈșΦƺǈƺǏ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǓȠǩǷƺǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǩȖǓॹ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǓআ ॷ ƺ ǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǩ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅǷǈƺǿআ ॷ ǉǔǹȠȣǏƺȠȅș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔș ƺੈ ǦǓǹΡǩॹ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩșॹ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩॹ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșǈƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǩǹǹǓȠǔǷǓș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿǿΡǓǹॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǦǓΦ ȖǓǿে ǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻș ǟǓǹǦƺșΦǿƻǹƻșƺআ ॷ ƺ ȠƺǠȅǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǔș șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǷǔȒΦǔșǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ǉǔǹǴƺǩǿƺǷ ǓǹȌে ǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷॹ șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹॹ ƺੈȠƺǠȅǷ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǟȖǩșșǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ȠǓȖǔǿআ ॷ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ Ǧƺșȅǿে ǹȆ ǉǔǹȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǔș ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȆ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹআ ॷ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩșॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ ࢺࢱࢱ ȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǹȠ ȠƺǠǴƻΚƺǹ ƺΦ 2 ੈǈǩΦȠȅș ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƺȒȅǿȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ƺǷǩ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆȠ ȠȉǹȠ ǈǓঀ (ƺǾǾƺ ȅǿǿƺ ੈ(ƺǾǾƺ ȅǿǿƺ ǓǠΡ ȅǹƺșΦ ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƻȠ ǉǔǹȅΦΦƺঀ 'ǩǠΡǓǹǓǾǾǓǹ ǷȉΚǓȠǩ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡȠॹ ȒǹƺȠে ǟȅȖǾȅȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ƺੈ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǓșΦǾǓǉșǓȖǔǷǦǓΦ ǔș ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ǉșȅǾȆȒȅǿȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠ ǩș ǈǓȠȉǹȠǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ șΦƻǾȅș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ ǩǿǏǫȠঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȣǿǷ ǦǫȖǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ȠȅΚƻǈǈǩ ȠȣǏǿǩΚƺǹȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠȖȌǹ ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǔΚǓș ǟȆȖȣǾȖȆǹঀ 'ǓǹǩȖƺȠǷȅΦǦƺȠȣǿǷ ƺੈǦǫȖǹǓΚǔǹȖǓॹ ǔș ȠƺǠǷǔǿȠ ΚƺǠΡ ৙ǈƺȖƻȠǷǔǿȠ৛ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦে ǦƺȠȣǿǷ ǩș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǦǓΦঀ

ࢲࢴࢱ

EƺȖǩșƺ ǓǹǹǩșƺȖǩȅ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ੈEƺȖǩșƺ ǓǹǹǩșƺȖǩȅ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ƺੈEƺȖǩșƺ ǓǹǹǩșƺȖǩȅ ǫǴ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ǩǿǏȣǹȠॹ ǔș ƺΦȆȠƺ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǓ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚΚǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǟǓǹে ǷȣȠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ǔș ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔȖǓॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷȖƺঀ Φ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺΦ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿॹ ǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǈƺǿ ǔș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǔȖǏǓǷǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǓȠǔǿ ȠȤǹǾǓǿȌǓǿ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣে ǿǩǷƻǉǩȆॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠƺǿॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ @ƺ'ǓǾEǓ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ Φ ƺǿΡƺșƻǠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡƻǿƺǷ ȠǔǾƻǴƻΚƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷঀ ?ȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǓǿǿǓǷ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǔșǔǦǓΦॹ ǔș ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǷ Ǿȣǿে ǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔȠঀ ੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǦȅǿǹƺȒǴƺ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșȅǷƺȠ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǔș ȠƺǿƻǉșȅǷƺȠ ƺǏ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǔǾƻǷǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȠƻΚǾȣǿǷƺ ǔș ƺੈȖǔșΦǾȣǿǷƺǩǏȌআ ƺǿΡƺে șƻǠǩॹ ƺȒƺșƻǠǩ ǔș șΦȧǹȌǩ șΦƺǈƺǏșƻǠআ ƺΦ ǩșǷȅǹƻșǷȅȖ ǓǹȌȠȠǩ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǈǹȅǠȅȠ ǔș ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǩș ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȣǿǷ ȖƺǴȠƺঀ tƺǹȅȖǓ EƺǾǾƺ ੈ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǿΡƻǷ ǔș șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǦȅΦȠƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǔș Ƿȣǹে ȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ƺǿΡƻǷǿƺǷঀ Φ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǓǠΡ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǩ ǾƺǠƺΦǩǿȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǩǷॹ ƺΦ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǷॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷ ǔș șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ȒǓǏǩǠ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠƺǿƺǷঀ ੈǾƺǠƺে Φǩǿ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǟȌ ȠǔǾƻǴƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦșǔǠȧǠΡॹ ƺੈǦǫȖǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǷȣǹȠȤȖƺঀ ǠΡ ȤǴƺǈǈ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓে Φǔș ƺΦ ǿΡƻǷ ǦǓȠǓॹ ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș șΦǓǾǩǿƻȖǩȣǾȅǷǷƺǹॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷǷƺǹ ǔș ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ vǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȣǷȅǿ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǈǹȅǠȅǷƺȠ ǩș ȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȣǿǷঀ X2 ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǓǹȌǿΡǓǩȠ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹে ǹƺǹƻșȖƺ ǦǫΚǴƺ ǟǓǹ ƺੈ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡȤ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔȠ ƺੈ șΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǈǓǿ ǔș ƺΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷǈǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖǓ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓ ǩșॹ ΚǩșșΦƺǴǓǹΦǔșȠ ƺǏ Ǿƻșॹ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷȖȌǹॹ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫে Ƞǩ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ƺੈǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǩ ǦƻǹȆǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷॹ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǔ ƻǹǹঀ ࢲࢴࢲ

t2ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ੈ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅ ȅǿǿǓ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǉǔǹȅǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে Ǡǩ ǔȖǏǓǷǓǩǿǓǷ ΚǔǏǓǹǾǓ ƺੈșΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǩȖƻǿΡǓǹΚǓǩΚǓǹ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠǈƺǿঀ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǩșǓǹǷǓǏǔșǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ƺੈǴȅǠșΦǓȖȪșǔǠॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșॹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ΚǓȖে șǓǿΡॹ ƺੈǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠΚǔǏǓǹǓǾ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǹঀ ੈȒƻȖȠǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿॹ ƺȣȠȅǿȆǾ ǔș ǿȅǿȒȖȅЙȠ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅ ȅǿǿǓ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺॹ ƺੈșΦȉΚǓȠে șǔǠ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǴƻǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ǴƺΚƺșȅǹǴƺॸ ƺষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚॹ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻে ǴƻǿƺǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȠআ ǈষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƺ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǩǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔȠॹ Κƺǹƺে ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǦǩΚƺȠƺǹȅǷ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔǿǓǷ ȖƻǴȣǷ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƻșƻȠআ ǉষ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǿȌǩ ǿǓǾΦǓǏǔǷǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ ǟǓǹǓǹȌș ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǷȖƺ ȒƻǹΡƻΦΦƺǿƺǷআ Ǐষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻȠ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿেॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǷǈǓǿআ Ǔষ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅেȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ șΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǩॹ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǈǓǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ Ǐȉǿে Ƞǔșǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǩǈǓǿআ ǟষ șΦƺǷǾƺǩॹ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ǔș ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǔȒǓে șǓǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǔȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿআ Ǡষ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȠ ƺੈ ȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǈǓǿ ƺΦȅǿ ǴȅǠșΦƺǈƻǹΡǩ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșǓǷ ǔș ȒȖȅǠে ȖƺǾȅǷ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹƻșƻǿƻǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǓǹǓΚƻǿșƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿে ǷǔȒȒǓǿ ǦƺȠƻșșƺǹ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷǷǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷȖǓআ Ǧষ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǓȠॹ șƺǴƻȠ ǴƺΚƺșǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷ ȠǓে ȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǉǩΚǩǹ ǟȆȖȣǾȅǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈșΦȅǹǩǏƺȖǩȠƻșॹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓǹǓȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǩ ǾǔǹȠȆșƻǠ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǩ ȒȖǩȅȖǩȠƻșȠ ǔǹΚǓΦǿǓǷঀ

ࢲࢴࢳ

ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ǷǷΚেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșǔȖǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǏǫǴƺǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ Ƞȉǈǈ ǏǫǴƺȠ ǩș ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ȖǓǠǩে ȅǿƻǹǩș șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ FǔǦƻǿΡ ȒǔǹǏƺॸ ȅǿǿƺ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺ Xǩșƺ ǏǫǴ ΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔșșǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈ ȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ Ƿǩে ǓǾǓǹǷǓǏȌ ȠǓǹǴǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡȠ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ șΦǓǷȠȅȖƺǩǈƺǿঀ ੈ ǉǔǹǴƺ ȅǹΡƺǿॹ EƺǉǓȖƺȠƺ ȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡǈǓǹǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺॹ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾǩǿǏǓǿে ǿƺȒ ȠƺǿȤǈǩΦȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠ ƺǏǴƻǷ ǷǩΚƻǹȆ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩǷǿǓǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺ ΚǩǹƻǠƻǈƺǿঀ 2ǏǓƺ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚƺ ǏǫǴ ੈ[ȆǾƺǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩॹ 2ȒƺȖǩॹ ?ǔΦǾȪǩȒƺȖǩ ǔș EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺ ȅșΦȠǴƺ Ƿǩ ƺੈFȌǷ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻȠ eƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǠƺǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿঀ ੈǏǫǴ ƺੈǟȌΚƻȖȅșǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏȌ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ șΦȆǹॹ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ [ȆǾƻǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡǈƺǿঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓǷ ǿΡǓȖǦǓȠǩǷ Ǔǹ ƺΦ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ OȠǹǓȠ ǫǴƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȠƺǠȅǷ șΦƻǾƺ ǓǹǔȖǩ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ࢷࢱઔেƻȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡȠƻȖșƺșƻǠȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷে ǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǔ ƺੈȠȌǷǓ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ǷǔȠǦƺȖǾƺǏƺॹ ǔș ƺΦ ǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻș ȠǓǹǴǓș ǹǔȠșΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǹǓǠƺǹƻǈǈ ǷǔȠǦƺȖǾƺǏƻȠ ǿȌǷ ȠǓșΦǩǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈ [ȆǾƺǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƻǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆ ƺǹƺȒǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹঀ ΛƺȖǏ EƺǠǩǉƺǾǓǿȠǓ 2ǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǓ ੈ(ȅȖǩΦǩƺ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǦƺȠ ǔΚǈǓǿ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ǓǠΡșΦǓȖ ȅșΦȠǴƺ Ƿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǏǫǴƺǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǷǓǹ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ǩșǾǓȖǩǷ Ǔǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏȌǓǿ ΚǔǠΦǩǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻে ǴȣǷƺȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆ ǔș ƺੈǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻș ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈȠǔȖșǔǠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ǩȖƻǿȠॹ ΚƺǠΡ ǔȒȒǓǿ ȤǴșΦǓȖȪǓǷ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓǩǷ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆ ǔș ȒȖȅǾȆǉǩȆ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ @ǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǓǷ 'ǩƺȠƺǹ FȌǷ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠƺ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǈƺ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșƻΚƺǹ ǔș șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻে ǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷঀ EǓǿȠȅȖǩ ǔș ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅে ȒȅǷƺȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ǿȌǷ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦΦƺǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșșƺǹॹ ࢲࢴࢴ

ǾǓǠȅșșΦƻǷ ƺΦ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǷǓȠ ǔș ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩǷƺȠঀ vǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȣǷȅǿ ƻȠȠǓǷǩǿȠǔșȠ ǷƺȒǦƺȠȣǿǷ ƺΦ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷȖȌǹॹ ǈǹȅǠȅǷȖȆǹ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷȖȆǹॹ ǔș ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦǦƺȠȣǿǷ ǩș ƺੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǦȅΦঀ ^ǓǹǓǿƺ ΦǔȖȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓǠΡǓ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦȅে Ȗȅșƺǈǈ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩ ǓǠΡǾƻșșƺǹ ǔș ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩ ǷȅǹǹǔǠƻǩǷǷƺǹঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǾȣǿǷƺǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǓǷॹ ȤǴ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠ ǩǿে ǏǫȠƺǿƺǷॹ ȒƻǹΡƻΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷ ȣȖȆȒƺেșΦǓȖȠǓॹ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆȠॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǠǹȅǈƺǹǩΦƻǉǩȆǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǦǓǹΡǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǠΡƺǷȅȖȅǹȠ ǦƺȠƻșƺǩΚƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷঀ X2 ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vȅǾƺǿ ੈșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓȠ ࢲࢺࢹࢺ ǴȤǹǩȣșƻǈƺǿ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈȠȅȖǩǿȆǩ X2েǈƺǿॹ ƺੈeȅȖǩǿȆǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈȠƺȖে ȠȅǾƻǿΡǈƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǔǦǓΦ ȠƺȖȠȅΦȆ ࢶࢶ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǿǓǷ ƺੈșΦƺǈƻǹΡΦƺȠƻǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠ ǉǔǹǴƺǩ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷॸ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǔș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǩȠॹ ȠȉǈǈǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ǔș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ȖǔΚǔǿ ॷ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǹȆǏǿǩ ƺΦ h ȅȖșΦƻǠƺǩǿƺǷ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩȖȆǹ ǔș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǩȖȌǹॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǈǓǿ ȒȖȅƺǷȠǫΚ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹȆȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǷǔǿȠ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓǿǿǩ ॷ ǈƻȠȅȖǫȠƺǿǩ ƺΦ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƺȒȅǿȠǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿǩ ƺΦ ȉǿƻǹǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǔǦǓΦ ǔș ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠƻșƻǦȅΦ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ॷ ǓǹȌǿΡǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǓǿǩ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈǈǔǷǔș ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșȠ ǉǔǹȅΦΦƻǷ ॷ ƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșșǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ॷ ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦǿǩ ƺΦ ǔȖǏǓǷǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșǫȠǔșȠ ǔș ƺੈǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșȠ ॷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ƺ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺȖȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǦǓǹΡǓȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǈǓǿ ǔș ƺΦ X2 ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǩǈǓǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ȉȖȉǾǾǓǹ ǟȅǠƺǏǴƺ ƺੈȠƺǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠƻǈȆǹ ǴǓে ǹǓǿȠǷǓΦȌ ȠƺǠȅǷƺȠॹ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƺে ǔș ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏƻșǩ ȒȅǿȠǷǔǿȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹ ǓǠΡ ȤǴ ǔș ȠȣǏƺȠȅșƺǈǈ ࢲࢴࢵ

ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔǈǓǿॹ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔে ǿΡǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠǔșȠॹ ƺǈǈȆǹ ƺੈǉǔǹǈȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉǴǴȉǿ ǓǠΡ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȆșΦȆǹȆǴƺ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆǴƺঀ ǉǔǹȅǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ƺΦ X2 ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺੈȖǓǠǩȅǿƻǹǩșॹ ȠƺȖȠȅǾƻǿΡǩॹ ȉǿǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦƺȠǩॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșॹ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ ǩǹǹǓȠǔǷǓș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿǿΡǓǹঀ eǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓ șȅȖƻǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ǔș ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǩ ǾǩǿǏƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǷǓȠॹ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺΦ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǓȠॹ ƺੈǾǓǠǈǔǷǔǹǔșȠॹ ƺੈȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠȅȠ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǟǓǹǓǹȌșে șǔǠΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȠ ǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƻǷ ǓǹȌঀ Φ X2 ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǔș ƺΦ ȉǿǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏǔșǔȠ șΦȅȖǠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॹ ǟǓǹǦǫΚǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺș ǹǓǦǓȠ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ȉȠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷॹ ǷȖǓƺȠǩΚǩȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǔș ǩǿǿȅΚƻǉǩȆș ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƻȖƺঀ Φ X2 ǓΦǔȖȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷǓȠ শǷǩȖǓǿǏǓǹȠșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠষ ǾȪে ǷȉǏȠǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǔȠ ǔș ǾǓǠǓȖȌșȉǏǔșǔȠॹ ǾǩΚǓǹ ȠǩșΦȠƻǈƺǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ΚǓǹǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺΦ ȅǹƺșΦ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǾȅΦǠƺȠȆȖȣǠȆǴƺঀ ?ȧǹȉǿ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ șΦǓǿȠǓǹǿǓǷ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ƺੈǏȉǿȠǔșǦȅΦƺȠƺǹǩ ǔș șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǴǔǷ ǾƺǠȣǷƺȠঀ eǓȖǴǓșΦȠǩǷ ƺੈ৙ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠǩ ǾȪǷȉǏǔș৛ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠƺǿƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǾȅșȠ ǾƻȖ ǓǹǓǿǠǓǏǦǓȠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȣǏƻș ǔș ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆ ƺǹƺȒȤঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǿȉΚǓǷΚȌ ǔș ȠȣǏƺȠȅș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ȖǔΚǔǿ ƺΦ X2 eȅȖǩǿȅ ǷȅȖǾƻǿΡΦȆ ȠǓșȠȧǹǓȠǓǩǈǓǿ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș șΦǓȖǓȒ ǴȣȠ ƺΦ X2 েȠƺǠȅǷǿƺǷঀ ੈșΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ǷǔȠǦƺΚȅǿȠƺ ǾǓǠǴǓǹǓǿȌॹ KFFǩǾȒȖǓșƺ ǉǫǾȪ ǦǫȖǹǓΚǓǹǔǈǓǿ ȠƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǩȖȆǹ ǔș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩȖȌǹঀ EǩǹƻǿȆǩ FȌǩ ^ΦƺǷǾƺǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ শXv ੈ৅ XȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș șșȅǉǩƺȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ Eǩǹƺǿষ ੈXvF (ǹȅǈƺǹǦȅΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢵ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷǩǓǠΡǓǿșȤǹΡȅΦȅȠȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǔșॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓșǔǹΡǓǠΡǓǿǹȌে șǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿঀ ੈXv ੈȠƺǠǴƺǩǿƺǷ șΦƻǾƺ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢱࢱॹ ǔș ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǷॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ΚƺǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖȖǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǿȌǷǈȌǹ ƻǹǹॹ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢱ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹॹ ǔș șΦƻǾȅș ǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǓ șΦƺǷǾƻǈȆǹঀ

ࢲࢴࢶ

ੈFȌǩ ^ΦƺǷǾƺǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠ শXvFষ [ȆǾƺ ੈ Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢵ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠȌ XvF শXȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș FǓȠΛȅȖǷষ (ǹȅǈƺǹ ȅǹƺșΦ ƻǠƺॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǓșǔǹΡǓǩȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿঀ eȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢴࢶࢱࢱ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖ ƺੈȠƺǠǴƺ ࢺࢱ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹॹ ǔș ǦƺȠƺǹǾƺș ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǿǓǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅЖǩǿǓ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǓǷ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷǩȖǓǿǏǓǹȠșǔǠǓǩǷ ȖǔΚǔǿঀ ੈ XvF [ȆǾƺ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷƺȠ ǔș ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌ ǾȪǦǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǔș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅȠ Ƿǫǿƻǹঀ ȅǿǿǓ ǏǓǹ tǩǿȅ ࢲࢺࢹࢹ ȠƺΚƺșΦƻǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȠ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ǦȤșΦ ǿȌΚǓǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈǈȅȖȖƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȠȣǏƻș ǔș ƺੈǈȅȖে ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿǔȒșΦǓȖȪșǫȠǔșǔȖǓ șΦȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓǷঀ ੈ șΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ ǟȌ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓǿȅǠƺșΦȠȖȅǿȆǾǩƺǩ ȠȣȖǩΦǾȣș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǓ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦǓȖǓȒǔȠॹ ǔș ǩșǾǓȖǓȠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǴǓșșΦǓǿঀ

t2ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ @ǩǿǏƺ ^ǓȖȖƺ =ȅǠȅȠ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǔș ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺੈ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔș ȠǓȖȧǹǓে ȠǔȖǓ șΦƺǷȅșȅǏǩǷॹ ǔș ȅǹΡƺǿ ȣȠƺǷƺȠ ǴƻȖ ǈǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǾƻșȅǷ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾঀ Φ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ șΦǓȖΦǓȠȠ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƺǩ ǔș ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷȖȌǹ șΦȆǹȆ Ƞƺে ǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩ ƺǏȠƻǷ ǿǓǷǩ ƺੈǹǓǿǏȧǹǓȠǓȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠșƺ ǓǹȌǈǈ ƺੈ(ǩȖǹ (ǓǓǷ ǩǿǿǓȖș ȅǹȅǠǿƻȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈvȅȖǷ vǩǏǓ vȅǾǓǿȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿǹǓǠǩ ǷȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈǴȉΚȌ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ǷǩǦǫΚƻșƺǩȖƺॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩșǔǠ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǓ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ ΦǔȖȠ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ Ƞƺǿȣǹƻșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ șΦƺǷǾƻǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ࢶ ǟȌ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠঀ eȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ࢳࢱ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȠƺǿǟȅǹΡƺǾ ǩǿǏȣǹȠ ǾƻȖॹ ǔș Ƞȉǈǈ ǾǩǿȠ ǓΦǓȖ ǿȌ ȖǓǠǩșΦȠȖƻǹȠ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠǈȆǹঀ ^ȠȣǏǩȅ Eঀ^ঀ ঀ Ǐǩ Eǩǉȅǹ ^ǉȅǿǏȅȠȠȅ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǿȌ ƺȖȖƺ ΚƻǠΡǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǓșǷȧΚȌǴǓ ǿƺȒǴƻǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǷȧǹȉǿǹǓǠǓș ǹǓǠΡǓǿঀ Eǩǉȅǹ ǓǹǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǿǏǓǠΡǩǷȧǷ ƻǹǾƻȠ ΚƺǹȆȖƺ ΚƻǹȠǴƺঀ ੈȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡșΦǓȖΚǓΦǔșǈǓǿ șΦǓȖে ΦǓȠȠ ȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ǓșǷȧΚȌșΦǓȖΚǓΦȌ ǹǓȠȠॹ ƺǷǷȅȖॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾ ǷȉȖΚȅǿƺǹƺΦȆǏȅȠȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǔȖǷǓΦȠǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ΚǩșșΦǦƺǿǠȅǷ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ ǹǹƺǾȅǷǈȆǹঀ Eƺ ƺੈEƺǏǓ ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡ șΦƺǷǓǾǈǓȖǓǩΚǓǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ǩǠƺΦǩ ȅǹƺșΦ ǦƺǿǠȣǹƺȠȤ ǓșǷȧΚȌǷǓȠ ࢲࢴࢷ

șΦǓȖΚǓΦঀ ș ǾǩǈǓǿ ƻǹǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓǏǩșǔǠǓঁ Φ ȉȠΚǓǿǓș ǔΚǓǷǈȌǹ ǾǓȖǫȠǓȠȠ ǩǿșȒǩȖƻǉǩȆǴƻǈƺǿঀ ࢶࢱઔেǈƺǿ ǷȧǹǟȉǹǏǩǓǷ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠǴƻǷ ȅǹȅǠǿƻȠ ǔș ƺੈΚǩǹǹƻȠॹ ƺੈǏȅǾǈȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǓǹǦǓǹΡǓΦǷǓǏȌ ƺșȠǓǹǹȅ Ǐǩ ^ǓȖȖƺΚƺǹǹǔȠ ƺੈǦƻΦƺșșƻǠǷȉȠǔșȧǷ ǦǓǹΡșΦǫǿǔȧǹঀ EƺȖǉǓǹǹƺ [Ǔǿǿƺ eȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷॹ ǦƺǿǠȣǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓșǔǹǔșǓ ǔș ǟȅȖǾƻǈƺ ȉǿȠǔșǓॹ ƺǷƻȖ ǓǠΡ ǷǔȒȖǓǠǔǿΡǈǓǿঀ EƺȖǉǓǹǹƺ [Ǔǿǿƺ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǾǓșǔǹǔșǦǓΦ ǔȖȠঀ ǠΡ ǈƻȖǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ȖȉΚǩǏ ǷƺȖȖǩǓȖǴǓ ȣȠƻǿ ȤǴȖƺ ǟǓǹǟǓǏǓΦȠǓ șΦǓǿΚǓǏǔǹΡǔȠঀ ࢴࢳ ǔΚǓș ǷȅȖƻǈƺǿ ǾǓǠǔȖȠǓȠȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ȍ ৙ǷȉȖ ǓǠΡ șΦȉǠǹǓȠǓș ΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿ৛ঀ 4ǠΡ ǩșǾǔȠ ǓǹǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ Ƞƺǿȣǹǿǩॹ ǷǓǾǔǿΡǓǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǾȪǦǓǹΡǈǓǿॹ ǓǠΡ ǩșǾǓȖȠ ȅǹƺșΦ ǾȪΚǔșΦ șǓǠǔǏǴǓ ǹǓȠȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ @ȅǿǏȅǿǈƺ ǷȉǹȠȉΦȉȠȠ XǓȠǓȖ vǓǩǠǹ ǾȪΚǔșΦ ǷȖǓƺȠǫΚ ǔș ǷȅΦǾȅȒȅǹǩȠƺ șȠȤে ǏǩȆǴƻǈƺঀ ΦȣȠƻǿ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǔȖȠ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺॹ ǔș ȅǹȅǠǿƻǈƺǿ ȠǓǹǓȒǓǏǓȠȠ ǹǓঀ ǹǷȅȠƻșƺǩǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȆǷȅȖǩ ǷǓȖƻǾǩƺǾȪΚǔșΦǓȠ ƺੈΚǓǷȠȅȖǠȖƺЙǷƺॹ ƺΦ ǩǹǹȣșΦȠȖƻǉǩȆॹ ǔș ƺੈࢴ ǿΡȅǾȠƺȠƻș ȠǓǉǦǿǩে ǷƻǩΚƺǹ ǷȅǾǈǩǿƻǹȆǏǩǷঀ EȣǿǷƻǩ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǩș ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌǷ ƺੈΛΛΛঀǾƺȖǉǓǹǹƺȖǓǿǿƺঀǉȅǾ ǉǫǾǓǿঀ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ǔș @ǩșƺ ^ǩǹΚǩƺ ǔș @ǩșƺ ǈƺȖƻȠǿȌǷॹ ǏǓ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǓǷǓǹȌȠȠ ЙƺȠƺǹ ƺǿΡƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ƺੈ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǿƺȒǩ ǷȧΦǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿ ǷǓΚǔș ǩǏǓǴȧǷ ǴȣȠ ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǩǷǷǓǹ ǷȉΦȉș ȒǩǦǓǿȠǓȠȌॹ șΦȆȖƺǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǿǩঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ǦȅșșΦȤ ǩǏǓǩǠ ǠȉȖǉșȉșǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșǠǔǹȠǓǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠǓǿ ǓȖǓǏǓȠǩॹ șΦȆȖƺǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǔș ȅǷȠƺȠȆ ǴǓǹǹǓǠȪ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠǓǷॹ ǾƻșǷǔǿȠ ȅǹǏǴƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺੈȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹƺșΦ ƺǿΡƻǿƺǷ ǩǏȌȠ șȒȆȖȅǹǿƺǷঀ @ǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƻǷ ƺΦ hXE E ੈǿǓΚȪ ƺȒȒȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠǩ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓș ࢱ ǔș ࢲࢱ ǔΚ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǠΡǓȖǓǷǓǷǿǓǷ ǷǫǿƻǹȠ șΦƺǈƺǏǩǏȌș ȖǓǷȖǓƻǉǩȆș ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅșƺǿ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌ ǷǩșǾƺে ǾƺȖȣǦƻǷƺȠঀ @ǓȠȉǹȠǦǓȠȌ ǩK^েȖǓ ǔș ǿǏȖȅǩǏȖƺॹ ǔș șΦȪȖǦǓȠȌǷ ǈǓǿǿǓ ƺੈȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǷ ǟȉǹǏȖƺǴΦǩ ǓǹǦǓǹΡǓΦǷǓǏǔșॹ ǔǹǓȠǷȅȖॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƻȖ șΦǓȖǩǿȠঀ E^ Ǐǩ ^ȠǓǟƺǿǩƺ EȣșȅǹǓșǩ ^ȠǓǟƺǿǩƺ ǴȆ ȒǔǹǏƺ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡƺǿ ȠȣǏǴƺ ǓǠΡ ǿȌ ǾǓǠȠǓȖǓǾȠǓǿǩ ƺੈǦǓǹΡǔȠ ǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩ ǾƺǠƻȠ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ƺǾǓǹΡȖǓ ǷǩΦƻȖȆǹƺǠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǓ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢵেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƺȒǴƺ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǾǓǠƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ǉǔǠǔȠॹ ƺǦȅǹ ǉșȅǾƺǠȅǹȆǠǔȒǓǷǓȠ ǷǓΦǏȠǓǷ ǠΡƻȖȠƺǿǩঀ ৙ ǹǓǩǿȠǓ ǾǓǠǹǓȒǓȠȠǓǿ ǔș ǈǩΦƺǹǾƺȠǹƺǿȣǹ ǟȅǠƺǏȠƺǷ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǦƺȠƻȖȅΦȅȠȠșƻǠȅǾǾƺǹ ǔș ƺੈǷȅǾȅǹΡșƻǠȅǾǾƺǹ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠǓǾ ƺੈǈǩΦƺǹǾȣǷƺȠ৛ ৅ ǓǾǹǔǷșΦǩǷ ΚǩșșΦƺ ^ȠǓǟƺǿǩƺॹ ƺǷǩ Ǿƺॹ ࢴࢺ ǔΚǓșǓǿ ࢲࢶ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠঀ ?ȅǾȅǹΡƺǿ ΚǓșΦǩǷ ƺੈ ЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȠॹ ǔș ǟȅǿȠȅș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ƺੈȖȣǠƺǹǾƺșșƻǠॹ ǾǓȖȠ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ǴȅǈǈƺǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ƺǿǿƻǹ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠঀ ࢲࢴࢸ

ࢲࢴࢹ

t22ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ

ࢲࢴࢺ

t22ঀ ࢲঀ ǓΚǓΦǓȠǔș ੈ ǷȉΦȠƻȖșƺșƻǠ ǷǩǷǩƻǹȠƻșƺ ȣȠƻǿǩ ǓǹșȌ ƺǹǷȅȠǾƻǿΡȅș ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ƺΦ ࢲࢺࢳࢵঀ ƻȒȖǩǹǩș ࢳࢱেǩ ƺǹে ǷȅȠǾƻǿΡॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌǓǷ ƺੈȒȅǹǠƻȖǩ ǴȅǠȅǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ ȠƺȠȧȖǷ ƺȖȖƺ ȠȉȖǓǷǓǏǓȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦΦǓে ǿǓǷॹ ǏǓ ǿǓǾ ȠȣǏȠƺ ǓǹǔȖǿǩ ǓΦȠ ƺੈǉǔǹȠঀ EǓȖȠ ǓǹȌǈǈ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǿƺǷ ǷǓǹǹ ǾǓǠșΦȧǿȠǓȠǿǩǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǏǩșΦǷȖǩǾǩǿƻǉǩȆǴƻȠॹ ǔș ǾȅǏǓȖǿ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏȖƺ Κƺǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠঀ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓে ǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩƺǹƺǷȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷȉΦǟǓǹǟȅǠƻșॹ ȠƺȠȧȖǷ șΦƻǾȅș ǈǓșΦǔǏǓȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠঀ ࢲࢺࢳࢴেǈƺǿॹ 2ΦǾǩȖǈǓǿ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌǷ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǔȖǏǓǷȠǓǹǓǿșǔǠ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺে ǹȅǾ ǷȣǏƺȖǉƻǿƺǷ ȅǷƺॹ ǔș ǦȅΦΦƻȠǓȠȠǓॸ ৙/ƺ ǓǠΡ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ ǓǠΡ șΦǓȖΚǓ ƺǷȠǫΚॹ ǾǫǠ ǓǠΡ ǾƻșǩǷ șΦǓȖΚǓ ǩǿƺǷȠǫΚॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺΦ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠ ǾǓǠǈǔǿȣǹȠ৛ঀ ?ȅǿΡƻǈƺǿ ࢲࢺࢳࢴঀ ǾƻȖǉǩȣș ࢳࢲেǔǿ ǓǹǾȅǿǏȠƺ ȌșΦǩǿȠǓ ǠȅǿǏȅǹƺȠƺǩȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǴȅǠȅǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒে ǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ȖǓǟȅȖǾȅǷȖȆǹঀ EǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ৙ƺ ȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌǷȖǓ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǷǔǿȠ ǷǓǹǹ ȠǓǷǩǿে ȠǓǿȧǿǷ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿॹ ΚǓǹȧǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǔǹǿȧǿǷ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠȧǿǷǓȠॹ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ǿȌ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓॹ ǈƺȖƻȠǴƺॹ șǓǠǫȠȌǴǓॹ ƺੈȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡȅșॹ ǓȖǷȉǹǉșǩॹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ৛ঀ Φ ࢲࢺࢳࢷঀ ǟǓǈȖȣƻȖ ࢲࢸেǔǿ ǷǩƺǏȅȠȠ ȠȉȖȉǷ ȒȅǹǠƻȖǩ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡ ǓǹǟȅǠƺǏƻșƻΚƺǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ΚǫΚǾƻǿΡǿƺǷ șΦƻǾǫȠॹ ȠƺȠȧȖǷ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓǏȠ ǴȅǠȅǷƺȠ ƺǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷঀ ^ȅǷ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǾǓǠǓǹȌΦΚǓॹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȆǴȅǠȅȠ ǔș ǴǓǹȉǹȠǓȠǔșǩ ǴȅǠȅȠ ƺǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǿȌǷে ǿǓǷঀ Φ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿ ǈǓȠȉǹȠȉȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒȧǷ ǔș ƺǷȠǩΚǩȠƻșȣǷ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ǿǩǿǉș ƺੈǷǫΚƻǿƺȠȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ ੈΚǩǹƻǠ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹǔȠ ƺǹǷȅȠȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǹȌǩঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǦǓΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșƺॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǈȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦȆ ǓǹȌǿΡǓǩǷ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǿǓǾ ƺȖƻǿΡȅșƺǷ ƺੈǹǔȠșΦƻǾȣǷǷƺǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǔș ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƻǈƺǿॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔǿǓǷ ǔș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǟȅǿȠȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ƺੈǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻǈƺǿঀ ੈǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǿॹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǈǓǿ ǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǈǓǿॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǉșƺে ǹƻǏȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹǩ ȒȅΦǫǉǩȆǴȣǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ƺੈǹǓǠșΦȧǷșǔǠǓșǓǈǈ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩΚƺǹȆǷ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺΦ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǈǓǿ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠǓȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦॹ Ǧƺ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓǿ ǷǫΚȧǹ ΚƺǠΡ ȠǔȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǦƺǠΡǴƻǷ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǈǓǿঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǈǓΚȅǿƻșƺ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǈƺ ƺΦ ǓǠǔșΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǿΡǓȖǓșǔǠǓȠ ǦȅΦॹ ǔș ǟȅǿȠȅș ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌ ǹǓșΦ ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔș ǟǓǹǠΡȅȖșȣǹƻșƻǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǈǓǿॹ ƺǾǩ șȠƺǈǩǹǩȠƻșǦȅΦ ΚǓΦǓȠঀ

ࢲࢵࢱ

t22ঀ ࢳঀ Φ ȅȖșΦƻǠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓ Φ ǩȒƺȖȅșȅǏƻșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠ ǾǓǹǹǔǷȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷǔǿȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ǷǷΚেǷ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș șΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖȪ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦΚǓȠΚǓ ǔȖǩǿে ȠǓȠȠ șΦƻǾȅș Ǿƻș șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻș ƻǹȠƺǹঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșƻȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈǾȤǹȠǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেșΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻș ৙ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ৛ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ ǓǠΡȖǓ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǷǔǿȠ ǷǓΦǓǹǩǷঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǟȌ ȅǷƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǩǠǓǿǉșƺǷ ǓǹȠǔȖǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǾƻșȠȆǹ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢵ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢹ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǓ șȅȖƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǓǠΡ ǷǷΚেǷȠȆǹ ǓǹǷȧে ǹȉǿȧǹȌ șΦƺǷǩȖƻǿΡȤ ǈǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠǈƺǿ ΚǩȠƺȠȠƻǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǔș Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǉǫǾșȅȖ ƺǹƺȠȠ șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹȠঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ƺੈ?ǷΚেșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǔș ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ শ^^ Xই?^ Xষॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ Ƿȣǹে ȠȤȖƺ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷƺȠ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈtƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǔș ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ শ ^ Xই(8^ Xষ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹǴƺঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ǔș ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ শ ^ Xই(8^ Xষ Φ ^ X ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǓǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠƻșƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॹ ǓȖȌș ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓঀ ੈȠǓȖΚ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹȠ ࢷ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉǔǹǷǩȠȪΦǔșȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠșƺ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǿȅș ǉǔǹǴƺǩȠ ƺੈ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ࢷ ǈǓƺΚƺȠǷȅΦƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǔȖǩǿȠǓȠȠ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢹ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷǈƺǿॹ Ǔ ǉǔǹȅǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƺǿǏȆ ǟǓǹে ƺǏƺȠƺǩȠ ǔș ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩȠঀ ^ȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǉǔǹȅǷॸ ࢲঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǈƺȖƻȠ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșǩ ǷǓȖǓȠ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ࢳঀ Φ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ࢴঀ 'ǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦƻșƺ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƺ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓে ȠǓǷǓǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚǓॹ ƺΦ ȉǷȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠॹ ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǠǹȅǈƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ࢵঀ ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǿΡǩȠȅȠȠ ǠȅǿǏȅǹǷȅǏƻșǾȆǏ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ࢶঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǓ ƺੈǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ǔș ǿǓǾ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿॹ Κƺǹƺে ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏȆǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǔǿǓǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺ ࢷঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǔșǓঀ

ࢲࢵࢲ

t22ঀ ࢴঀ =ȅǠǩ ǦƻȠȠǔȖ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓǹșȌ ǹǔȒǔșǓ ƺΦ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǈǓǔȒǫȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈǟǓǴে ǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷǈǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠঀ Φ ȣȠȆǈǈǩ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠঀ Φॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏǩǷ (ǹȅǈƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǉșȤǉșȠƺে ǹƻǹǷȅΦȆȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ȖǓǿǏǓΦȠǔǷ ǾǓǠॹ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾǓǷǷȅȖƺ ǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠ ƺੈȠǔǾƻȖƺॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺΦȠ ǩș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦȠǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾƺǠƻȖƺ ΚȅǿȠƺ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǔȠ ƺΦΦƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩȠȠ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ șΦƻΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢳࢶࢱࢱ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǴǓॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺॹ ǉǩΚǩǹșΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠেǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǴǓ ǔș ȠȣǏȆșƺঀ /ƺ ΚǩșșΦƺȠǓǷǩǿȠȧǿǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺੈ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǟǓǹǔ ȠǓȠȠ ǹǔȒǔșǓǩȖǓॹ ǾǓǠ ǷǓǹǹ ǓǾǹǫȠǓǿȧǿǷ ƺੈ (ǹȅǈƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vǓǓǷǓȠঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹে ǈƺǿ ƺΦ ǿǏǓƺΚȅȖ KȖǠƺǿǩșƺȠǩȅǿ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǉșƺȠǹƺǷȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈ (ǹȅǈƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vǓǓǷ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾǦȅΦॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ࢳࢱࢱࢸেǈǓǿ ࢴࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠΚƺ ǩǿǏǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺঀ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেȠȆǹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ Ƞȉǈǈ ΚƻȖȅșƻǈƺǿ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷƺȠ ৅ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǓȠॹ ǷȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷƺȠॹ ΛȅȖǷșǦȅȒȅǷƺȠॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩȠǓȖΚেΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓǷǓȠॹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǔȒǫȠȌ ȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷǓȠ ৅ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈȠǔে ǾƺǷȉȖǈǓǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ȉșșΦǓșǓǿ ࢳࢴࢺ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡȠ ȠƺȖȠȅȠȠƺǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠșΦǓȖȠǓॹ ࢹࢲ ȠȉȖȉǷ ΚƻȖȅș ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹॹ ǔș ǿƺǠΡ șǩǷǓȖǓǷǓȠ ǔȖȠǓǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈǾƻȖǷƺǦƺșΦǿƻǹƺȠॹ ƺੈǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆș ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡॹ ƺੈȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǦƻǹȆΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷॹ ƺੈȖǓǿǏǓΦΚǔǿΡǓǷ ǔș ƺੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ șΦƻে Ǿƺ ǾǩƺȠȠॹ ǫǠΡ ƺੈࢲࢳࢱ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǷȉΦȧǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈ(ǹȅǈƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ vǓǓǷ ǾȅΦǠƺǹȅǾǈƺǿॹ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ΚƻǹƺșΦȠȅȠȠƻǷ ǾǓǠ ƺΦ ǔΚ ȅȖșΦƻǠƻǿƺǷঀ Φ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈFΡȅǹǉƺǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǈǓǿ ȠƻȖǠΡƺǹȠƻǷॹ ǏǓ șǓǾǾǩǟǔǹǓ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖȠ ΚƺǠΡ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻȠ ǿǓǾ ǓǾǹǫȠǓȠȠǓǷॹ șǓǾ ƺΦȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ǩȖƻǿΡȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǿǓǷ ΚƺǠΡ ǷǓǹǹ ǷȉΚǓȠǿǩ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǴƺΚȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈΚƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺঀ ੈࢳࢱࢱࢸেࢳࢱࢲࢴেƺș ?ǩǹǓǿǉǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǈǓǿ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȣǿǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ȠǔǾƻǴƻΚƺǹॹ ƺΦΦƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǷǔǿȠ ȅǹǏǦƺȠȆ ǾǓǠ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿঀ /ƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǔșǓǷǔǿȠॹ ǷȉΦƺǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡȅǷ ǔș ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷॹ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖॹ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ǔș ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓǹǹ ȠƺȖȠƺǿǩॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǦƻȠȖƻǿΡȅș ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȪ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȅǷǿƺǷ ৅ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺੈǟȅǠΡƺȠǔǷǷƺǹ ǔǹȌǷǿǓǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩǓǷǿǓǷ ৅ ƺੈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ ΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈ ?ǩǹǓǿǉǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǓǾǹǫȠǩ ƺੈ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǾǩȖǓ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǹǓǠǩǿǷƻǈǈ șΦȧǷșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠȌǷǔǴǔȠȌǹ ǷǓΦǏΚǓॹ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ȠȌǷǓ ǔș ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǠƺȖƺǿǉǩƺ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓ ǴƺΚȣǹǿǩ ǟȅǠॹ ǔș ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ ǈǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ǾǓǠǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǟǓǹΚǔȠǓǹȠॹ ǴƺΚǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǓȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓΦ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦǩ ǾƺǴǏঀ ࢲࢵࢳ

ੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȠ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেࢳࢱࢲࢹেƺșॹ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǓǾǹǫȠǩॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǿǓǾȖǔǠ ΚǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ǈǓ ƺੈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺঀ ੈ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠǓǹǓǾΦǔșǔǈǓǿ ǾǓǠȠƺǹƻǹǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ࢳࢱࢱࢷ ǔș ࢳࢱࢲࢱ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ȖǔșΦǓșǓǏǔșǓ ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǔș ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔș ȠǓȖǔǿ ࢴઔেȅș ǉșȉǷǷǓǿǔșȠ ǾȣȠƺȠȅȠȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǈǓȖȣে ǦƻΦƻșȅǷ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ࢶઔেȅș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ЙǠΡǓǹȠǓǷ ǾǓǠঀ ΦǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȠȅΚƻǈǈȖƺ ǩș ǟȅǿȠȅș ƺੈ ǷǷΚেǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓঀ ǈǈȌǹ ƺੈ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǈȌǹ ƺǏȆǏȆƺǿ ΚǓȠȠǓ ǟȅǿȠȅǹȆȖƺ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ƺੈ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠƻΚǹƺȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ǓǹȌșΦȉȖ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠȠǓǷ Ǿƻș șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǈȆǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǔǾƻǴƻȖƺॹ ǔș ƺੈȠǔǾƺ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡে ΦƺȠǩ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǈƺǿ ǩș ǾǓǠǾȣȠƺȠǷȅΦȅȠȠঀ Φ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșॹ ƻǹǹƺǿǏȆ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǓǿ ǈǓǹȧǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺੈ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ ǿǔǠΡ ǟȌ ȠǔǾƻǴƺ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ƺੈ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ǔș ǷǷΚেǷ ǉǫǾǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺঀ ੈ ǉǔǹΦȅȠȠ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ЙǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓΚǔȠǓǹǔΚǓǹ ৅ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ৅ ƺΦȠ ǩș ǾǓǠǓǾǹǫȠǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩǹǓǠ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ șΦǓǾȒȅǿȠǈȆǹ ǩș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǷǓǹǹॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷȅȖǾƻǿΡ ȤǴƺǈǈ ǹǔȒǔșȠ ȠǓȠȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓঀ ੈȠǩΦǓǏǩǷ ȠǓȖΚǈǓǿ ǓΦȠ ƺੈȠǔǾƻȠ ৙ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣǈƻȠȅȖȅǷॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ǔș ǠΡȅȖșǫȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǾǓǿǿΡǩșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ৛ ǫȖǴƺ ǹǓॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠǔǾƻǈƺǿ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǩǷ ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾॹ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƺॹ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖ ǔș ƺΦ ƺǷƺǏǔǾǩƺঀ ੈǷȅȖƻǈǈǩ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷȠȌǹ ǓǹȠǔȖȌǓǿॹ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ǷƺȒে ǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺǿ ǈǓǷǓȖȧǹ ƺΦ ৙ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ৛ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǔșॹ ǔș ƺੈșȠƺȖȠȣȒȅǷǿƺǷ ǿΡȤǴȠȅȠȠ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ȠȌǷǓ ǩș șΦǓȖǓȒǓǹ ǈǓǿǿǓঀ EǩǿǏǓΦǓǷ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǹǔǿΡǓǠǓș ǹǔȒǔș ƺΦ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƻȖƺ ǿǔΦΚǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠ ǦǓǹΡǓȠ ǷƺȒȠƺǷ ǈǓǿǿǓ ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǓॹ ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺƻȠƺǏƻș ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǿǓǷ ȠǔǾƻǩঀ eǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ƺǹƺȒΚǓȠȌ ǾƺǷȖȅȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǏȅǷȣǾǓǿȠȣǾƺ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș Ƞǔে ǾƻǴƻǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠǈƺǿ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǏȉǿȠǔșǓǷǓȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॸ ࢷࢺࢱঀ ǉǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƺ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǔǿॹ ǟȅȖǾƻে ǹǩș ǔș ǿǓǾ ǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ǿȉΚǓǹΚǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔș Ǿǩে ǿȌșǔǠǔȠॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓȖǓȒǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷ ǈǓΚǓΦǓȠǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺΦƻșƺঀ ࢷࢺࢲঀ ǉǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ EǩǿǏǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǿǓǷ ǔș șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǩ ƺੈǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșƻȠ ǔșॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȉǷȅșΦǩșΦȠǔǾƺ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ੈǷȉΦǴȅǠǩ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ

ࢲࢵࢴ

șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ƻȠșΦǓȖΚǓΦǩ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻșȣǷƺȠ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǦȅΦ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǓȠঀ ࢷࢺࢳঀ ǉǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ FȉΚǓǹǩ ƺΦ ǩǿǷȣǈƻǉǩȆॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǷȉΦȒȅǿȠȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠ ǠΡȅȖșǫȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǾǓǿǿΡǩșǔǠǔȠ ǔș ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǔȠঀ ੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹǓǷǓȠ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔে ȖƻΚƺǹॹ ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǷǓǹ ǔș ƺੈȒȖǩΚƻȠ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȖƺǹ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏΚǓ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǩ Ƿǩঀ ࢷࢺࢴঀ ǉǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǓȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠॹ ƺੈЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈșΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǷǩǓǾǓǹȠǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹǩॹ ƺǷƻȖǉșƺǷ ƺΦ ǩǿǿȅে ΚƻǉǩȆȠॹ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȠঀ ੈǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺǿ ǓΦ ƺΦȠ ǴǓǹǓǿȠǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿΡȅǾȅǿ ǷȉΚǓȠǔșǩ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǴƺΚǫȠƺǿǩ ǟȅǠǴƻǷॹ ǔș ǦƺȠƻșǓǹǓǾΦǔșে șǓǹ ǾǔȖǩǷ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹƻș ǾǔȖȠǔǷǔȠঀ ࢷࢺࢵঀ ǉǩǷǷǓǹΡॸ Φ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșǔȠ ǾǓǠে ǷȉǿǿΡǫȠǩǷॸ ƺੈǷȅǉǷƻΦƺȠǩ ȠȌǷǓॹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșȅǷॹ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹǠƺে ȖƺǿǉǩƺেЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșॹ ƺੈǾǩǷȖȅǦǩȠǓǹেǷǔȖǓǹǾǓǷ ǔș ƺੈȠȌǷǓȒǩƺǉǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓঀ XȖǩȅȖǩȠƻșƻȠƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠƻȠ ƺੈ ǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǟǓǹΦƻȖǷȆΦƻș ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƻǿƺǷ ǟǓǹে ǠΡȅȖșǫȠƻșƻΚƺǹ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǩǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩॹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅșƺǿ ƺੈ ǾƺǠƺș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾȪ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ǹǓǠΡǓǿॹ ƺੈ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ȠǓȠȠ ǓȖȌǟǓșΦǫȠǔșǓǷ ȖǔΚǔǿঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșǈƺǿ ƺੈeǩΦǓǏǩǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǈǓǿॹ ƺੈǷȅে Ȗƻǈǈǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷȠȌǹ ǓǹȠǔȖȌǓǿॹ ࢳࢶ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ XȖǩȅȖǩȠΡ eȖƺǿșǟȅȖǾƺȠǩȅǿ XȖȅǠȖƺǾș ǿǔΚǓǿঀ Φ ƺǹƻǈǈǩƺǷǈƺǿ ǟǓǹșȅȖȅǹȣǿǷ ǿǔǦƻǿΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡǫȠǴƻǷ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠॸ ࢹঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢸঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǓ ǔș ΚǔǠȖǓǦƺǴȠƻșƺঀ ࢹঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢹঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚǓȠ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦȌ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșǓǷঀ ࢲࢲঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢳࢵঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ Φ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǴǓǩȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǦǩȠǓǹǠƺȖƺǿǉǩƺেǾǓǉǦƺǿǩΦǾȣș ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƺঀ ࢲࢺঀ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ࢵঀ ǩǿȠǔΦǷǓǏǔșॸ Φ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷ ǷȉȖǔǿǓǷ ǈȌΚǫȠǔșǓঀ

t22ঀ ࢵঀ ^ȠƺȠǩșΦȠǩǷƻǷ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ੈࢲࢶ ǔΚǿǔǹ ǩǏȌșǓǈǈ ǿǔȒǓșșǔǠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƺ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ࢵࢶॹࢶઔॹ ǓǈǈȌǹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢷࢵॹࢹઔॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǿȌǷǔ ࢳࢷॹࢸઔঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ࢲࢵࢵ

eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ǿȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠ ǾǔǠ Ǿǩǿে ǏǩǠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡǿƺǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǦǓȠȌঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠșǔǠǩ șΦǩǿȠǴǓ ੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǔș ƺੈΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ȉșșΦǓǟȧǠǠǔșǓǷǓȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƻǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǿǩǿǔǹ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȪǓǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǿǿƻǹ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǈǈ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹȧǷঀ EǫǠ ƺΦ ǫȖƻșȠȣǏƺȠǹƺǿ ǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǔে ǿǓǷ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǓ ࢲࢷઔ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩǿƻǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ șΦǩǿȠȪ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠǠǓǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓে ΦȌ ǿȌǷǔ ࢳࢶॹࢹઔॹ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȪǓǷǔ ࢴࢲॹࢺઔॹ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾȣǿǷƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȪșΦƺǷǩ șΦƺǷǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƻȠ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠǓǷǔ ࢴࢺॹࢹઔॹ ƺੈǏǩȒǹȅǾƻșȅǷǔ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢸࢲॹࢴઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ǔȖǓǷ ǔș ǴȣȠȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ৅ ǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠǓǷ ǿȌǷ ǔș ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ੈ ǿȌǷॹ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠȠȌǹ ǟȧǠǠǓȠǹǓǿȧǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈǓȠ ǷǓȖǓșȠǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǓș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǾƺǠƺșƺǿ ǷǔȒΦǓȠȠ ǿȌǩ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǷ ǟȌ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǈȌǹ șΦƻȖে ǾƺΦȆ ǔΚǓș ǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓ ƻȠǹƺǠȅșƺǿ ࢲॹࢴઔেǷƺǹ ǾƺȖƺǏ Ǔǹ ƺੈǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǩșǷȅǹƻΦȅȠȠșƻǠȤ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǔ ǾȉǠȉȠȠঀ Φ ƺੈǷȧǹȉǿǈșǔǠ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƺǩǿƻǹ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈ șΦǩǿȠȪ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠșǔǠ ǓșǓȠǔǈǓǿ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈॸ ࢲॹࢹઔঀ ੈǟǔȖЙ ǔș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǈƺǿ ǹǓΚȌ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿȌȠȠ ƺΦ ǓǹǾȤǹȠ ǔΚǓǷǈǓǿঀ Φ ࢲেࢵ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆॹ ǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷǷƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈঀ ੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǈƺǿ ǹǔΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠǫȒȣșƺǩ ৅ ǾǔȖǓȠॹ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅȖǾƺॹ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹ ΚƺǠΡ ǈƻȖǾǓǹΡ Ǿƻș ǾȣȠƺȠȆ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǷƺȠǓǠȅȖǩΦƻǹΚƺ ੈșΦƺǷǩȖȅǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿ șΦƻǾȅș ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡ ȖƻǾȣȠƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷǩșǓǈǈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǾȪǷȉǏȠǓȠǿǓǷॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷॹ ǔș ǓΦ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ șǩǿǉș ǾƻșǷǔǿȠঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȤ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ƻȠǹƺǠǈƺǿ ࢲࢱেǿǔǹ ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǴȣǷ Κƺǿঀ Φ ࢶ৅ࢲࢺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷƺȠ ǷǩǉșǩǿǓǷॹ ƺੈ ࢳࢱ ǔș ࢺࢺ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǹǔȠșΦƻে ǾȤƺǷƺȠ ǷȉΦǓȒǓșǿǓǷ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǴȧǷॹ ƺੈࢲࢱࢱ ǟȉǹȉȠȠǩ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠǩ ǹǔȠșΦƻǾǾƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌǷǓȠ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺ șȅȖȅǹǴȣǷঀ Φ ƻǈȖƻǿ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ࢹઔেƺ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠॹ ǾǫǠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔǿΡǓșǓǷ ࢷઔেƺ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǿƺǷ ǉșȣȒƻǿ ࢳઔেƺ ǿƺǠΡΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠঀ EƻșȖǔșΦȖȌǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƻǹȠƺǹ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǷȉΦǓȒǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ শࢴࢷઔষ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔǦȅΦ ǷǔȒǓșȠঀ

ࢲࢵࢶ

32. ábra: ȘȖǙȘȝǙͬȤȿȿǙȖ ȸͬǚȝǙ Ǚত͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬǚȸȤȖǧǙȞ ऒৰओ

ǠƺΦƺȠȅǷ ǔș ǉǔǠȠǫȒȣșȅǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ Κ

EȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆ ઔ

ǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ઔ

EǓΦȌǠƺΦǏঀ

Keresk.

^ΦȅǹǠƻǹ Ƞঀ EǓΦȌ ǠƺΦǏঀ

Keresk.

^ΦȅǹǠƻǹ Ƞঀ

ࢳࢱࢱࢸ

ࢲࢴॹࢴ

ࢸࢴॹࢵ

ࢸࢱॹࢶ

ࢲࢲॹࢸ

ࢲࢸॹࢹ

ࢳࢱࢱࢹ

ࢲࢹॹࢳ

ࢲࢲॹࢸ

ࢸࢱॹࢲ

ࢵࢺॹࢺ

ࢲࢵॹࢱ

ࢳࢲॹࢲ

ࢳࢱࢱࢺ

ࢺॹࢱ

ࢲࢲॹࢶ

ࢸࢺॹࢶ

ࢶࢵॹࢶ

ࢲࢸॹࢶ

ࢳࢹॹࢱ

ࢳࢱࢲࢱ

ࢲࢳॹࢲ

ࢲࢱॹࢹ

ࢸࢸॹࢲ

ࢶࢲॹࢹ

ࢲࢹॹࢺ

ࢳࢺॹࢴ

ࢳࢱࢲࢲ

ࢺॹࢳ

ࢲࢲॹࢶ

ࢸࢺॹࢴ

ࢶࢴॹࢳ

ࢲࢺॹࢱ

ࢳࢸॹࢹ

ࢳࢱࢲࢳ

ࢹॹࢶ

ࢲࢳॹࢹ

ࢸࢹॹࢸ

ࢶࢳॹࢵ

ࢲࢸॹࢴ

ࢴࢱॹࢴ

33. ábra: তȞȫȈ ȝɂȞȖǙǙǮȥȖ ǳȸ ǲǿͧǳȞȈ ͠ǚȘȘǙȘȖȤͬȥȖ ǚǿǙͬǙȿȈ ȝǲǿȤȸͬȘǚȸǙ eȨȵȨȖȤȵȸͬǚǿǧǙȞ࣓ Ǚ ȝǲͬȫǿǙͬǮǙȸǚǿ࣓ Ǚ ȖǲȵǲȸȖǲǮǲȘǲȝ ǳȸ Ǚ ȸͬȤȘǿǚȘȿǙȿǚȸ ȿǲȵɆȘǲȿǳȞ

ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǩǠ ƺੈࢺࢵ ǓΦǓȖ ǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺƺǏȆȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠΚǓ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿॸ ࢸࢹॹࢸઔ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ࢲࢳॹࢹઔ ƺੈ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿ ǔș ࢹॹࢶઔ ƺੈ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǓȠȠঀ ੈࢸࢹࢹ ǓΦǓȖ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǈȌǹ ࢴࢱॹࢴઔ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ࢲࢸॹࢴઔ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșে ǷǓǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿ ǔș ࢶࢳॹࢵઔ ƺੈǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǈƺǿ ΚǓȠȠ ȖǔșΦȠঀ ੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖ ǓȖȌșǓǈǈ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔȠ ƺΦ ǩǿǏȅǷȅǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔș ǷȅȖǹƻȠȅΦȅȠȠॹ ǔș ǓΦ ƺੈșΦǓǷȠȅȖ ΚǩșΦȅǿΡǹƺǠ ǷǩșǓǈǈ ȠȌǷǔȠ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǹঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƺ ǩǠǓǿ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ƺΦ ȅǹΡƺǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖ ǔș ƺੈǠǔȒǩȒƺȖঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǹǓǠǟȅǿȠȅșƺǈǈ ȅǷƺǩ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ǷȣǹȠȣȖƻǹǩș ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩেǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǔǈǓǿ ȖǓǴǹȌ ȠǔǿΡǓΦȌǷঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺƺǏȆǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦǹƻșƺ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǔȖǓȠǔে ǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿ ȠȉǈǈǿΡǩȖǓ ࢲ৅ࢵ ǓǾǈǓȖȠ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȆ ǾǩǷȖȅΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșঀ Φ ƺȖȖƺ ࢲࢵࢷ

ǓǿǠǓǏ ǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓȠǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǓǹȌǿΡǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșǫȠǩǷ ƺੈǷǩș ǾǔȖǓȠȪॹ Ƿǩș ȠȌǷǓǩǠǔǿΡȪ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷǓȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǹǓǠǟȌǈǈ ȅǷƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǔșȖǓ ƻǹǹȆ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǓǹǔǠȠǓǹǓǿșǔǠǓঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ࢲࢴઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡǈƺǿ ǓΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ƺੈFƺǠΡে ǔș ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ ƺੈǠǔȒǴƻȖǾȪΚǓǷ ǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǷǓȖǔǷȒƻȖȅǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ƻǠƺে ΦƺȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩ ΚȅǹȠƺǷঀ ΦȠ ƺੈșΦǓǷȠȅȖȠ ǷȉΚǓȠǩ ࢲࢵॹࢶઔেȅș ƺȖƻǿǿΡƺǹ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻș ǔș ࢲࢲॹࢵઔেǷƺǹ ƺΦ ǔȒǫȠȌǩȒƺȖǩ șΦǓǷȠȅȖঀ =ȅǠǩ șȠƻȠȣșȣǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǩ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿ ΚȅǹȠॹ ࢸࢲॹࢴઔেǈƺǿঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȅǷ ࢵࢸॹࢸઔেƻȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǩ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǩॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ șΦȧǹǓȠǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ iǴȅǿǿƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ

% ࢲࢴॹࢱ ࢷॹࢱ

ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ࢲࢲॹࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠঀ ੈǹǓǠǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ǾǓǠșΦȪে ǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡ ࢴࢲॹࢺઔ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǿƺǠΡে ǔș ǷǩșǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾॹ ǠǔȒǴƻȖǾȪে ǔș ǾȅȠȅȖǷǓȖǔǷȒƻȖেǴƺΚǫে Ƞƻșǩ ƻǠƺΦƺȠǈƺǿঀ ΦȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȠǓ ࢲࢷॹࢳઔেǷƺǹ ƺੈǠΡƻȖȠƻș ǔș ࢲࢱॹࢵઔেǷƺǹ ƺੈșΦƻǹǹǫȠƻș ǔș ȖƺǷȠƻȖȅΦƻș șΦǓǷȠȅȖঀ =ȅǠǩ șȠƻȠȣșȣǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦȅȠȠƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǉǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈǹǓǠǿƺǠΡȅǈǈॸ ࢸࢴॹࢵઔঀ ੈࢳࢱࢲࢵেǈǓǿ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔǿǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǩ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠ ࢵࢸॹࢸઔেƻȠ ȠǓȠȠǔǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ǾȣȠƺȠȆǩॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ੈǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǾǓǠșΦȪǿǔșǓ ǾǩƺȠȠ

% ࢲࢲॹࢶ ࢶॹࢺ

A 2015-ben indult alkalmazottakat foglalkoztató cégek 82.9%-a 2016-ban is fennmaradt. ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȤǹǔǹǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ

Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȠȤǹǔǹǔșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ

ࢹࢳॹࢺ

Φ ȤǴ ǔș ƺੈȠȤǹǔǹȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢳࢱࢲࢷেǈƺǿ

ࢹࢱॹࢳ

ࢲࢵࢸ

t22ঀ ࢶঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȖǏǔșǓǷǷǓǹ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷ t22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢲঀ ǹǹƺǾǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ?ǩșে ǔș ?ȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺǩǿƺǷ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǔș eƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓ শ?ȧǌȧǷ ΚǓ KȖȠƺ OǹǌǓǷǹǩ 8ȜǹǓȠǾǓǹǓȖǩ (ǓǹǩȜȠǩȖǾǓ ΚǓ ǓșȠǓǷǹǓǾǓ 8ǏƺȖǓșǩ ƺȜǷƺǿǹǪǡǪॹ ?K^( ষ ǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ǴȉȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈǷǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȖǔșΦǓșǓǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǔș ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷǩǓǹǔǠǫȠǔșǔে ǈǓǿॹ ǔș ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡǷǔȒǓșșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ǔș șΦǫǿΚȅǿƺǹȣǷƺȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ȉșșΦǦƺǿǠǈƺǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠșƻǷ ƺΦ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǉǩȆǴȣǷƺȠঀ ੈ?K^( ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǾǓǠǷǓΦǏǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦƺǷƺșΦƻǈƺǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ǈƺǿǷǩ ǓǠΡǓΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǓǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉȠȠǔȠॹ ƺੈǾȣǿে ǷƻǹȠƺȠȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔȠ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǔȠঀ ੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȖƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǴȅǠȅșȣǹȠॹ ǏǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹ șΦǓǾǈǓǿǩ ȒȅΦǩে ȠǫΚ ǾǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȠǓȠǔș ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓșΦǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾƺǠƺșƺǈǈ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷঀ ੈǹǓǠǟȌǈǈ ?K^( েȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷॸ ॷ eƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷঀ eƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșǩ ǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǓǷॸ ǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ǦƻΦǩƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷǿƺǷ ǔș șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǷǓΦǏǓǿǩ ΚƻǠΡȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦȠ ǷǓǹǹ ΚǓǿǿǩȧǷ ƺੈ ?K^( ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷȣȖΦȣșƻǿঀ eƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ȠƺȖȠƺǹে Ǿƺॸ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷॹ ǟǓǹșΦǓȖǓǹǔșǓǷ ǈǓșΦǓȖΦǔșǓঀ ॷ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔȖǓ ǔș ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȖǓ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșঀ /ǩȠǓǹȉșșΦǓǠॸ ࢲࢱࢱঀࢱࢱࢱ e@ ǷƺǾƺȠǾǓǿȠǓșǓǿ শƺ /ƺǹǷǈƺǿǷ ǔș ƺੈ ?K^( ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǓ ȖǔΚǔǿষ Φ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ lΦǹǓȠǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǷȅȅȖǏǩǿƻǉǩȆǴƻȠ ƺੈ?K^( ΚǔǠΦǩঀ ੈǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠșȅǿ Ƿǩ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǹƺǾǓǿǿΡǩ Ƿǩșে ǔș ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖǈǓǹǩ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǩȠ ȉșșΦǓǟȅǠǴƺ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǟȉǹǏȖƺǴΦǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȖȌǹॹ ƺੈǷȉΦে ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖǈǓǹǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠ șǩǷǓȖǓș ȒǔǹǏƻǴƺǷǔǿȠঀ ੈ ࢴࢲ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ȠȉǾȉȖǫȠȌ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǹȌǾȅΦǏǫȠȆ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ /ƻǹȆΦƺȠǈƺǿ শ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ FǓȠΛȅȖǷ Ƞȅ XȖȅǾȅȠǓ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒষ ƺੈ?K^( ǷǔȒΚǩে șǓǹǩ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠঀ ੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǔȖǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǔș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ΚǩȠƺȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȅȠ ƺǹƺǷǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ Ƿǩঀ ੈǉǔǹȅǷ ǷȉΦǔ ࢲࢵࢹ

ȠƺȖȠȅΦǩǷ ƺੈǈǓΚƻǹȠ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ǾǓǠȅșΦȠƻșƺ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǷȉΦȉș ȒȖȅǴǓǷে ȠǓǷ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƻșƺঀ

t22ঀ ࢶঀ ࢳঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǷ ǔș 2ȒƺȖȅșȅǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শeȧȖǷǩΡǓ șǿƺǟ ΚǓ ^ƺǿƺȠǷƺȖǹƺȖǪ ?ȅǿǟǓǏǓȖƺșΡȅǿȣॹ e ^?ষ ੈ e ^?েǓȠ ƺΦǔȖȠ ǦȅΦȠƻǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷƺȒǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș ǩȒƺȖǩ ǷƺǾƺȖƻǷ ƺΦ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠșǔǷ ƺΦ ǓǹȌȖǓǦƺǹƺǏƻșȠ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȠॹ ǴƺΚǫȠে șƻǷ ƺੈșΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǴǔǷ ƺੈǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǩȒƺȖȅșȅǷƺȠ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǓǠȠǓǠΡǔǷ ƺੈșΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǹǔȒǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉে Φǩ ǩǿȠǔΦǾǔǿΡǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈȒȖȅǈǹǔǾƻǷ ǾǓǠȅǹǏƻșƺ ǟǓǹǔঀ ੈ e ^? șΦƻǾȅșॹ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆ ƻǹȠƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȅȠȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ǓǹȌǷǔșΦǫȠǓȠȠॹ ǔș ǈǓ ǩș ǾȣȠƺȠȠƺ ȌǷǓȠ ƺΦ hেǿƺǷঀ ΦǓǷ ǷȉΦȧǹ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǩǷ ƺੈFȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ȒȖȅে ǴǓǷȠǴǓ ΚȅǹȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ǓǹșȌ ǫΦǈǓǿ ࢳࢱࢱࢳেǈǓǿ ǦƺǴȠȅȠȠƺǷ ΚǔǠȖǓ șǩǷǓȖǓșǓǿॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢳࢱࢱࢸেǈǓǿ ǩșǾǔȠ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠȅȠȠƻǷঀ ੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓǩǿǓǷ ǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǴƻǈƺǿ ƺΦ ȅǷȠƺȠƻș ƻǹǹȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ șΦǓǹǹǓǾȖǓ ǩȖƻǿΡȣǹॹ Ƿȧǹȉǿȉș ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓȠে ȠǓǹ ƺǿǿƺǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩॹ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏȆǩ ǔș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷ ȖǔΚǔǿ ƺǷȠǫΚ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦƺǿƺǷ Ƿǩș ǉșƺǹƻǏǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻǈƺǿঀ Φ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǔǾƻǷȖȆǹ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺǷ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆΚƺǹॹ ǾǩǿȠ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ƺੈ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠǩ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡॹ ƺੈ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȉȠǹǓȠॹ ƺΦ ǩǠǔǿΡǟǓǹǾǔȖǔșॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠॹ Ȓǩƺǉॹ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșॹ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ǴȅǠǩ ƺǹƺȒǴƺǩॹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǴȅǠǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠƺǩॹ ǿǓǦǔΦșǔǠǓǷ ǔș șΦƺǿǷǉǩȆǷॹ ǟȅȖǠȆǓșΦǷȉΦȉǷ ǷǔșΦǹǓȠǿΡǩǹে ΚƻǿȠƺȖȠƻșƺॹ ǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȠƺȖȠƻșǩ ȖǓǿǏșΦǓȖǓǷॹ ƺੈǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓǷ ǾǓǠǦƺȠƻȖȅΦƻșƺॹ ƺੈǷȉǹȠșǔǠেƻȖ ƺȖƻǿΡॹ ƺੈǴȉΚǓǏǓǹǾǓΦȌșǔǠॹ ƺੈǦǩȠǓǹЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻș ǔș ƺੈǷȧǹǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾঀ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শeȧȖǷǩΡǓ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǓȖ ǓȖǿǓǡǩॹ ? (8 [ষ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǉǔǹǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹঀ ੈǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǿǓǾ ǉșȣȒƻǿ ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ƺੈȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƺǩ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ șΦǓে ȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȠ ǩș ǉǔǹȣǹ ȠȪΦǩ Ƿǩঀ eƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔȠॹ

ࢲࢵࢺ

ǦȅǠΡ ΚƻǹȠȅΦȠƺȠǦƺșșƺǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿ ǔș ǷǩȖǓǷǓșΦȠȌ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǦǓǹΡΦǓȠȧǷȉǿॹ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǩ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻș ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ ȖǔΚǔǿ ƻǹȠƺǹƻǈƺǿ ǩș ǟȅǷȅΦȆǏǴȅǿ ƺੈșΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȣǷঀ EǓǠƺǹƺǷȣǹƻșƺ ȆȠƺ șΦƻǾȅș ǔȖǏǓǷǓǹȠ ǟǔǹǹǓǹ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠ ƺੈǷȉΦșΦǟǔȖƻǈȆǹॹ ƺੈǾƺǠƻǿে șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈȆǹ ǔș ƺੈǉǩΚǩǹ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈȆǹ ǦǓǹΡǩॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿঀ iȠǾȣȠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹǴƺॹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷ ǔș ǿȌǷ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠǔȠ ȒƻȖে ȠȅǹǴƺঀ ੈ? (8 [ ǩǿǠΡǓǿ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ ǩǿǏǫȠȅǷॻ ੈ? (8 [ ৅ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠǓǷǷǓǹॹ ǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșșƺǹॹ ǩǿǷȣǈƻǉǩȆΚƺǹ ǔș ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșșƺǹ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ৅ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺ ƺΦ 2ঢ়Ǿ șȠƺȖȠǩǿǠ ǾΡ ȅΛǿ ǈȣșǩে ǿǓșș ǉǫǾȪ ǷǔȒΦǔșǔȠঀ ੈǦƻȖȅǾǿƺȒȅș ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ? (8 [ ȠƺǠȅǷ ȠǓȖΚǓΦȠǔǷ ǾǓǠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǿǓǾǉșƺǷ ȅǷȠƺȠȆǷॹ ǦƺǿǓǾ ǾƺǠȣǷ ǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷঀ ੈǷǔȒΦǔș ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǩ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǷƺȠ ǿΡȤǴȠșȅǿ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǹΡǓǿ ȉȠǹǓȠǓॹ ǔș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȠ șΦǓে ȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ǩǿǏǫȠƺǿǩঀ ੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦǿǩ ΚƻǠΡȆ ǔș ƺੈǾƻȖ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǷǔȒΦǔșǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹে ǿǓǷॹ ǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ȠǔǾƻǩ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩȠǓȖΚেǷǔșΦǫȠǔșॹ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǓǷॹ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǩ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿǴȅǠȅǷॹ ǴȅǠে șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅǷॹ ǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșॹ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ǔș ǦȣǾƻǿǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșেǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠঀ EǓǿȠȅȖǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ^ΦƻǾƻȖƺ ੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǦƻǹȆΦƺȠ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǏƻșȠ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǿΡȤǴȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǩǿǏǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦॹ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǔǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǦǓΦঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ƺੈ? (8 [ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹǩ ǓǈǈǓǿ ƺੈࢲࢸ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǟǓǹȉǹǓǹȌ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǈƺǿঀ ȣȖșƺ lΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡȅǷ ǔș EǓǿǓǏΦșǓȖǓǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শ ȣȖșƺ 8Ȝ ?ƺǏǪǿǹƺȖǪ ΚǓ |ȉǿǓȠǩǉǩǹǓȖǩ ǓȖǿǓǡǩॹ h8? ষ ੈ h8? ॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ΚǫΦǩȆǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ৙ǓȖȌș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠȅȠ ǦȅΦǿƺǷ ǹǔȠȖǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǓȖǓǴǔΚǓǹ৛ॹ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈǉǔǹǹƺǹ ΚƺǹȆșǫȠȅȠȠƺ ǾǓǠ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǩȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȠȉȖΚǔǿΡǦȅΦƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ǏȉǿȠǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȆ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡșƻǠƻȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ΚǓে ΦǓȠȌǩ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșȧǷǓȠॹ ǿȉΚǓǹΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȠॹ ǔș ǾǓǠǓȖȌșǫȠΚǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔȠ ƺΦ ǔǹǓȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ ੈ h8? ǉǔǹǴƺ șȅǷǷƺǹ ǩǿǷƻǈǈ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǴǓǹǓǿǹǔȠǔǿǓǷ ǓȖȌșǫে ȠǔșǓ ƺੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡșΦǟǔȖƻǈƺǿॹ ǿǓǾ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǴȅǈǈ ǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠƻșƺঀ ॷ OșșΦǓǟȅǠǹƺǹȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॸ ǿǿǓǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǟǓǹșȌȅǷȠƺȠƻșǈƺǿ ǟǓǹșȌǈǈ ǔΚǟȅে ǹΡƺǾȅǷǈƺǿ ȠƺǿȣǹȆ ǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦǓșȧǹǿǓǷ ǟǓǹǷǔșΦǫȠǔșǈǓǿঀ ੈࢹ ǔΚǓ ǟȅǹΡȆ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ șȅȖƻǿ ƺΦ ȉǿǷǔǿȠǓș h8? ȠƺǠȅǷ ǷȉȖȧǹǈǓǹȧǹ ࢲࢶࢱ ǿȌǩ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆȠ ȅǷȠƺȠȠƺǷঀ ࢲࢶࢱ

ॷ EǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॸ ੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǹƻșȠ ǔș ȠǓǉǦǿǩǷƺǩ ȠƻǾȅে ǠƺȠƻșȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈ ǾǓǿȠȅȖȅǷȠȆǹঀ EǫǠ ƺੈ ȠȖǔǿǩǿǠ ȣȠƻǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǷǓΦǏȌ ǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ࢴઔॹ ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖƻǹƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ǴǓǹǹǓǾΦȌǓǿ ࢸઔঀ Φ ǓǹșȌ ǟƻΦǩșǈƺǿ ࢲࢶࢱੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠॹ ǔș ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȆǏǩǷঀ ॷ EƻȖǉǩȣș ࢹেƺǩ ǏǫǴǷǩȅșΦȠȆ ȧǿǿǓȒșǔǠॸ EǩǿǏǓǿ ǔΚ ǾƻȖǉǩȣș ࢹেƻǿ ǏǫǴǷǩȅșΦȠȆ Ǡƻে ǹƻȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȠƻǾȅǠƺșșƻǷ ǔș ȉșΦȠȉǿȉΦΦǔǷ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠঀ ǿǿǓǷ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǷȉΦে ǔș ǾƺǠƻǿșΦǓǷȠȅȖ ǿȌǷǓȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǷǔȒে ΚǩșǓǹȌǩȠ ǔș ǉǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠǓǷǓȠ ǏǫǴƺΦǿƺǷঀ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ lΦǹǓȠǩ ǿǠΡƺǹȅǷ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠǓ শEǓǹǓǷ |ƺȠǪȖǪǾǉǪǹƺȖ ǓȖǿǓǡǩষ ࢳࢱࢲࢲেǈǓǿ ǦȅΦȠƺ ǹǔȠȖǓ ȤȠȠȉȖȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷ শǈȣșǩǿǓșș ƺǿǠǓǹșষ ǓǠΡ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺঀ KǹΡƺǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅȠ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǈǓǉșǹǔșǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ǾǩǿȠǓǠΡ ࢶࢱࢱ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǓȣȖȆȠ ǟǓǷȠǓȠ ǈǓ ǔΚǓǿȠǓॹ ǔș ǷȣǹǉșșΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ ǴƻȠșΦǩǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǴȉΚȌǴǔǈǓǿॹ ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǷǷΚেǷ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿॹ ƺੈǴȆǹǔȠ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡȠǓȖǓǾȠǔș ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿঀ ?ȧǹǏǓȠǔșǓॸ ǹǓǦǓȠȌΚǔ ȠǓǿǿǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ǾǓǠǩșǾǓȖǷǓǏǴǓǿǓǷ ƺੈȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻǴƻΚƺǹঀ ǹǴȉȠȠ ƺΦ ǩǏȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈȠȉȖȉǷ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȠǓǹǴǓșǓǿ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ǾȅǏǓǹǹȠ ǷȉΚǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈe ੈশeȣȖǷǓΡ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǿǠǓǹș șșȅǉǩƺȠǩȅǿষ ΚǓΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǈǓঀ ੈ৙ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǩ ǷȣǹȠȤȖƻǈƺǿ৛ ƺੈȠƺȒƺșΦȠƺǹȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǓǾǈǓȖǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǿǓǷ ƺΦ ȤǴȅǿǿƺǿ ƺǹƺǷȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹঀ ȖΡƺ vȅǾǓǿ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ শ ȖΡƺ ?ƺǏǪǿ |ƺȠǪȖǪǾ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾȣষ ^ΦƻǾȅș ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹ Κƺǿॹ ǔș șΦƻǾȅș ȣșǩǿǓșș ǿǠǓǹ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǾȪǷȉǏǩǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷ Ƞƻে ǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠॹ ƺΦ ȖΡƺ vȅǾǓǿ ƺΦȅǿǈƺǿ ǷǩǟǓǴǓΦǓȠȠǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƺঀ Φ ȖΡƺ vȅǾǓǿ 2ǿΚǓșȠǾǓǿȠ XǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǓǹșȌ ǔș ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ǿȌǩ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǩ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƺঀ OșșΦǓǠΡȪǴȠǩ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǿȌǩ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷƺȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǟǔȖЙ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ƺǿǠΡƺǹȅǷƺȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǩșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǓȖǓǴǔǈǓǿॹ ǔș ƺǈǈƺǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷǔȒǓșǓǷ Ȥǿঀ ^ǾƺȖȠ EȅǿǓΡ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșǓǷȖǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓǷǿǓǷ ƺੈȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩǓǷǓǿ ȠȤǹǾȣȠƺȠȆ ǔȖȠǔǷȧǷ Κƺǿঀ Φ ȖΡƺ ǓȖǓǴǓ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ǓȖȌǟȅȖȖƻșƺǩǿƺǷ ǓǠΡǓșǫে ȠǔșǔǈȌǹ șΦƻȖǾƺΦǩǷॹ ǓΦƻǹȠƺǹ ǠΡȅȖșǫȠǴƺ ǟǓǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǔȠঀ Φ ȖΡƺ 2ǿΚǓșȠȅȖș șΦǩǿȠǔǿ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǈȆǹ ƻǹǹঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ƻȠǓșǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔে ǷǓǹǔșǩ ǟȅǹΡƺǾƺȠȅǿॹ șΦȧǷșǔǠǹǓȠǓǩǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȉșșΦǓǦȅΦΦƻǷ ȌǷǓȠ ǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷǷǓǹঀ Ƿǩ ǾǓǠে ǷƺȒǴƺ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠǔșȠ ǦƺșΦǿƻǹǦƺȠǴƺ ƺΦ ǩǿǟȖƺșȠȖȣǷȠȤȖƻȠॹ ƺੈǷȉΦȉș ǈǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǷƺȠॹ ƺੈǏǩǠǩȠƻǹǩș șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ șΦƺǷǔȖȠȌǷǓȠ ǔș ƺੈȠȉǈǈǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ǉșƺȒƺȠȅȠঀ ੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓȠȌǷ ǓșǔǹΡȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺȖȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǿǓǷ ȖǔșΦǔΚǔ ΚƻǹǴƺǿƺǷ ƺੈ৙ȠƺǿȣǹǴ ǓǠΡ ǷǩǉșǩȠॹ ȠǔǠΡ ǿǔǾǩ șΦǫΚǓșșǔǠǓȠ ǔș ǷǓȖǓșș ǓǠΡ Ƿǩș ȒǔǿΦȠ৛ ǓǹΚ șΦǓǹǹǓǾǔǈǓǿঀ

ࢲࢶࢲ

t22ঀ ࢷঀ ?ǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșǓǷ ৅ ǴȆইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ tǓȖșǓǿΡ ੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ƺੈ (ƺȖƺǿȠǩ ƺǿǷॹ ƺΦ ǉȅǿȅǾǩșȠ EƺǠƺΦǩǿǓ ǔș ƺੈ eȉȖȉǷ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ^ΦȉΚǓȠșǔǠ শ? (8 [ষ ǷȉΦȖǓǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ΚƺǹȆșȣǹ ǾǓǠঀ ǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǿΡȤǴȠșȅǿ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǾǩǹǹǩȆǷǿƺǷ ƺǏǴƻǷ ȠȣǏȠƻȖƺ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖȧǷǓȠॹ ǔș șǓǠǫȠșǓ ȌǷǓȠ ȒǔǹǏƺǷǔȒȒǔ Κƻǹǿǩ ƺੈȠȉǈǈǩ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ੈ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ƺǏǿƺǷ ƻȠ ǏǫǴƺȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǫǠǔȖǓȠǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺॹ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ƺǷǩ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǩǷ ƺੈ ȖǔǠǩȆǴƻǈƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ șΦȅে ǉǩƻǹǩș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǷǈƺǿ ǩșঀ ੈ ǴȣȠƺǹǾƺǷ ǔΚǓǿȠǓ ΚƻǹȠȅΦǿƺǷॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢸেǈǓǿ ƺੈeȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ࢴࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ e@েȠॹ ੈeȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǫǠǔȖǓȠǓș ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆে Ǵƺॹ ƺੈFȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆॹ ƺǷǩ ǷǩǓǾǓǹǷǓǏǩǷ ƺੈȖǔǠǩȆǴƻǈƺǿ ǔș eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǿȌǩ Κƻǹে ǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ࢳࢶ ࢱࢱࢱ e@েȠ ǷƺȒȅȠȠঀ ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǠΡȌΦȠǓș ǿȌ ࢲ ǔΚǓș ǩǿǠΡǓǿǓș ȠƺǠșƻǠȅȠ ǷƺȒ ƺੈ? (8 [েǈǓॹ ǔș ǓǹȌЙΦǓȠǔșȠ ƺੈ ƺȒǩȠƺǹॹ ƺΦ ǉȅǿȅǾǩșȠ ǔș ƺΦ ǹǹǓ ǾƺǠƺΦǩǿȅǷȖƺঀ Φ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈ ? (8 [ ƺੈ ȠȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ ǴȆ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠ ȒǔǹǏƻǴƺে ǷǔǿȠ ǾȣȠƺȠȅȠȠ ǈǓ ƺΦ ǠΡǓșȧǹȠ FǓǾΦǓȠǓǷ FȌǷ /ǓǹΡΦǓȠǔǿǓǷ ǩΦȅȠȠșƻǠƺ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȆǩǿॹ ƺੈ(ƺȖƺǿȠǩ ƺǿǷǷƺǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿঀ Φ ƺੈǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǿƺǠΡȅǿ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșॹ ǾǔȖǦǓȠȌ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷǷǓǹ ǴƻȖॹ ǦǩșΦǓǿ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ǿȉΚǓǹǩ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾȅȠǩΚƻǉǩȆǴƻȠ ǔș ǓȖȌșǫȠǩ ƺੈșΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșȣǷƺȠঀ ǩΚǩǹ șΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠে ǷǔǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǓǏΚ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿ ΚǔǠǓΦǿǓǷ ȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷƺȠॹ ǔș ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǾǓǠȖƺǠƺǏǿƺǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ƺੈǦƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅে ΦƻșƻȖƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȅȠȠǦȅǿ ǾƺȖƺǏƻșƺ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ΚǓșΦȠǓșǔǠǓȠ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓΦ ǓǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹȅǾǈƺǿॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈ ǹƺǷȅșșƻǠ ǟǓǹǓ ǿȌঀ FΡȅǹǉ ǔΚ ƺǹƺȠȠ ǷȉΦǓǹ ࢴࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ǿȌȠ șǩǷǓȖȧǹȠ ǓǹǔȖǿǩȧǷ ƺੈeȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǩ FȌǩ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ tǓȖșǓǿΡ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹঀ Φ ƺΦȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺǾǓǿǿΡǩǈǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠॹ ƺǷǷȅȖ ƺǷƺǏǿƺǷ ƺΦ ȅȖে șΦƻǠǈƺǿ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǈƻȠȅȖ ǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǦǩșΦǿǓǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǴȣǷ ǔȖȠǔǷǔǈǓǿॹ ƺੈǠǓǿǓȠǩǷƻȠȆǹ ƺੈ șΦƻǹǹǫȠǾƻǿΡȅΦƻșǩǠॹ ƺੈ ǷǔȠǷǓΦǩ ǾȣǿǷƻȠȆǹ ƺੈ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșǩǠॹ ƺΦ ǩǏǓǠǓǿǟȅȖǠƺǹȅǾȠȆǹ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșǩǠ ƺੈ ǹǓǠǷȧǹȉǿǟǔǹǔǈǈ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿঀ ੈ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǔȖȠǔǷǓǹȠ ȒȖȅǴǓǷে ȠǓǷ șǩǷǓȖȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷǷǔǿȠ ǩș șΦȅǹǠƻǹǿƺǷ ƺΦȅǷǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǓȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǿƺǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿঀ EǩΚǓǹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔșȖȌǹ Κƺǿ șΦȆॹ ƺੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǹǓǓǿǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȣȠƺȠ ǾȣȠƺȠঀ

ࢲࢶࢳ

eȉǈǈ ǔș Ǵȅǈǈ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ৅ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƻΚƺǹ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦȌ ǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻǿƺǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǔșǓ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ੈFǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠ শ2@Kষ ǔș ƺੈeȉȖȉǷ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ /ƺȠȆșƻǠ শ8a?h[ষ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹ ǔș ƺੈ ^ΚǔǏȅȖșΦƻǠǩ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ 'ǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǩ ǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǩ lǠΡǿȉǷșǔǠ শ^2 ষ ЙǿƺǿșΦǫȖȅΦƻșƻΚƺǹ ǹǔȠȖǓǴȉΚȌ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȠ ǷǫΚƻǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ǴƺΚǫȠǴƺ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠȅȠȠșƻǠƻȠॹ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔে ǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș ǟǓǹǦǫΚǴƺ ƺੈЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷȖǓঀ ੈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹȠ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷƺȠ ǷǫΚƻǿ ǾǓǠΚƺǹȆșǫȠƺǿǩॹ ǩǏǓǔȖȠΚǓ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺে ǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǦǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠȪ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƻȠ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾȖǓॹ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷȖƺॹ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠে ǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆƺǿঀ ੈǉǔǹǴƺ ƺΦ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒǩƺǉǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷ ǠǓǿǏǓȖǔȖΦǔে ǷǓǿΡ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșǓǩǿǓǷ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹƻșƺॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠΚƻȖȅșȅǷǈƺǿ ৅ 2șΦȠƺǾǈȣǹǈƺǿॹ ǿǷƺȖƻǈƺǿॹ ȣȖșƻǈƺǿ ǔș ?ȅǿΡƻǈƺǿ ৅ ǔǹȌ ǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓșǓǈǈ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǹǓǦǓে ȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ǷǫǿƻǹȆ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƺঀ tƺǹȆșΦǫǿȪǹǓǠ ȒǔǹǏƻȠ ƻǹǹǫȠ Ǿƻș ΚƻȖȅșȅǷǿƺǷ ǩș ȅǹΡƺǿ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷǓǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿǓǾǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌȠǹǓǿșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǹșΦƻǾȅǹƻșƺ ΚƺǠΡ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǔșǓॹ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǩǿȠǓǠȖƻǹǴƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǓǾǈǓȖǩ ǴȅǠƺǩǿƺǷ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ǾȅǏȣǹǴƺǩȠ ǔș ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ǔǹǓȠǈǓǹǩ ǴȅǠȣǷƺȠ ƺੈșΦƺǷǷǔȒΦǔșȖǓॹ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅș șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǷǩǏȅǹǠȅΦȅȠȠ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșȅǷǷƺǹ শȒǹঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓষঀ EǩΚǓǹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓșॹ ǈǓǴǓǹǓǿȠǓȠȠ ǔș ЙΦǓȠǓȠȠ ǾȣǿǷƻǷ ǓȖȌșǫȠǩǷ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖǓǷॹ ǔș ǷȧǹȉǿȉșǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǓȖǓȒΚƻǹǹƺǹƻșƻȠॹ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǉǔǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȅǹΡƺǿ șΦǓǷȠȅȖȅǷǈƺǿ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠșȅǿ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦে ȠƺȠƻșȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǿǓǷॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺΦ ǓǾǈǓȖ Κƺǿ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒȒȅǿȠǈƺǿॹ ǔș ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓে ȠȌșǔǠǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹȠǓȖǴǓǏȠǓǷঀ tƻȖǦƺȠȆ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓǷǔǿȠ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǿǩ ǟȅǠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȖƻȠƻǴƺॹ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿ ƺΦ 8a?h[েǿƺǷॹ ƺੈΚƻȖȅș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǷǔȒΦǔșǩ Ƞƺǿƻǉșƺǩ ǾǓǠǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǓȠȠ ǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșƻǿƺǷॹ ǈǓǟȅǹΡƻșǩ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿǓǷॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻে Ȗƺ ǔș ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǿǓǷঀ ੈșǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ΚƻȖǦƺȠȆƺǿ ƺΦ 8a?h[ ǾƺǠƺ ƺǹƺǷǫȠǴƺ ǾƺǴǏ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșƺǩȠ ǔș șΦȅǹǠƻǹে ȠƺȠƻșƺǩȠ ƺੈǿȌǩ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉȅǿ ǟǓǹǾǓȖȧǹȌ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌ ǦƻȖȅǾǏǩǾǓǿΦǩȆș ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠǔșȠ ȠƺȖȠƺǹǾƺΦΦƺॸ ॷ ੈ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷ ǔș ƺੈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠ ǴƺΚǫȠƻșƺ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ȠǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǴȉǴǴǓǿǓǷ ǹǔȠȖǓॹ ǔș ǷǩƺǹƺǷȣǹǴȅǿ ƺੈȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ॷ ੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǓșǔǹΡǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ǿȌǷ ȠƻǾȅǠƺে Ƞƻșƺ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ǾȣǿǷƺǷǓȖǓșǔșșǓǹ ǔș ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌেȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻΚƺǹ ࢲࢶࢴ

ॷ Φ 2@K শ2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ @ƺǈȅȣȖ KȖǠƺǿǩΦƺȠǩȅǿॹ FǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ EȣǿǷƺȧǠΡǩ ^ΦǓȖΚǓΦǓȠষ șΦƺǷǾƺǩ ȅǷȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǴȅǠȅǿ ƺǹƺȒȣǹȆ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫে ȠǔșǔȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦΚƺ ΚƻǹȠȅΦƻșȅǷ ǓǹǔȖǔșǓ ƺੈȠƻȖșƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǷȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȌǷ ΚƺǹȆșȣǹȠƺǷ ǾǓǠॸ ॷ ǹǷǔșΦȧǹȠ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǿƺǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ΚȅǿƺȠǷȅΦȆ ǓǹșȌ ǿǓǾΦǓȠǩ ǉșǓǹǓǷΚǔșǩ ȠǓȖΚǓॹ ǔș ǴƺΚȣǹȠƺǷ ƺੈ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȉȠȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓ ǔȖΦǔǷǓǿΡ ǿȌǩ ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǷƻǷঀ ॷ /ǓǹΡǩ șΦǩǿȠǓǿ ǦƺȠǔǷȅǿΡƺǿ ƻȠȧǹȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺੈ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠǈƺ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ƺǷȠǫΚ ǾȣǿǷƺে ǓȖȌȒǩƺǉǩ șΦƺǈƻǹΡȅΦƻșƻȠ ƺΦ 8a?h[ ǔș ƺੈΚƻȖȅș ǟȅǠǹƺǹǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșǩ ǔș șΦƺǷǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȠƺǿƻǉșƺǩǿƺǷ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹঀ Φ 8a?h[ șΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșƺǩȠ ǷǩȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓȠȠǔǷ ƺǿǿƺǷ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǿǔǹǷȧǹǩ ǿȌǷǓȠ ǩș ǈǓΚȅǿǴƻǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǷȅȖǹƻে ȠȅΦȅȠȠ ƺੈǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȧǷ ƺੈșΦȅǹǠƻǹȠƺȠƻșȅǷǦȅΦঀ ॷ eǩșΦȠǓșșǔǠǓș ǾȣǿǷƺǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷǓȠ ȠǓȖǓǾȠǓȠȠǓǷ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺঀ ॷ FȉΚǓǹȠǔǷ ƺੈȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠȅȠ ƺੈǾȣǿǷƺǷȉȖȧǹǾǔǿΡǓǷ ȠǓȖǔǿ ǔȖΚǔǿΡǓșǫȠǓǿǏȌॹ ȠƻȖে șƺǏƺǹǾǩ ǿǓǾǓǷ ǷȉΦȠǩ ǓǠΡǓǿǹȌșǔǠȖǓঀ eǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ শȒȖȅǴǓǷȠȒƺȖȠǿǓȖǓǷॸ ? (8 [ ǔș /ǓȒșǩǈȣȖƺǏƺঀǉȅǾষ ΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ Ƿǩ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǷ ȠǓȖǴǓșΦȠǓǿǩ ƺΦ ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾ ȒǹƺȠে ǟȅȖǾǴƻȖƺॹ ƺΦ ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾǈǓǿ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǿǩ ǔș Κƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǩ ȉȠǹǓȠȧǷॹ șΦƻǾȅș ǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷ ƺੈ/ǓȒșǩǈȣȖƺǏƺ EƺȖǷǓȠ XǹƺǉǓেǓǿ ƺੈ? (8 [ ǔș ƺੈǦǓȒে șǩǈȣȖƺǏƺঀǉȅǾ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǔǿǓǷ ǷȉșΦȉǿǦǓȠȌǓǿঀ ੈǿȌǷǓȠ ǓΦǓǷ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠǓǷ șǓǠǫȠǩǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦƻșƻǈƺǿ ǔș ǈȌΚǫȠǔșǔǈǓǿঀ ΦȅǷ ƺΦ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈ /ǓȒșǩǈȣȖƺǏƻǿ ΚƻșƻȖȅǹǿƺǷॹ șΦǩǿȠǔǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǴƻǷঀ ੈǿȌǷ ǏǫǴǾǓǿȠǓșǓǿ ǿΡǩȠǦƺȠǿƺǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ƻȖȣǦƻΦƺȠॹ ǔș ǷǓΚǓșǓǈǈ ǴȣȠƺǹǔǷȅȠ ЙΦǓȠǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǹƺǏȅȠȠ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǷ ȣȠƻǿॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙ ΛǓǈƻȖȣǦƻΦেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷঀ ੈ ǿȌǷ ǓΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ǿƺǠΡȅǈǈ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠȅȠ ǷƺȒǿƺǷॹ ǔș ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠ ǩș ƺΦ ǔȖȠǔǷǓșǫȠǔșǦǓΦॹ ȒǔǹǏƻȣǹ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǷƺǾȒƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹॹ ǈƺǿǿǓȖǓǷǷǓǹॹ ȒȖȅǾȆǉǩȆǷǷƺǹॹ ǓΦǓǿǷǫΚȧǹ ƺੈȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩǷ ǦƻΦǦȅΦ șΦƻǹǹǫȠƻșƻǿƺǷ ǷȉǹȠșǔǠǓ ǩș ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡƺǈǈঀ @ǓǦǓȠȌșǔǠȧǷ Κƺǿ ƺȖȖƺ ǩșॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈ/ǓȒșǩǈȣȖƺǏƺ ǟȌȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ǦǩȖǏǓșșǓǿǓǷॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǿǓǷ ǦƺΚȅǿȠƺ ࢷࢶ ǾǩǹǹǩȆ ǹƻȠȅǠƺȠȆǴƺ Κƺǿঀ

ࢲࢶࢵ

| eȣȖǷǓΡ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ vȅǾǓǿ @ǓƺǏǓȖș XȖȅǠȖƺǾ /ƺȠǔǷȅǿΡ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦȅǷƺȠ ƺੈǿȌǷǓȠ șǓǠǫȠǩॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǈȌΚǫȠǓǿǔǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻে șȣǷƺȠॹ șΦǓǿΚǓǏǔǹΡǓșǓǿ ǓǹǷȉȠǓǹǓΦǓȠȠǓǷ ǓΦ ǩȖƻǿΡǈƺ ǔș ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǿǓǷ ƺΦ ǓǦǦǓΦ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș Ƿǔে ȒǓșșǔǠǓǷǷǓǹঀ Φ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǔΚǓș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǷǔșΦȧǹȠॹ ƺǷǩǷ ƺੈșƺǴƻȠ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠȧǷȉǿ ƺǷƺȖǿƺǷ ΚǓΦǓȠȌ șΦǓȖǓȒǓȠ Κƻǹǹƺǹǿǩॹ ǔș ǷǔșΦǓǷ ƺǷȠǫΚƺǿ ǾȪǷȉǏǿǩ ƺੈǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ȒǩƺǉȅǷȅǿ ƺΦƻǹȠƺǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡșǔǠȧǷǓȠ ƺΦ ƺǹƻǈǈǩ ǓǹȌǿΡȉǷǷǓǹ ǈȌΚǫȠǩǷॸ ॷ eƻǴǔǷȅΦȠƺȠƻșॹ ǩǿǟȅȖǾƻǉǩȆǉșǓȖǓ ƺੈ șΦǓǷȠȅȖ ƺǷȠȣƻǹǩș ǦǫȖǓǩȖȌǹॹ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖȆǹॹ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƻǷȖȆǹ ǔș ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷȖȆǹআ ॷ ੈȒȅȠǓǿǉǩƻǹǩș ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǓǷॹ ƺੈșȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǓǷॹ ƺΦ ȤǴ ȧǠΡǟǓǹǓǷ ǔș ǈǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǷॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ƺੈǹǓǦǓȠșǔǠǓș ȠȌǷǓǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷ ǟǓǹǷȣȠƺȠƻșƺআ ॷ ^ΦǓǾǔǹΡǓș ǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșআ ॷ ੈΚǓΦǓȠȌǩॹ ǾǓǿǓǏΦșǾǓǿȠে ǔș ȅȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ ǷǔșΦșǔǠǓǷ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșǓ ƺੈΚǓΦǓȠȌ Ƞƺǿƻǉșে ƺǏȆǷǷƺǹ ǔș ǩșǾǓȖȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǷƺǹ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȅȠȠ ȒƻȖǈǓșΦǔǏ ȖǔΚǔǿআ ॷ OǿǾƺǠȣǷ ǔș ǉǔǠǓǩǷ ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻǿƺǷ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǓ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹƺȠǩ ΚǓΦǓȠȌǷॹ ƺੈǈǓǟǓǷȠǓে ȠȌǷ ǔș ƺੈǾǔǏǩƺ ǟǓǹǔঀ ੈȖǔșΦȠΚǓΚȌǷ ࢸࢸઔেƺ ƺȖȖȆǹ șΦƻǾȅǹȠ ǈǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ șǓǠǫȠǓȠȠ ǿǓǷǩ ƺੈȒȖȅǠȖƺǾঀ ੈǦƺȠƻșƻȖƺ ƻȠǹƺে Ǡȅșƺǿ ǔΚǩ ࢴࢶઔ ΚȅǹȠ ƺੈȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșǩ ȧȠǓǾǓঀ ?K^( ?ǩșে ǔș ?ȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǫǴƺǷ Φ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǔș ƺΦȠ ƺੈǉǔǹȠ șΦȅǹǠƻǹǴƺॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿΡǩǹΚƻǿȅșșƻǠ ǾǓǠǩșǾǓȖǴǓ ƺੈșǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǷƺȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȉΦǩșǾǓȖȠȠǔ ΚƻǹǴȅǿॹ ǾǩǹΡǓǿ ǿƺǠΡ ǾǔȖȠǔǷǈǓǿ ǴƻȖȣǹȠƺǷ ǦȅΦΦƻ ƺΦ ȅȖșΦƻǠ ǠƺΦǏƺșƻে ǠƻǦȅΦঀ ੈǏǫǴ ǓǠΡǈǓǿ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔș ǩș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺঀ ੈǏǫǴƺȠ ǦƻȖȅǾ ǟȌ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺǿॹ ǔș ƺΦȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ǿΡȅǹǉ ƺǹǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺǿ ȅșΦȠǴƻǷ Ƿǩॸ ࢲঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǴƻǿƺǷ ǿƺǠΡǏǫǴƺ ࢳঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǴƻǿƺǷ ǏǫǴƺ ƺঀ Φ ǔΚ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǷΚেǴƺ ǈঀ Φ ǔΚ ǷȅȅȒǓȖƺȠǫΚ ǔș ǷȅǹǹƺǈȅȖƺȠǫΚ ǷǷΚেǴƺ ǉঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǷǷΚেǴƺ Ǐঀ Φ ǔΚ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠǈƺȖƻȠ ǷǷΚেǴƺ ࢴঀ Φ ǔΚ șǩǷǓȖǓș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǏǫǴ ƺঀ Φ ǔΚ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǈঀ Φ ǔΚ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǉঀ Φ ǔΚ Ǡǹȅǈƻǹǩș ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ Ǐঀ Φ ǔΚ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ࢲࢶࢶ

ੈ?K^( lΦǹǓȠǩ eǓȖΚ ǫǴ ƺΦ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚǓǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǓॹ ƺǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈǟȅȖǾƻǹǩș ȅǷȠƺȠƻșে ǈƺǿॹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩ ǷǔȒΦǔșǈǓǿ ȖǔșΦȠ ΚǓΚȌ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ȠƺȖȠƺǿƺǷॹ ƺੈ?K^( ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ǓǠΡȧȠȠǾȪǷȉǏǔșǔΚǓǹॹ ǾǩǿǏǓǿ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿঀ ੈΚǓȖșǓǿΡ ΚǔǠǔǿ ƺੈ?K^( ǔș ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǷ ǷǔȒΚǩșǓǹȌǩǈȌǹ ƻǹǹȆ ΦșȪȖǩ ƻǹȠƺǹ ƺੈǹǓǠǴȅǈǈে ǿƺǷ ǫȠǔǹȠ ȧΦǹǓȠǩ ȠǓȖΚ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺ ࢲࢶ ࢱࢱࢱॹ ƺੈǾƻșȅǏǩǷ ࢲࢱ ࢱࢱࢱॹ ƺੈǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ȒǓǏǩǠ ࢶࢱࢱࢱ e@েȠ ǷƺȒॹ ƺΦΦƺǹ ƺੈǟǓǹȠǔȠǓǹǹǓǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷƺȠ ࢳࢵ ǦȆǿƺȒȅǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ǓǹǩǿǏǫȠǴƻǷঀ

t22ঀ ࢸঀ șǓȠȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡȅǷ ȣΡǠȣ ?ƺΡƺǾƺǿ ੈࢳࢶ ǔΚǓș ǹƻȠƻșșǔȖȧǹȠ ȣΡǠȣ ?ƺΡƺǾƺǿ ƺੈ/ƺǹǩǌ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ȒșΦǩǉǦȅǹȆǠǩƺ șΦƺǷƻǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǔș ƺੈ ǩǹǠǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾǓǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǴƺ E ੈȠƺǿȣǹǾƻǿΡƺǩȠঀ ੈEΡ ȖǓƺǾ XƺȖȠǿǓȖ Ǿȅǈǩǹ ǔș ΛǓে ǈǓș ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌǴǓॹ ǓΦȠ ƺੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ΚǓΦǓȠǩ ƺΦ |( ੈǔș ƺੈeȣȖǷǉǓǹǹ șȠȖƺȠǔǠǩƺǩ ȒƺȖȠǿǓȖșǔǠǔΚǓǹঀ Φ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ǾȅǈǩǹƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻș ǟǓǹȅǹΚƺșȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǔΚǓǹ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠ ǦȅΦΦƻǟǔȖǔșȠ ȤǴșƻǠȅǷǦȅΦॹ ǷȉǿΡΚǓǷǦǓΦॹ ǷǔȒΦǔșǓǷǦǓΦঀ FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷȖƺ ƺΦ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșǈƺǿ ǔș ƺੈ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹȅǿ ƺੈ ǾǓǠǦƺǹǹǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǩǏȌȠƺȖȠƺǾƺ ǓǹǔȖȠǓ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǾǩǹǹǩȆ ȒǓȖǉǓȠঀ ੈ ЙƺȠƺǹ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠǓ ƺΦ E2e eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠ ǹǓǠЙƺȠƺǹƺǈǈ șΦȅǉǩƻǹǩș ǩǿǿȅΚƻȠȅȖƺ ǏǫǴƻȠঀ ǈȖȣ ǓΡǹƺǿ ƺȒ ੈࢴࢹ ǔΚǓș ǈȖȣ ǓΡǹƺǿ ƺȒ ǷǔȠǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓș ƺǿΡƺঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ǓǹΚǔǠǓΦȠǓ ƺੈǷȉΦǔȒǩșǷȅǹƻȠॹ ǉșƺǹƻǏƺǿΡƺǷǔǿȠ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠȠƺ ǔǹǓȠǔȠॹ ǾƺǴǏ ࢳࢱࢱࢹেǈƺǿ ȤǠΡ ǏȉǿȠȉȠȠॹ ǦȅǠΡ șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșǈƺ ǷǓΦǏঀ EȅșȠ ǾƻȖ ǦƻΦǩƺșșΦȅǿΡ ǔș ȧΦǹǓȠƺșșΦȅǿΡ ǓǠΡ șΦǓে ǾǔǹΡǈǓǿঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷǈȅǹȠȅȠ ǦȅΦȅȠȠ ǹǔȠȖǓ XȖǩǾƺȖǩǾƺ ǿǔΚǓǿॹ ǾǓǹΡǓȠ ƺੈȖƺǴΦȅǹƻșॹ ƺੈǟǓșȠǔș ǔș Ǿƻșॹ ǦƺșȅǿǹȆ ǦȅǈǈǩǷ ǩȖƻǿȠǩ ΚȅǿΦȆǏƻșƺ ǩǦǹǓȠǓȠȠঀ ^ƺǴƻȠ ȠǓȖΚǓΦǔșȪ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩȠ ǓșǷȧΚȌǷǷǓǹ ǷȉȖȧǹǩ ǓșǓǾǔǿΡǓǷȖǓ ৅ ǦǓǿǿƺǔǴșΦƺǷƺॹ ǿƻșΦȤȠॹ ǹƺǷȅǏƺǹȅǾॹ ǹǓǠǔǿΡǈȤǉșȤ ৅ॹ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓে ǹǔșȖǓ ǷǔșΦǫȠǩঀ 'Ȍ ȠǓȖǾǔǷǓǩ ǷȉΦǔ ȠƺȖȠȅΦǿƺǷ șΦƺȒȒƺǿȅǷॹ ǷȉǹǿǩǷॹ ȠƺǾǈȣȖǩǿȅǷॹ ǷǓȖǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǴƻǿǏǔǷǏȅǈȅΦȅǷॹ ǾǓǠǦǫΚȆǷॹ ǾǓǿΡƺșșΦȅǿΡǩ ǟǓǹșȌǷঀ KȠȠǦȅǿ ǏȅǹǠȅΦǩǷॹ ǔș ǾǓǹǹǓȠȠǓ

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ƺੈ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓǩȖȌǹ ǩș ǠȅǿǏȅșǷȅǏǩǷঀ ੈ ǾǓǠȖǓǿǏǓǹǔșǓǷǓȠ ƺੈ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹƻǿ ǔș ƺੈ ǷȉΦȉșșǔǠǩ ǾǔǏǩƻǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹ ǷƺȒǴƺঀ ^ǓΚǓǿ |ǪǹǾƺΦȠȧȖǷ ࢵࢷ ǔΚǓșॹ ǟǔȖǴǓΦǓȠȠ ǔș ǓǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷ ǔǏǓșƺǿΡǴƺঀ Φ ƺǾǓȖǩǷƺǩ ȖǓΡǓȖ ^ȠƺȠǓ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡ ?ȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ?ƺȖƻǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠॹ ǔș ǿǓǾΦǓȠǷȉΦǩ ǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǓǾȖǓ șȒǓǉǩƺǹǩΦƻǹȆǏȅȠȠ ƺੈǾǓșȠǓȖǷǔȒΦǔșǓǿঀ ࢲࢺࢺࢹেǈƺǿ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦȠƺ ƺੈX[Kে^ [ ǿǓΚȪ ǉǔǠǓȠॹ ǔș ǹƺǈȅȖƺȠȆȖǩȣǾǩ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹƺȠǩ ǈǓȖǓǿǏǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠॹ ΚƺǹƺǾǩǿȠ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǓǹǹǓǿȌȖΦȌ ΚǩΦșǠƻে ǹȆǈǓȖǓǿǏǓΦǔșǓǷǓȠ ǷǓΦǏǓȠȠ ǠΡƻȖȠƺǿǩ 2^K ࢺࢱࢱࢲেࢳࢱࢱࢱ ǾǩǿȌșǔǠǩ șΦƺǈΚƻǿΡȅǷǷƺǹঀ ੈǾƻȖে ǷƻȠ ǓȣȖȆȒƺǩ ȅȖșΦƻǠȅǷǈƺǿ ǩș ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠȠƺॹ ƺǾǩǷȅȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢱেǈǓǿ XƻȖǩΦșǈƺǿ ǩș ǩȖȅǏƻȠ ǿΡǩȠȅȠȠঀ ੈX[Kে^ [ ƺΦ 2eE ੈEǩǹƺǿȅ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ǷǩƻǹǹǫȠƻșȅǿ ǩș ǈǓǾȣȠƺȠȠƺ ƺΦ ƻǹȠƺǹƺ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓȠȠ ȤǴ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷƺȠঀ FƺΦƺǿ ǷǪǿǉǪ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƻȠ ƺੈ ?K^( ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșƻΚƺǹঀ 'ǔȖǴǓΦǓȠȠॹ ǓǠΡ ǠΡǓȖǾǓǷǓ Κƺǿঀ Φ ?? ੈ?ƺǹǪȒ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȆǴƺ ǔș ȖǔșΦΚǔে ǿΡǓșǓঀ EȪƺǿΡƺǠ ƺǹǷƺȠȖǔșΦǓǷǓȠ ǠΡƻȖȠ ƺȣȠȆǩȒƺȖǩ ǈǓșΦƻǹǹǫȠȆǷ șΦƻǾƻȖƺॹ ǔș Ȍ ƺΦ ǓǠΡǓȠǹǓǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌ ǓΦǓǿ ƺੈȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǿঀ ੈ ?K^( ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǩǿƺǷ ΚǓȖșǓǿΡǔǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ǈǓǷǓȖȧǹȠ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ȉȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷȉΦǔঀ R ǿΡǓȖȠǓ Ǔǹ ƺੈ e^K শ ȣȖșƺǩ ?ǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ǔș 2ȒƺȖǩ ?ƺǾƺȖƺষ ǏǫǴƻȠ ੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǦȅΦ ǹǓǠȠȉǈǈ ǔȖȠǔǷǓȠ ǦȅΦΦƻƺǏȆǷ ƺΦ ƺȣȠȆǩȒƺȖǈƺǿ ǷƺȠǓǠȆȖǩƻǈƺǿঀ ^ǓΚƺǹ aǓǿǠȉȖ ^ǓΚƺǹ aǓǿǠȉȖ ࢲࢺࢸࢶেǈǓǿ șΦȧǹǓȠǓȠȠ ȣȖșƻǈƺǿঀ Φ hǹȣǏƺǡ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ (ƺΦǏƻǹǷȅǏƻșȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ǔș ?ȉΦǩǠƺΦǠƺȠƻșȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ?ƺȖƻǿ ΚǔǠΦǓȠȠঀ EǩȣȠƻǿ ȠǫΦ ǔΚǩǠ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǓȠȠ ƺੈǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ǔș ƺੈȒǔǿΦে ȧǠΡ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǔǿॹ ǿȌΚǔȖǔΚǓǹ ǷȉΦȉșǓǿ ǟȉǹǏǓȠ ΚƻșƻȖȅǹȠ ?ƺȖƺǉƺǈǓΡ |ƺȖǪȜ ǟƺǹȣǴƻǈƺǿॹ ǔș șƺǴƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǷǓȖǓȠǔǈǓǿ ǉșǩȖǷǔǷǓȠ ǿǓΚǓǹঀ ੈ e? ? ǩǿȠǔΦǓȠȠȌǹ ǷƺȒȅȠȠ ƻǹǹƺǾǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșșƺǹ ࢳࢱࢲࢶেǈǓǿ ǷǓΦǏȠǔǷ Ǔǹ ƺੈ ȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșȠ ǷǔȠ ƺǉǔǹǷǓȠȖǓǉǉǓǹ ǓǠΡ ࢴࢶࢳࢱ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔে ȠǓȖǓș ǈǓǹȠǔȖǩ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǾǔǿΡǈǓǿॹ ȠǓǹǴǓș ƺȣȠȅǾƺȠǩΦƻǹƻșșƺǹঀ ੈ ࢳࢱࢲࢹ ǓǹǓǴǔǿ ǟǓǹǔȒǫȠǓȠȠ ࢲࢷࢴࢱ ǿǔǠΡΦǓȠǾǔȠǓȖǓș ǦƺȖǾƺǏǩǷ ǷǓȠȖǓǉ ǾǓǠǔȒǫȠǔșǔΚǓǹ ࢷࢱ ࢱࢱࢱেȖȌǹ ࢺࢱ ࢲࢶࢸ

ࢱࢱࢱ ǏƺȖƺǈȖƺ ǿȉΚǓǹȠǓ ƺΦ ǩǏȌșΦƺǷȅș ǷƺȒƺǉǩȠƻșƻȠॹ ǔș ǾȅșȠ ǔΚǩ ࢷࢱࢱ ࢱࢱࢱ ǏƺȖƺǈ ƺΦ ǔΚǩ ǷƺȒƺে ǉǩȠƻșƺঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșƺ ȖǓǿǏǓǹǷǓΦǩǷ ƺੈǴȆ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ǠΡƺǷȅȖǹƺȠȅǷ ȠƺǿȤșǫȠΚƻǿǿΡƺǹॹ ǔș ƺੈȠǓȖǾǓǹǔșȠ ƺੈȠƺǿȤșǫȠΚƻǿΡǿƺǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌ ǷȖǩȠǔȖǩȣǾȅǷ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ǟȅǹΡȠƺȠǴƺঀ eȧǹǩǿ ǷǪǿ ǩȒǹȅǾƻǴƻȠ ƺΦ ǿƺǏȅǹȣ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ?ȉΦǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠȠȣǏȅǾƻǿΡǩ ?ƺȖƻǿ ǔș ƺੈ ȅǡƺΦǩǌǩ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ǾǩǷȖȅেE ੈ ȠƺǿșΦǔǷǔǿ șΦǓȖǓΦȠǓঀ EǫǠ ƺΦ ǷǏǓǿǩΦ ǠΡǓȠǓǾ ǠȖƻȖǾƺȖǷǓȠǩǿǠ ȠƺǿșΦǔǷǔǿǓǷ ǦƺǹǹǠƺȠȆǴƺ ΚȅǹȠॹ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦে Ƞƺ ƺੈΛΛΛঀȠƺȖǩǾșƺǹȒƺΦƺȖǹƺǾƺঀǉȅǾেȅȠॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ƺΦ ǓǹșȌ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺে șƻǠǩ ǷȅǾǾȣǿǩǷƻǉǩȆș ǔș ǓেǷǓȖǓșǷǓǏǓǹǾǩ ΛǓǈȅǹǏƺǹॹ ǔș ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦȅȠȠ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǠƺΦǏƻǷǷƺǹॹ ƺǷǩǷ 2?e ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻǷƺȠ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦǿƺǷঀ eȉǈǈ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓȠ ǦƺǴȠȅȠȠ ΚǔǠȖǓ ƺੈ ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠǩ ȠǓȖǾǓǹȌǷ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǦǓΦ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹȆǏȆƺǿঀ ?ǔȒΦǔșǓǩΚǓǹॹ ǾǓǹΡǓǷǓȠ ǷȧǹȉǿǈȉΦȌ ȠǔǾƻǷǈƺǿ ȠǓȠȠ ǓǹǔȖǦǓȠȌΚǔ শȒǹঀ ƺੈȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƺ ƺǹǷƺǹǾƺΦƻșƻȖȆǹ ΚƺǠΡ ƺΦ ȉǿȠȉΦǔșȖȌǹষ ǾǓǠǷȉΦǓǹǫȠȌǹǓǠ ࢲࢳ ࢱࢱࢱ ǟƺǹȣȠ ǔȖȠ Ǔǹঀ R ƺੈtȅǏƺǟȅǿǓ ^ǾƺȖȠ tǩǹǹƺǠǓ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠ ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠȌǴǓॹ ƺǾǩ ƺΦ ȤǴ ǠǓǿǓȖƻǉǩȆș ΚǩǏǔǷǩ ǔǹǓȠǾȅে ǏǓǹǹॹ ƺǾǓǹΡ ȉȠΚȉΦǩ ƺੈǦƺǠΡȅǾƻǿΡȅș ǾǓΦȌǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǾȆǏșΦǓȖǓǩȠ ǔș ƺੈǟǓǴǹǓȠȠ ȠǓǉǦǿȅǹȆǠǩƻȠঀ ^ΦƻǾȅș ǏǫǴƺȠ ǓǹǿΡǓȖȠॸ ƺੈࢳࢱࢱࢸেǓș ΠȒȅȖȠ ^ȠƺȖșȠॹ ƺੈࢳࢱࢲࢳেǓș = 2 eK|X Κ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǏǫǴƺȠॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেǈƺǿ ƺੈ ^ƺǈƺǿǉǪ ǹƺȒǫȠΚƻǿΡ (ǓǿǓȖƺȠǩǿǠ ǩАǓȖǓǿǉǓ ǏǫǴƻȠॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢳেǈǓǿ ƺΦ ǿǩȠƺ ȅȖǠ vȅȖǹǏ ^ȅǉǩƺǹ 2ǾȒƺǉȠ ǏǫǴƺȠॹ ǩǹǹǓȠΚǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢴেǈƺǿ ƺੈ(ƺȖƺǿȠǩ ƺǿǷƺșǪে?ƺǠǩǏǓȖ ƺΦ ǔΚ ǿȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǴƺ ǏǫǴƻȠঀ

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t222ঀ ?ȉΚǓȠǷǓΦȠǓȠǔșǓǷ

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FƺȒǴƺǩǿǷǈƺǿ ǾǩǿǏǓǿǷǩ ǓǹǩșǾǓȖǩॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺੈǾȣǿǷƻȠ ΚƻǹǹƺǹȆ ǿȌǷ ǦȅΦে ΦƻǴƻȖȣǹǿƺǷ ȤǴ ǾȣǿǷƺǦǓǹΡǓǷ ǹǔȠǓșǫȠǔșǔǦǓΦ ǔș ƺੈǠƺΦǏƺșƻǠ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǔșǔǦǓΦঀ ΦǔȖȠ șΦƻǾȠƺǹƺǿ ǷǓΦǏǓǾǔǿΡǓΦǔș ǩǿǏȣǹȠ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿॹ ǓΦǓǷ ǓǠΡǩǷǓ ƺੈ vঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ৅ FȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƺ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠঀ =ǓǹǓǿ ǷǩƺǏΚƻǿΡ ǓǹȌΦǓȠǓș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǔș ƺǏƺȠǠΡȪǴȠǔș ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓॹ ǔș ǟȅȖȖƻș ƺੈǹǓǓǿǏȌ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾ ǷǩƺǹƺǷǫȠƻșƻǦȅΦঀ ੈȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǿǓǷ ǷǔȠ ǟȌ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠǴƺ Κƺǿঀ Φ ǓǠΡǩǷ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ Κƺǿ ȉȠǹǓȠȧǷ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȖƺॹ ǾǔǠ ǿǓǾ ƺǹƺȒǫȠȅȠȠƺǷ ǉǔǠǓȠॹ ǏǓ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷঀ ੈǾƻșǩǷ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠ ƺΦȅǷ ƺੈǿȌǷॹ ƺǷǩǷǿǓǷ ǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǩșেΚƺǠΡ ǷȉΦǔȒΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȣǷ Κƺǿॹ ǏǓ șΦǓȖǓȠǿǔǿǓǷ ȠȅΚƻǈǈ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǩঀ ȖȖǓ ƺੈǷǔȠ ǉșȅȒȅȖȠȖƺॹ ƺǾǩȠ ƺੈvঀ ঀ^ঀeঀ ȒȖȅǴǓǷȠǓǿ ǈǓǹȧǹ ǓǹǷȧǹȉǿǫȠǓȠȠǓǿ ǷǓΦǓǹȧǿǷॹ ƻȠǟȅǠȆƺǿ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǔǿȠ ȠǓǷǩǿȠǓǿǓǷॹ ǔș șΦƻǾȣǷȖƺ ȣǠΡƺǿƺΦȠ ƺΦ ǓǠΡșǔǠǓș ǷǔȒΦǔșȠ ǷǫǿƻǹǴƻǷঀ ǏǏǩǠ ƺǾǫǠ șΦƻǾȅș ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǹǔȠǓΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǓǏΚ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǔȖǓॹ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƻȠ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠȆ ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾȅǷে Ƿƺǹ ǉșƺǷ ǓǹΚǔȠΚǓ ȠƺǹƻǹǷȅΦǿǩঀ ΦȠ ǹƻȠΚƺ ǔȖǓΦȠȧǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǔȠ ƺǿǿƺǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǷǔȠ ǉǔǹǉșȅȒȅȖȠ șΦƻǾƻȖƺ ǓǹȠǔȖȌ ƺǿΡƺǠȅǷƺȠ ǈǩΦȠȅșǫȠșȣǿǷॹ ƺΦ Ȍ șȒǓǉǩƻǹǩș ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǷǿǓǷ ǾǓǠǟǓǹǓǹȌǓǿঀ /ƺǈƻȖ ƺੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǩ ƺȖƻǿΡƻȠ ƻǈȖƻΦȅǹȆ ǠȖƺЙǷȅǿȅǷ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǔșȠ ǾȣȠƺȠǿƺǷॹ ƺੈ ǿȌǷ ǾȣǿǷƺǓȖȌȒǩƺǉǩ ȖǔșΦΚǔȠǓǹǓ ǾǔǠ ǾǩǿǏǩǠ ƺǹƺǉșȅǿΡ ƺੈ ǟǔȖЙƺǷǦȅΦ Κǩে șΦȅǿΡǫȠΚƺঀ Φ ǩș ǾǓǠЙǠΡǓǹǦǓȠȌॹ ǦȅǠΡ Ǧƺ ǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșȖȆǹॹ ΚƺǠΡ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǔșȖȌǹ Κƺǿ șΦȆॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ƺȖƻǿΡƺ ǾǔǠ ǷǩșǓǈǈঀ ǈǈȆǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǈǓΚǔȠǓǹǓ ǴǓǹǓǿȠȌșǓǿ ǹǓǾƺȖƺǏ ƺੈǟǔȖЙƺǷǔȠȆǹॹ ƺΦ ǩș ǹƻȠșΦǩǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈǾƻȖ ǏȅǹǠȅΦȆ ǿȌǷǿǓǷ ǩș ǈǩΦȅǿΡǫȠƺǿǩȣǷ ǷǓǹǹঀ Φ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷƺȠ ΚǩΦșǠƻǹΚƺ ǾǓǠƻǹǹƺȒǫȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ ΚƺǿǿƺǷ ȠǓȖȧǹǓȠǓǷॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ șΦǩǿȠǓ șȅǦƺ ǿǓǾ ǩș ΚȅǹȠƺǷ ǴǓǹǓǿॹ ȒǓǏǩǠ ƺੈǷȣȠƺȠȆǷ șΦǓȖǩǿȠ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǫΚ ǷǔȒǓșșǔǠǓǩ ǈƻȖǾǓǹΡ șΦǓǷȠȅȖǈƺǿ ǦƺșΦǿȅșǫȠǦƺȠȆǷ ǹǓǿǿǔǿǓǷঀ Φ ǩș ǹƻȠǦƺȠȆॹ ǦȅǠΡ șȅǷ ǓșΦǷȉΦ ǔș ȒȖȅǠȖƺǾ ǹǔে ȠǓΦǩǷॹ ƺǾǩ ƺੈǿȌǷ ȒǔǿΦȧǠΡǩ ǟȅȖȖƻșȅǷǦȅΦ ΚƺǹȆ ǦȅΦΦƻǴȣȠƻșƻȠ ǦǩΚƺȠȅȠȠ ǓǹȌșǓǠǫȠǓǿǩॹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǾǔǠǩș ȅǹΡƺǿ ƻǠƺΦƺȠȅǷǈƺǿ ȠǓΚǔǷǓǿΡǷǓǏǿǓǷ ǩǿǷƻǈǈॹ ƺǦȅǹ ƺΦ ǓǹǩǿǏȣǹƻșǦȅΦ ǾǩǿǩǾƻǹǩș ȠȌǷǓ ǩș ǓǹǓǠǓǿǏȌঀ /ƺǈƻȖ șȅǷǟǔǹǓ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻș ǹǔȠǓΦǩǷॹ ǾǔǠ ǈȌΚǓǿ Κƺǿ ǦȅΚƺ ǟǓǴǹȌǏǿǩ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȉșΦȠȉǿΦǔșǓ ȠǓȖǔǿॹ ǾǓȖȠ ǓΦǓǷ ƺੈȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǿǓǾ ǴȣȠǿƺǷ Ǔǹ ȅǹΡƺǿ ǾǔȖে ȠǔǷǈǓǿ ƺੈǿȌǷǦȉΦॹ ǾǩǿȠ ƺǦȅǠΡ ƺΦ ǷǫΚƻǿƺȠȅș Κȅǹǿƺঀ ǈǈǓǿ ƺੈ ǷȅǿȠǓΠȠȣșǈƺǿ ƺੈ ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷ ǓȖǓǏǾǔǿΡǓ ƺǹƺȒǴƻǿ ȤǠΡ ǹƻȠǴȣǷॹ ǦȅǠΡ șΦȧǷșǔǠ Κƺǿ ȠȣǏƺȠȅșșƻǠ ǿȉΚǓǹǔșǔȖǓॹ ǔș ǷȉΦΚǓȠǹǓǿ șǓǠǫȠșǔǠǿΡȤǴȠƻșȖƺ ƺੈFȌǩ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷ ȅǿǹǩǿǓ ȒǹƺȠǟȅȖǾǴƻǿ ǷǓȖǓșΦȠȧǹॸ ॷ Φ ǩǿǏȣǹȆ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǔș ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǷΚেǷǷƺǹ ǷƺȒǉșȅǹƺȠȅș ǷǔȖǏǔșǓে ǷǓȠ Ƿȧǹȉǿ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓș ǷǓΦǓǹǿǩঀ ॷ eȣǏƺȠȅșǫȠƺǿǩ ǷǓǹǹॹ ǦȅǠΡ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷƺȠ ƺੈǉǔǠƺǹƺȒǫȠƻșȠ ǷȉΚǓȠȌǓǿ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻș ǟǓǿǿȠƺȖȠǦƺȠȆșƻǠƺ ǔȖǏǓǷǔǈǓǿঀ ࢲࢷࢱ

ॷ ੈǷǓΦǏȌ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǷǿƺǷ ǔș ƺੈǾƻȖ ǾȪǷȉǏȌ ǷǷΚেǷ ȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșƺǩǿƺǷ Ƿȧǹȉǿ ǷǔȒΦǔșǩ ǾȅǏȣǹȅǷƺȠ ǷǓǹǹ ǷǩǟǓǴǹǓșΦȠǓǿǩॹ ƺΦ ǓǹȌΦǓȠǓș ǷȣȠƺȠƻșȅǷȖƺ ƺǹƺȒȅΦΚƺ Йে ǠΡǓǹǓǾǈǓ ΚǔΚǓ ǓǹȠǔȖȌ ǩǠǔǿΡǓǩǷǓȠঀ ॷ 'Ǔǹ ǷǓǹǹ ǦǫΚǿǩ ƺੈ ЙǠΡǓǹǾǓȠ ƺੈ ǈȧȖȅǷȖƻǉǩƺ ǉșȉǷǷǓǿȠǔșǔǿǓǷ șΦȧǷșǔǠǓșșǔǠǔȖǓॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǷȉǿǿΡǓǈǈ ǹǓǠΡǓǿ ȤǴ ΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷƺȠ ǹǔȠȖǓǦȅΦǿǩॹ ǉǔǠǓȠ ƺǹƺȒǫȠƺǿǩঀ ॷ /ƺǿǠșȤǹΡȅΦǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆে ǔș ǷǷΚেǈƺȖƻȠ ǷȉȖǿΡǓΦǓȠ ǟȅǿȠȅșșƻǠƻȠঀ ॷ ȖȌșǫȠǓǿǩ ǷǓǹǹ ƺੈǿȌǷ ǷȉȖǔǈǓǿ ƺੈǾǓǿȠȅȖǩ ȠƻǾȅǠƺȠƻșȠঀ ॷ ^ΦǔǹǓș ǷȉȖǈǓǿ ǾǓǠ ǷǓǹǹ ȅșΦȠƺǿǩ șǩǷǓȖǓș ǿȌǷ ȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǩȠॹ ǓΦΦǓǹ ǦȅΦΦƻǴƻȖȣǹΚƺ ƺǦǦȅΦॹ ǦȅǠΡ ǿȉΚǓǷǓǏǴǓǿ ƺΦȅǷ ȉǿǈǩΦƺǹǾƺॹ ƺǷǩǷ ǾƺǠȣǷȖƺ ǩșǾǓȖǿǓǷ ǓΦǓǷǈǓǿ ƺੈȠȉȖȠǔǿǓȠǓǷǈǓǿঀ

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2{ঀ [ǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǩƻǷ

ࢲࢷࢴ

tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈΚǩǹƻǠǈƺǿ ^KF ȅǹǹǓǠǓॹ ( [ ॹ ǓȠ ƺǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢸঀ (ǹȅǈƺǹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ EȅǿǩȠȅȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢷইࢳࢱࢲࢸ [ǓȒȅȖȠ ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ȅǏǓǿ =Ȗॹ [ঀ ƺǿǏ ঀ Fȣǉǉǩ শࢳࢱࢱࢱষॹ ৚Kǿ ȠǦǓ ^ȣȖΚǩΚƺǹ XȖȅșȒǓǉȠș ȅǟ EǓǿঢ়ș ƺǿǏ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș FǓΛ ȣșǩǿǓșș tǓǿȠȣȖǓș৛ॹ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ȅǟ ȣșǩǿǓșș tǓǿȠȣȖǩǿǠॹ tȅǹঀ ࢲࢶ শࢵষॹ ȒȒঀ ࢴࢵࢸেࢴࢷࢳ ȖȣșǦॹ ঀॹ Fঀ ƺȖȠǓȖॹ ঀ (ƺȠǓΛȅȅǏॹ Xঀ (ȖǓǓǿǓॹ ƺǿǏ Eঀ /ƺȖȠ শࢳࢱࢱࢵষॹ ǹǓƺȖǩǿǠ ȠǦǓ /ȣȖǏǹǓșॸ vȅǾǓǿ ȣǩǹǏǩǿǠ /ǩǠǦে(ȖȅΛȠǦ ȣșǩǿǓșșǓșॹ hȒȒǓȖ ^ƺǏǏǹǓ [ǩΚǓȖॹ F=ॸ XȖǓǿȠǩǉǓ /ƺǹǹঀ 'ȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖ ƺǿƺǏƺॹ ^ȖƺȠǓǠǩǉ Xǹƺǿ ࢳࢱࢳࢱॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǟȣȠȣȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉƺইǓǿই ƺǈȅȣȠই (ȅǿΦƻǹǓΦ EǓǿǔǿǏǓΦॹ Eঀ ঀ ૭ ȣǓȠȅॹ ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষ ȣșǩǿǓșș ^ȠƺȖȠেhȒș ƺǿǏ |ȅȣȠǦ ^Ǔǹǟে ǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠ ǩǿ ^Ȓƺǩǿॸ ੈXȅǹǩǉΡ @ǩȠǓȖƺȠȣȖǓ [ǓΚǩǓΛॹ ^e|@ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖșॹ ^e|@ েvXࢸঀࢲই ^ঀ [KE ॹ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡ ȅǟ ȖǩǠǦȠȅǿॹ ȖǩǠǦȠȅǿঀ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀșȠΡǹǓেȖǓșǓƺȖǉǦঀǓȣইȒȣǈǹǩǉƺȠǩȅǿșইΛȅȖǷǩǿǠেȒƺȒǓȖș (ȧǿǓΡॹ ^ঀॹ ড়?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǡǩǿǓ (ǓǿǓǹ ǩȖ ƺǷǪȜঢ় ǦȠȠȒॸইইǠǩȖǩșǩǾঀǉȅǾȣঀǓǏȣঀȠȖ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǈȖǩǿǠǩǿǠȅȣȠșȣǉǉǓșșǟȣǹșǩșȠǓȖșঀǈǹȅǠșȒȅȠঀǉȅǾঀȠȖইȒইƺǈȅȣȠেǈȅșșেǿǓȠΛȅȖǷঀǦȠǾǹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǈƺǈΡǹȅƺǿঀȅȖǠইǓǿইǾȣǦƺǾǾƺǏেΡȣǿȣșেȠǦǓেǩǿΚǓǿȠȅȖেȅǟেǾǩǉȖȅǉȖǓǏǩȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইȠǩǹǹΚƺΠȠΚǓȖǷǓȠঀșǓইǏȅΛǿǹȅƺǏইࢲࢹঀࢴࢷࢹࢸǓࢴࢹƺࢲࢶǓࢹࢵࢷࢴࢳࢲࢲࢶࢵࢶ ࢵǉࢶইࢲࢶࢱࢶࢹࢺࢺࢸࢵࢷࢷࢳࢴইǩǿǟȅউࢱࢵࢵࢶউΛǓǈǈউࢲࢳࢱࢷࢲࢶࢱࢹࢶࢸࢱࢳঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖঀǉȅǾইΛȅǾǓǿ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǾƺǠঀǉȅঀΦƺইƺǏΚǩǉǓইΛȅǾǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșইșȣȒে ȒȅȖȠেΛȅǾǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșইǟȣǿǏǩǿǠেƺǿǏেЙǿƺǿǉǩƺǹেƺșșǩșȠƺǿǉǓেǟȅȖেșƺেΛȅǾে ǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșই ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǾǓǏǩƺঀǉȅǾই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǟȅȖǈǓșঀǉȅǾইșǩȠǓșইǾǓǠǦƺǿǉƺșșǓȖǹΡইࢳࢱࢲࢴইࢱࢹইࢳࢲইȠǦǓেࢲࢱেǈǓșȠেΛǓǈșǩȠǓșে ǟȅȖেΛȅǾƺǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșেࢳࢱࢲࢴইॾࢸࢱࢸǉǏࢴࢲࢲࢸࢱࢹࢱ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǠȖǓƺȠǈȣșǩǿǓșșঀǠȅΚঀȣǷইΛȅǾǓǿেǩǿেǓǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǹǓǠǉȅঀǠȅΚঀǦǷইȖǓșǓƺȖǉǦেȒȣǈǹǩǉƺȠǩȅǿșইǓǿǠǹǩșǦইǓșșǓǿে ȠǩƺǹșেࢲࢵࢲࢶǩșǓࢱࢸেȒȖȅǾȅȠǩǿǠেΡȅȣȠǦেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒেǩǿেșȅȣȠǦেǷȅȖǓƺঀǦȠǾ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǹǩȅǿǓșșǓșȅǟƺǟȖǩǉƺঀǉȅǾইǈǹȅǠইࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢲইࢲࢸইȠǦǓেșȠƺȖȠȣȒেșȠȅȖΡেȅǟেǓȠǦǓǹেǉȅে ЙǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǾǓǏǩǾƺǠƺΦǩǿঀǉȅǾঀȠȖইȠǓǾȒǹƺȠǓșইǏǓǟƺȣǹȠইǉǷЙǿǏǓȖইȣșǓȖЙǹǓșইǩǾƺǠǓșই ǷǩșǩǹǓȖইǾǓǦǾǓȠউșǓǹǩǾউǈƺǠǹǩঀǴȒǠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȖǓșǓƺȖǉǦǠƺȠǓঀǿǓȠইȒȣǈǹǩǉƺȠǩȅǿইࢴࢲࢳࢶࢳࢳࢷࢹࢴউ^ȣǉǉǓșșউ^ȠȅȖǩǓșউȅǟউ vȅǾǓǿউ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒে ƺșǓউ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ࢲࢷࢵ

ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀșǈƺঀǠȅΚইșǈǩǉ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀșǈƺঀǠȅΚইǹǓǿǏǓȖǾƺȠǉǦ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀșǈƺঀǠȅΚইȅГǉǓșইǦǓƺǏȕȣƺȖȠǓȖșইΛǈȅইȖǓșȅȣȖǉǓș ǦȠȠȒșॸইইșȣǉǉǓșșșȠȅȖΡঀǉȅǾইȒǓȅȒǹǓইƺǈǩǠƺǩǹেǴȅǦǿșȅǿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȣǿΛȅǾǓǿঀȅȖǠইǓǿইƺǈȅȣȠেȣșইƺǈȅȣȠেȣǿেΛȅǾǓǿ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀΛȅǾǓǿșǈȣșǩǿǓșșǉȅȣǿǉǩǹঀǉȅঀȣǷইǾƺǉƺই ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀΛȅǾǓǿșǓǏƺΡঀȅȖǠইƺǈȅȣȠেȣșইȅȣȖেșȠȅȖΡই 8ǹȠǓȖॹ ঀॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢱষ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷ ^ȧȖǓǉǩǿǏǓ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǓȖǩǿ ?ƺȖȜǪǹƺȜȠǪǷǹƺȖǪ ^ȅȖȣǿে ǹƺȖǪǿ ǿƺǹǩΦǩॸ ? (8 [ OȖǿǓǡǩॹ ǏƺǹǓȠ |ƺΡǪǿǓΚǩॹ ǿǷƺȖƺ 8Ȓǌǩȅǡǹȣॹ 8ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢲষ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷॹ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷ ΚǓ ?ȅǈǩǹǓȖॸ eǓȅȖǩ ΚǓ hΡǠȣǹƺǾƺ ǩǌǩǿǏǓ শ Ǐॸ ঀ ƺǟǓȖ [ K) Fষॹ ࢺࢸেࢲࢲࢱॹ Ƿǩǿ |ƺΡǪǿǹƺȖǪॹ ȣȖșƺ ?ƺǿȠǩșॹ /ঀॹ 2șǦǩǏƺॹ Eঀ ƺǿǏ ?ȅǾȅȖǩॹ Eঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢳষ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ǩǿ ǾǓȖǠǩǿǠ ǉȅǿȅǾǩǓșॸ eǦǓ ȖǓƺȠǩȅǿ ƺǿǏ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ȅǟ FǓΛ 'ǩȖǾș ǩǿ @ƺȠǩǿ ǾǓȖǩে ǉƺ ƺǿǏ ƺșȠ șǩƺॹ 2ǿȠǓȖে ǾǓȖǩǉƺǿ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ ƺǿǷॹ vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿ ঀ ?ƺȖǿƺȠƺǷƺ ^ȠƺȠǓ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡșȣǉǉǓșș ^ȠȅȖǩǓș ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒে ƺșǓ ^ȠȣǏǩǓșঀ ?Ǧƺǿ E2ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষ vȅǾǓǿ ǾȒȅΛǓȖǾǓǿȠॹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒॹ ƺǿǏ ƺȒƺǉǩȠΡ Ǔে ΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠঀ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ǟȅȖ ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ǩǿ EƺǿƺǠǓǾǓǿȠ ƺǿǏ XǹƺǿǿǩǿǠ ࢲࢱॸ ࢵࢴেࢶࢷঀ ?ǹΡΚǓȖॹ ?ঀ ƺǿǏ ^ঀ (ȖƺǿȠॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢱষॹ ৚(ǓǿǏǓȖ ǏǩАǓȖǓǿǉǓș ǩǿ ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǩƺǹ ǿǓȠΛȅȖǷে ǩǿǠ ƺǿǏ ȒƺȖȠǩǉǩȒƺȠǩȅǿ৛ॹ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ȅǟ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒॹ tȅǹঀ ࢳ শࢴষॹ ȒȒঀࢳࢲࢴেࢳࢳࢸঀ ?ȅǦǹǩǿॹ (ঀॹ ঀ Kঀ ^ǩǹǹșॹ ǓȠ ƺǹঀ ࢳࢱࢲࢲঀ ৚ ǿǓȖǠΡॹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠॸ vǦƺȠ ƺȖǓ ȠǦǓ @ǩǿǷƺǠǓșঁ vǦǓȖǓ ǩș ȠǦǓ ΚǩǏǓǿǉǓঁ৛ XȅǹǩǉΡ [ǓșǓƺȖǉǦ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖ ࢶࢹࢱࢱঀ vƺșǦǩǿǠȠȅǿॹ ॸ vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷ @ȣǿǏșȠȖȉǾॹ ঀ ƺǿǏ ^ȠǓΚǓǿșȅǿॹ @ঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢶষ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ XȅǹǩǉΡॸ eǦǓȅȖΡ ƺǿǏ XȖƺǉȠǩǉǓșॹ ?ǹȣΛǓȖ ǉƺǏǓǾǩǉ XȣǈǹǩșǦǓȖșॹ FǓΛ |ȅȖǷঀ EƺȖǹȅΛॹ ^ঀॹ ƺǿǏ ^ঀ ƺȖȠǓȖ শࢳࢱࢱࢵষॹ ৚ ǉǉȅȣǿȠǩǿǠ ǟȅȖ ǦƺǿǠǓॸ XȖȅǟǓșșǩȅǿƺǹ șȠƺȠȣșॹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ǩșƺǏΚƺǿȠƺǠǓ ƺǿǏ ^ǓǹǟেǓǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠॹ৛ vȅǾǓǿ ǩǿ EƺǿƺǠǓǾǓǿȠ [ǓΚǩǓΛॹ tȅǹঀ ࢲࢺ শࢲষॹ ȒȒঀ ࢶেࢲࢷঀ EǩȖΦƺǿȠǩॹ 2ঀॹ^ǩǾƺȠȣȒƺǿǠॹeঀॹ @ƺȖșȅঀॹ Λǩॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢵষ৚ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ȒȅǹǩǉΡ ǩǾȒǹǓে ǾǓǿȠƺȠǩȅǿ ǾȅǏǓǹ ǩǿ 2ǿǏȅǿǓșǩƺ৛ 2ǿȠঀ =ঀ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺǿǏ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩে ǿǓșș K ই h শࢳࢱࢲࢸষॹ ৚XȅǹǩǉΡ ȖǩǓǟ ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒেK ৛ॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȅǓǉǏঀȅȖǠইǉǟǓইșǾǓșইXȅǹǩǉΡে ȖǩǓǟেȅǿেvȅǾǓǿেșে ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒঀȒǏǟ

ࢲࢷࢶ

K ই h শࢳࢱࢲࢶষॹ ৚XȅǹǩǉΡ ȖǩǓǟ ȅǿ ΠȒƺǿǏǩǿǠ FǓȠΛȅȖǷș ǟȅȖ 2ǿǉǹȣșǩΚǓ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓে ǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ৛ॹ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǏΠঀǏȅǩঀȅȖǠইࢲࢱঀࢲࢸࢹࢸইࢶǴȖȠȒǈΦࢳࢺǾǴǦেǓǿঀ K ॹশࢳࢱࢲࢷষ K [ǓȒȅȖȠ Ƞȅ (ࢸ @ǓƺǏǓȖș ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿ ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒॹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȅǓǉǏঀȅȖǠইǠǓǿǏǓȖইK ে[ǓȒȅȖȠઔࢳࢱেȠȅে(ࢸে@ǓƺǏে ǓȖșেȅǿেvȅǾǓǿেƺǿǏে ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒঀȒǏǟ K ॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢷষॹ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ƺȠ ƺੈ(ǹƺǿǉǓ KΦȠȣȖǷ Eঀ ঀ Ȗșǹƺǿ 2ঀ?ঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢷষ ৚eȧȖǷǩΡǓঢ়ǏǓ ?ƺǏǩǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷॸ ?ƺǏǩǿǹƺȖǩ (ǩে ȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǡǓ |ȉǿǓǹȠǓǿ 'ƺǷȠȉȖǹǓȖॹ ?ƺȖȜǩǹƺȜȠǩǷǹƺȖǩ ^ȅȖȣǿǹƺȖ tǓ ȉΦȧǾ OǿǓȖǩǹǓȖǩ৛ 2șȠƺǿǈȣǹ eǩǉƺȖǓȠ lǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠǓșǩ ǩȜ eǩǉƺȖǓȠ ǿșȠǩȠȧșȧ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖ ^ǓȖǩǓș eƺȖȠǩȜǾƺ EǓȠǩǿǹǓȖǩ XǩƺǉǓǿȠǩǿǩॹ Eঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢴষॹ ৚vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ǩǿ ȠǦǓ K ॸ?ǓΡ ΚǩǏǓǿǉǓ ƺǿǏ XȅǹǩǉΡ ǦƺǹǹǓǿǠǓș৛ॹ K ^ȅǉǩƺǹॹ ǾȒǹȅΡǾǓǿȠ ƺǿǏ EǩǠȖƺȠǩȅǿ vȅȖǷǩǿǠ XƺȒǓȖșॹ Fȅঀ ࢲࢵࢸॹ K XȣǈǹǩșǦǩǿǠঀ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǏΠঀǏȅǩঀȅȖǠইࢲࢱঀࢲࢸࢹࢸইࢶǷࢵࢴǈΚȠে ǷǾǈࢹΚেǓǿ ^ǦƺΛॹ ঀॹ ^ঀ EƺȖǹȅΛॹ vঀ @ƺǾ ƺǿǏ ^ঀ ƺȖȠǓȖ শࢳࢱࢱࢺষॹ ৚(ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖǩƺǹ ǉƺȒǩȠƺǹॸ ǩǾȒǹǩǉƺȠǩȅǿș ǟȅȖ ЙȖǾ ȒǓȖǟȅȖǾƺǿǉǓ৛ॹ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ =ȅȣȖǿƺǹ ȅǟ (Ǔǿে ǏǓȖ ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒॹ tȅǹঀ ࢲ শࢲষॹ ȒȒঀ ࢳࢶেࢵࢲ ^ȅΡƺǷॹEঀॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢱষॹ ৚?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǡǩ tǓ EǩǷȖȅЙǿƺǿșॸ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǓǿǓΡǩǾǩ৛ Eȣǡǹƺ lǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠǓșǩ ^ȅșΡƺǹ ǩǹǩǾǹǓȖ ǿșȠǩȠȧșȧ ǓȖǠǩșǩ শ8@? ষ ƺǦƺȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢱ ^ƺΡǪ ࢳࢵ eȅǾȅș 'ॹ ǹƺȖǷ ੈƺǿǏ eǦȣȖƺȖǩƺǴ ^ঀ শࢳࢱࢲࢷষ eǦǓ ǾǓȖǠǓǿǉǓ ȅǟ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓে ȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ƺǿǏ ȅǾǾȣǿǩȠǩǓș ȅǟ XȖƺǉȠǩǉǓ ΛǩȠǦǩǿ ȠǦǓ (ǹȅǈƺǹ ȅǿȠǓΠȠঀ ॸ 2(2 (ǹȅǈƺǹঀ hΦΦǩॹ ঀ শࢲࢺࢺࢺষॹ ৚ ǾǈǓǏǏǓǏǿǓșș ǩǿ ȠǦǓ EƺǷǩǿǠ ȅǟ 'ǩǿƺǿǉǩƺǹ ƺȒǩȠƺǹॸ /ȅΛ ^ȅǉǩƺǹ [ǓǹƺȠǩȅǿș ƺǿǏ FǓȠΛȅȖǷș ǓǿǓЙȠ 'ǩȖǾș ^ǓǓǷǩǿǠ 'ǩǿƺǿǉǩǿǠॹ৛ ǾǓȖǩǉƺǿ ^ȅে ǉǩȅǹȅǠǩǉƺǹ [ǓΚǩǓΛॹ tȅǹঀ ࢷࢵॹ ȒȒঀ ࢵࢹࢲেࢶࢱࢶ v 'ॹশࢳࢱࢲࢷষ ৚(ǹȅǈƺǹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ (ƺȒ [ǓȒȅȖȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ǦȠȠȒॸইইȖǓȒȅȖȠșঀΛǓǟȅȖȣǾঀȅȖǠই ǠǹȅǈƺǹেǠǓǿǏǓȖেǠƺȒেȖǓȒȅȖȠেࢳࢱࢲࢷইȠǦǓেǠǹȅǈƺǹেǠǓǿǏǓȖেǠƺȒেȖǓȒȅȖȠেࢳࢱࢲࢷই vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷॹশࢳࢱࢲࢵষ (ǓǿǏǓȖ ƺȠ vȅȖǷॸ ੈ ȅǾȒƺǿǩȅǿ Ƞȅ ȠǦǓ vȅȖǹǏ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ [ǓȒȅȖȠ ȅǿ =ȅǈșॹ vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷ XȣǈǹǩșǦǩǿǠঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺΦ ȣȖȆȒƺǩ hǿǩȆǈƺǿ ΚƺǹȣƺȠǪȅǿ ȅǿ XȅǹǪǉΡॸ XȖȅǾȅȠǪȅǿ Kǟ vȅǾǓǿ 2ǿǿȅΚƺȠȅȖș ǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǪȒশࢳࢱࢱࢹষॹ Ǡ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǪșǓ ǿǏ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡॹ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ǉȅǾǾǪșșǪȅǿ ^ȠƺȠǩșȠǩǉƺǹ ƺȠƺ ȅǿ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ǩǿ ȣȖȅȒǓॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢵষ Ǡ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǪșǓ ǿǏ 2ǿǏȣșȠȖΡॹ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ǉȅǾǾǪșșǪȅǿ ࢲࢷࢷ

ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠȖȅΛȠǦইșǾǓșইșȣȒȒȅȖȠইǓǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓেȒȖȅǾȅȠǩȅǿেƺΛƺȖǏș ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓȣȖেǹǓΠঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǹǓǠƺǹেǉȅǿȠǓǿȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠȖȅΛȠǦইǩǿǏȣșȠȖΡইȒȅǹǩǉΡউǓǿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইȖǓșǓƺȖǉǦইǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩȅǿেȣǿǩȅǿইǩǿǏǓΠঀǉǟǾ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইȖǓșǓƺȖǉǦইȒƺȖȠǩǉǩȒƺǿȠșইȒȅȖȠƺǹইǏǓșǷȠȅȒইǓǿইǦȅǾǓঀǦȠǾǹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইȒȖȅǠȖƺǾǾǓșইǦȅȖǩΦȅǿࢳࢱࢳࢱইǓǿইǦࢳࢱࢳࢱেșǓǉȠǩȅǿইșǾǓেǩǿșȠȖȣে ǾǓǿȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǓǿঀǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইƺǈȅȣȠইƺǈȅȣȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইΡȅȣȖǓȣȖȅȒǓইǈȣșǩǿǓșșইǟȣǿǏǩǿǠেǠȖƺǿȠșইƺǉǉǓșșেȠȅেЙǿƺǿǉǓই ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠȖȅΛȠǦইșǾǓșইȒȖȅǾȅȠǩǿǠেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒইƺǏΚǩǉǓেȅȒȒȅȖȠȣে ǿǩȠǩǓșই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইșǓƺȖǉǦঁșǓƺȖǉǦউƺȒǩউΚǩǓΛșউǟȣǹǹȠǓΠȠ઀FȅǿেǠȅΚǓȖǿǾǓǿȠƺǹ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșেǓΠȠǓǿǏǓǏ eǦǓ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉȠǩȅǿ Xǹƺǿॹ শࢳࢱࢲࢴষ ॹ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȅǾǩșșǩȅǿ ǹǈǓȖȠ ȖƺΚȅে ǩȅșǉƺ ঄eǦǓ ǏΡǿƺǾǩǉș ȅǟ ȣȖȅȒǓঅș ǩǿǏȣșȠȖǩƺǹ șȠȖȣǉȠȣȖǓ ƺǿǏ ȠǦǓ ǠȖȅΛȠǦ ȅǟ ǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚǓ ЙȖǾș঄=[ ȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǓ ^ǓΚǩǹǹǓॹ KǉȠȅǈǓȖ ࢳࢱࢲࢲঀ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইȒǦƺȖǾƺǈȅƺȖǏȖȅȅǾঀǉȅǾইǩǿȠǓȖΚǩǓΛșইǩǿȠǓȖΚǩǓΛেǾǩǉǦƺǓǹƺেǦȖǏǹǩǉǷȅΚƺেǉȅȣǿে ȠȖΡেǏǩȖǓǉȠȅȖেǈǩȅǠǓǿেǉΦǓǉǦেȖǓȒȣǈǹǩǉই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșঀǓȣইǓΠȠইșǹইǩǉȠেȠȅȅǹইǈǹȅǠইǩȠǓǾইࢴࢹࢴেșȒǓǹƺেǴƺǷșƺ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșঀǓȣইǓΠȠইǓǿইǩǉȠেȠȅȅǹইǈǹȅǠইǩȠǓǾইࢴࢳࢵেǹǓǿǷƺেȒȣǦ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀࢲࢱࢱǾǩȖȖȅȖșঀǓȣইǓΠȠইǓǿইǩǉȠেȠȅȅǹইǈǹȅǠইǩȠǓǾইࢳࢶࢹেǾǩǉǦƺǓǹƺেǦȖǏǹǩǉǷȅΚƺ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǓȣȖȅșȠƺȠইΛǓǈইșȠȖȣǉȠȣȖƺǹেǈȣșǩǿǓșșেșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǉșইǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖে șǦǩȒই ǩǿǏǩǉƺȠȅȖș ৚eǦǩǿǷ ^Ǿƺǹǹ 'ǩȖșȠ৛ ੈ৚^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǉȠ৛ ǟȅȖ ȣȖȅȒǓॹ শࢳࢱࢱࢹষ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȅǾǩșে șǩȅǿ @ƻșΦǹȆ ȅȖǈƻșॹ ࢳࢱࢱࢺॹ E ࢳࢱࢱࢺ ৅ ࢸȠǦ 2ǿȠǓȖǿƺȠǩȅǿƺǹ ȅǿǟǓȖǓǿǉǓ ȅǿ EƺǿƺǠǓে ǾǓǿȠॹ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓ ƺǿǏ ǓǿǉǦǾƺȖǷǩǿǠ ॹ ੈ ȖǩȠǩǉƺǹ ǿƺǹΡșǩș ȅǟ ȠǦǓ ৚^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǉȠ৛ ǟȅȖ ȣȖȅȒǓ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ^ ੈ'ƺǉȠ ^ǦǓǓȠ ৅ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿ শǹƺșȠ ȣȒǏƺȠǓǏ ࢳࢴইࢲࢲইࢳࢱࢲࢸষ ৅ ǏȅΛǿǹȅƺǏǓǏ ǟȖȅǾ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǓǉঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǏȅǉșȖȅȅǾইǏȅǉȣǾǓǿȠșইࢳࢷࢶࢷࢳ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǈǩșǿȅǏǓঀǦȣইȠȣǏƺșȠƺȖইǠȅǿǏȅǹƺȠȅǷইǹƺșșȣǹȅেǿȅΚǓǷǓǏǓșেƺেǿȅǩেΚǓΦǓে ȠȅǷেǓșেȠȣǹƺǴǏȅǿȅșȅǷেƺȖƺǿΡƺǈƺǿই ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǿǹǉƺǟǓঀǦȣইǓΦΚƺǿইࢳࢱࢲࢲࢱࢷࢱࢲইƺউǹǓǠǩǿǿȅΚƺȠǩΚƺǈǈউǿȅǩউΚƺǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȅউউ ƺΦউƺǿΡƺউƺǷǩউȅșșΦǓǦȅΦȠƺউƺউǷǓΦǾȣΚǓșǩȒƺȖȠউƺΦউǩǿȠǓȖǿǓȠȠǓǹই ࢲࢷࢸ

^ȅǹȠǔșΦ ǿǩǷȆ শǓǏǩȠȅȖষঀ শࢳࢱࢱࢷষ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ƺੈ{{2ঀ șΦƻΦƺǏǈƺǿঀ ȣǏƺȒǓșȠঀ Et ੈǷȉǿΡΚǓǷ șȅȖȅΦƺȠ ৅ 22ঀ ǷȉǿΡΚ ?ǓΚǓǦƻΦǩ ?ƺȠƺǹǩǿঀ ੈFRॹ / ੈt @@ @?K 2? ৅ /ǓǹΡΦǓȠǷǔȒ EƺǠΡƺȖȅȖșΦƻǠȅǿঀ EƺǠΡƺȖ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆǿȌǷ ?ȉΦǦƺșΦǿȤ ǠΡǓșȧǹǓȠǓঀ ^ΦǓǿǓș (ƻǈȅȖ শǓǏǩȠȅȖষঀশࢳࢱࢲࢵষ lΦǹǓȠǩ ȠƺǿƻǉșȅǷ ǟǓǴǹȌǏȌ ǷǩșΚƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦƻșȅǷ ȖǔșΦǔȖǓঀ XȖǓșșȅǿǹǩǿǓ ǩǠǩȠƺǹ ^ȠƺȖȠȣȒ ^ȠȖƺȠǓǠΡ ȅǟ /ȣǿǠƺȖΡঀ ȅΛǿǹȅƺǏǓǏ ǟȖȅǾॸ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইǏǩǠǩȠƺǹǩșǴȅǹǓȠȒȖȅে ǠȖƺǾঀǦȣইЙǹǓșইࢹࢺইǓƺইࢹࢺǓƺǉࢶǉǓࢶǟࢸࢵࢲࢸࢹǟࢴǟࢶࢳࢸࢺࢵࢶǟࢸǓǏǏࢱࢹǟঀȒǏǟ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ ȣǹǠƻȖǩƻǈƺǿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǠǓǾȅȖǠঀǈǠইΛȒেǉȅǿȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱই( Eে ǿǿȣƺǹে[ǓȒȅȖȠে F(ে ࢳࢱࢲࢸেЙǿƺǹেv ঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǩǠǓঀȣǿǩǉƺǾȒঀǈȖইșȒǓǉইΛȒেǉȅǿȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইșǩȠǓșইࢲࢶইࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢱࢸই ȅȅǷে ǦƺȒȠǓȖউtȅǿȅȖȠƺșে?ǩǾউࢳࢱࢲࢶঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǾǩঀǠȅΚǓȖǿǾǓǿȠঀǈǠইǈǠইȠǦǓǾǓșইȒǹƺǿেΦƺেǏǓǩșȠΚǩǓেȒȖǓǏȒȖǩǓǾƺǉǦǓșȠে ΚȅেࢳࢱࢳࢱেǈƺǹǠƺȖǩΡƺেࢲࢷࢲࢳেࢱঀǦȠǾǹ ȅǾǾȣǿǩǉƺȠǩȅǿ ǟȖȅǾ ȠǦǓ ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿ Ƞȅ ȠǦǓ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȒƺȖǹǩƺǾǓǿȠॹ ȠǦǓ ȅȣǿে ǉǩǹॹ ȠǦǓ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ǓǉȅǿȅǾǩǉ ƺǿǏ șȅǉǩƺǹ ǉȅǾǾǩȠȠǓǓ ƺǿǏ ȠǦǓ ȅǾǾǩȠȠǓǓ ȅǟ ȠǦǓ ȖǓǠǩȅǿș ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ǉȠǩȅǿ Ȓǹƺǿ ৅ [ǓǩǠǿǩȠǩǿǠ ȠǦǓ ǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓে ǿǓȣȖǩƺǹ șȒǩȖǩȠ ǩǿ ȣȖȅȒǓ শ KE শࢳࢱࢲࢳষࢱࢸࢺࢶষ ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿ [ǓǉȅǾǾǓǿǏƺȠǩȅǿ ࢳࢱࢱࢴইࢴࢷࢲই ȅǟ ࢷ EƺΡ ࢳࢱࢱࢴ ǉȅǿǉǓȖǿǩǿǠ ȠǦǓ ǏǓЙǿǩȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ ǾǩǉȖȅॹ șǾƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ ǾǓǏǩȣǾেșǩΦǓǏ ǓǿȠǓȖȒȖǩșǓș h[KX ࢳࢱࢳࢱ ੈșȠȖƺȠǓǠΡ ǟȅȖ șǾƺȖȠॹ șȣșȠƺǩǿƺǈǹǓ ƺǿǏ ǩǿǉǹȣșǩΚǓ ǠȖȅΛȠǦ ই KEইࢳࢱࢲࢱইࢳࢱࢳࢱ Йǿƺǹই ǏǏǩȠǩȅǿƺǹ ȖǓǟǓȖǓǿǉǓșॸ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǓǩǠǓঀǓȣȖȅȒƺঀǓȣইǠǓǿǏǓȖেǾƺǩǿșȠȖǓƺǾǩǿǠইǠȅȅǏেȒȖƺǉȠǩǉǓșইǈȣǹǠƺȖǩƺইƺǉȠǩΚǓে ǹΡেșǓƺȖǉǦǩǿǠেΛȅǾǓǿșেȅȒǩǿǩȅǿেǾƺǹǓেǏȅǾǩǿƺȠǓǏেșȣǈǴǓǉȠș tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ KǹƺșΦȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ^ȒǓǓǉǦ ৚ȠǦǓ ȒȖȅȠǓǉȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ ΛȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ȖǩǠǦȠș৛ ॹ2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ 2ǿșȠǩȠȣȠǓ ȅǟ ȣǹȠȣȖǓ ৅ FǓΛ |ȅȖǷ ৅ ^ǓȒȠǓǾǈǓȖ ࢳࢵȠǦ ࢳࢱࢲࢱॹ vȅȖǹǏ ǉȅǿȅǾǩǉ 'ȅȖȣǾ শvǓ'ষ ৅ (ǹȅǈƺǹ (ǓǿǏǓȖ (ƺȒ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺ [ƺǿǷǩǿǠ ৅ ǦȠȠȒॸইই ΛΛΛࢴঀΛǓǟȅȖȣǾঀȅȖǠইǏȅǉșই((([ࢳࢱࢲࢶই2e ঀȒǏǟ ৅ ȒȒǓǿǏǩΠ ࢲࢷࢹ

hǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓ ৅ [ƺȒȒȅȖȠȅ 2ǾȒȖǓșƺ Ǐǩ ǠǓǿǓȖǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ৅ ࢴ૴ ȖƺȒȒȅȖȠȅ ǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǓ șȣǹǹঢ়ǩǾȒȖǓǏǩǩȠȅȖǩƺ ǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓ eǦǓ 2Ƞƺǹǩƺǿ ǹǓǠǩșǹƺȠǩȅǿ ǩǿ șȣȒȒȅȖȠ ȅǟ ǹǓǠǩșǹƺȠǩΚǓ șȠƺȖȠ ȣȒș ৅ ǓΠǓǉȣȠǩΚǓ șȣǾǾƺȖΡ ǾǩǿǩেȖǓȒȅȖȠ vȅǾǓǿঢ়ș ^ȅǉǩƺǹ ǿȠǓȖȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡ ^Ǿƺǹǹ ȣșǩǿǓșș ǉȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ৅ ^ȣȒȒȅȖȠ ǩǿǩȠǩƺȠǩΚǓș ǟȅȖ ǾǩǉȖȅॹ șǾƺǹǹ ƺǿǏ ǾǓǏǩȣǾ ǓǿȠǓȖে ȒȖǩșǓș ǩǾȒǹǓǾǓǿȠǓǏ ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡ ǩǿ ࢳࢱࢲࢶ ƺǿǏ ǩǿ ȠǦǓ ЙȖșȠ Ǧƺǹǟ ȅǟ ࢳࢱࢲࢷ ৅ EǩǿǩșȠȖΡ ȅǟ ǉȅǿȅǾǩǉ ǓΚǓǹȅȒǾǓǿȠ 2Fê eॹ 2ǿǏƺǠǩǿǓ ǉȅǿȅșǉǩȠǩΚƺ șȣǹǹǓ ȒȅǹǩȠǩǉǦǓ ǩǿ ǾƺȠǓȖǩƺ Ǐǩ ȒƺȖǩȠƿ ȠȖƺ ǏȅǿǿǓ Ǔ ȣȅে Ǿǩǿǩॹ ȣǏǩΦǩȅǿǓ ǏǓǹ XȖǓșǩǏǓǿȠǓ ǏǓǹǹঢ়2șȠǩȠȣȠȅ ǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǓ Ǐǩ șȠƺȠǩșȠǩǉƺ (ǩȅȖǠǩȅ ǹǹǓΚƺ ৅ 2 ȅǾǾǩșșǩȅǿǓ ঄ АƺȖǩ ǉȅșȠǩȠȣΦǩȅǿƺǹǩ঄ ǏǓǹǹƺ ƺǾǓȖƺ ǏǓǩ ǓȒȣȠƺȠǩ ৅ [ȅǾƺॹ ࢳࢶ ȅȠȠȅǈȖǓ ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ȣȖȅȒǓƺǿ ȣșǩǿǓșș /ǩșȠȅȖΡ șșȅǉǩƺȠǩȅǿ ࢳࢲșȠ ǿǿȣƺǹ ȅǿǠȖǓșș ৚eȖƺǿșǟȅȖǾƺȠǩȅǿ ǩǿ ȣșǩǿǓșș ƺǿǏ ^ȅǉǩǓȠΡॸ ੈ/ǩșȠȅȖǩǉƺǹ ȒȒȖȅƺǉǦ৛ tǩǓǿǿƺ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠΡ ȅǟ ǉȅǿȅǾǩǉș ƺǿǏ ȣșǩǿǓșșॹ ࢳࢵ Ƞȅ ࢳࢷ ȣǠȣșȠ ࢳࢱࢲࢸ ৅ vȅǾǓǿ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖș ǩǿ 2ȠƺǹΡॸ ੈXȖȅșȅȒȅǠȖƺȒǦǩǉ ^ȠȣǏΡ ȣȠǦȅȖș ॸ ǹǈǓȖȠȅ [ǩǿƺǹǏǩ শƺǹǈǓȖȠȅঀȖǩǿƺǹে Ǐǩ૬ȣǿǩǾȅȖǓঀǩȠষ শ ǩȒƺȖȠǩǾǓǿȠȅ Ǐǩ ǉȅǿȅǾǩƺ ৚EƺȖǉȅ ǩƺǠǩ৛ॹ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠƿ Ǐǩ EȅǏǓǿƺ Ǔ [ǓǠǠǩȅ Ǿǩǹǩƺ ƺǿǏ [ ǓǿȠষআ (ǩȣǹǩƺ eƺǠǹǩƺΦȣǉǉǦǩ শǠǩȣǹǩƺঀȠƺǠǹǩে ƺΦȣǉǉǦǩ૬ȣǿǩǾȅȖǓঀǩȠষ শ ǩȒƺȖȠǩǾǓǿȠȅ Ǐǩ ǉȅǿȅǾǩƺ ৚EƺȖǉȅ ǩƺǠǩ৛ॹ hǿǩΚǓȖșǩে Ƞƿ Ǐǩ EȅǏǓǿƺ Ǔ [ǓǠǠǩȅ Ǿǩǹǩƺষ 2Fê eॹ ȅǾǓ ǉƺǾǈǩƺ ǹƺ ΚǩȠƺ ǏǓǹǹǓ ǏȅǿǿǓ ৅ ࢳࢱࢱࢵ ৅ ࢳࢱࢲࢵ K ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ȅǿ Ê ș ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ 2ȠƺǹΡॸ ?ǓΡ 2șșȣǓș ƺǿǏ XȅǹǩǉǩǓș ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইЙǹǓșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱই ে ȣǏǩΦǩȅǿǓেȒƺȖǩȠƿেǏǩেǠǓǿǓȖǓেࢳࢶেȅȠȠȅǈȖǓউ ǏǓЙǿǩȠǩΚȅঀȒǏǟঁȠǩȠǹǓ઀XƺȖǩȠƿ੼ȠȖƺ੼ǏȅǿǿǓ੼Ǔ੼ȣȅǾǩǿǩ੼ে੼ࢳࢷইȅȠȠইࢳࢱࢲࢸ੼ে੼eǓșে Ƞȅ੼ǩǿȠǓǠȖƺǹǓঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইЙǹǓșইইࢳࢱࢲࢶইࢲࢳইǉȅǾǓেǉƺǾǈǩƺেǹƺেΚǩȠƺেǏǓǹǹǓেǏȅǿǿǓঀȒǏǟ șǾǓ ȖǓȒȅȖȠ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀșΚǩǹȣȒȒȅǓǉȅǿȅǾǩǉȅঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইǩǾƺǠǓșইșȠȅȖǩǓșইȒȣǈǈǹǩǉƺΦǩȅǿǩই [ƺȒȒȅȖȠȅউ^ উ FঀȒǏǟ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀΛǓșȠেǩǿǟȅঀǓȣইǩȠইΛǓșȠেǿǓΛșইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓেȒƺȖǩȠƺেǓেǏǩșে ǉȖǩǾǩǿƺΦǩȅǿǓেǏǩেǠǓǿǓȖǓইঁȠ઀ࢷࢷࢱ ৅ ȖǓȒȅȖȠ șǉƺȖǩǉƺȠȅ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓঀǉƺǾǉȅǾঀǩȠ ৅ ȒȖȅǾȅȠǩȅǿ ȅǟ ΛȅǾǓǿ ǓǿȠǓȖে ȒȖǩșǓș ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȣǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXࢵࢳ ࢱ ࢳࢸࢱࢺ^ࢲࢵࢵইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓঀ ǦȠǾ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǩȅǠǠǩঀǠȅΚǓȖǿȅঀǩȠে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȒƺȖǩȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƺঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইǾƺȠǓȖǩƺǹǓইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓই ৅ Йǿƺǿে ΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ࢲࢷࢺ

ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀșΚǩǹȣȒȒȅǓǉȅǿȅǾǩǉȅঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইǩǿǏǓΠঀȒǦȒইǩȠইǾǩǿǩșȠǓȖȅইȅȖǠƺǿǩșǾǩইǉȅে ǾǩȠƺȠȅেȣǿǩǉȅেǏǩেǠƺȖƺǿΦǩƺইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓ ৅ ȒƺȖǩ ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿ ৅ ЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȒǾǩঀǩȠইȠƺǠইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓে ǈƺǿǏǩ Ǔ ǩǿǉǓǿȠǩΚǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǈȅঀǉƺǾǉȅǾঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǓে2ǿȠǓȖǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǩΦΦƺΦǩȅǿǓইƺǹȠȖǓেƺȠȠǩΚে ǩȠƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿƺǹǩই ȅǾǩȠƺȠȅেȒǓȖেǹƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǏǓǹǹেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩে ǿǩǹǓে ƺǩȣȠǩ Ǔ ǟȅȖǾƺΦǩȅǿǓ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀƺȒǩǏঀȠȅঀǩȠইǏǓǟƺȣǹȠঀƺșȒΠে ȖǓȠǓ Ǔ șȅșȠǓǠǿȅ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺ ǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȖǓǠǩȅǿǓঀǈƺșǩǹǩǉƺȠƺঀǩȠইǠǩȣǿȠƺইșǩȠǓইǠǩȣǿȠƺইǏǓȒƺȖȠǾǓǿȠঀ ǴșȒঁƺȖǓƺ઀ࢶࢹࢸࢴࢸࢳ૭ǹǓΚǓǹ઀ࢱ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǉȅǿșǩǠǹǩȅঀǈƺșǩǹǩǉƺȠƺঀǩȠইǉȅǿșǩǠǹǩȅǿǓΛইșǩȠǓইǉȅǿșǩǠǹǩȅইșǓǉȠǩȅǿঀ ǴșȒঁșǓǉ઀ࢲࢱࢲࢹࢷࢳে ȒƺȖǩ ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǠǩȅΚƺǿǩșǩঀǩȠইȠƺǠইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓইে ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǉȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢲইǏȅǿǿǓেǩǾȒȖǓșƺেǩȠƺে ǹǩƺেƺǹেȠȅȒেǩǿেȣǓেȒǓȖেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǩেǾƺেΛǓǹǟƺȖǓেǿȅǿেƺǩȣȠƺেǾƺǾǾǓেǹƺΚȅȖƺȠȖǩে ǉǩই ȖƺșșǓǠǿƺ șȠƺǾȒƺ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǉȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠইΛȒেǉȅǿে ȠǓǿȠইȣȒǹȅƺǏșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢱࢶই[ƺșșǓǠǿƺেvǓǈউ ȅǿǿǓে2ǾȒȖǓșƺেࢳࢱࢲࢸঀȒǏǟ șȠƺȠǩșȠǩǉǦǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইЙǹǓșইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱই ে ȣǏǩΦǩȅǿǓেȒƺȖǩȠƿেǏǩেǠǓǿǓে ȖǓেࢳࢶেȅȠȠȅǈȖǓউǏǓЙǿǩȠǩΚȅঀȒǏǟঁȠǩȠǹǓ઀XƺȖǩȠƿ੼ȠȖƺ੼ǏȅǿǿǓ੼Ǔ੼ȣȅǾǩǿǩ੼ে੼ࢳࢷই ȅȠȠইࢳࢱࢲࢸ੼ে੼eǓșȠȅ੼ǩǿȠǓǠȖƺǹǓঀȒǏǟ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺ ǿǓȠΛȅȖǷ ৅ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইǩȠইǹǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓেǉǩǟȖǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইƺȖǉǦǩΚǩȅইȒƺȖǩ੼ȅȒȒȅȖȠȣǿǩȠƿে ǏǩșǉȖǩǾǩǿƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǩǾȒȖǓșǓ ৅ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǩșȠƺȠঀǩȠইǩȠইƺȖǉǦǩΚǩȅইࢸࢵࢲࢺࢳ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓșƺ ৅ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǉȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠইǉȅǾǓইǏȅǿǿǓেǩǾȒȖǓșƺইে ǦȠȠȒॸইই ǏȅǿǿǓǩǾȒȖǓșƺঀǉȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǠȣǩǏƺЙșǉȅঀǩȠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেǏȅǿǿǓেࢲࢵࢲࢲে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǾȅǿǏȅǹƺΚȅȖȅঀǩȠইǈǹȅǠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেȒǓȖেǏȅǿǿǓেǏǓǹেࢳࢱࢲࢹে ǩেǈƺǿǏǩেǓেǉȅǾǓেǟƺȖǓেǏȅǾƺǿǏƺইে ЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛǓșȠƺȖȠǓȣȖȅȒǓঀȅȖǠইȖǓșȅȣȖǉǓșই ৅ ǈǓșȠ ȒȖƺǉȠǩșǓș ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǈȅǹȅǠǿƺȠȅǏƺΡঀǩȠইǓǉȅǿȅǾǩƺইƺΦǩǓǿǏǓেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǩেǈȅǹȅǠǿƺেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩে ǉǩেǏȅǿǿǓঀǦȠǾǹ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȖǓȒȣǈǈǹǩǉƺঀǩȠইǓǉȅǿȅǾǩƺইࢳࢱࢲࢸইࢲࢱইࢳࢱইǿǓΛșইșȠǩȒǓǿǏǩউǠƺȒউȣȅǾȅউ Ǐȅǿǿƺেࢲࢸࢹࢹࢳࢱࢹࢲࢶই ǦȠȠȒॸইইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǩȅǠǠǩঀǠȅΚǓȖǿȅঀǩȠে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ

ࢲࢸࢱ

ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȣǿǩȅǿǉƺǾǓȖǓঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXࢵࢳ ࢱ ࢳࢸࢱࢺ^ࢲࢵࢵইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓঀ ǦȠǾ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀȒǾǩঀǩȠইȠƺǠইǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓে ǈƺǿǏǩ Ǔ ǩǿǉǓǿȠǩΚǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǈȅঀǉƺǾǉȅǾঀǠȅΚঀǩȠইXȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǓে2ǿȠǓȖǿƺΦǩȅǿƺǹǩΦΦƺΦǩȅǿǓইƺǹȠȖǓেƺȠȠǩΚে ǩȠƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿƺǹǩই ȅǾǩȠƺȠȅেȒǓȖেǹƺেȒȖȅǾȅΦǩȅǿǓেǏǓǹǹেǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩে ǿǩǹǓে ƺǩȣȠǩ Ǔ ǟȅȖǾƺΦǩȅǿǓ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǠȣǩǏƺЙșǉȅঀǩȠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেǏȅǿǿǓেࢲࢵࢲࢲে ƺǠǓΚȅǹƺΦǩȅǿǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛΛΛঀǾȅǿǏȅǹƺΚȅȖȅঀǩȠইǈǹȅǠইЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩেƺǠǓΚȅǹƺȠǩেȒǓȖেǏȅǿǿǓেǏǓǹেࢳࢱࢲࢹে ǩেǈƺǿǏǩেǓেǉȅǾǓেǟƺȖǓেǏȅǾƺǿǏƺইে ЙǿƺǿΦǩƺǾǓǿȠǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইǏȅǿǿǓǩǾȒȖǓșƺঀǉȅǿǟƺȖȠǩǠǩƺǿƺȠȅঀǩȠ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইǹǩșȠেΛȅǾǓǿেǓǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒেΛǓǈșǩȠǓș ৅ ǹǩșȠƺ Ǐǩ ǩǾȒȖǓșǓ Ǔ ȖǓȠǩ Ǐǩ ǏȅǿǿǓ ǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȖǩǉǩ ǦȠȠȒșॸইইΛǓǠƺȠǓঀǓȣইǩȠইǹǩǾȒȖǓǿǏǩȠȅȖǩƺেǟǓǾǾǩǿǩǹǓেǉǩǟȖǓ K ^ȠȣǏǩǓș ȅǿ ^E ș ƺǿǏ ǿȠȖǓȒȖǓǿǓȣȖșǦǩȒ 2ȠƺǹΡॸ ?ǓΡ 2șșȣǓș ƺǿǏ XȅǹǩǉǩǓș t2ঀ tƻǹǹƺǹǷȅΦȆ ǿȌǷ eȉȖȉǷȅȖșΦƻǠǈƺǿ ৚ ǿƺΡƺșƺǹƺȖǪǾǪΦ Ǐƺ ?ƺǏǪǿ /ƺǷǹƺȖǪ৛ ȖǏঀ ȅǌঀ Ȗঀ /[ ੈশK | ?E ষ @eে 2F a ȠƺȠȧȖǷ ȖƺȜȠǪȖǾƺ EǓȖǷǓΦǩ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷǹǓȖǩॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢹॹeh8? /ƺǈǓȖ ȧǹȠǓǿǩ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǷƺǠǩǏǓȖঀȅȖǠইǷȣȖȣǾșƺǹইǷƺǠǩǏǓȖেǦƺǷǷǩǿǏƺইǷƺǠǩǏǓȖেǦƺǷǷǩǿǏƺ ࢱࢷঀࢱࢸঀࢳࢱࢲࢴ ȠƺȖǩǦ ΚǓ ࢳࢹࢷࢺࢺ șƺΡǪǹǪ EȧǷǓȖȖǓȖ [ǓșǾǩ (ƺΦǓȠǓঢ়ǏǓ ΡƺΡǪǾǹƺǿƺǿ Kǿȣǿǉȣ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺ XǹƺǿǪ 8ǹȅ hǹȣșǹƺȖ ȖƺșǪ ƺǹǪȜǾƺ OȖǠȧȠȧ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ KЙșǩ e X tॹ 8ǹǹǓȖǩǿ eȅȒǹȣǾșƺǹ ǩǿșǩΡǓȠ ȜǩȠșǩΦǹǩǡǩ ?ƺȖǿǓșǩ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষ el8?ॹ ǩȜǠȧǉȧ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷǹǓȖǩ ΚǓȖǩ ȠƺǈƺǿǪॹ ΛΛΛঀȠȣǩǷঀǠȅΚঀȠȖ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǷȅșǠǓǈঀǠȅΚঀȠȖই ȅǿȠǓǿȠইhȒǹȅƺǏই ȅșΡƺইEƺǹǩઔࢳࢱeƺǈǹȅǹƺȖই(ǩে șǓȒউࢳࢱࢲࢶেࢳࢱࢲࢹউe[ঀȒǏǟ 8ǈȖƺǦǩǾ ȧǷǓǹॹ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷ ǡǩȠǩǾǩǿǓ 8ǹǩȜǷǩǿ 'ƺƺǹǩΡǓȠǹǓȖǹǓ 8ǹǠǩǹǩ (ǓǿǓǹ ǓǡǓȖে ǹǓǿǏǩȖǾǓॹ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ শΡƺΡǪǿǹƺǿǾƺǾǪȜ ȖƺȒȅȖষ ǿǷƺȖƺ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺ ǴƺǿșǪ শ Ke l ΚǓ ƺȜǷǓǿȠ lǿǩΚǓȖșǩȠǓǹǓȖǩ ষ ǿǷƺȖƺ Ǐƺ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǡǩ Ȗঀ | eȧȖǷǩΡǓ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩ ?ƺǏǪǿ @ǩǏǓȖǹǓȖ XȖȅǠȖƺǾǪ K ǩȖ ƺǷǪȜȠƺ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷ ࢳࢱࢲࢴ [ƺȒȅȖȣ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ȣǾǦȣȖǩΡǓȠǩ ǩǹǩǾॹ ^ƺǿƺΡǩ ΚǓ eǓǷǿȅǹȅǴǩ ƺǷƺǿǹǪǡǪ ΡƺΡǪǿǹƺȖǪ শ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺǏƺ ǿƺǦȠƺȖ tǓȖǩǾǹǩǹǩǷ ষ

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ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀǷƺǹǷǩǿǾƺঀǠȅΚঀȠȖইXƺǠǓșইKǿǉǓǹǩǷǹǩ ȅǿȣșȣǾXȖȅǠȖƺǾǹƺȖǩ ΡǹǓǾXǹƺǿে ǹƺȖǩঀƺșȒΠ ǦȠȠȒॸইইΛΛΛঀȠȣǩǷঀǠȅΚঀȠȖইXȖǓ/ƺǈǓȖ ȣǹȠǓǿǹǓȖǩঀǏȅঁǩǏ઀ࢳࢸࢹࢵࢶ ?ǓșǷǩǿॹ ^ǓΚȠƺȒ শࢳࢱࢲࢵষॹ eȧȖǷǩΡǓঢ়ǏǓ ?ƺǏǪǿ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǓȖǩǿ ȣȖȣǾȣॹ (ǩȖǩȜǩǾǉǩǹǩǷ ΚǓ ?ƺǹǷǪǿǾƺ ǓȖǠǩșǩॹ শࢺঀࢲষॹ șঀࢸࢲেࢺࢵঀ ǓǈǓǉǩॹ eȅǹǠƺআ șșǾƺȠॹ ^ƺǾǾƺȖআ শࢳࢱࢲࢶষॹ eȧȖǷǩΡǓঢ়ǏǓ ǷƺǏǪǿǹƺȖǪǿ ǹǩǏǓȖǹǩǡǩǿǏǓǷǩ ǩȜǹǓȠে ǾǓǹǓȖॹ eǦǓ vȅȖǹǏ ƺǿǷ el8?ॹ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷ ΡǪǹǹǪǡǪ ࢳࢱࢱࢺॹ șঀࢲࢹࢲআ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷ ΡǪǹǹǪǡǪ ࢳࢱࢲࢲॹ șࢲࢸࢲ ΚǓ eȧȖǷǩΡǓ ǩșȠƺȠǩșȠǩǷ ΡǪǹǹǪǡǪ ࢳࢱࢲࢳॹ șঀࢲࢹࢴঀ

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