Issuu

Volume 11 Issue 14 (2020)

(Special Issue: Selected Articles from IDSISA2020 Conference @ RUSSIA)

ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

http://TuEngr.com Assessment of Investment Attractiveness Based on Production Resources for Kurgan Region of Russia Identification of Tax Risks for Russian Agricultural Firms Labor Polarization in the Context of Agricultural Robotization in the Middle Urals Estimation of Homeostatic Parameters of Barley Varieties Collection in the Conditions of the Northern ForestSteppe of Sverdlovsk Region Technology Development of Whipped Drink based on Biomodified Blood Plasma Effects of Nanostructured Sapropel on the Live Weight of Geese and the Quality of their Meat Voluntary Resettlement of Young Compatriots in Agricultural Regions of Siberia: Case of State Policy Implementation Increase in Adaptive Capacity of Rats via the Discharge Method

Using Protected Protein Source Supplementation on Microorganisms of Rumen and Biochemical Status Lactating Cows Adaptive Capacities of Replacement Hybrid Doe Rabbits to industrial Housing Conditions of Agrotechnopark Applications of Feed Pusher Robots on Cattle Farmings And Its Economic Efficiency Assessment of the Financial Conditions of Agricultural Organizations in the Kurgan Region, Russia Priority Development Directions of Russian Agricultural Sociology Horticultural Traditions of South China Gardens as a Way to Preserve the Local Flora Productive Qualities of Hybrid Pigs Morphological Studies in the Treatment of Experimental Burn injuries of the Second and Third Degrees in Dogs Effectiveness of Interaction between Russian Local Governments And Rural Citizens: Problems and Prospects for Development Morphometric of Pig Livers Under Different Doses of Minerals in Feed Allowance Effects of Sorbent Feed Additives on the Development of internal Organs and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens Physiological State of Animal Health in the Conditions of Technogenic Agroecosystems Biological Activity of Soil and Rate of Decomposition of Plant Residues

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

Guest Editor

Guest Editorial Board

Loretts Olga

Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation

Executive Guest Editor

Donnik Irina

Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor, Academician Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation

Guest Editorial Board:

Professor Dr.Sótonyi Péter, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary Professor Dr.Shakhov Vladimir, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Palkovics László, Szent István University, Hungary Professor Dr. Pashtetskiy Vladimir, Crimean Agricultural Research Institute, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Shkuratova Irina, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Ismuratov Sabit, Kostanay Engineering and Economic University named after M. Dulatova, Kazakhstan Professor Dr.Konstantinov Mikhail, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Krivonogova Anna, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Isaeva Albina, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Gavrichenko Nikolay, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Republic of Belarus

Guest Scientific and Technical Review Board Committee

Professor Dr. Karpukhin Mikhail, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Koshchaev Andrey, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Tibor Bartha, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary Professor Dr. Bykova Olga, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Jose Luis Lopez Garcia Universidad Poltecnica de Madrid, Spain Dr. Kukhar Viktor, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Nishakant Ojha, Rishihood University, India Dr. Ruchkin Alexey, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Vinogradov Sergey, Szent István University, Hungary

ÂŠ2020 international Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

Volume 11 Issue 14 (2020) (Special Issue)

http://TuEngr.com

ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

Using Protected Protein Source Supplementation on Microorganisms of Rumen and Biochemical Status Lactating Cows

11A13A

Adaptive Capacities of Replacement Hybrid Doe Rabbits to industrial Housing Conditions of Agrotechnopark

11A13B

Applications of Feed Pusher Robots on Cattle Farmings And Its Economic Efficiency

11A13C

Assessment of the Financial Conditions of Agricultural Organizations in the Kurgan Region, Russia

11A13D

Priority Development Directions of Russian Agricultural Sociology

11A13E

Horticultural Traditions of South China Gardens as a Way to Preserve the Local Flora

11A13F

Productive Qualities of Hybrid Pigs

11A13G

Morphological Studies in the Treatment of Experimental Burn injuries of the Second and Third Degrees in Dogs

11A13H

Effectiveness of Interaction between Russian Local Governments And Rural Citizens: Problems and Prospects for Development

11A13I

Morphometric of Pig Livers Under Different Doses of Minerals in Feed Allowance

11A13J

Effects of Sorbent Feed Additives on the Development of internal Organs and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens

11A13K

Physiological State of Animal Health in the Conditions of Technogenic Agroecosystems

11A13L

Biological Activity of Soil and Rate of Decomposition of Plant Residues

11A13M

Assessment of Investment Attractiveness Based on Production Resources for Kurgan Region of Russia

11A13N

Identification of Tax Risks for Russian Agricultural Firms

11A13O

Labor Polarization in the Context of Agricultural Robotization in the Middle Urals

11A13P

Estimation of Homeostatic Parameters of Barley Varieties Collection in the Conditions of the Northern Forest-Steppe of Sverdlovsk Region

11A13Q

Technology Development of Whipped Drink based on Biomodified Blood Plasma

11A13R

Effects of Nanostructured Sapropel on the Live Weight of Geese and the Quality of their Meat

11A13S

Voluntary Resettlement of Young Compatriots in Agricultural Regions of Siberia: Case of State Policy Implementation

11A13T

Increase in Adaptive Capacity of Rats via the Discharge Method

11A13U

Contacts: Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel: +60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my, Editor@TuEngr.com Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Thammasat School of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-25643022 DrBoonsap@gmail.com, Editor@TuEngr.com Managing office TUENGR Group, 88/244 Moo 3, Moo Baan Saransiri, Klong#2, KlongLuang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel/WhatsApp: +66-995535450. Postal Paid in MALAYSIA/THAILAND. Side images are pieces of sweet pomelo (Citrus maxima). Pomelo is also known as pamplemousse, pummelo, pomello, pummelo, pommelo, jabong, jambola.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14A

USING PROTECTED PROTEIN SOURCE SUPPLEMENTATION ON MICROORGANISMS OF RUMEN AND BIOCHEMICAL STATUS LACTATING COWS 1

Buryakov N.P. , Laptev G.Yu. , Ilina L.A. , Buryakova M.A. , 1 3 1* Zaikina A.S. , Kasatkina I.A. , and D.E. Aleshin 1

Department of the Feeding Animals, Faculty Animal Science and Biology, FSBEI HE «Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy», Moscow, RUSSIA. 2 Agricultural Production Cooperative «Plemzavod Maisky», Vologda Region, RUSSIA. 3 Biotrof Company, Saint-Petersburg, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 30 April 2020 Accepted 14 May 2020 Available online 29 July 2020

The wholesome feeding of animals requires a constant supply of new knowledge about the processes of digestion, use, and transformation of nutrients from the diet, as well as about the processes of animal body protein synthesis, which would give an incentive to adjust existing feeding standards. This article contains experimental data obtained on lactating highly productive cows with milk productivity of more than 8000 kg per year with the use of protein concentrate (PC) as part of the diet. PC “Agro-Matic” is a product that includes components of plant origin (seeds of Lupinus albus L.) and the production waste of poultry meat. The studied results of PC Agro-Matic present in comparison with other protein feeds, the biochemical status data of the body, and the composition of the ruminal bacterial community of the cows while including PC as part of diets for cows in the amount of 1.0 kg and 1.5 kg, respectively. Analysis of the biochemical parameters data of the blood of cows fed different levels of PC showed that all the studied indicators values were within the physiological norm. In all experimental groups of animals, there were found no significant deviations in the number of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid of lactating cows in one-third of lactation.

Keywords: Animal husbandry; Lactating cows; Protein concentrate (PC); Cattle feeding; Feed of animal origin; Feed nutrition; Blood biochemistry; Ruminal microbiome; Symbiotic microflora; Non-separable protein (NSP).

Disciplinary: Farm Animals, Cattle Feeding Technology, Agricultural Biology, Livestock and Dairy Science, Veterinary Science, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Livestock Products Technology. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1 INTRODUCTION High productivity of dairy cattle is a result of the conditions of breeding work by 30-35%, wholesome/consistent feeding by 50-65 %, and maintenance, the remaining 20-30 % (Wattie et al., *Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

2003; Buryakov et al., 2019a). The success of breeding work and the conditions for the full realization of the genetic potential of animals laid down in the selection process by livestock breeders are impossible without providing high-yielding lactating cows with full-fledged feeding, and this is the basis for improving existing livestock breeds (Berry, et al., 2003). Optimal intake and the ratio of different nutrients in the diet encourages more complete use of nutrients from the diet necessary for obtaining full-fledged animal products (Poghosyan, 2014). High milk productivity of modern breeds of cattle requires strict compliance and standardized feeding. It is proved that the needs for energy and other nutritional and biologically active substances can be filled by synthesis from other substrates, but the needs for protein and essential amino acids can only be met by their intake as part of the diet (Juho KyntĂ¤jĂ¤, 2010). A protein of feed products in the body of cattle is being transformed into body proteins and then into animal products (Trafimov, 2001; Svarich, et al., 2007). Proteins in a living organism perform important functions, including catalytic, contractile, mechanical, energy, and structural (Hall & Huntington, 2008). The rationing of protein nutrition for ruminants, which is based on the value of raw and digested protein, does not give a complete picture of the needs of highly productive cows due to the indefinite amount of digested protein and amino acids received in the small intestine (Terramoccia et al., 2000; Barchiesi-Ferrari, & Anrique, 2011). The amount of digestible protein from the feed in the gastrointestinal tract is not a constant value, and it depends on many factors, such as energy content, the number of carbohydrates, feeding level, protein quality, and many other factors. Thus, there is the need to search for new technologies and approaches to evaluating protein nutrition, protein quality, and the degree of its use by the animal body (Yokoyama & Johnson, 1988; Vashchekin, 2005). It was found that a high level of protein in the diet has a positive effect on the digestibility of protein in the rumen, after which the amount of ammonia increases and the efficiency of nitrogen use in milk production decreases, but this alone does not entail high economic costs associated with the purchase of high-protein feeds (Wattie et al., 2003). It is shown that the digestion of nutrients in the diet during reproduction in highly productive animals is more effective if the content of raw protein is not less than 18 % in 1 kg of dry matter (Golovin, 2016). Modern approaches to assessing the quality of protein and its rationing are the theoretical basis for increasing the efficiency of using different feed products. The determining parameters are considered to be the levels of metabolic energy and raw protein in the diet, as well as the degree of protein breakdown and its amino acid composition. In turn, the raw protein consumed by animals is divided into non-separable protein (NSP), which includes non-protein nitrogen, and the true protein, which does not undergo proteolysis in the rumen (Bach & Calsamiglia, 2005). The developed system of protein nutrition of dairy cattle is based on knowledge of protein breakdown and synthesis in the pre-pancreas of ruminants. The evaluating protein nutrition system is based on the amino acid content that enters the small intestine, without prior microbial fermentation in the rumen, and these amino acids subsequently have a high level of digestibility in the intestine and of metabolization into the body of lactating cows. This evaluation method is based on experimentally proven data on the study of the physical and chemical properties of different types of protein in feed products, the physiology of animal digestion (Schingoethe, 1996; Hackman & Firkins, 2015). Evaluation of protein nutrition by this system reduces the risks of overspending and irrational use

Buryakov N.P., Laptev G.Yu., Ilina L.A., Buryakova M.A., Zaikina A.S., Kasatkina I.A., and D.E. Aleshin

of protein resources, improves gross milk production, reduces the cost of milk, and the incidence of metabolic diseases in livestock. Ensuring full feeding of highly productive dairy cows is impossible without knowledge of the processes of protein synthesis and breakdown in the body of animals (McDonald et al., 2001; NRC, 2001; Ipharraguerre & Clark, 2005). Cows of highly productive herds need additionally introduced proteins in the diet that will satisfy the needs for amino acids and avoid its changes under the action of microbial enzymes since the protein profile of feeds consumed by cattle can significantly change in the small intestine due to fermentation in the rumen (Silva et al., 2018). The optimal functioning of rumen digestion in the cowsâ€™ bodies plays an important role since it provides cows with complete protein and amino acids, and optimization of processes in the ruminant pre-ventricles is an urgent task for Russian development. Cows need nitrogen-containing substances and cleavable protein, as this contributes to more effective protein synthesis by the microflora (Cunha, 2010; Puniya et al., 2015). To optimize microbial, protein synthesis in the rumen of cows should account for 1.0 MJ of exchange energy of 7.16-7.8 g of destroyed protein in the rumen at pH of 6.2-6.5, achievable by the same type and balanced feeding (Yu et al., 2002; Hackman & Firkins, 2015). Full-fledged feeding of animals requires constant receipt of new knowledge about the processes of digestion, use and transformation of nutrients in the diet, as well as about the processes of protein synthesis of the animal body, which would give an incentive to adjust the existing feeding standards (Ryadchikov, 2006; Romanenko, 2007). Thus, an important aspect of protein nutrition of cows is not only the calculation of diets with the content of non-split protein in the rumen, which is currently emphasized but also the content of the cleavable and soluble fraction of feed protein necessary for optimal functioning of the rumen microbiota of cows (Golovin, 2016). Control of diets for the cleavable protein content is necessary for optimal nitrogen metabolism, which is available for rumen bacteria and is associated with the synthesis of microbial protein, and NRP is an important source of amino acids that are used in the small intestine (Sizova et al., 2010). Thus, with insufficient cleavage in the rumen of the protein fraction below 30-40 % or more than 70 % in dry matter for active growth of microflora, there is a decrease in the production of microbial protein, digestion of starch and raw fiber (Toporova et al., 2017). In the rumen, under the action of microorganisms and in the presence of microbial enzymes, nitrogen-containing substances and protein components of feed are converted into the protein of microbial origin, which can be more than 50 % depending on the type of feed (Watteau et al., 2003; Overton & Waldron, 2004). Every year, in the process of processing livestock products in Russia, 1 million tons of secondary production waste products are generated, of which only 20 % is processed. Thus, waste from the meat industry is a valuable and low-cost raw material for the production of animal feed (Fedorenko, 2017). Animal feed in the feed balance of animals is engaged in a small number of animals compared to the feed of plant origin. At the same time, due to their high biological completeness, they play an important role in feeding individual groups of animals. Feed components of animal origin and processed products contain almost no fiber, which is why there is a high digestibility compared to other feed groups (Piva & Masoero, 2001). *Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Animal feed, such as blood and meat-and-bone meal, has a high degree of protection from the effects of ruminal microflora. This is because cows, like other ruminants, rely on the enzymatic activity of the rumen microbiota (González et al., 1998). Microorganisms are more able to ferment plant material to ensure their growth and synthesis of their body's protein, which supports animal growth and productivity. However, since cows are ruminants, the enzymes synthesized by the microflora of the rumen are not able to split animal protein molecules, so this protein, bypassing the rumen, enters the rennet in non-separable form, where it is further digested by the body's own enzymes (Piva et al., 2001). NSP consumed by cows must meet several requirements (Buryakov, et al., 2019): 1) in terms of amino acid composition, the protein must be as close or similar in biological value to the protein of the animal's body; 2) it must be in an accessible form for rennet and intestinal enzymes. The production of feed from non-food waste from the meat industry makes a significant contribution to Russia's economy, as well as contributes to the production of high-quality protein for animals (Cherdthong et al., 2014). The use of extrusion processing in enterprises can significantly reduce the amount of biological waste, as well as process them into high-quality full-fledged animal feed. Meat and bone meal, meat, blood, bone, fish and hydrolyzed feather flour are the most widely distributed animal feed (Fisinin & Saleeva, 2017). The Russian meat processing industry is closely connected with organizations of deep processing of protein-containing raw materials for the production of feed for farm animals. Processing of secondary protein-containing raw materials of the poultry processing industry will make up for the shortage of feed protein and will help to increase the range and volume of production of high-quality feed at low cost (Fedorenko, 2017: Fisinin & Saleeva, 2017). Replacing the plant component in the diets of cows with animal products helps to increase milk productivity. It was found that when using the remains from the slaughterhouse instead of soybean meal, the level of feed consumption did not change, which varies in the processing of 2.8-3.0 kg of dry matter per day (Cherdthong et al., 2014).

2 METHODOLOGIES AND RESEARCH MATERIAL In dairy farming, soybean products are a valuable source of protein with a high content of essential amino acids. However, the high cost of these feeds made it not always possible (Masucci et al., 2006). This study aims to experiment with the inclusion of highly productive cows in the diets of PC “Agro-Matic” with the replacement or exclusion of plant feeds with high protein content. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were formulated: - to conduct a comparative chemical analysis of the nutritional value of PC “Agro-Matic” and other protein feeds, - to investigate the biochemical status of lactating cows, - to study the species composition and number of microbial populations of the rumen of cows.

2.1 ANIMALS, TREATMENTS, AND MANAGEMENT The research was carried out on the farm of the APC «Plemzavod Maisky» of the Vologda region. The object of the study was purebred first-born and highly productive older cows of the Ayrshire breed, which were selected by the method of pairs-analogs, taking into account the origin, age (2.0 lactation), live weight (550 kg), milk productivity (more than 8200 kg/year of milk

Buryakov N.P., Laptev G.Yu., Ilina L.A., Buryakova M.A., Zaikina A.S., Kasatkina I.A., and D.E. Aleshin

per lactation), physiological state and distributed to 3 experimental groups of 15 heads each. During the experimental period, the experimental animals were kept in the same conditions of keeping and feeding, were clinically healthy, and constant management conditions were maintained – operators, similar batches of feed, frequency of milking, and staff working hours. This research methodology was approved by the Scientific Council of the faculty of animal science and biology of the Russian State Agrarian University Protocol No.183 dated 14.10.2019.

2.2 RATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL COWS The rations of cows were developed with the help of computer systems (programs) "Korm Optima" to ensure a sufficient level of metabolic energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals of cows with a productivity of 39 kg of milk per day with a milk fat content of 3.9-4.0 %. The nutritional content of the diets corresponded to detailed recommendations for feeding dairy cattle (Golovin, 2016). The control group of animals in the course of the experiment was fed a basic diet, balanced in all nutrients. Sunflower cake with a low content of NSP and feed concentrate in the concentrated part of the rations of the 2 nd and 3rd experimental groups were partially replaced with a different level of PC with a high content of NSP. The composition of the rations of highly productive experimental cows is shown in table 1. Table 1: Composition of daily rations of experimental cows, kg Indicator Motley grass hay Corn silage Haylage from grasses Barley seedling Beet molasses Beet pulp (dry) Soybean meal Sunflower cake PC “Agro-Matic” Combined fodder concentrate Natrecor (protected fat) Monocalcium phosphate Table salt

Group of animals (n=3) 1 control 2nd group 3rd group 0.5 0.5 0.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 12 12 12 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 – – 1.0 1.5 11.0 10.5 10.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 st

In experimental groups of cows whose diets included PC, the dry matter content was lower than normal, however, the level of metabolic energy in the diets of experimental animals was at the same level and amounted to 11.6-11.8 MJ per 1kg of dry matter, and the concentration of raw protein – 17-18 %.

2.3 CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSES Average samples of feed and PC were selected per GOST R ISO 6497-2011 and analyzed according to generally recognized methods: dry matter according to GOST 31640-2012, total nitrogen content according to Kjeldahl and converted to crude protein (CP) by the calculation method (N×6.25) (GOST R 51417-99 (ISO 5983: 1997)), crude fat according to GOST R 53153-2008, crude fiber - GOST 31675-2012, ADF and NDF according to GOST ISO 13906-2013. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of lactation from three cows of each group 3 hrs. after morning feeding in vacuum tubes. In whole blood serum (plasma), pyruvic acid was studied by the *Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

modified Friedemann and Kauchen method (Kondrakhin, 2004), ketone bodies by the iodometric method, urea by the Michon and Arnault method (Kondrakhin, 2004) with paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde, amine nitrogen by G.A. Uzbekov method modified by Z.S. Chulkova (Kondrakhin, 2004) by reaction with ningidrin, and NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) by the colorimetric method. To study the species diversity and the number of microorganisms, the contents of the rumen of cows were extracted at the 3rd month of lactation, three-hrs. after morning feeding using a transesophageal sampler according to the method Geishauser et al. (2012) and Yu. et al. (2016). To establish the presence of unidentifiable microorganisms is impossible only by molecular genetic methods of analysis, the main advantage of which is that there is no need for the stage of preliminary isolation and cultivation. Therefore, to establish the metabolism of nutrients and the enzyme activity of the ruminal microflora content, the quantitative and species composition of rumen microorganisms was done in the Biotrof company laboratory by the Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis to determine the structure (percentage) of components of the bacterial community (Henderson et al., 2019).

2.4 BIOMETRIC ANALYSES Biometric processing of the obtained experimental data was performed on a PC using modern programs (MS Excel, 2010) using the method of mathematical statistics for Antonova et al. (2011).

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the feeding of highly productive animals, a special place is given to high-protein feeds of plant origin and microbial synthesis, which are widely used in dairy cattle breeding. Among them are legumes and cruciferous crops, which are used as part of compound feeds to balance diets for essential amino acids and protein (Ryadchikov, et al., 2002). The main producers of soybean (including meal and cake) in the world are Brazil, Argentina, the United States, and China, where over 88 % of world production is concentrated. Feeds with high protein content in the diets of lactating cows in Russia are rapeseed, soy, sunflower, as well as their processed products, cake, and meal, with a high protein breakdown at the level of 70-80 % (Fedorenkov et al., 2017). However, high prices and uneven production have led to the search for alternative protein sources that can be used in ruminant diets (Cherdthong et al., 2014). Plant-derived protein contains very low amounts of essential amino acids such as threonine, tryptophan, and methionine. To balance the amino acids, it is necessary to include a sufficient number of essential amino acids that would avoid splitting in the rumen of cows, such amino acids are mainly found in animal feed (Buryakov & Stavtcev, 2019). Since there is no feed perfectly balanced in nutrition value and amino acid composition, the combined use of animal and plant protein is of special scientific and practical interest in this case. Table 2 presents the nutritional analysis of PC in comparison with other protein feeds, such as soybean meal and sunflower cake. Analyzing the data obtained, the level of exchange energy of soybean meal is slightly inferior to PC, so the content of ME in soybean meal is 12.1 MJ/kg, and in PC 12.96 MJ/kg. The concentration of raw protein in 1 kg of DM in soybean meal is 48.35 %, sunflower cake â€“ 39.13, and in PC it is up to 62.5 %. Attentively, the share of NSP fraction is allocated in the meal 35 %, in the cake 2%, and the PC 68.0 %.

Buryakov N.P., Laptev G.Yu., Ilina L.A., Buryakova M.A., Zaikina A.S., Kasatkina I.A., and D.E. Aleshin

Table 2: Nutritional value of concentrate in comparison with other protein feeds (Russia) Indicator Metabolic energy, MJ Dry matter (DM) Crude protein (CP) Splittable protein (SP) By-pass protein Digestible protein (DP) Crude fibre (CF) Acid detergent fibre (ADF) Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) Starch Sugars Crude fat

PC 12.96 932 582.5 186.4 396.1 502.35 27.0 23.3 130.48 10.0 30.0 106.3

Feed (g/kg) soybean meal sunflower cake 12.10 5.30 910.0 460.0 440.0 180.0 286.0 144.0 154.0 36.0 400.4 140.0 73.0 105.0 86.4 73.6 174.0 174.0 14.4 9.2 48.0 23.1 13.0 57.5

With intensive milk production technology and high milk productivity of animals closest to the full disclosure of the genetic potential for maintaining optimal health, it is necessary to constantly monitor the biochemical parameters of blood (Table 3). Glucose is the main source of energy, although not the only one, providing energy to the udder tissue and brain, which function only on glucose. Most diseases in cattle are accompanied by a decrease in blood glucose, metabolic disorders, and lack of glycogen. According to Russian scientists, a decrease in this indicator usually occurs in the 1st phase of lactation with a lack of readily available carbohydrates, that is, with a concentrated type of feeding. According to data, a decrease in blood glucose levels below 3.61 mmol/l is the cause of problems with reproduction (Alexandrov, 2015; Volgin, 2018). Table 3: Biochemical parameters of the blood of experimental cows. Indicator Pyruvic acid, mcmol/l Ketone bodies, g/l NEFA, mEq/ml Amine nitrogen, mg% Urea, mmol/l

the 1 -control 113.2±8.36 0.05±0.004 4.60±0.561 2.85±0.042 6.34±0.118

Group of animals (n=3) the 2nd group 173.4±37.34 0.03±0.016 4.70±0.367 2.55±0.184 5.61±0.212

the 3rd group 185.6±24.05 0.04±0.005 4.67±0.47 2.25±0.486 6.53±0.647

In the body of lactating cows, glucose metabolism increases sharply after calving, while it is assumed that the presence of propionic acid reduces the synthesis of glucose from glucogenic amino acids. In animals that received 1.0 kg of PC as part of the diet, a high level of glucose in the blood was noted and in relation to the control group, it was higher by 0.51 mmol/l. Detailed data on the biochemical blood parameters with the use of PC “Agro-Matic” are given in Buryakov et al. (2019). Disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism in cows is caused by a disorder of glucose oxidation process, which subsequently leads to an increase in under-oxidized metabolic products of pyruvic and lactic acids in the blood (González, et al., 2011; Slanina et al., 1992). Unbalanced feeding, not optimal grinding length of bulky feed, intensive metabolism, and other factors, all contribute to an increase in the amount of pyruvic acid and activation of gluconeogenesis, while oxaloacetate reduces the rate of the acetic acid use, thereby leading to a lack of energy in the body of cows (Romanenko & Volgin, 2007; Volgin et al., 2018). Increasing the level of propionic acid leads to an increase in the concentration of sugars in the blood while sharply reducing the content *Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

of ketone bodies. An increase in the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood of cows is an indicator of ketosis in high-intensity lactation. Similar values are observed in diets containing a high level of concentrated feed, or when giving bulky feed of poor quality. An increase in the content of ketone bodies indicates the disturbances of all metabolic processes, which are observed when there is a lack of fiber, starch, and sugars in the diet, when the fresh pulp, beer pellets, and silage with a high proportion of butyric acid are introduced into the feed mixture (Afanasieva et al., 2007; Soriani et al., 2012). Our research shows a tendency to decrease the concentration of ketone bodies in all experimental groups of cows. Thus, with the use of PC in the diet for 1.0 kg, the concentration of ketone bodies was at the level of 0.03 g/l, and in animals of the 3rd experimental group â€“ 0.04 g/l, against 0.05 g/l in animals of the control group. The norm of this indicator for lactating cows is 0.015-0.039 g/l. During the milking period, cows, especially those that are highly productive during the first week of lactation, suffer from a negative energy balance, which is caused by excessive energy costs associated with high milk production and limited dietary intake. During this period, there is a negative balance of energy and nutrients in the body of cows. This process triggers the mechanism of fat mobilization from internal sources, causing a high probability of fat infiltration of the liver. It was found that the number of lipids accumulated in the liver during the first 10 days of lactation at the level of 60-125 g per day can lead to the occurrence of lipid infiltration â€“ 25 % of the liver parenchyma (Leibova, et al., 2011). The main products of splitting raw fat are fatty acids and glycerol, which enter the liver through the portal vein and are processed. The conversion occurs by phosphorylation of glycerol in the liver and converting it to pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid interacts with coenzyme A and gives several products: acetic acid and energy, carbon dioxide, and water. When the body fat is broken down, the fatty acids undergo Î˛-oxidation, subsequently forming butyrate, which is converted to acetate, then to milk fat and ketone bodies. Lack of energy in the diet of cows with high dairy productivity of cattle is a consequence of high mobilization of fat from the depot (Yudin, 2001). Density NEFA in blood plasma, it varies depending on the body's energy supply and depends on the physiological state of the animal, the direction of productivity, fatness, stress, conditions of maintenance, calving, time of sampling, the composition of diets (Pethick, 1987). In the energy exchange in ruminants, changes in the concentration of NEFA, glucose, and ketone bodies in the blood are interrelated, and the composition of NEFA includes lipids together with phospholipids, short-chain fatty acids, glycerides, esters and free cholesterol and cerebrosides. During pregnancy, lactating cows have high energy requirements for lactation, which leads to a tendency to increase the NEFA in the blood (Dushkin et al., 2011). These fatty acids maintain energy metabolism at a constant level, which are precursors of blood lipids, tissues, cow milk, as well as in the process of oxidation that can form ketones and sugars. Analyzing the blood parameters of cows, it should be noted that the experimental groups showed a tendency to reduce the content of ketone bodies by 0.02 g/l and 0.01 g/l in the 2 nd and 3rd experimental groups. Studies have found that these acids have a high degree of metabolism and their decomposition produces 2 times more energy than compared to glucose. In our studies, according to the data obtained, the highest values of this indicator (NEFA) were characterized by animals of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups. These values were within the established physiological norms. Total protein content in the blood determines the state of the organism, the availability of plastic materials causes the liver to because it synthesizes important proteins of blood serum of cows. Thus,

Buryakov N.P., Laptev G.Yu., Ilina L.A., Buryakova M.A., Zaikina A.S., Kasatkina I.A., and D.E. Aleshin

an important characteristic of protein metabolism in animals in addition to blood proteins is their metabolic products: uric acid, urea, ginuric acid, pyrimidine bases, polypeptides, ammonia, and amino acids. The fraction of residual nitrogen includes urea nitrogen (norm 0.25-0.45 g/l) or 55-70 % of the total amount of all residual nitrogen, cretinin nitrogen – within 7.5 %, creatine nitrogen – up to 5 %, uric acid – up to 4 %, and amino acid nitrogen (ammonia) – up to 25 %. The inclusion of PC in the diets not only led to an increase in the total protein content, but also to a decrease in ammonia nitrogen in the blood of animals. Thus, in highly productive cows whose diets included PC, which contributes not only to an increase in non-cleavable protein in the rumen by 7 % and 9 % in the 2 nd and 3rd experimental groups, but also its use in the amount of 1.0 kg/head/day, a decrease in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen by 0.3 mg% was found, and at the level of 1.5 kg/head/day – 0.6 mg% in relation to the control. The decrease in the content of ammonia nitrogen in the experimental groups is probably due to more intensive protein metabolism in the body, and the completeness of the inclusion of interchangeable and essential amino acids in the milk protein. These data are confirmed by experimental studies with details in Buryakov et al. (2019). The indicator that reflects the level of ammonia in the rumen is the content of urea in the blood serum of cows. In this regard, determine the state of metabolism by the level of glucose, albumin, and urea in the blood; you can determine the balance of the diet. A high concentration of urea (above normal values) with the simultaneous value of other indicators within the normal range is the result of high protein absorption. When urea is broken down in the blood of cows, the concentration of ammonia increases, more than 1.5 mg%, which contributes to the inhibition of redox processes in the Krebs cycle. Diets that include PC in their composition the level of urea content was within the normal established reference values. Thus, the use of the maximum amount of PC in the diet contributed to an increase in urea concentration by 3.0 %, and the use of 1.0 kg – a decrease by 11.51 %, which indicates a more intensive protein exchange. The symbiotic microflora of the rumen performs a detoxifying function, regulates the digestibility of nutrients, prevents the invasion of parasites and pathogens, and stimulates the development of immunity (Flint & Thomson, 1990). The proof of this is that according to the latest research data Holman & Gzyl (2019) the microflora and microfauna of the gastrointestinal tract of animals plays an important role in the development and maturation of the immune system of the body of cows, and can also protect the digestive system from colonization by pathogens. Also, the slow formation of the microbial community of the rumen is due to environmental and biological factors created by the macroorganism, for example, the influence of the cow's immune system, which synthesizes immune peptides (antimicrobial) glycolized animal cells and nutrients supplied to microorganisms from the cow's body (Microbiology, 2015). In the ruminant rumen, there is a particular habitat or ecological niche (low redox potential, competing microorganisms for nutrients, anaerobiosis, continuous flow of contents, syntrophism, etc.), which have imposed a certain influence on the physiology, biochemistry of populations of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and their behavior, both the total microflora and its individual species (table 4). In this regard, to maintain high milk productivity of dairy cattle, it is necessary to control and maintain an optimal balance between the microflora and microfauna of the ruminal fluid for more efficient use and digestibility of nutrients in the diet (Weimer, 2015). *Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Table 4: Micro-organisms of the rumen of experimental cows during the period of milking Group (n=3) Group

Functions

Norm, %

1st (control)

2nd group

3rd group

Pathogenic microflora They are the causative agents of mastitis before 3 0.5±0.22 0.3±0.24 н/оа They are pathogens of Peptococci before 1 0.38±0.094 0.03±0.037* 0.23±0.278 purulent-inflammatory processes Staphylo bacteria They are the causative agents of mastitis before 2.5 1.1±0.21 1.5±0.46 1.1±1.14 Clostridium Conditional pathogens may be causative before 1.5 1.1±0.21 1.5±0.46 1.1±1.14 botulinum agents of clostridial Are the causative agents of Fuzobakterii before 3 3.5±0.21 2.5±0.91 0.8±0.49** necrobacillosis а * Note: – not detected; – the difference is significant in relation to the control group when P > 0.95; ** – the difference is significant in relation to the control group when P > 0.99 Campylobacter

Analyzing the data obtained, it should be noted that the lowest content of pathogenic microorganisms of mastitis pathogens and purulent-necrotic processes (lactobacilli, actinomycetes, and enterobacteria) was found in the ruminal fluid in animals of the 2 nd and 3rd experimental groups that received 1.0-1.5 kg of PC “Agro-Matic” as part of the diet. The number of pathogenic microorganisms, such as peptococci, which cause purulent-necrotic diseases, was significantly lower in animals that received 1.0 kg of PC "Agro-Matic" as part of the diet, and fusobacteria, which cause necrobacteriosis, was significantly lower in the ruminal fluid of the 3rd experimental group of cows. However, reliable values for the content of fusobacteria were obtained by animals of the 3rd experimental group, who received 1.5 kg of PC, and amounted to 0.8 % against 3.5 % in the control. Molecular genetic studies conducted on lactating cows show that the state of the rumen microbiome affects not only the efficiency of feed digestion, but also the immune system, health status, level of productivity, and the term of productive longevity of animals (Laptev et al., 2016). When the balance of the microbiome in the rumen is disturbed, there is increased growth of pathogens that can colonize other biotopes of the animal body, the decrease in the body's resistance to infections decreases, which can lead to limb damage, metabolic disorders, diseases of the reproductive organs, digestion, and other diseases (Flint & Thomson, 1990). The obtained data show that when the daily feeding rations of lactating cows include PC “Agro-Matic” in the amount of 1.5 kg per head per day, there were no deviations in the state of health and digestive processes in the gastrointestinal tract of animals.

4 CONCLUSION Comprehensive studies on the inclusion of different levels of PC «Agro-Matic» instead of other protein feed in the diet of the cows on the farm of Agricultural production cooperative «Plemzavod Maisky» allow us to draw the following conclusions: The level of ME in soybean meal is slightly inferior to PC, so the content of ME in soybean meal is 12.1 MJ/kg, and in PC – 12.96 MJ/kg. The concentration of raw protein in 1 kg of dry matter in soybean meal is 48.35 %, sunflower cake – 39.13, and in PC it is up to 62.5 %. Analysis of data on the biochemical parameters of the blood of cows fed different levels of PC “Agro-Matic” showed that all the values of the studied indicators were within the physiological norm.

Buryakov N.P., Laptev G.Yu., Ilina L.A., Buryakova M.A., Zaikina A.S., Kasatkina I.A., and D.E. Aleshin

The concentration of ketone bodies when using PC in the blood serum of animals from the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups was lower compared to the animals of the 1st control group. According to the content of urea and amine nitrogen (nitrogen of free amino acids) in the blood of cows, a downward trend was observed in the experimental groups. Thus, the inclusion of PC in the amount of 1.0 kg/head/day contributed to a decrease in urea in the blood by 11.51 %, and at the level of 1.5 kg/head/day increased by 3.00 % in relation to the control. In all groups of animals, there were no significant deviations from the norm in the level of pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen fluid of lactating cows in 1/3 of lactation. These results indicate that feeding is balanced and there are no signs of metabolic disorders and the development of lactate acidosis. The results of the research also show that the inclusion of 1.0-1.5 kg of PC “Agro-Matic” in feed did not cause deviations in the state of health of animals and did not disturb the digestive processes in the gastrointestinal tract of lactating cows.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Data can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors express their gratitude to Agro-Matic LLC for the support of free-of-charge production and the provision of PC for research. We also express our gratitude to APC "Plemzavod Maysky" for experiment assistance, including all agricultural work and experimentation of animals.

7 CONFLICT OF INTEREST All authors declare no internal conflict of interest.

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*Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

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National Ressearch Council. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, USA. Overton T.R. & M.R. Waldron. (2004). Nutritional Management of Transition Dairy Cows: Strategies to Optimize Metabolic Health. Journal of Dairy Science. 87: E105-E119. Pethick D.W., et al. (1987). Non-esterified long chain fatty acids metabolism in feed sheep at rest and during exercise. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 40(2). 221-234. Piva G., et al. (2001). Effect of temperature, pressure and alkaline treatments on meat meal quality. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 89(1-2), 59-68. Pivnyak, I.G. & B.V. Tarakanov. Microbiology of ruminant digestion. Мoscow: Colos, 1982, 247. Poghosyan, D.G. (2014). The quality of protein in feeds for ruminant animals: a monograph. Penza: RIO PGSKHA, 133. Puniya, A.K., et al. (2015). Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution Springer, New Deli, 379. Rode, L.M. (2000). Maintaining a healthy rumen review. Advances in Dairy Technology. 12,101-108. Romanenko, L.V., V.I. Volgin. (2007). Features of feeding and ration systems for highly productive dairy cows. Agricultural biology, 4, 20-28. Ryadchikov, V.G. (2006) Norms and rations of feeding of agricultural animals: methodology, errors, prospects. Agricultural biology. 4: 68-81. Samburov, N.V., et al. (2012). Assessment of the state of metabolism in highly productive cows. Bulletin of the Kurgan agricultural Academy, 1, 83-86. Schingoethe, D.J. (1996). Dietary influence on protein level in milk and milk yield in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 60(3-4), 181-190. Silva A.L., et al. (2018). Effects of rumen undegradable protein on intake, digestibility and rumen kinetics and fermentation characteristics of dairy heifers. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 244, 1-10. Sizova, Yu.V. & A.S. Zelenina. (2010). Productivity and technological properties of cow's milk with different amino acid composition of the exchange protein in the diet. Agricultural biology, 6, 50-53. Slanina Ľ, et al. (1992). The metabolic profile of cattle in relation to health and production (in Slovak). Ústav vedeckých informácií a osvety, Bratislava, pp. 115 Soriani N., et al. (2012). Relationships between rumination time, metabolic conditions, and health status in dairy cows during the transition period. Journal of Animal Science. 90(12), 4544-4554. Svarich, D.A., Truchachev V.I., & N.Z. Zladnev. (2007). Productivity of cows with different protein breakdown in the rumen. Problems of biology of productive animals, 2, 109-119. Terramoccia S., et al. (2000). Protein and protein-free dry matter rumen degradability in buffalo, cattle and sheep fed diets with different forage to concentrate ratios. Livestock Production Science. 65(1-2), 185-195. Trafimov, I.A. (2001). Metabolism and productivity. Metabolic disorders in highly productive cows under various conditions of keeping and feeding. Agricultural biology, 2, 27-41. Vashchekin, E.P. (2005). Metabolism of nitrogenous substances in repair bulls with different sources of feed protein in the diet. Agricultural biology, 6, 40-45. Volgin, V.I., & E.A. Korochkina. (2018). Full-fledged feeding of dairy cattle is the basis for realizing the genetic potential of productivity, Moscow. RAS, 260. Wattie, M.A, V.T. Howard (2003). Basic aspects of milk production, Madison: U.S. Livestock Genetics Export, 139. *Corresponding author (D.E. Aleshin) Email: pitanieskota@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Weimer P.J. (2015). Redundancy, resilience, and host specificity of the ruminal microbiota: implications for engineering improved ruminal fermentations. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 296-312. Yokoyama M.T., K.A. Johnson. (1988). Microbiology of the rumen and intestine, in the ruminant animal digestive physiology and nutrition. D.C. Church, ed. Wavel and Press, Inc., IL, 145-171 Yu P., et al. (2002). An analysis of the nutritive value of heat processed legume seeds for animal production using the DVE/OEB model: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 99(1-4), 141-176. Yudin, M.F. (2001). Diseases. The physiological state of the body of cows in different seasons of the year. Veterinary science, 2, 38-56. Professor Dr. Buryakov Nikolay Petrovich is Professor and Head of the Department of Animal Feeding of the Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. His research focuses on the issues of Rational, Complete Nutrition of Animals and Poultry.

Dr. Laptev Georgy Yurievich is Director of BIOTROF LLC. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. For the development of Modern Technologies to increase the Productivity of Farm Animals through the regulation of the Microbiome, he was awarded the 2017 Prize in Science and Technology by The Government of Russian Federation and the Honorary Title of Laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation in Science and Technology.

Ilina Larisa Aleksandrovna is Head of the Molecular Genetic laboratory of BIOTROF LLC. She is a candidate of Biological Sciences For the Development of Modern Technologies to increase the Productivity of Farm Animals through the regulation of the Microbiome, the Government of the Russian Federation Awarded the 2017 Prize in Science and Technology and Awarded the Honorary Title of Laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation in Science and Technology.

Buryakova Maria Alekseevna is a Senior Lecturer, the Department of Animal Feeding of the Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research areas include Production of Livestock Products with specified Functional Properties.

Zaikina Anastasia Sergeevna is a Senior Lecturer, the Department of Animal Feeding at the Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev. Candidate of Biological Sciences. Her research areas are Balanced complete Feeding of Farm Animals and Poultry.

Kasatkina Irina Aleksandrovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Animal Science and Biology of the Vologda state Dairy and Economic Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin, Chief zootechnic of the APC «Plemzavod Maisky» Farm in the Vologda region. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research is Balanced complete Feeding of Farm Animals, Feed Production.

Aleshin Dmitrii Evgen`evich is an Assistant of the Department of Animal Feeding Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev. He is a Winner of the all-Russian Competition for the Best Scientific Work among students, postgraduates and young scientists of Higher Educational Institutions of the Ministry of agriculture of Russia (2019). His research is Protein Nutrition of Dairy Cattle.

Buryakov N.P., Laptev G.Yu., Ilina L.A., Buryakova M.A., Zaikina A.S., Kasatkina I.A., and D.E. Aleshin

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14B ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES OF REPLACEMENT HYBRID DOE RABBITS TO INDUSTRIAL HOUSING CONDITIONS OF AGROTECHNOPARK 1*

S.N. Zdanovich , A.N. Dobudko , V.A. Syrovitsky , O.N. Yastrebova , 2 1 V.V. Smirnova , N.A. Sidelnikova 2, T.V. Kreneva 1

Department of General and Special Zootechnics, Belgorod State Agricultural University named after V. Gorin, Belgorod, RUSSIAN FEDERATION 2 Department of Agricultural Production and Processing Technology Belgorod Region, Belgorod State Agricultural University named after V. Gorin, Belgorod, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. ARTICLEINFO

ABSTRACT

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 01 May 2020 Accepted 29 May 2020 Available online 29 July 2020

Industrial rabbit breeding is currently a high-potential livestock industry. Rabbits are characterized by large litter and early maturity. Increasing meat production of industrial breeding rabbits will meet domestic market needs, create industry conditions, and thus increase profits. To study rabbit adaptation, two groups of replacement doe rabbits were kept in a two-tier, two-sided all-metal mesh battery and in cages for the outdoor keeping of rabbits, for 30% of the core herd. The density of keeping replacement young animals was 4-5 animals in a cage; doe rabbits selected for replacement were born from doe rabbits with large litters and much milk which had grown at least 90% of their baby rabbits. Experimental groups received a diet of granulated compound feeds for rabbits. Veterinary hygiene conditions were the same. All females left for herd replacement were evaluated by live weight, body type, and density of hair on their legs. Replacement doe rabbits had an average live weight of 3.5 kg, body type and density of hair met the requirements for hybrids. This study recommends replacing obsolete cages for keeping rabbits with industrial-type cages that will facilitate work with breeding and replacement rabbits, as well as increase output products for the room with the same area. Laboratory of rabbit breeding of “Agrotechnopark” Academic and Research Innovation Center meets the requirements for modern livestock buildings concerning conditions of keeping, zoological hygiene, feeding, bacterial contamination, and accordingly has the potential for additional purchases of rabbits to expand the base.

Keywords: Zootechnical parameters; Reproductive capacity; Rabbit housing system; Replacement young rabbits; Industrial breeding rabbits; Rabbit house microclimate parameters.

Disciplinary: Animal Agriculture Business.

Sciences,

Zootechnics, Biological

Science;

*Corresponding author (S.N. Zdanovich) Email: szdanovich@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.269

1. INTRODUCTION For industrial breeding in Russian farms, rabbits have several competitive advantages over other types of farm animals: high fertility, the ability to have up to 8 litters from one doe rabbit during a production year, early maturity, dietary properties of rabbit meat, lack of competition in rabbit meat market (Sysoev, 1985; Zdanovich, 2018; Zdanovich, 2019; Lesnyak and Dobudko, 2006; Trubchaninova, 2014a, 2014b; Plotnikov, 1989). The quantitative and qualitative composition of rabbit products largely depends on pedigree features, hereditary traits, environmental factors, and intensive economic use of animals (Sysoev, 1990; Plotnikov, 1984; Roussky, 2017; Nigmatullin, 2014). Many specialists in this industry, to obtain rabbit meat, work with domestic rabbits with high early maturity, and increased body weight. Many rabbit breeders often use rabbits of domestic Serebristy breed with high maturity and large live weight. In the course of mastering industrial technology, it turned out that rabbits as productive animals were poorly studied. Rabbits are studied more from the point of biology and medicine than as an object of agriculture. This to a large extent can explain the ups and downs of rabbit breeding development in our country. These multiple ups and downs show an insufficient level of knowledge, and meanwhile, using genetic potential is one of the important reserves for rabbit breeding. Stockbreeding and selection for heterosis should be of importance (Dobudko, 2018; Kornienko, 2019; Trubchaninova, 2014c, 2014d; Zdanovich, 2017; Koschayev et al., 2019). Therefore, the study of the adaptation features of rabbits during the conversion of breeding into industrial one makes allows significant increases in the productions of rabbit products without additional capital investments and improving the quality of rabbit breeding products. The purpose of this research is to study the adaptive abilities of hybrid rabbits to the industrial housing system based on the rabbit farm of Belgorod State Agricultural University named after V. Gorin. The following tasks were set for achieving this goal: − to study the technique of artificial insemination of replacement hybrid doe rabbits, the main indicators of the reproductive ability of rabbits, − to study the intensity of growth and development of rabbits by age and their productive qualities, − to study sanitary and hygienic conditions of raising, to perform bacterial and microbiological assessment of technological equipment, feeding, − to perform bacterial and microbiological assessment of rabbits’ slaughter products in order to study the environmental cleanness for heavy metals in meat.

2. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 2.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in the conditions of the rabbit breeding laboratory of “Agrotechnopark” Academic and Research Innovation Center of Belgorod State Agricultural University. The object of scientific research was replacement young rabbits kept in a two-tier, two-sided all-metal mesh battery and in cages for the external keeping of rabbits. For this purpose, replacement doe rabbits were divided into two groups which amounted to 30% of core herd. The density of keeping replacement young animals was 4-5 animals in a cage; doe rabbits selected for

S.N. Zdanovich, A.N. Dobudko, V.A. Syrovitsky, O.N. Yastrebova, V.V. Smirnova, N.A. Sidelnikova, T.V. Kreneva

replacement were born from doe rabbits with large litters and much milk which had grown at least 90% of their baby rabbits. All rabbits were healthy, viable, with a live weight of 1-1.2 kg. At 3-3.5 months of age, the re-selection of replacement animals was carried out. Females were kept 2-3 animals per cage. Young rabbits were estimated by live weight, general body build, and hair thickness. Upon reaching puberty and weight of 3.5 kg, replacement doe rabbits were mated, then after 12 days, they were checked for pregnancy. Fertilized does were joined to the core herd. In autumn, checked doe rabbits which rose 6-8 ready to be separated baby rabbits were joined to the core stock. Experimental groups received a ration made from granulated compound feeds for rabbits produced by Biorhythm company; as well as the rest of the rabbit stock in the laboratory, except for males who additionally received dry forage of good quality. Zoological hygiene conditions of housing were the same. In terms of reproductive capacity, reproductive features were of particular importance: pregnancy of doe rabbits (its duration), multiple pregnancies, and parameters of milk production. We studied the parameters of quantity and quality of obtained and reared baby rabbits in different litters, and also the live weight of litter before separating and the uniformity of litter of one doe rabbit from kindling to kindling. Milk production and early maturity were the basic parameters for the assessment. Data were processed according to the method of N.A. Plokhinsky (1978). Difference in values was considered significant * - P <0.05, ** - P <0.01, *** - P <0.001.

2.2 ORGANIZATION OF RABBITS FEEDING The total duration of the experiment was 6 months. Rabbits were fed and watered ad libitum. During the experiment, dry food was used for the entire livestock in the conditions of the rabbit breeding laboratory. The contract was concluded with OOO Biorhythm. Biorhythm company was established in 2009, the company’s activities are aimed at providing high-quality compound feedings produced following their own recipes using feed additives corresponding to a certain period of keeping animals and birds. Compound feedings were put into feeders for replacement young animals – daily, for lactating doe rabbits and young animals – once every 2 days when feeding ad libitum. Feeding was in the form of granules of 3.2 mm, with a shelf life of 4 months from the day they were produced, non-toxic, with humidity 10.6%, without any genetically modified products, developed according to GOST R52812-2007 (Table 1). Table 1: Recipe for compound feed PZK-91 (2359) Feeding components Wheat Grass flour Oilcake Soybean meal Corn Feed chalk Sunflower oil Sodium chloride

Value 34.98% 24.91% 10.80% 6.90% 10.0% 2.00% 0.50% 0.12%

It should be noted that when feeding replacement young animals, the provision of full-value diets should be constant: until rabbits reach a weight of 4.5 kg at the age of 165 days with an average daily *Corresponding author (S.N. Zdanovich) Email: szdanovich@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.269

gain of 20 g during the growing period, as it was observed in our experiment. Compound feeding fully complies with the standard parameters for feeding rabbits. The provision of animals with mineral and vitamin complexes is of great importance when raising rabbits for herd replacement. From trace elements in rabbits’ diet, most often there is a lack of iron, copper, zinc, and manganese. The composition of feeding used by us showed no deficiency in these mineral substances. The need for energy and nutrients is of particular importance for young rabbits. Rabbits cannot synthesize protein from inorganic nitrogenous substances and get it only from plants or feed of animal origin. Optimal fiber level in rabbit diets is also important, so, the studies of animal feed meeting 100% of rabbit needs in nutrients were conducted in the microbiological laboratory of Belgorod State Agricultural University (Table 2). Table 2: Level of protein and fiber in the feeding used in laboratory Name KS-PZK-91 compound feed for rabbits

Parameters, % Crude protein Crude fiber 15.90 14.4

The desired level for high productivity is the following: crude protein 16-18%, crude fiber 12-15%. It fully complies with crude protein and crude fiber in the tested feeding sample. Currently, in the framework of an acute issue of environmental pollution by industrial waste, there is a danger of increasing their content in plants and, consequently, in food products and feeding of plant origin. Highly toxic substances such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and others pose the greatest danger to human health. Therefore, it was decided to conduct a study of the compound feed sample for the presence of toxic elements (Table 3). Table 3: Toxic elements in KS-PZK-91 compound feed Cd 0.048

Рb 0.093

Hg Not found

As 0.030

An indicator of environmental safety of products is developed and recommended threshold limit value (TLV) of toxins: lead 0.5 mg/kg, arsenic 0.1 mg/kg, cadmium 0.05 mg/kg, mercury 0.03 mg/kg. (Kaplin, 2006). These heavy metals are dangerous toxins: cadmium is the strongest poison transported by blood; the main targets are liver and kidneys. Lead, a toxic metal, affects the hematopoietic and nervous system causing anemia, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. Arsenic is used in agriculture: herbicides, fungicides, various preservatives – all of them contain arsenic. Mercury compounds getting into the body cause both acute and chronic poisoning. Data specified in Table 3 showed that KS-PZK-91 compound feed supplied according to the contract by Biorhythm company has the concentration of heavy metals within limited values; our study revealed no mercury in it. The feed is a key link in any technological map for the production of livestock products. Together with feed, toxic or pathogenic microorganisms can get into an animal’s body, so we considered it necessary to conduct a study of animal feeds that make up 100% of animals’ diet for several pathogens. Data in Table 4 showed that there are no bacteria in compound feeds by Biorhythm company, so, the risk of infection of rabbits is reduced and consequently, clean carcasses can be obtained.

S.N. Zdanovich, A.N. Dobudko, V.A. Syrovitsky, O.N. Yastrebova, V.V. Smirnova, N.A. Sidelnikova, T.V. Kreneva

Table 4: KS-PZK-91 feed mix Parameters Enteropathogenic E. coli Salmonella

Results; units of measurement Not found in 50.0 Not found in 50.0

Reference document for study method Rules for bacteriological research of feeds No. 11 approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR on 10.06.1975.

2.3 FEATURES OF RABBIT HOUSING It is a known fact that the state of health, productive qualities, reproductive ability, growth, and development of young animals depend to a large extent on the conditions of housing and care for animals. In the conditions of the rabbit breeding laboratory, rabbits live in a house with an adjustable microclimate. One of the important stages of rabbit farm modernization is the replacement of KSK-1 cages for rabbits with cages of an industrial sample (two-tier, double-sided all-metal mesh battery). This formed the basis for assessing the adaptation of young animals to new conditions. Two cages of the industrial design were mounted in a rabbit house, for replacement doe rabbits of experimental group 1; 2 animals in each cage, the whole group amounted to 18 animals. Experimental group 2 was kept in KSK-1 cages that were in operation for several years. Feeding and drinking conditions were the same, and all animals were in the same zoological hygiene conditions. Hygiene issues are very important in rabbit breeding, especially when animals are bred in enclosed spaces with a high concentration of livestock. Microclimate, air environment, and technological factors are of great importance. Rabbits are kept in a room with an artificially formed microclimate that has a directed effect on them. Air is the most important element of the biosphere; temperature conditions, humidity, atmospheric pressure, air velocity, light exposure, gas concentration are vitally important. Animals were relatively easy to adapt to various environmental factors and can maintain constant body physiological functions. Rabbits most often react on increased ammonia concentrations which irritate the airways and open port of infection. Basic microclimate parameters are shown in Table 5. Table 5: Parameters of microclimate in rabbit house during the experiment Parameters Temperature, С0 Relative humidity, % Air velocity, m/s Ammonia concentration, mg/m3 Hydrogen sulfide concentration, mg/m3 CO2 concentration,% Lighting at the level of animal, lux Daylight hours, h

At the level of the reticular floor of the cage 14 75 0.3 3-5 0 0.04 -

Core herd At the level of the animal in the cage 15.5 75 0.3 3-5 0 0.03 100 15

At the level of the top door 15 75 0.3 3-5 0 0.03 -

Analysis of data in Table 6 revealed that the premises of the rabbit farm correspond to standard basic parameters for microclimate. Average temperatures in Сelcius during the experiment were defined based on the readings of the thermograph, relative humidity was determined by the readings of M-16-A hygrograph with weekly recording systems, ammonia content was defined using UG-2 universal gas analyzer, and lighting level was measured with the help of Yu-17 light meter. Microclimate in rabbit breeding rooms should be optimal and ensure the normal functioning of all organs and systems of rabbits. Any disturbances of microclimate – excessive heat, moisture, *Corresponding author (S.N. Zdanovich) Email: szdanovich@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.269

increased level of harmful gases in the air, as well as microbes and dust – lead to a sharp decrease in the resistance of rabbit organism and, as a result, to the rapid spread of infections. Atmospheric air contains by volume: nitrogen 78.09%, oxygen 20.95, argon 0.93, carbon dioxide 0.03%, inert gases in a small amount (carbon monoxide, methane, ozone, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, etc). Harmful gases accumulate in the air of rabbit houses which are the result of their living and decomposition of their excrements: carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc. Lighting is also within normal for rabbits, as the room was fully equipped with incandescent lamps which have a significant effect on the reproductive function of checked young doe rabbits. The lighting system is still under reconstruction; energy-saving lamps for industrial premises are expected. Ventilation in rabbit house is natural, two fans are also mounted according to the principle of air suction, but in summer, at high ambient temperatures, artificial ventilation moves hot air from natural ventilation shafts what increases room temperature, so the fans are turned on in the morning and in the evening. Rooms are constantly monitored for drafts; they are unacceptable even in warm premises. Assessment of bacterial contamination at the rabbit farm (Methodological guidelines for quality control of disinfection of the objects subject to veterinary supervision (approved by the Main Veterinary Directorate of the USSR State Agro-Industrial Committee on May 16, 1988, No. 432-3)) revealed that no bacteria of Escherichia coli group (BECG) were found on drinking bowls, but they were found, after growing cycle, on the feeders in the number of cages (appendix); this is not an abnormality of the growing regime and is explained by having several rabbits in the limited space of cage. BECG presence also shows that cages need to be disinfected, and it is regularly carried out in the laboratory during the technological gap between rabbit growing cycles. Treatment is carried out using burning the cages with a gas burner, such processing is the most effective. Before burning, the whole cage is thoroughly cleaned and wiped. Disinfection takes a few minutes. In our research, we considered it necessary to study, among other things, the insemination of technological equipment of rabbit-breeding premises for the presence of salmonous bacteria; for it, we made washings from eight different feeders and drinking bowls in rabbit house (Table 6). Table 6: Washings of rabbit farm cage equipment Defined parameters Feeders Drinking bowls

Results No salmonella No salmonella

Reference document Guidelines for quality control of disinfection of the objects subject to veterinary supervision (approved by the Main Veterinary Directorate of the USSR State Agro-Industrial Committee on May 16, 1988, No. 432-3)

Salmonella bacteria are fairly stable: they can live for a long time in dust, dried feces, manure, soil, water, and animal feeds while maintaining virulence. Biothermal disposal of manure leads to Salmonella inactivation only after three weeks. The main condition is obligatory compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules and standards of keeping and feeding animals; the team of “Agrotechnopark” Academic and Research Innovation Center emphasized these problems.

2.4 HERD REPLACEMENT ORGANIZATION

Young animals were separated on the 45th day of raising; young animals for replacement were taken from each litter and had a live weight of at least 500 g at 1 month of age. They were divided according to the sex: doe rabbits for replacement, male rabbits for fattening. In cages of industrial design and in KK-1 cages there were replacement doe rabbits, 4 animals per cage, up to 3 months of

S.N. Zdanovich, A.N. Dobudko, V.A. Syrovitsky, O.N. Yastrebova, V.V. Smirnova, N.A. Sidelnikova, T.V. Kreneva

age, then they were separated by 2 animals. In total, the number of doe rabbits participating in the experiment was 36, 18 animals in each group. All young animals obtained from doe rabbits of the core herd were marked using a tattoo earmarker. Growth and development of replacement young animals were monitored by monthly weighing and individual examination. Table 7 shows a comparison of changes in the live weight of rabbits. Table 7: Changes in the live weight of rabbits during their growth, g. Age, days At birth 30 60 90 120

Group 1 75.77±0.2 965.17±5.2 1,844±5.42 2,200±16.71 3,200±17.82

Group 2 77.88±0.27 1,001.3±7.20 2,010.7±17.81 2,250±17.71 3,210±17.90

For an investigation of changes in live weight, all doe rabbits left for herd replacement were evaluated by live weight, body build, and density of hair on the legs. Replacement doe rabbits had an average live weight of 3.5 kg body type and density of hair met the requirements for hybrids. The livability of replacement livestock in experimental groups corresponded to zootechnical standards and was somewhat higher in the first group of doe rabbits kept in the cages of industrial design (Table 8). Table 8: The survival rates of rabbit livestock, %. Days 30 60 90 120

Groups 1 100 99 98 98

Groups 2 100 97 97 96

The percentage of rabbit mortality in all experimental groups does not exceed established standards. But there was an increase in livestock livability in the first experimental group kept in the cages of industrial design. Daily average gains in live weight in rabbits of experimental groups during the fattening period averaged 20 g what is typical for meat and fur-producing rabbits. Replacement doe rabbits were mated after reaching puberty and a live weight of 3.5 kg. The laboratory purchased all components for teaching students artificial insemination. Therefore, we considered it reasonable to carry out mating by artificial insemination. Assessment of readiness of doe rabbits for mating was assessed by the condition of their external organs, Table 9. Table 9: Readiness of doe rabbits for mating Experimental groups Group 1 Group 2

Form of the vaginal opening Swollen, folds sharply pronounced, no angle Rounded, swollen, folds sharply pronounced, no angle

Color of the vaginal opening Red with deep red tone Deep red

Based on our observations and the data specified in Table 10, it can be seen that all the females in experimental groups were ready for mating and had the shape and color of the vaginal opening characteristic of females at the stage of heat. Assessment of fresh sperm was carried out according to the method of Milovanov (1962). Only healthy males of strong body type, tested for the quality of offspring and with good sexual reflexes, *Corresponding author (S.N. Zdanovich) Email: szdanovich@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.269

were selected for taking seminal material. Doe rabbits in heat were determined by the state of their genitals according to the method of Nigmatullin (2007). A definite increase in the percentage of pregnant doe rabbits was revealed as their readiness for mating increased. Also, their fertility and the number of separated young animals by 45 days increased. Table 10: Parameters of working with doe rabbits Parameters Mated doe rabbits Of them fertilized % of pregnant doe rabbits Fertility per 1 doe rabbit, pcs

Group 1 17 15 88 8.50±0.33

Group 2 16 14 87 8.01±0.30

Results of studies revealed that in the conditions of this farm, the fertility of doe rabbits after artificial insemination was fairly high. Every loss of baby rabbits is undesirable. Results of summarized data on kindlings show that a decrease in stillborn rabbits is observed with fertility from 1-5 per litter. High fertility is typical for doe rabbits who gave a significant number of baby rabbits during their first kindling, Table 11. Table 11: Productivity of doe rabbits Parameters Duration of pregnancy, days Fertility, pcs Live weight of litter at birth, g: Separated baby rabbits for 1 doe rabbit in 45 days, pcs Live weight of 1 animal, g in 45 days Live weight of 1 animal, g in 60 days

Group 1 31.4±0.56 8.8±0.31* 550±0.31* 8.1±0.15* 1,300±23 1,505±31*

Group 2 31.0.44 8.5±0.35* 512±21* 8.0±0.14* 1,453±31 1,647±29

Maternal qualities are assessed by the output of separated baby rabbits. In our research, we studied the maternal qualities of doe rabbits and the livability of baby rabbits up to 60 days of age. The main parameter of the reproductive capacity of rabbits is the percentage of offspring livability. According to the total number of baby rabbits left by the doe rabbit, significant differences were obtained for the second and third groups (P <0.001) and (P <0.01), respectively, see Table 12. Table 12: Basic parameters of the reproductive capacity of doe rabbits Parameters The livability of young animals in 21 days,% Mortality up to 4 months of age,% The livability of young rabbits up to 60 days of age, %

Group 1 97.7±0.15 1.3±0.33 95.6±0.22

Group 2 98.2±0.24 1.1±0.28 97.0±0.55

Rabbit growth curve after birth was characterized by the following parameters: the live weight of baby rabbits by 6th day increased 2 times, by the 10th day – 3 times, by the 20th day – 5-6 times, by the 30th day – 9-10 times. Baby rabbits grow more intensively up to 4 months of age. By this time they reached 85% of the size and 65% of the live weight of adult rabbits which corresponds to zootechnical standards. Table 13 shows changes in body weight of rabbits. Table 13: Age-related changes in live weight of rabbits of experimental and control groups, g Age, days 30 60

Groups 1 2 1,262±19.08 1,360±18.07 1,709±21.81 2,100±18.46

S.N. Zdanovich, A.N. Dobudko, V.A. Syrovitsky, O.N. Yastrebova, V.V. Smirnova, N.A. Sidelnikova, T.V. Kreneva

Comparing age-related changes in the live weight of rabbits with established standards, we can conclude that changes in live weight were positive, with the leadership of experimental group 2. The average daily weight gain in rabbits of experimental groups during the fattening period was 45.2 g. Rabbits were reared up to 75 days of age (broiler raising). Type of body build is associated with such economically important parameters as early maturity, meatness, quality of hair, vitality, and resistance to diseases. The type of body build in rabbits is determined by appearance and blockiness index. Table 14 shown exterior parameters and type of body build of rabbits. Table 14: Exterior parameters (average) and type of body build. Groups Body length, cm Chest girth, cm Index of blockiness, % Body build 1 57 36 63.2 mesosome 2 56 35 62.5 mesosome

Body development was assessed by linear parameters, i.e. by measurement of chest circumference behind shoulder blades and torso length with tape, to the accuracy of 0.5 cm. The blockiness index in experimental groups 1 and 2 was 63.2% and 62.5% what was 1.4% and 0.7% respectively higher than in the control group and corresponded to an intermediate, mesosome type of body build. Animals of this type are characterized by a compact, proportional body. Hair is dense, thick, pure white, with a thin fur lining, the skin is thin, dense (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Exterior assessment of rabbits.

2.5 MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTS Before slaughtering rabbits for microbiological studies of carcasses, we evaluated meat productivity using carcasses, bloodless during slaughtering, without skin, head, limbs, and internal organs. Internal fat was not removed. Rabbit meat is of fine fiber structure, with uniform thin layers of adipose tissue that makes the meat marbling. There was insignificant subcutaneous fat on the carcass surface. The color of the carcasses was pale pink. In the course of our study, we paid special attention to the microbiological parameters of rabbit carcasses. Five carcasses were taken to our university microbiological laboratory for microbiological parameters and toxicity tests. Microbiological research methods reveal the degree of product *Corresponding author (S.N. Zdanovich) Email: szdanovich@rambler.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.269

contamination with microorganisms and allow defining upcoming changes in the quality of the product, its damage, see Table 15. Table 15: Microbiological studies of rabbit meat (fresh chilled) Parameters Quantity of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, CFU per 1.0 Coliform bacterias Pathogenic incl. salmonella L.monocytogenes

Results; units of measurement 8 CFU/g

References for test method GOST 10444.15

Not found in 1.0 Not found in 25.0 Not found in 25.0

GOST 31747 GOST 31659 GOST 32031

It should be noted that, according to microbiological tests, rabbit carcasses showed negative results for such important parameters as the presence of BECG, salmonella, L.monocytogenes. Tests for these bacteria show the purity of the product. The presence of these bacteria indicates the general sanitary state of production including equipment cleanliness. In our research, we considered it appropriate to test rabbit meat for toxic elements (Table 16). Table 16: Toxic elements in rabbit meat (general sample), mg/kg Cd 0.01

Рb 0.081

Hg Not found

As 0.024

According to TLV, it was found that the level of toxic elements in the carcasses produced in a rabbit breeding laboratory is several times lower than threshold limit values, and no mercury was detected. All this indicates the environmental safety of the product.

2.6 EFFICIENCY OF RABBIT PRODUCTS OUTPUT The final stages performed in the conditions of a rabbit farm, calculating the economic efficiency of rabbit raising, parameters of production costs, sale prices, live weight of rabbits, and the number of animals raised during the study period were taken into account, see Table 17. Table 17: Cost-effectiveness. Parameter Live weight of 1 animal in 60 days, kg Number of grown baby rabbits Total weight of sale, kg Cost of production, for 1 animal, RUR Sale price, RUR Expected income, thousand RUR

Groups 1 2 1.505 1.647 288 236 817.2 763.2 300 300 450 450 245.2 228.9

For successful rabbit raising, the intended raising of young animals is necessary which includes strict observance of the standards for raising rabbits in the conditions of rabbit house. Upon the minimum number of kindlings per year – 2, income will amount to 1.76 thousand RUR per one doe rabbit. Consequently, with average values of slaughter yield and sale prices, keeping rabbits in rabbit house and raising using complete feeds is cost-effective with an income of 23.0 thousand RUR.

3. CONCLUSION Based on these studies and their results, recommendations were made on the reasonability of replacing obsolete KSK-1 cages for keeping rabbits with industrial-type cages. Rabbit breeding laboratory of “Agrotechnopark” Academic and Research Innovation Center fully complies with the

S.N. Zdanovich, A.N. Dobudko, V.A. Syrovitsky, O.N. Yastrebova, V.V. Smirnova, N.A. Sidelnikova, T.V. Kreneva

requirements for modern livestock premises in terms of housing conditions, zoological hygiene parameters, feed, and accordingly has the potential for additional purchases of rabbit breeds to expand the established base. Feed base, level of bacterial contamination of rabbit carcasses, presence of toxic elements fully complies with the standards. At average values of slaughter yield and sale prices, keeping rabbits in rabbit house and raising using complete feeds is cost-effective with the minimum income of 23.0 thousand RUR. (This indicator is not reflected in Table 17.)

4. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

5. REFERENCES Dobudko A.N., Litvinov Yu.N. (2018). Influence of litter size on the general condition of baby rabbits. Organic Agriculture: Problems and Prospects: the XXII International Scientific and Practical Conference, Belgorod State Agricultural University, 332-334. Koschayev I., Boiko I., Kornienko S., Tatiyanicheva O., Sein O., Zdanovich S., Popova O. (2019). Effect of feeding broiler chickens with dry beet pulp. Advances in Biological Sciences Research Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium Innovations in Life Sciences. Kornienko S.A., S.N. Zdanovich, P.P. Kornienko. (2019). Features of rabbit meat production technology. Agrotechnopark Academic and Research Innovation Center, Belgorod: Polyterra publishing. Lesnyak A.P., Dobudko A.N. (2006). Effectiveness of growing rabbits in different housing conditions of the Central Black Earth Region. Herald of the Belgorod University of Cooperation, Economics and Law, 3, 93-94. Milovanov V.K. (1962). Reproduction biology and artificial insemination of animals. 781p. Nigmatullin, R.M. (2007). An effective method for determining sexual activity of doe rabbits. Rabbit Breeding and Fur Farming, 2, 30. Nigmatullin, R.M. (2014). Rabbit breeding experience of B.G. Menshov. Rabbit Breeding and Fur Farming, 5, 12. Plotnikov, V.G., Firsova, N.M. (1989). Breeding, feeding, and keeping rabbits. Agropromizdat, 223p. Plotnikov V.G. (1984). Rabbit breeding. Belgorod agricultural institute, 104p. Russkiy V.G. (2017). Organization of a modern rabbit farm for small forms of farming. Rabbit breeding and fur farming. 4(27). Sysoev V.S., Alexandrov, V.N. (1985). Rabbit breeding. Agropromizdat, 272p. Sysoev V.S. (1990). Features of reproduction: Homestead rabbit breeding. Rosagropromizdat, 6-7. Trubchaninova N.S. (2014a). Effectiveness of using probiotic “HydroLactiV” in rabbit breeding. Innovations in AIC: problems and prospects. 1, 89-94 Trubchaninova N.S., Pokhodnya, G.S., Fedorchuk, E.G., Eremenko, E.P. (2014b). Using HydroLactiV probiotic. Bulletin of the Kursk State Agricultural Academy, 1, 49. Trubchaninova N.S., G.S. Pokhodnya, S.N. Zdanovich, E.G. Fedorchuk, E.P. Eremenko. (2014c). Using “HydroLactiV” feed additive in doe rabbit diets. Problems and prospects of the innovative development of agricultural engineering, energy efficiency and IT technology: the XVIII international Scientific-Industrial Conference, Belgorod State Agricultural Academy, 127. Trubchaninova N.S., Kapustin, R.F. (2014d). Technological aspects of reproduction of rabbits. BIBCOM central collector of libraries, 127p. Zdanovich S.N. (2017). Assessment of reproductive capacity of doe rabbits of Serebristy breed having apiproducts in their diet. International Science Researches, 3, 391-396. *Corresponding author (S.N. Zdanovich) Email: szdanovich@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.269

Zdanovich, S.N., Kostenko, A.Yu. (2018). Reproductive capacity of doe rabbits of Serebristy breed having apiproducts in their diet. Issues of Agricultural Biology, 4, 113-121. Zdanovich S.N. Dobudko, A.N., Kostenko, A.Yu., Khokhlova, T.N. (2019). Evaluation of the reproductive capacity of Hycole meat-type doe rabbits in the case of their artificial insemination. Issues of agricultural biology, 3(13), 48. Zdanovich Svetlana Nikolaevna is an Associate Professor of the Department of General and Private Zootechnics of the Belgorod state agrarian University named after V. ya. Gorin. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Her scientific interest is the Development of Innovative Technologies for obtaining Environmentally Safe Meat of Farm Animals and Poultry.

Dobudko Alexander Nikolaevich is an Associate Professor of the Department of General and Private Animal Science, Belgorod state agrarian University named after V. Ya. Gorin. He is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. His scientific interest is Modern Technologies for Keeping Farm Animals and Poultry.

Syrovitsky Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich is an Associate Professor of the Department of General and Private Zootechnics, Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina”. He is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. His scientific interest is in the Use of Feed Additives of Various Origin and Spectrum of Activity in the Production of Livestock Products.

Yastrebova Olga Nikolaevna is an Associate Professor of the Department of General and Private Zootechnics, Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina. She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her scientific interest is Innovative Technologies that ensure the realization of the Genetically Determined Productivity Potential of Farm Animals and Poultry.

Smirnova Victoria Viktorovna is an Associate Professor of the Chair of Agricultural Production and Processing Technology of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her scientific interest is in the field of Technology for the Production and Processing of Plant Materials.

Sidelnikova Natalya Anatolyevna is an Associate Professor of the Chair of Agricultural Production and Processing Technology of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her scientific interest is in the field of Technology for the Production and Processing of Plant Materials.

Kreneva Tatyana Vasilievna is a Lecturer at the Department of General and Private Zootechnics, Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorina. Her scientific interest is in the field of Hygiene of Reproduction of Farm Animals.

S.N. Zdanovich, A.N. Dobudko, V.A. Syrovitsky, O.N. Yastrebova, V.V. Smirnova, N.A. Sidelnikova, T.V. Kreneva

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14C

APPLICATIONS OF FEED PUSHER ROBOTS ON CATTLE FARMINGS AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY 1

V.I. Nabokov , L.A. Novopashin , L.V. Denyozhko , A.A. Sadov 2 1 3 N.V. Ziablitckaia , S.A. Volkova , I.V. Speshilova

Department of Management and Law, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establish of Higher Education «Ural State Agrarian University» (FGBOU VO Uralsky GAU) Ekaterinburg, Karl Liebknecht ul., 42, 620075, RUSSIA. 2 Faculty of Economics and Management, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, pr.Lenina, 76, 454080, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Economics and Management, Orenburg branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Orenburg. ul.Pionerskaya. d.11, 460000 Russian Federation, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 06 May 2020 Accepted 01 July 2020 Available online 03 August 2020

Currently, robotics is used in various branches of agriculture. This study's main objective is to identify benefits and assess the economic efficiency of using robotics in cattle feeding. The robot feed pusher was tested in the Middle Urals. The feed pusher refers to agricultural robots, it has a body, track rollers, reversible DC drives, a control unit, and other elements, designed to move on the farm along the feed passage, while moving and mixing the feed into a homogeneous mass. The main advantages of using the food pusher robot are saving labour costs, increasing animal productivity, reducing feed losses as a result of irregular consumption by animals. The total economic effect of using the food pusher robot is 1,435.6 thousand rubles per year with a return on investment of 87.8%, and a payback period is 407 days. Limitations for the mass use of these robots may be the lack of free cash assets at farmers to introduce these robots, poor development or lack of rural infrastructure, and the possible unwillingness of workers to its introduction. The use of a feed pusher in cattle feeding has several undeniable advantages that expect an increase in the use of this type of robotics.

Keywords: Animal Farming; Livestock farming; Robotic application; Robot Trimmer; Robotic farming investment; Cattle feeding.

1. INTRODUCTION Currently, the greatest niche of agricultural robotics is milking robotics. The market is growing significantly in the segment of unmanned aerial vehicles that monitor and process agricultural lands. *Corresponding author (A.A.Sadov) Email: artemsadov@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.270

In the nearest future, the demand for robots to replace humans in operations with a high proportion of monotonous, hard hand labour: selective processing of crops, harvesting, etc. will increase. At the same time, the use of robotic feed pushers for feeding animals is gaining popularity. The process of making feed and foddering is one of the most labour-intensive operations at cattle breeding farms and, according to various estimates, requires from 25% (Grothmann et al., 2010; Pezzuolo et al., 2016) to 40% (Kupreenko et al., 2014) of working time. To automate the process of making feed and foddering at cattle farms, automatic feeding systems are introduced (Kupreenko et al., 2018; Morozov and Rasskazov, 2019), including feed pusher. One key advantage of automatic feeding systems is the possibility of a significant increase in the frequency of feeding up to 8 times or more per day (Bisaglia et al., 2012), reduction of feed loss as a result of uneven consumption, etc.(Katkov et al., 2019). Some studies concern observation of the influence of this parameter on the animalâ€™s behaviour, their productivity, and other physiological indicators (Grothmann et al., 2014; Mattachini et al., 2019). The use of robotics in agriculture (Morozova, 2017) will significantly increase the level of competitiveness of this industry (Voronin et al., 2019; Latvietis et al., 2013).

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The object of the study was one of the agricultural organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region OOO ÂŤYamovskyÂť of the Alapayevsky area of the Sverdlovsk Region, where the technology of loose keeping and robotic milking of the cattle was introduced. The subject of the study is the economic efficiency of using a feed pusher. The studies were carried out directly in the livestock barn, where animals are kept and a feed pusher robot is used. The study group included 200 cows. The average weight of one animal was 570 kg, while the milk yield per head reached 6800-7300 kg per lactation. In summer and winter, the feeding of the cattle did not differ and corresponded to the norms, while the fluctuation in milk yield in some months was insignificant, 24-27 kg per day. In a barn with robotics, the cattle got the main feed in a form of a feed mixture, it consisted of 85% rough and succulent grass feeds: including corn silage, hay from perennial grasses, and a small amount of hay; in summer, the green mass of perennial grasses were used. A mixture of concentrates made at the farm, including barley, molasses, salt and other additives had 10% in the feed mixture. Depending on productivity, the cattle got commercial feed in the form of granules, which was fed automatically in robotic milking. The main objective of the study is to identify prospects and assess the economic efficiency of the use of robotics in feeding the cattle. The following research tasks can be distinguished: 1) revealing the basic elements and the principle of applying the feeding robot-leveler; 2) determining the strengths of using a feed pusher robot in comparison to traditional technologies; 3) assessing the economic efficiency of the use of robotics in feeding based on the results of its use on the farm; 4) clarifying prospects and identifying restrictions in the use of a feed pusher in feeding the cattle. The economic-statistical and comparative analysis were used as general economic methods, a systematic approach, as well as other methods of scientific research, generalization and information processing, due to specific tasks of scientific work, were also used.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As of January 1, 2018, robotics in agriculture was used in 29 regions of the country by more than 110 organizations, primarily in the milk-and-food sector. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Sverdlovsk Region, as of January 1, 2019, 42 milking robotic units and two feed pushers were installed and used. The most intensive introduction of robotics in the Russian Federation was in 2014, however, later the pace of its introduction slightly decreased by 10.7% and 21.3% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. This was since all robotics used in the Russian Federation are of foreign manufacturers, and due to the changes in the exchange rate and the price rising of this equipment, it became too expensive for many agricultural organizations. The Lely Juno feed pusher of the Dutch company Lely, used at OOO «Yamovsky», is designed for use on livestock farms (cowsheds) with a feed fence of 102 x 4.5 meters. The robot is adapted to any barn, with the ability to work in several rooms at once, on the outdoor concrete floor (Figure 1).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Left track roller The engine of the left basic skating rink Right support katov Engine right track roller Front track roller

Figure 1: Sketch of the feed trimmer robot (top view). The feed pusher is powered by rechargeable batteries (on lead batteries: 2 low-voltage 12V batteries) and after each cycle of work, it returns to the charging station, which is installed in an accessible place at the feed alley. The charging station should be a 220/10 V (DC) power supply unit designed to recharge the robot batteries from an external network of 220V AC (Figure 2). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10

Emergency stop button Charger Hinged cover Gyroscope Charging battery Track roller engine Case Gyroscope Charger .E-link manual control panel

Figure 2: Sketch of the feed trimmer robot (side view) The main function of the feed-pusher is moving and simultaneous mixing the feed into a homogeneous mass on a feed table at a predetermined distance from the stalls to ensure proper access for animals to the feed. The robot must independently move and mix the animal feed 10-12 times a day into a homogeneous mass. There is a function of the safe movement of the robot (non-contact security system). The robot stops at a distance of 30-50 cm from the obstacle. It uses a distance sensor *Corresponding author (A.A.Sadov) Email: artemsadov@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.270

(sonar/sonar) on its front side. The reverse side and lateral sides are equipped with contact sensors that allow various maneuvers (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Lely Robot Trimmer in kind The Lely Juno battery feed pusher is suitable for any hard and smooth feed tables and can move along any feed fences. This robot model disadvantage is it can move only on a solid, smooth concrete floor with or without coating. Also, the floor should have a limited slope. Also, there is a risk of rutting on a bitumen pavement when it is used outside the barn in warm and hot weather. Another disadvantage is the significant amortization of the track rollers. A serious disadvantage also involves failures during movement due to the loss of orientation of the robot in the space. Determining the efficiency of using robotics in agriculture can be carried out based on measuring the particular effects of its use. Thus, the annual economic effect of using a feed pusher robot (Efp) consists of the sum of the particular effects resulting from its use: Efp =Epr + Esf + Elc – ΔArp -Ost

(1)

where Epr – the effect of the increase in the value of the products received, rub.; Esf – the effect of saving feed, rub.; Elc– the effect of saving labour costs, rub; ΔArp – changes of depreciation charges, rub.; Ost – the cost of services of third-party organizations for maintenance of robotics, rub. Moreover, to determine the annual economic effect of the use of this equipment, it is possible to use the above-mentioned approach (Table 1). Table 1: The economic efficiency of the use of a feed-pusher Type of efficiency The effect of increasing productivity, thous. rubles The effect of reducing feed losses, thous. rub. Saving on the payroll for the year, thous. rub The total economic outcome, thous. rub. Return on investment, % Payback period, days

Amount, rubles 172,4 923,0 340,2 1435,6 87,8 407,0

The calculations allow making the following conclusions. The reduction in feed losses 3.5-13%, while the unused feed cost decreases from 1214 to 294 thousand rubles. The total economic effect of reducing feed losses is 923 thousand rubles per year. The savings in the workers’ wages will be up to 340.2 thousand rubles per year. The effect of increasing labour productivity will be 172.4 thousand rubles. The calculations show that the total economic outcome is 1,435.6 thousand rubles per year with the return on investment 87.8%, and the payback period is 407 days. Table 2 identifies the prospects and limitations of the use of feed-pushers.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

Figure 4: LELY JUNO Automatic feed pusher (Courtesy of Lely.com). Table 2: SWOT analysis of the use of feed-pushers. Strengths Increase in animal productivity Savings in payment for labour The decrease in feed losses as a result of irregular consumption by animals Opportunities Availability of subsidies by the state for purchasing robots, feed-pushers Additional work in a highly-technological sector including programming & maintenance of robotics A decrease of hand unskilled labour in agriculture

Weaknesses Lack of available cash assets for the introduction of feed pushers Weak development or lack of the infrastructure Possibility of the unwillingness of workers to use Threats Apparent lag in introduction pace and research of robotics for agriculture Possibility of rising unemployment in rural areas with hand, unskilled labour Poor awareness of farmers about the capabilities of robots

The purchase of robots - feed pushers in the Russian Federation is subsidized by the state, that is, part of the cost for installation and payment to dealers is returned to the farmer. To support the farmers, a strategy for the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation until 2030 was adopted, one of its priorities is the transition within the next 10-15 years to digital, intelligent production technologies, robotic systems. This increases the possibility of further buying this machinery. A further increase in the number of used leveling robots feed-pushers will contribute to making additional workplaces in a high-tech sector, including programming, and maintenance of robotics. Finally, this can lead to a decrease in hand unskilled labour in agriculture. A significant threat for Russia is an apparent lag in scientific and technical development and research of robotics for agriculture. The solution to this problem may be joint organizations with foreign partners. The total use of robotics in the industry can increase the possibility of rising unemployment in rural areas with hand, unskilled labour. According to some forecasts, robotics, including in agriculture, could increase technological unemployment. This is especially true for the agrarian sector, where a significant proportion of the rural population is involved. It is necessary to identify the most vulnerable types of activities, which will allow formulating scientific and practical recommendations for public policy, as well as making personal career strategies for the future generation of personnel. The study of the threats of long-term technological unemployment in agriculture as a result of robotization is an urgent problem. We can also highlight the lack of awareness of farmers about the capabilities of robots. This may be associated with training in specialized educational institutions according to outdated programs. It is necessary to modernize the training system at higher agrarian, secondary special and professional educational institutions with an increase of active teaching methods, forming farmers' competencies in working with robotics. Obstacles for further use of robotics in agriculture, including feed pushers, are poor development or lack of infrastructure in rural areas, as well as the possibility of workers resisting the introduction *Corresponding author (A.A.Sadov) Email: artemsadov@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.270

of robots. The lack of free cash asses at farmers reduces significantly the possibility of technical modernization of the industry. Thus, robotization of feeding cattle at a livestock farm should be a priority, as there are objective causes for the use of this equipment and significant advantages of its use in comparison to traditional technologies, which are manifested at the level of economic entities, industry and the state as a whole.

4. CONCLUSION The use of feed pushers has significant advantages, including an increase in productivity as a result of stimulation of feed intake, a decrease in feed loss at feeding by an average of 50-75%, an increase in the duration of cow activities, and ensuring regular feed intake. The economic efficiency of using a feed pusher robot, the main effects include the increase in animal productivity 172.4 thousand rubles/year, reduction in feed losses - 923.0 thousand rubles/year, wage savings 340.2 thousand rubles/year. The total economic effect is 1,435.6 thousand rubles per year. The calculation of the economic efficiency of using the robot can be made as to the ratio of the total economic effect and the cost of purchasing and installing the robot, considering operating costs. The estimated return on investment is 87.8%, while the payback period is 407 days. Thus, the use of a feed pusher robot has many undeniable advantages. It is expected that in the future it is possible to increase the use of these robots, as there is an increase in personnel risks due to a decrease in the rural population and an increasing shortage of labour at rural areas.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-010-00636 А

7. REFERENCES Bisaglia C., Belle Z., Van den Berg G., & Pompe J. (2012) Automatic vs. Conventional Feeding Systems in Robotic Milking Dairy Farms: a Survey in the Netherlands. Proc. International Conference of Agricultural Engineering CIGRAgEng. Valencia, 100-104. Grothmann A., Moser L., Nydegger F., Steiner A., & Zähner M. (2014). Influence of Different Feeding Frequencies on the Rumination and Lying Behaviour of Dairy Cows. Proceedings International Conference of Agricultural Engineering. Zurich, 1-6. Grothmann A., Nydegger F., Häußermann A., & Hartung E. (2010) Automatic Feeding System (AFS) – Potential for Optimisation in Dairy Farming. Landtechnik, 2(65), 129-131. Katkov A. A., Kalimullin A. M., Sedykh T. A., Kozlovtsev A. P., Zatin I. M., Kuramshin M. R. (2019). The use of robotic technology in the conditions of the feeding complex. Bulletin of the Orenburg State Agrarian University, 3(77). 157-160. Kupreenko A.I., Isaev H.M. (2018). Mikhaylichenko S.M. Operation of an automatic feed car on a dairy farm. // Rural machine operator, 6, 32-33, 40. Kupreenko A.I., Isayev H.M., Polyanskaya A.I. (2014). On determining the operational performance of fodder cars // Bulletin of the Bryansk State Agricultural Academy, 1, 3-6. Latvietis Ya.Ya., Priekulis Yu.K., Salins A.D. (2013). Problems of providing cattle with concentrated feed during the introduction of loose housing and robotic milking. Actual problems of the intensive development of animal husbandry,16, Part 1, Gorki, 184-196. Morozov N.M., Rasskazov A.N. (2019). The main factors of increasing the efficiency of livestock production in Russia. Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises. 6, 12-15.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

Morozova N.I., N.G. Byshova, R.Z. Sadikov, O.V. Zharikova. (2017). The technology of milk production in the conditions of a robotic dairy complex at OOO Vakinsky Agro. Bulletin of the Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P.A. Kostycheva. 1(33), 39–43. Pezzuolo A., Chiumenti A., Sartori L., & Da Borso F. (2016). Automatic Feeding Systems: Evaluation of Energy Consumption and Labour Requirement in North-East Italy Dairy Farm. Engineering for Rural Development. 15, 882- 887. Voronin B.A., Mitin A.N., Pichugin O.A. (2019). .Management of digitalization processes in Russian agriculture. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 4(183), 86-95. Professor Dr. V.I. Nabokov is Professor. He holds a Doctor of Economics. His research interests are Economics and Management of Organizations, Industries Complexes; Consumer Market; Innovation Activity; Agricultural Problems.

L.A. Novopashin is an Associate Professor. He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. His scientific interests include Problems of Starting Up transport and Technological machines, Processes of Digitalization of Agriculture, Alternative Types of Energy.

L.V. Denyozhko is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of technical sciences. Her scientific interests are Working Processes in Internal Combustion Engines, the use of Digital Technologies in the study of Processes in Thermoelectric Thermometers, research of Alternative Types of Energy.

A. A. Sadov is a postgraduate student. His research interests are Renewable Alternative Types of Energy, Processes of Digitalization of Agriculture, Development of Robotic Complexes for Agricultural Needs.

Professor Dr. N. V. Ziablitckaia is Professor. She holds a Doctor of Economics. Her scientific interests are Business planning, competitive Advantages of the organization, Lean Manufacturing, Development of Petrochemical Clusters, Petrochemical Industry.

Volkova S.A. is a Postgraduate student. Her research interests are Digitalization of Agriculture, Robotization of Agriculture.

I.V. Speshilova is a Post-graduate student. Her research interests are Innovations, Investments, Agrotechservice, Dairy Cattle Breeding, Import Substitution, Three-level Technical Service System, Normative Indicators, Operating Parameters.

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “From Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agriculture” (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020. *Corresponding author (A.A.Sadov) Email: artemsadov@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.270

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14D

ASSESSMENT OF THE FINANCIAL CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE KURGAN REGION, RUSSIA 1

N.V. Roznina , M.V. Karpova , S.G. Dunicheva , M.I. Zakharova , 2 4 Yu.I. Ovchinnikova , E.N. Lapina 1

Department of Accounting and Finance, FSBEI HE Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, , Kurgan, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Economics and Agribusiness Organization, FSBEI HE Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”, Kurgan, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Biology and Veterinary Medicine, FSBEI HE Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, Kurgan, RUSSIA. 4 Department of Botany, Plant Growing, Breeding and Seed Production, FSBEI HE Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, named after V.D. Pavlova, Kurgan, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 30 April 2020 Accepted 23 July 2020 Available online 04 August 2020

Financial state is a phenomenon that is the result of the influence of a large number of factors determining the structure of capital, its movement, and the competitiveness of business entities. This paper describes a comprehensive study of the level of the financial condition of agricultural holdings in the Kurgan Region for 2016-2018; relative parameters of liquidity, financial stability, business activity, and return Keywords: Financial state; Liquidity; were used. Probability of bankruptcy was determined using scoring models developed by domestic (method developed by Russian scientists Financial stability; Business activity; Return; based on Altman method (1968, 1993), Irkutsk method (1998), method Bankruptcy; Indicator by Kolyshkin (2014) and Lys (1972), Gordon (1978)). The level of method. financial state of the organization by an indicator method was defined. Changes in basic directions of State support for producers of agricultural products in the Kurgan Region were examined, and the effectiveness of using budgetary funds was evaluated according to the methodology developed by the All-Russian Research Institute of Economics, Labor and Management in Agriculture. Disciplinary: Agriculture Business and Finance. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION Financial state of business entities, including Agro-Industrial Complex (AIC) organizations, is evident in their financial stability, solvency and business activity. *Corresponding author (M.V. Karpova) Email: mdusheva@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Financial state of agricultural enterprises is influenced by such factors as the level of depreciation of fixed assets, level of liquidity of assets, economy instability, industrial specialization of farms, level of return, share of borrowed funds, share of illiquid assets, and the system of managing production and marketing activities. These factors should be taken into account when assessing the financial condition of agricultural holdings (Neganova and Dudnik, 2019; Lerman, 2001). In 2018, 925 agricultural enterprises (agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing, and fish farming), 636 peasant (farms), and 178.7 thousand personal subsidiary farms of the population were functioning in the agro-industrial complex of the Kurgan Region. The Kurgan Region is the most important region of the Ural Federal District, since its share in Russia’s total agricultural production is 0.8%, and the share of the Ural Federal District is 13.5%. The Kurgan Region specializes in the production of grain crops (1.9% of the Russian Federation), vegetables (1.4%), potatoes (1.0%), milk (1.1%). The share of these types of agricultural products in the corresponding volumes in the Ural Federal District is from 11 to 27% (Kayukov et al., 2019; Medvedevа et al., 2019). Various parameters of the financial situation in economic entities are reflected in the many works e.g. Altman & Hotchkiss (1993).

2. METHOD The methods were used in this research include statistical method was used in initial collection of quantitative data and revealing general patterns on financial condition of agricultural organizations in Kurgan oblast; comparison method was used in confronting base year economic parameters with previous year’s ones; conclusions on economic trends were drawn out of it; coefficient research method allowed to identify financial proportions between various accounting articles.

3. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE, PROPOSALS AND IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS, EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH RESULTS Assessment of the financial state of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region was carried out using relative parameters, scoring models developed by domestic and foreign scientists; with indicator method, as well as the assessment of the effectiveness of agricultural enterprises taking into account using state support. Let us evaluate the financial condition of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region using relative parameters of liquidity, financial stability, business activity, profitability (Table 1). Table 1 was calculated according to the consolidated annual reports of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region. Solvency of the agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region increases, as evidenced by an increase in the current liquidity ratio by 0.05, in critical liquidity ratio by 0.1, and in the current liquidity ratio by 0.58. However, not all coefficients comply with regulatory restrictions what indicates the inability of agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan region to timely settle their obligations. Financial stability of the agricultural farms of the Kurgan Region is declining what is confirmed by decreased financial autonomy ratio by 0.03, solvency ratio by 0.17, increased financial dependence ratio by 0.08, and financial leverage ratio by 0.08. Business activity of the agricultural farms of the Kurgan Region is reduced, since the turnover

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

ratio of working capital decreased by 0.12, and the duration of one turnover increased by 39.21 days. Efficiency of agricultural enterprises in the Kurgan Region is declining as evidenced by the reduction in all return parameters (except for the return on sales). Table 1: Relative parameters characterizing the financial condition of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region Parameter Total liquidity ratio Current liquidity ratio Critical liquidity ratio Absolute liquidity ratio Coefficient of financial autonomy Coefficient of financial dependence Current debt ratio Long-term financial independence ratio Solvency ratio Financial leverage ratio

Standard 2016 limitation Liquidity parameters >1 0.95 ≥2 2.24 > 0.8 0.63 > 0.2 0.16 Financial stability parameters 0.6-0.7 0.61 0.5 1.64 0.1-0.2 0.25 0.5

0.75

1 1.56 1 0.64 Business activity parameters Working capital turnover ratio – total, times 1.12 including stocks 1.58 accounts receivable 5.30 financial investments and cash 16.19 Working capital turnover period – total, days 324.46 including stocks 231.48 accounts receivable 68.87 financial investments and cash 22.54 Profitability parameters, % Return on assets 10.73 Return on equity 17.35 Return on borrowed capital 25.94 Production profitability 20.28 Return on sales 16.40

2017

2018

Deviation 2018 from 2016, (+;-)

0.97 2.47 0.61 0.12

0.98 2.82 0.73 0.21

0.03 0.58 0.1 0.05

0.64 1.56 0.22

0.58 1.72 0.19

-0.03 0.08 -0.05

0.78

0.81

0.05

1.79 0.56

1.39 0.72

-0.17 0.08

1.05 1.41 5.25 21.12 348.91 259.34 69.53 17.29

1.00 1.36 5.47 13.42 363.67 267.53 66.74 27.20

-0.12 -0.21 0.17 -2.77 39.21 36.05 -2.13 4.66

8.87 13.61 24.32 17.82 15.14

8.76 14.91 21.86 16.64 16.64

-1.97 -2.43 -4.08 -3.64 0.25

To assess the risk of insolvency of the agricultural enterprises in the Kurgan Region, foreign and domestic bankruptcy probability models were used (Table 2). Table 2 was calculated according to the consolidated annual reports of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region Results of all models revealed that the risk of bankruptcy in the agricultural farms of the Kurgan Region is increasing every year. Altman’s model (1993) indicates that in 2016-2017 households had possible risk of bankruptcy, and in 2018 the risk of bankruptcy was high. Lys and Gordon models (1972, 1978) showed that the risk of bankruptcy in the agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan Region is minimal. Having estimated the probability of bankruptcy of the agricultural farms of the Kurgan Region, a high level of bankruptcy was defined by the model of domestic experts based on the Altman’s model, and the probability of bankruptcy is low according to the Irkutskaya and Kolyshkin models (1998, 2014). High probability of bankruptcy was noted in the models where pre-tax profit was used for calculation due to its low value (Greene, 2003). *Corresponding author (M.V. Karpova) Email: mdusheva@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Table 2: Models for quantitative assessing the probability of bankruptcy developed by foreign and domestic experts. Model E. Altman (1993) R. Lys(1972) L. Gordon (1978)

Bankruptcy assessment methodology by Russian scientists based on the Altman model Irkutskaya(1998) A.V. Kolyshkin (2014)

Models by foreign specialists parameter value probability of bankruptcy parameter value probability of bankruptcy parameter value probability of bankruptcy Models by domestic specialists parameter value probability of bankruptcy

2016

2017

2018

2.80 possible 0.074 low 1.436 low

2.93 possible 0.075 low 1.338 low

2.48 high 0.071 low 1.356 low

2.452

2.408

2.283

high

0.489 minimal 0.745 low 1.541 low 1.534 low

0.486 minimal 0.783 low 1.753 low 1.719 low

parameter value 0.549 probability of bankruptcy minimal Model parameter value 0.620 No.1 probability of bankruptcy low Model parameter value 1.405 No.2 probability of bankruptcy low Model parameter value 1.369 No.3 probability of bankruptcy low

Let us evaluate the financial condition of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region using an indicator method which is optimal, as it is based on a comprehensive assessment of the organizationâ€™s financial activity, eliminates conditions and subjectivity by establishing clear assessment criteria (Roznina and Karpova, 2019). Integrated method includes seven groups that comprehensively characterize the activities of agricultural farms in the Kurgan Region (Tables 3-9). For each parameter, a standard value was set which was used for bringing parameters into a comparable form by calculating the degree of relative deviation of the actual parameter from the standard If the optimization of parameter tends to increase, Ń…=

đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘–

đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘›

(1).

If the optimization of parameter tends to decrease, Ń…=

đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘–

(2).

where Đ°i is actual value of parameter; ain is standard value of parameter. Aggregate index for each group was defined by the summation of specified parameters and comparison with the standard which is equal to the number of parameters used for assessing the financial activities of organizations in each group (Roznina and Karpova, 2019b). Parameters of the property status of agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan Region are shown in Table 3.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

Table 3: Calculation of the aggregate index of property status Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

Parameter The share of current assets in the property of organization The share of accounts receivable in the property of organization Mobile assets ratio Organization property growth rate Aggregate index of property status

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

Standard

0.55

0.4-0.5

1.37

1.38

1,37

0.12

0.11

0.10

0.20

0.58

0.55

0,50

1.22 1.06

1.23 1.09 Standard actual

1.21 1.25

0.67-1 1.10 -

1.82 0.97 4 4.75

1.83 0.99 4 4.75

0,55 1,13 4 3.56

In 2016-2017, there was an excess of the actual value of aggregate index of the property status of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region, and in 2018 the value of this parameter is lower than the standard one (due to a decrease in asset mobility). Calculation of total solvency and liquidity of agricultural farms in the Kurgan Region is shown in Table 4. Table 4: Calculation of total solvency and liquidity Parameter Absolute liquidity ratio Adjusted liquidity ratio Total liquidity ratio Own solvency ratio Aggregate liquidity and solvency ratio

Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 0.16 0.12 0.21 1.83 2.01 2.32 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.55 0.60 0.65 standard actual

Standard 0.2-0.3 0.7-0.8 1.5-2.5 0.5 -

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 0.78 1,63 1,05 2.61 2,87 3,32 0.63 0,65 0,65 0.93 1,19 1,29 4 4 4 4.95 6.35 6.32

In 2016-2018, an excess of the aggregate liquidity and solvency ratio over the standard value in agricultural farms of the Kurgan Region was noted. Calculation of the aggregate index of financial stability of agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan Region is shown in Table 5. Table 5: Calculation of the aggregate index of financial stability. Parameter Maneuverability of working capital Growth rate of own working capital Ratio of the provision of current assets with own working capital Maneuverability of equity Aggregate index

Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

Standard

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

0.26

0.30

0.22

0.3

0.87

1.00

1,35

1.12

1.18

1.34

1.1

1.02

1.07

1,22

0.29

0.35

0.24

0.2

1.44

1.74

0,85

0.71

0.74

0.2

3.57

3.72

0,27

4 6.90

4 7.53

4 3.69

standard actual

Financial stability of the agricultural farms of the Kurgan Region during analyzed period was reduced, since the aggregate index of financial stability decreased by 3.21, and in 2018 was below standard value. Table 6 shows the calculation of the aggregate index of equity to total assets. *Corresponding author (M.V. Karpova) Email: mdusheva@rambler.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Table 6: Calculation of the aggregate index of equity to total assets Parameter Equity to total assets ratio Financing ratio Ration of concentration of stable financing sources Aggregate index of equity to total assets

Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

Standard

0.61

0.64

0.58

0.5

1.22

1.28

0,86

1.56

1.79

1.39

1.56

1.79

0,72

0.75

0.78

0.81

0.85

0.89

0.91

0,95

3 3.66

3 3.98

3 2.53

standard actual

The aggregate index of equity to total assets of agricultural farms in the Kurgan Region during analyzed period decreased by 1.13 and amounted to 2.53 in 2018, what is below the regulatory limit. Calculation of the aggregate index of business activity of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region is shown in Table 7. Table 7: Calculation of the aggregate index of business activity Parameter Asset turnover ratio Current assets turnover ratio Inventory turnover ratio Accounts receivable turnover ratio Equity turnover ratio Accounts payable turnover ratio Production cycle duration Financial cycle duration Total business activity

Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 0.62 0.58 0.55 1.12 1.05 1.00 1.58 1.41 1.36 5.30 5.25 5.47 1.02 0.90 0.95 5.09 4.79 5.16 303.24 335.54 338.29 300.35 328.87 334.27 standard actual

Standard 1 2 4 12 2 12 60 45 -

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.56 0.52 0.50 0.39 0.35 0.34 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.51 0.45 0.47 0.42 0.40 0.43 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.14 0.13 8 8 8 3.30 3.05 3.06

The aggregate index of business activity during analyzed period decreased by 0.23 and amounted to 3.06 in 2018 what is lower than the normative value and indicates a decrease in the level of business activity of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region. Calculation of the aggregate index of return of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region is shown in Table 8. Table 8: Calculation of the aggregate index of return (Sokolova et al., 2019) Parameter Return on total capital Return on equity Return on current assets Gross margin of sales Operating return on sales Net return on sales Total return on investment

Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 Return on equity 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.16 0.16 Return on sales 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.16 standard actual

Standard

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018

0.07 0.1 0.1

1.53 1.73 1.92

1.27 1.36 1.58

1.25 1.49 1.58

0.2 0.1 0.05 -

0.96 1.64 3.41 6 11.20

0.90 1.51 3.02 6 9.65

0.97 1.66 3.15 6 10.11

The activity of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region is effective, since the aggregate index of return in 2016-2018 exceeds the standard value but has a trend to decline. Calculation of the aggregate index of cash flow of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region is shown in Table 9.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

Table 9: Calculation of total cash flow Parameter Cash flow growth rate Cash payments growth rate Ratio of incoming receivables and payments Net cash flow from operating activities Operating profitability of cash flows from operating activities Net return on total cash flows Total cash flow

Actual value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 1.02 1.03 1.36 1.11 1.02 0.59

1.1 1.05

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 0.93 0.94 1.24 1.06 0.97 0.57

Standard

0.99

1.00

2.30

1.05

0.94

0.96

2.19

0.15

0.14

0.075

2.04

1.88

1.90

0.15

0.14

0.15

0.1

1.47

1.41

1.51

0.12

0.11 standard actual

0.10

0.05 -

2.46 6 8.90

2.14 6 8.31

1.95 6 9.36

Total cash flow index of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region exceeds the normative value during analyzed period. Its value for the analyzed period increased by 0.46 and reached the level of 9.36 in 2018. To calculate the aggregate index of the financial state of the organization by the indicator method, it is necessary to summarize the aggregate indices of seven groups calculated in Tables 3-9. Let us calculate the parameters for constructing the polygon of financial state of agricultural organizations in Table 10. For creating a multidimensional polygon, we will transfer all the parameters specified to values from 0 to 1. For this, let us select the maximum value in each row and divide each position in the row by the maximum value in this row. Table 10: Calculation of parameters for the creation of polygon of financial condition Aggregate index Property condition Liquidity and solvency Business solvency Equity to total assets Business activity Return Cash flow Integral index of financial state

Parameter value 2016 2017 2018 4.75 4.75 3.56 4.95 6.35 6.32 6.90 7.53 3.69 3.66 3.98 2.53 3.30 3.05 3.06 11.20 9.65 10.11 8.90 8.31 9.36 43.66 43.62 38.62

Maximal value 4.75 6.35 7.53 3.98 3.30 11.20 9.36 -

Given value of parameter 2016 2017 2018 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.78 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.49 0.92 1.00 0.64 1.00 0.93 0.93 1.00 0.86 0.90 0.95 0.89 1.00 6.57 6.68 5.70

Figure 1: Polygon of financial condition. *Corresponding author (M.V. Karpova) Email: mdusheva@rambler.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Integrated index of the financial state of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region for 2016-2018 decreased by 5.04 and amounted to 38.62 in 2018 what is higher than the standard value of 35. To clearly reflect the financial state of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region for 2016-2018, we will use graphical assessment method which includes constructing a polygon of financial security (Figure 1). To determine the accuracy of result, we calculated the area of the financial security polygon for each year (formula 4). S = 1/2 *sin *360/ n * ( k 1 * k 2 + k 2 * k 3 + k 3 * k 4 +... + k n 1 * k n + k n * k 1 ) ,

(3)

where S - is the polygon area for a particular enterprise; n is the number of aggregate indices; k is aggregate indices of groups. S 2016 = 1/2* sin (360 / 7) * (1*0.78+0.78*0.92+0.92*0.92+0.92*1+1*1+ 1*0.95) = 5.21. S 2017= 1/2* sin (360 / 7) *(1*1+1*1+1*1+1*0.93+0.93*0.86+0.86*0.89)= 5.49. S 2018 = 1/2* sin (360 / 7) *(0.75*1+1*0.49+0.4*0.64+ 0.64*0.93+0.93*0.90+0.90*1) = 3.88. Calculated areas confirmed the result of indicator method, i.e. the level of financial state during analyzed period was decreasing, and the highest one was observed in 2017 (Petrov and Frolova, 2013; Mukhina, 2007). For subsidized agricultural regions, such as the Kurgan Region, state support of agricultural producers plays an important role. An important task of â€œDevelopment of the agro-industrial complex in the Kurgan regionâ€? state program is to increase the level of financial stability of agro-industrial complex (Table 11) (Medvedeva et al., 2018; Davydova, & Franks, 2006). Table 11: State support for agricultural producers of the Kurgan Region (specified), thousand RUR Parameter

2016

2017

2018

Total amount to support agricultural producers including subsidies to support targets for the implementation of regional development programs in AIC - to support program activities in the field of crop production - to support program activities for livestock breeding - to support short-term loans in AIC subsidies for the provision of unrelated support in the field of crop production and production of seed potatoes, seeds of vegetables in open ground subsidies for increasing productivity of dairy farming subsidies for partial reimbursement of the interest rate on investment loans in the agricultural sector subsidies for partial reimbursement of direct costs accrued for the creation and modernization of agricultural facilities subsidies under the directions approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia other subsidies

607,504

382,116

444,684

Deviation 2018 from 2016, (+;-) -162,820

445,707

66,249

95,709

-349,998

287,114 158,593 -

21,691 18,062 26,496

27,225 59,281 9,203

-259,889 -99,312 9,203

179,833

249,961

73,909

64,354

161,797

29,210

10,019

-151,778

4,019

8,688

13,448

24,227

7,174

Table 11 was calculated according to the consolidated annual reports of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region. Support of agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan Region decreased during the analyzed period by 162,820 thousand RUR; this was due to a reduction in

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

subsidies for supporting program activities in the field of crop production and animal husbandry by 259,889 thousand RUR and 99,312 thousand RUR, respectively, and of subsidies for partial reimbursement of the interest rate on investment loans in the agricultural sector – for 151,778 thousand RUR (Podgorbunskykh et al., 2008). Let us define the effectiveness of using budgetary funds with the method developed by scientists of the All-Russian Research Institute of Economics, Labor and Management in Agriculture based on the ratio of the total support to its financial result (Table 12). Table 12: Efficiency of using budget funds by agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan Region Parameter

2016

2017

2018

Volume of state support, thousand RUR (VSS) Commodity production - total, thousand RUR (CP) including plant growing animal husbandry Costs for the production of marketable product – total, thousand RUR (CPMP) including plant growing animal husbandry Financial result of support (FRS = (CP*VSS)/CPMP) Effect of state support (ESS = FRP/OP)

607,504 10,146,983 6,838,936 3,308,047

382,116 3,672,729 1,874,522 1,798,207

444,684 4,282,649 2,542,113 1,740,536

Deviation 2018 from 2016, (+;-) -162,820 -5,864,334 -4,296,823 -1,567,511

8,249,749

3,277,119

3,884,931

-4,364,818

5,080,080 3,169,669 747,214.58 1.23

1,593,213 1,683,906 428,244.60 1.12

2,202,328 1,682,603 490,208.32 1.10

-2,877,752 -1,487,066 -257,006.27 -0.13

Table 12 was calculated according to the consolidated annual reports of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region The coefficient of state support for agricultural enterprises in the Kurgan Region during analyzed period decreased by 0.13 what was caused by faster reduction of commodity production (by 57.79%) in comparison to a decrease in the volume of state support (26.80%). Next, let us evaluate the economic efficiency of the agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region taking into account using state support according to the method developed by S.Yu. Petrova and O.A. Frolova (Table 13). Table 13: Assessment of the economic efficiency of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region taking into account using state support Parameter Profit from agricultural products for the current year (Pcy), thousand RUR Profit from agricultural products for the past year (PPY), thousand RUR Financing from budgets in the current year (FCY), thousand RUR Aggregated index of state support (AISS = PPY + PCY), thousand RUR Ration of efficiency of agricultural organizations taking into account state support, (REA = Pcy/( PPY + FCY) or Ceff = Pcy/AISS)

2016

2017

2018

Deviation 2018 from 2016, (+;-)

1,756,377

1,584,744

1,961,495

205,118

1,992,112

1,756,377

1,584,744

-407,368

607,504

382,116

444,684

-162,820

2,599,616

2,138,493

2,029,428

-570,188

0.68

0.74

0.97

0.29

Petrova and Frolova (2013) proposed the following effectiveness evaluation system depending on the purpose of the efficiency coefficient of agricultural organizations: – EC ≤ 0.3 – inefficient work of agricultural organizations; – 0.3 <EC ≤ 0.6 – inefficient work of agricultural organizations; *Corresponding author (M.V. Karpova) Email: mdusheva@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

– 0.6 <EC ≤ 0.9 – medium efficiency of the work of agricultural organizations; – EC > 0.9 – high efficiency of work of agricultural organizations.

Using this assessment system, we can conclude that in 2016-2017, the work of agricultural farms in the Kurgan Region, taking into account using state support, was of medium efficiency, and in 2018 – of high efficiency (Shulgina, 2010; Shestakov and Lovchikova 2019; Prokhorova et al., 2019). In order to increase the level of financial state and the efficiency of the agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan Region, it is necessary to increase their state support from the state budget, to create required infrastructure in villages, to provide income insurance in villages, to create subsidiary industries for processing of manufactured products on the basis of agricultural organizations, etc (Roznina and Poverinova, 2014; Khoruzhiy et al., 2008; Semin, 2006).

4. CONCLUSION Performed studies allow concluding that the financial state of agricultural organizations in the Kurgan Region is declined what is confirmed by the following revealed threats: – there is a threat of liquidity loss, since the balance sheet of organization in 2016-2018 was illiquid. The most liquid assets (A1) do not cover the most urgent liabilities (P1), i.e. agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region are not able to repay the current debt of creditors. Relative parameters characterizing liquidity and balance sheet structure during analyzed period do not comply with regulatory restrictions (except for the current liquidity ratio and the current assets provision ratio with own funds), but they have a trend to growth; – there is no threat of loss of financial autonomy of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region, as evidenced by the coefficient of autonomy. Agrarian farms of the Kurgan Region are not dependent on borrowed sources. The required value of autonomy coefficient is 50%, and its value in 2016 was 61%, 2017 64% and 2018 58%. This means that in the long term prospects, all obligations can be covered by own funds; – there is a threat of increasing debt. Accounts receivable for the analyzed period increased by 335,865 thousand RUR and amounted to 2,276,629 thousand RUR in 2018; – there is no threat of using an ineffective credit policy regarding receivables and payables. A positive factor is when the payables turnover is slightly lower than the receivables turnover, that is, the value is slightly more than 1. In the agricultural organizations of Kurgan Region, the ratio of the receivables turnover to the payables turnover amounted to 1.04 in 2016, 1.10 in 2017, 1.06 in 2018. – there is a threat of insolvency. Cash sufficiency ratio of business entities shows the ratio of cash to current liabilities. This ratio characterizes the amount of cash for paying for current liabilities. The value of this parameter was: in 2016 – 0.05, in 2017 – 0.07, in 2018 – 0.10. – increased risk of bankruptcy. The effectiveness of state support in agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region is reduced, since in 2018, organizations received and sold products less by 0.13 RUR for 1 RUR of government support (Khoruzhiy, 2008; Neganova, 2019). However, the efficiency of agricultural organizations taking into account using state support is increasing, and in 2018 they were highly effective.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Altman, E. I., & Hotchkiss, E. (1993). Corporate financial distress and bankruptcy. Davydova, I., & Franks, J. R., (2006). Responses to Agrarian reform in Russia: Evidence from Novosibirsk Oblast. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(1), 39-54. Greene, W.H. (2003). Econometric Analysis, 5/e. Pearson Education India. Kayukov, V.V., Lazhentsev, V.N., Shikhverdiyev, A.P. (2019). Economic policy and institutes of regional development // Regional Economy, 15(4), 996-1088. Khoruzhiy, L.I., Korenev, N.A., Matchinov, V.A., (2008). Issues of the analysis of effective state support for agricultural producers // Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises, 11, 14-17. Lerman, Z., (2001). Agriculture in transition economies: From common heritage to divergence. Agricultural Economics, 25, 95-114. Medvedeva, T.N., Artamonova, I.A., Baturina, I.N. (2018). Analysis of state support for agricultural producers by federal districts of the Russian Federation during 2013-2017. Scientific Review: Theory and Practice, 9, 31-40. Medvedevа T.N., Artamonova I.A., Baturina I.N., Farvazova E.A., Roznina N.V., Mukhina E.G. (2019). On the question of the mechanism of distribution of unrelated crop support // Conference on Innovations in Agricultural and Rural development. Kurgan, Russian Federation. Volume 341. On the distribution mechanism of green box subsidies (1,2 p.l. – по 0,2) Mukhina, E.G. (2007). Evaluation of the effectiveness of state support for agricultural production // Economic issues, 2, 45. Neganova, V.P., Dudnik, A.V. (2018). Improving state support for the AIC of the region. Regional economy, 14(2), 651-662. Neganova, V.P., Dudnik, A.V. (2019). Readiness for innovations in the agricultural sector of region as a subjective factor of innovative activity. Regional economy, 15(3), 880-892. Petrov, S.Yu., Frolova, O.A. (2013). Evaluation of the economic efficiency of agricultural organizations taking into account using state support. AIC economics, 10(108), 126-130. Podgorbunskykh, P.E., Subbotina, L.V., Zhdanov S.P. (2008). Core results of the implementation of highpriority national project “Development of AIC” in the Kurgan Region. Regional economy, S2, 253-259. Prokhorova N.V., Urusova A.B., Musaeva B.M., Misakov A.V., Misakov V.S. (2019). Multifunctionality of russian federation rural territories within the condition of diversified rural economy development. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. 10(2), 159-167. Roznina, N.V., Karpova, M.V. (2019). Assessment of the financial condition of an agricultural organization // Actual problems of modern economy, 4, 1058-1068. Roznina, N.V., Karpova, M.V. (2019). Analysis of the investment attractiveness of an organization using integral method. Development of agro-industrial complex under the conditions of digital economy: collection of scientific papers of the 1st National Scientific and Practical Conference dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the establishment of Faculty of Economics (April 25-26, 2019). – Samara: Publishing House of Editorial Publishing Division of Samara State agrarian University, 143-146. *Corresponding author (M.V. Karpova) Email: mdusheva@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.271

Roznina N.V., Poverinova E.M., Volkova A.V. (2014). Rural subsidiary production (enterprises) as the way to increase the competitiveness of agricultural commodity producers // Chief livestock specialist, 11, 59-66. Semin, A. N. (2006). Innovative and strategic directions of development of the agro-industrial complex: questions of theory and practice. (Ekaterinburg: UralGSKhA Press) 960 p. Shestakov, R.B., Lovchikova, E.I. (2019). Investment accelerator of agricultural production // Regional economy. 15(3), 908-923. Shulgina, A.V. (2010). Assessment of the state of investment activity in agriculture of the Kurgan Region. Urals Agrarian Bulletin, 7(73), 27-28. Sokolova, E.S., Roznina, N.V., Karpova, M.V. (2019). Assessment of the financial results of an agricultural organization. Actual problems of modern economy, 4, 494-501. N.V. Roznina is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research interests include Digitalization of Agriculture, Competitive Advantages of the Organization, Labor Resources, Employment and Unemployment, Economic Analysis and Statistics, Economics of the Agro-Industrial Complex.

M.V. Karpova is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of agricultural Sciences. Her research interests are Digitalization of Agriculture, Financial Stability, Employment and unemployment, Economic Analysis and Statistics, Economic Efficiency of Crop Cultivation.

S. G. Dunicheva is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research interests are Diseases in Flax growing in Russia, Flax Processing Products, Chemical Production Technologies, Materials based on Chalcogenides-metals.

M. I. Zakharova is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research interests are Business Organization, Planning and Business Planning, Organization of Agricultural Production, Personnel Management.

J. I. Ovchinnikova, is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research interests include Innovative Activities of Agricultural Production of Small and Medium-sized Businesses, Strategic Analysis of the Organization's Potential, Economic Efficiency of Renewable Alternative Energy Sources.

E.N. Lapina is an Associate Professor. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research encompasses Innovative Technologies for the Production of Agricultural Crops and their Economic Efficiency of Cultivation

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference â€œFrom Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agricultureâ€? (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020.

N.V. Roznina, M.V. Karpova, S.G. Dunicheva, M.I. Zakharova, Yu.I. Ovchinnikova, E.N. Lapina

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14E

PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL SOCIOLOGY L.A. Zhuravleva

O.A. Ruschitskaya , A.V. Ruchkin , N.N. Simachkova 1

, E.V. Zarubina , T.I. Kruzhkova , I.I. Petrova , 1

Department of Management and Economic, Ural State Agrarian University , Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 22 May 2020 Accepted 03 July 2020 Available online 05 August 2020

The article presents the study results of the current state in Russia of such a special sociological theory as agricultural sociology with a focus on the emerging agricultural sociology in Russia of the XXI century. This research identifies the main trends and problems of modern agricultural sociology in Russia. The research method is a complex research strategy that includes theoretical methods, as well as quantitative and qualitative methods of sociological research. The theoretical methods used include a systematic approach, comparative-historical analysis, and a hypothetical-deductive method. In order to study the trends of modern agricultural sociology in Russia, the authors conducted a sociological study in the universities of Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation, in the fall of 2018, using such quantitative and qualitative methods of sociological research as document analysis, written (questionnaire) survey of respondents, and organization of respondents work in a focus group.

Keywords: Agricultural sociology; Rural sociology; Environmental culture; Nutrition sociology; Family farming; Opinion survey; Focus group; Agricultural trend areas

1 INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the basis of the life of any society, as the agricultural sector provides food security of the country and the reproduction of a healthy population as the main social and cultural resource of any society. Of all the sciences that study various aspects of agricultural production, management of the agro-industrial complex and social processes in the agricultural sector, a special place is occupied by such a special sociological theory as agricultural sociology. Agricultural sociology in Russia experienced a dramatic history in the XX century. In contrast to industrial sociology, the development of agricultural sociology in the 30s of the last century was artificially interrupted, and scientists (N.D. Kondratiev (2009), etc.) were repressed. In this connection, there is still some lag in the study of agricultural problems in Russian sociology from *Corresponding author (Zhuravleva L.A.). Email: zhuravleva08@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.272

other countries. Agricultural sociology in Russia today is at the stage of formation, accumulation of facts, development of methodological approaches to the analysis of agriculture as a multidimensional social organism. The scientific novelty of the study of the development of agricultural sociology in Russia is determined by the fact that there is no systematic approach to understanding this special sociological theory in the scientific literature. The subject field and functions of agricultural sociology, its main directions, and cross-cutting problems have not been sufficiently studied. The object of the research is the emerging agricultural sociology in Russia of the XXI century. The subject of the research is the subject field and functions of agrarian sociology. The purpose of the study is to identify trends and problems in the development of modern agricultural sociology in Russia.

2 LITERATURE The importance of studying the problems included in the subject field of agricultural sociology is recognized by scientists all over the world. Among the International sociological associations and unions created in the twentieth century, Rural Sociological Society (RSS) is an American Association of rural sociology, established in 1937 as a section of the American sociological society. The Association's mission is to promote rural sociology to improve the quality of rural life, communities, and the environment. For the exchange of research data and effective scientific communication in RSS, the journal “Sociologia Ruralis” (“rural sociology”) was created, which brings together the international sociological community, politicians and specialists engaged in the analysis of agricultural problems at the national and global levels, which aims to develop sociological theory and agricultural sociology on the basis of intersubject links and cross-cultural studies of globalist transformations of rural territories (Blaginin et al., 2019). “Sociologia Ruralis” covers social and scientific research on rural areas and related issues with an emphasis on social, political and cultural aspects of rural development, discusses projects for the rational use of natural resources, environmental protection, concepts and programs for the development of food security, and prospects for changing the living conditions of rural areas. Michael Carolan (2020) highlights the main problems of rural sociology abroad: human ecology, food security, natural resource management, environmental costs, and challenges of consumer society in an article with the program title “the Revival of rural sociology: involvement, acceptance, and influence for an indefinite time”. Among the key recent studies on the sociology of nutrition that we relied on in our study, we note the following: a comparative analysis of food consumers of different age groups, implemented in three markets-in the United States, great Britain and Germany, conducted by scientists at Texas Tech University and Heisenheim University (Ghvanidze, 2016); a study of factors affecting the purchase of environmentally friendly products undertaken in 2014 in Lithuania by scientists from Vilnius University (Kavaleuski & Ubersite, 2014); description of the decision-making model for choosing environmentally friendly products (Chen et al., 2018) and others (e.g., Wided (2010)). In the study of farming as a special social group as a trend in agricultural sociology, we took into account the results of a study by canadian scientists of the social structure of a modern family farm, which interviewed 36 farmers in Canada using expert interviews and determined the place of family

L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, T.I. Kruzhkova, I.I. Petrova, O.A. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin, N.N. Simachkova

farming in food policy (Kelly et al., 2019). The study of family farming in Cuba allowed us to identify the factors that dictate the urgent need to develop family farming in this country on the basis of agroecological practices (Rodriguez et al., 2018). The significance of the researchers ' work is to develop theoretical and practical recommendations for the optimal functioning of peasant (farm) farms in modern conditions. In carrying out the study, the study of continuity and traditions in family farming, conducted at University of Palmas (Brazil) (de Lima & Yukikleya, 2018), and the study of the ecological consciousness of the young generation in the universities of Yekaterinburg (Russia) (Tikhomirova et al., 2018), became important for us. The study of trends in modern agricultural sociology in Russia is based on the theoretical heritage of N.I. Vavilov and other researchers (Blaginin et al., 2019). Research on agricultural sociology in Russia today is mostly point-based and local. The Novosibirsk school of sociologists, under the leadership of T.I. Zaslavskaya (2010), was engaged in migration of rural population. Others also worked in this direction. An interesting issue is the time budget and rural lifestyle. V. Patrushev (2010) and others collected empirical material on this issue. M. Sidorova (2010) and others are engaged in studying the material well-being and living standards of the rural population. Scientific interest in the context of the study of social well-being and social mood of farmers is represented by works performed by T.A. Zaslavskaya, and others (Babashkin, 2015). Of particular importance for the study of farming as a social community was the idea of A.V. Chayanov (2010) that the family-labor peasant economy is the main socio-economic and organizational-legal form of agricultural development in Russia. Chayanov (2010) considered the family-labor peasant economy as a special socio-economic and cultural way of life: "the family-labor peasant economy is a natural economy at its core, its goal is to meet the needs of members of the peasant family, and not to extract maximum profit. The needs of family members and their number determine the volume of agricultural production" (Zhuravleva et al., 2018). Problems of development of peasant farms in certain regions and countries are considered in the works of S. I. Gryadov (2010) and others. The researchers identify the main directions and conceptual approaches for the development of small-scale farming in rural areas in various regions of Russia, including peasant (farm) farms (Wided, 2010). Some aspects of farming as a social group are considered in modern agricultural sociology: the works of Artemov (2010) and others. However, issues of farming are traditionally studied in Russian agricultural sociology in the context of other problems of the rural population and rural territories (Trubilin et al., 2018). Thus, the analysis of the literature shows that not enough attention is paid to systematic research of trends in agricultural sociology in Russia.

3 STUDY DETAILS To study the trends in agricultural sociology in modern Russia, a comprehensive research strategy was chosen that includes both theoretical and empirical methods of sociological research. The theoretical methods used include a systematic approach, comparative-historical analysis, and a hypothetical-deductive method. In order to study the trends of modern agricultural sociology in *Corresponding author (Zhuravleva L.A.). Email: zhuravleva08@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.272

Russia, the authors conducted a sociological study in universities in the fall of 2018. Yekaterinburg using such quantitative and qualitative methods of sociological research as document analysis, written (questionnaire) survey of respondents, and organization of respondents ' work in a focus group (Vershinin, 2018). A quantitative research method was used: a written (questionnaire) survey of students of the Ural state agrarian University. To select respondents, a multi-stage selection was conducted for the University, a group of specialties, and study groups. As a result, the number of respondents included students studying in specialties that train specialists for agriculture, as well as for the production and processing of food products, quality management, commodity science and examination of food and non-food products, for technology and organization of public catering, as well as accounting and auditing at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex. The selected specialties allow us to consider the interviewed students as representatives of the expert group within the youth audience. According to their socio-demographic characteristics, the 240 respondents were distributed as follows: men made up 70%; women 30%. By age and training programs, the respondents were divided into the following subgroups: 16-18 years old (students of the agricultural College) 15.8%; 19-23 years (students enrolled in undergraduate programs) 58.3%; 24-30 years (students enrolled in master's programs) 25.9%. At the second stage of the study of trends in modern agricultural sociology in Russia, the method of qualitative sociological research was applied â€“ a focus group was organized with undergraduate students of the Ural state agrarian University. the focus group Method was used to clarify the contradictory attitude of respondents to family farming revealed during the first stage of the study. The main purpose of the study was to find the priority areas of agricultural sociology in Russia. Agricultural sociology is an integrative branch of sociological knowledge that studies problems and trends in the development of agriculture and rural areas, as well as socio-cultural characteristics of agricultural communities and the main subjects of agricultural production. Due to the multi-dimensionality and specificity of agricultural production, this special sociological theory cannot but rely on an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the achievements of a number of sub-sociological theories and branches of scientific knowledge and, first of all, rural sociology, nutrition sociology, family sociology, educational sociology, peasant studies, agricultural philosophy, digital economy, cultural studies, history, social ecology, crop production, animal husbandry, and a number of other areas of social science and agricultural science. The subject of modern agricultural sociology, in our opinion, are: subjects of agricultural production-peasants (farmers) as a special social community; social relations that exist in the village (village) as a special type of settlement; features and culture of agricultural labor and the specifics of traditional rural communities; structural and stratification processes of rural territories; agricultural policy and its consequences; environmental safety of agriculture and food; human ecology; rural marketing and logistics; nutrition as a social and cultural phenomenon and process; the history of agricultural sociology. Among the functions of agricultural sociology, the main ones are theoretical and methodological (related to the development of conceptual approaches to the analysis of the essence and consequences of agricultural policy and the state's ability to preserve the peasantry as a special social group of society); prognostic (implemented through forecasting the consequences of certain administrative decisions in the agricultural sphere); social engineering (design of technologies for effective

L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, T.I. Kruzhkova, I.I. Petrova, O.A. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin, N.N. Simachkova

agricultural production and models of "farming" of the remaining representatives of the peasantry as a social community). The core of agricultural sociology as an interdisciplinary branch of knowledge is, in our opinion, rural sociology (or as it is often called â€“ rural sociology). The subject field of rural sociology (or rural sociology) includes the study of patterns and trends in the development of rural areas, social relations, problems of work and life, rural culture, behavior and mentality of the peasantry, which are determined by the working conditions and the nature of the production activities of the main subjects of agricultural production. Such a broad problem reduces the need to distinguish from agricultural sociology such a direction as the sociology of the peasantry, at least in our country. It is obvious that the development of rural areas can not be considered without understanding the essence and directions of the state's agricultural policy in certain periods of national history. An example that confirms this statement is the fact that only in the XX century, the Russian village was repeatedly subjected to reform and severe socio-economic transformations that led to the process of "raskrestyanivaniya" the bulk of agricultural producers. However, the most common term in Russian sociology is rural sociology, which, in our opinion, is not quite correct, since it is only a part (though Central) of agricultural sociology. This position, in our opinion, is related to the social significance of the village for Russia as a territory where the majority of the population lives and is engaged in agricultural production, as well as to contrast the social processes taking place in the city and the countryside. If the share of rural residents is decreasing worldwide due to the intensification and technologization of the agricultural sector, in our country, due to the delay in innovative equipment of the agricultural sector of the economy and other social reasons, the share of the rural population remains residual high in comparison with international trends occurring in developed countries (Staroverov, 2010). We consider the second reason to be the emerging nature of rural sociology, which is at the stage of institutionalization and entry into the world community of agricultural sociologists. The name and projects of scientists included in the work of research committees operating in the period between sociological congresses held under the auspices of the International sociological Association are a trend for understanding the current trends in the development of a special sociological theory. One of the 55 permanent research committees is the "Sociology of agriculture and nutrition" ("Agricultural Sociology and Nutrition Sociology"), and the most discussed issues are environmental design in agriculture and innovation in the field of nutrition. Food security is linked by scientists to the entire agricultural chain, technological and social innovations: from Agroecology, organic agriculture and bio-agriculture to food consumption culture and environmental education of young people as an innovative group of society. In the modern sense, nutrition sociology studies the complex of social problems and social relations in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of food products and factors that affect their quality. Nutrition sociology is a special sociological theory that is based on the theory, methodology, research principles, and problems of agricultural sociology, and is an integral part of it. "Foodstudies" or research in the field of food has become traditional for European and American sociologists, while in domestic science, the first steps are being taken in this direction, and *Corresponding author (Zhuravleva L.A.). Email: zhuravleva08@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.272

the sociology of nutrition as an integral part of agricultural sociology is still at the stage of formation and institutionalization.

3.1 MODERN AGRICULTURAL SOCIOLOGY IN RUSSIA Let's briefly focus on the trend research areas of modern agricultural sociology in Russia: 3.1.1

SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE AND CONSUMER CULTURE

Such studies have been conducted since the beginning of the XXI century. The formation of ecological culture as a certain level of development of ecological consciousness and ecological behavior is well studied in foreign and domestic sociology. But the influence of environmental awareness on the behavior of different consumer groups and their food choices is a new topic for our agricultural sociology. The analysis of the data obtained in the course of the study conducted by the authors allowed us to draw a conclusion about the contradictory environmental patterns of behavior and ambivalence of the environmental consciousness of students (Zhuravleva et al., 2019), which affects their attitudes regarding the purchase of environmentally friendly food. In the course of the study, we identified gaps in the cognitive, axiological, and activity levels of the respondents environmental behavior. 3.1.2

SOCIOLOGY OF NUTRITION

The study of nutrition as a social, cultural and environmental phenomenon is another popular research area of our time. Food consumption is determined by the culture and practice of food production, that is, it is included in the unified social process of agricultural production, distribution and consumption of food. Thus, the sociology of nutrition is inseparable from agricultural sociology, being integrated into its subject field. With the world's rapidly growing population, agriculture and the food industry are the most important areas that ensure food and food security on a global scale. Research on this trend direction of modern agricultural sociology in our country is just beginning. Note that this emerging field of agricultural sociology is most open to interdisciplinary influences. In this regard, an interesting study on the organization of the food market of agricultural organic products in the Ural region, conducted by Ruschitskaya et al. (2018). to develop scientifically-based recommendations on the organization of the food market of agricultural organic products and state regulation of socio-economic relations that are formed in the process of its formation and development. Despite the fact that the study of Ruschitskaya (2018) was conducted on Economics, it contains aspects related to the sociology of nutrition, for example, identifying the dynamics and main trends in the development of the food market of agricultural organic products in the Sverdlovsk region. O. A. Ruschitskaya (2018) conducted a sociological study of consumer preferences (expectations) in the domestic food market of agricultural organic products, and also developed a detailed socio-economic and psychological portrait of consumers of organic food products (Astratova et al., 2016). The author suggests forming the internal market of organic food products based on consumer preferences (expectations). 3.1.3

SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FARMING AS A SPECIAL SOCIAL GROUP

Among the most relevant areas of agricultural sociology is the study of farming as a subject of production of environmentally friendly products for the population, the design of alternative food networks, agrologistics and agromarketing that reduce the distance between producers and

L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, T.I. Kruzhkova, I.I. Petrova, O.A. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin, N.N. Simachkova

consumers. In the situation of continuing economic sanctions and import substitution of agricultural products, as well as setting the task of creating high-tech export-oriented enterprises, sociological studies of problems and prospects for the development of small forms of agricultural production, which include farms, are becoming relevant. Based on the ideas of A.V. Chayanov (2010), and others, we consider family farmers as representatives of the peasantry who use the labor of family members and work primarily to meet their own consumer needs, selling surplus food products. Based on the principles of bio-agriculture and moral Economics, family farmers are an alternative to large holdings and farmers-entrepreneurs who are primarily focused on profit and are less concerned about environmental cleanliness and the quality of products produced. Despite numerous publications on this issue, we believe that modern agricultural sociology does not pay enough attention to the comprehensive study of farming as a special social group associated with the qualitative development of rural areas and the transition to new environmental standards for land use. The conditions of effective formation and dynamics of development of this group, culture, motives, values and problems of farm labor and life, potential and factors of development of this social group of society require in-depth further research. Therefore, the study of farming as a social group today requires interdisciplinary analysis by sociologists, economists, philosophers, and lawyers. One of the first steps in this direction is the study of a group of teachers of the Institute of Economics, Finance and management of the Ural state University on agricultural sociology, which was briefly described in this article, started in the fall of 2018. The purpose of this study was to study the attitude of young people to family farming, as well as to identify problems and prospects for the development of family farming as a special social group (Zhuravleva et al., 2019).

4 OPINION RESULTS Analysis of the results of the study showed that the majority of young people who participated in the study have a positive attitude to family farming. To the question: "How do you feel about people who are engaged in family farming?"the responses were distributed as follows (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Attitude to family farming depending on the level of education At the same time, the study revealed a contradictory attitude of respondents to family farming, which was manifested in the fact that, despite a positive and partly neutral assessment, the majority of *Corresponding author (Zhuravleva L.A.). Email: zhuravleva08@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.272

respondents themselves do not want to engage in family farming under any circumstances (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Respondents ' plans for organizing a family farm Students of the 16-18 age group (college students) do not plan to organize their own farm at all, first of all, of course, because of their young age. Of this group of students, 30.8% directly gave a negative answer to the question, and 69.2% of respondents found it difficult to answer. Only 1.7% of students in the 19-23 age group (undergraduate students) plan to organize a family farm in the future; 51.7% of respondents in this age group gave a negative answer to the question and 46.7% of respondents found it difficult to answer. Students ' responses age group 24-30 years (master's students) was as follows: you plan in the future to organize family farming 20% of respondents have no plan 52%, undecided 28% of respondents. Analysis of the results of the study allowed us to identify patterns in the responses of respondents. First, the vast majority of respondents (78.2%) either do not plan to organize their own family farm, or find it difficult to answer. Secondly, the number of positive and negative answers to the question of organizing your own farm increases with age and increasing the level of education. Third, about half of the respondents of all age groups gave a definitely negative response to the organization of their own family farm in the future. In our opinion, such a number of negative and uncertain answers to the question of organizing your own farm is associated with the reasons already identified with the help of the focus group, as well as with a number of objective problems in the development of family farming in Russia. One of the research tasks was to identify the range of respondents ' opinions about the problems of farm labor. In General, we obtained the following results for the array (see Table 1). Table 1: Respondents ' opinion on the problems of farm labor (respondents could give multi-answers. Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Problems of farm labor Weak state support for farm labor Insufficiently developed social infrastructure of rural settlements High economic risks of farm labor The problem of selling manufactured products Prevalence of heavy physical labor Difficulties in obtaining preferential loans Low profitability of production of environmentally friendly products Lack of innovative technologies High competition

Respondents (%) 34,4 28,1 21,3 18,1 14,5 12,2 11,8 8,6 6,3

L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, T.I. Kruzhkova, I.I. Petrova, O.A. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin, N.N. Simachkova

5 DISCUSSION The analysis of the results obtained during the study allowed us to identify two groups of problems in the development of farming, according to the estimates of young people. Solving these problems will attract a significant number of young people to work on farms, including setting up their own family farm.

5.1 LOSS OF TRADITIONS OF FAMILY FARMING The first group of problems is the loss of traditions of family farming as a way of life and the related underestimation of farm labor and farming as a social community by the state, which is reflected in the insufficient development of the social infrastructure of rural settlements.

5.2 LACK OF FARMING TECHNOLOGY The second group of problems â€“ lack of technologization of farms and the prevalence of heavy physical labor, difficulty in obtaining preferential loans, low profitability of environmentally friendly products, which causes problems marketing of products amid falling purchasing power of the population.

5.3 SOLUTIONS TO REVIVAL OF FAMILY FARMING 5.3.1

EDUCATION AND DIALOGUE

It seems that the educational and cultural space of the agrarian University can be used as a testing ground for choosing appropriate solutions to the problems of family farming highlighted by young people. The revival of family farming traditions will be facilitated by the organization of conferences and round tables with the participation of family farmers, exhibitions with environmentally friendly and organic farm products, and the organization of students ' practical training in advanced family farms; inviting farmers to meet with students, or perhaps to conduct small special courses, and participating farmers as experts in the "Novice farmer" student business project competition. Also, as recommendations, the authors suggest conducting longitudinal studies that will further clarify the subject and object of agricultural sociology, on the one hand, and study the transformation of the population's attitude to farm labor in connection with the introduction of digital technologies. Analysis of changes over a long period will allow us to make recommendations on changes to the state policy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in agriculture. In addition, the development of research on nutrition sociology as a field of agricultural sociology will allow the state to adjust the consumer basket and form sound recommendations for agricultural producers to meet consumer demand. 5.3.2

DIGITAL AGRICULTURE

The second group of problems of family farming will promote the introduction of digital technologies in the educational process of the agricultural University: introduction in the curricula of the bachelor's or master's discipline of "Digital agriculture", the creation of faculty and students, and the use in educational process of digital farms. Graduates of an agricultural University, who will eventually implement digital technologies in agricultural production, including family farms, must have digital thinking and digital competencies that are being laid down today. Reforming the training process based on surveys of employers and students will not only correct the educational process, but also reduce the cost of adapting young professionals, increase the efficiency of the use of *Corresponding author (Zhuravleva L.A.). Email: zhuravleva08@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.272

technologies used in agriculture. This is the first aspect. The second aspect is related to the analysis of applied technologies in agriculture with manufacturers ' requests for new technologies and devices. This will change the direction of research in the development of new agricultural machines and software, as well as conduct consulting activities for manufacturers to modernize production due to the emergence of new technologies.

6 CONCLUSION Agricultural sociology as an intersectoral branch of scientific knowledge serves as a methodology for understanding the problems of modern agriculture and its mission related to ensuring food security, health and well-being of the population. Trend research areas of agrarian sociology in the XXI century are the following: 1. Sociological studies of environmental culture and consumer culture. This is due to the fact that ecological culture is a systematic activity aimed at preserving natural resources, the natural and social environment, and the human being as a biosocial being a result, an ecological lifestyle is formed as a model of ethical behavior of a person who takes responsibility for choosing their own behavior in relation to the natural and social environment. 2. Nutrition sociology as a fairly new area of research in Russia. Food consumption is associated with the risks of eating low-quality food, which reduces the quality of life and affects the deterioration of people's health. The study of nutrition practices of young people as an innovative group is a priority area of nutrition sociology as an integral part of agricultural sociology. 3. Sociological studies of farming as a special social group. Family farming is a cross-cutting issue of agricultural sociology. As a unique subject of organic agroeconomics, family farmers perform simultaneously environmental, social and economic functions. The study of this social group of our society is the most promising and in demand. Based on the data of the conducted sociological research, we can draw a conclusion about the low attractiveness of farm labor in the estimates of young people. The analysis of the results obtained during the study allowed us to identify two groups of problems in the development of farming. Solving these problems will help attract young people to organize their own family farm. Thus, the trends of modern agricultural sociology in our country are currently being formed and are waiting for research by the joint efforts of sociologists, economists, lawyers, philosophers and representatives of agricultural sciences.

7 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

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L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, T.I. Kruzhkova, I.I. Petrova, O.A. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin, N.N. Simachkova

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assessments. Digital agriculture-development strategy materials of the International scientific and practical conference (ISPC 2019). Ser. "Advances in the study of intelligent systems" by 2019, p. 410-413. (In Russ.) Lyudmila A. Zhuravleva is Head of the Department of Philosophy, the Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Philosophy. Her research interests are related to Sociology of Youth and Agricultural Sociology.

Elena V. Zarubina is an Associate Professor of the Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Philosophy. Her research interests are related to Human Resource Management and Agricultural Sociology.

Tatyana I. Kruzkova is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory, the Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Historical Sciences. Her research interests are related to Agricultural Economy.

Irina I. Petrova is a Docent of the Department of Philosophy of the Ural state agrarian university. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research interests are related to Economic Theory and Agricultural Sociology.

Olga A. Rushchitskaya is Head of the Department of Management and Economic Theory of the Ural State Agrarian University. She holds a Doctor of Economic Sciences. Her research interests are related to Agricultural Economy.

Aleksey V. Ruchkin is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory at Ural State Agrarian University. He obtained a Cand.Sci. (Sociology) of award state institutes. Ruchkin interests involve Strategic Management, Development of Territories and State Awards.

Natalya N. Simachkova is an Associate Professor Department of Management and Law of the Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Historical Sciences. Her research interests are Personnel Management, History Personnel Management, Legal Regulation Of Personnel Management.

L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, T.I. Kruzhkova, I.I. Petrova, O.A. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin, N.N. Simachkova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14F

HORTICULTURAL TRADITIONS OF SOUTH CHINA GARDENS AS A WAY TO PRESERVE THE LOCAL FLORA Elena Golosova

, Anna Kotova , Irina Melnichuk , Svetlana Slapakova

Department of Landscape Architecture, N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Landscape Architecture, St. Petersburg State Forest Engineering University named after S. M. Kirov, Saint Petersburg, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Landscape Architecture, Bryansk State Academy of engineering and technology, Bryansk, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 21 July 2020 Accepted 04 August 2020 Available online 10 August 2020

The Yangtze River Delta area is a center of the emergence of Chinese civilization. Classical gardens survived to the present day, located in the Jiangnan region are of the greatest interest in terms of the authenticity of Chinese garden culture, which escaped the strong influence of nomadic tribes. This work studied 62 gardens of the Jiangnan region, located in 15 large and small cities of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Greater Shanghai, which differ in their functional purpose and were built in different historical periods. Also, the history of gardens and parks was studied, their typology was determined during the construction period, and the structure of the complex was analyzed. The article provides a list and detailed description of mandatory planning elements, as well as an analysis of the climatic and natural features of the research region. Special attention is paid to the plant components, namely the species composition and origin of the species most commonly found in the gardens of the Jiangnan region, as well as plant symbolism. The species composition of trees, shrubs, tree lianas and bamboos in the region was found as represented by 294 species, excluding varieties and cultivars. The ratio of native and introduced species of woody plants and bamboos characteristic of the gardens are that more than 90% of the plants of the local flora are found. The study found that gardens in the Yangtze River Delta remain historically reliable and can play the role of potential resource banks in the restoration of disturbed natural areas.

Keywords: Traditional Chinese gardens; Local flora species; Traditional Chinese parks, Resource banks; Floricultural landscape design; Bamboo garden; Botanical garden design; Origin of plants in the gardens; Sustainable landscape architecture; Botany lake garden; Yangtze River Delta; Jiangnan gardens.

Disciplinary: Multidisciplinary (Landscape, Garden and Plant Ecology, Sustainable Landscape Architecture (Floricultural Landscape and Botanical Garden Design, Environmental Aesthetics), History of China). ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (Elena Golosova). Email: ElenaGolosova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.273

1 INTRODUCTION The lands south of the Yangtze River in its lower course are known in Chinese history as the Jiangnan or Pinyin region, and the ancient cultural traditions of the peoples who inhabit this area are contained in the concept of the Jiangnan Culture. The Jiangnan region (that is, the land “South of the river”) coincides with the region called the “Yangtze River Delta Economic zone” in the modern administrative division. It includes Shanghai with its suburbs as a city of Central subordination, the southern part of Jiangsu province, the Eastern and southern parts of Anhui province, and the Eastern and Northern regions of Zhejiang province (Fitzgerald, 1998; Suzhou gardens, 1999; Qingxi, Lou, 2010; PRC, 2002). The area of the Yangtze River Delta is considered one of the centers of the emergence of Chinese civilization. Its history can be traced back to the 5th Millennium BC: the area was part of the state of Wuwith its capital at the site of modern Suzhou, which in the IV century BC was conquered by the neighboring state of Chu, and annexed to the Qing Empire a hundred years later. Since the beginning of the IV century, the area in the Yangtze River Delta has become the main cultural and economically important center of China, especially actively cultivated and populated in the VII-IX centuries (the period of the Tang dynasty). Different seaports appeared and disappeared in different historical periods in China, but at the end of the Ming dynasty, the role of the main seaport passed to Shanghai.

Figure 1: Taihu lake Rock in the landscape of Xihu lake. Hangzhou, Zhejiang province This region with a humid climate due to the numerous rivers and tributaries flowing into the East China Sea occupies low-lying territories and abounds in large reservoirs. There is the largest lake in China, Taihu lake, famous for its quaint rocks, Xihu lake, and many others (Figure 1). The Yunho, the Great Canal that connects Hangzhou with Beijing, also passes through this area. The canal was built by hand for almost two thousand years and passes through seven major cities (Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou) crossing the basins of major rivers-Haihe, Huanghe, Huaihe, Yangtze, Qiantan, several of natural lakes and many smaller rivers. During the reign of each of the dynasties, it was the most important transport artery connecting the Northern and southern cities. The Jiangnan region has been considered the center of Chinese culture, crafts, and trade for many centuries, and remains largely so in the modern period of history.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

The construction of gardens for all countries of the world is a bright example of the manifestation of the spirituality and culture of Nations. Chinese gardens and parks can be considered as one of the most striking phenomena of world culture, reflected in the list of UNESCO world heritage sites (PRC, 2006). The harmony of the Chinese garden is based on many philosophical theories, including the Confucian doctrine of the "Golden mean", which warned against extremes in decision-making, and required a balance between nature and human activity for gardens. Classical gardens that have survived to the present day, located in the Jiangnan region, as well as modern parks, as a continuation of the horticultural traditions of the region, are of the greatest interest in terms of the authenticity of Chinese garden culture, which escaped the strong influence of nomadic tribes (Manchus, Jurgen, Mongols), compared to the Northern provinces of China. The southern provinces (Yunnan, Sichuan, and Guangxi) were the last to join the Empire, and the culture of their peoples did not have a significant impact on the classical gardens (Fitzgerald,1998). The main feature of Chinese culture as a whole is the unity of myths, legends, historical facts, geographical objects, real people, and deities of different ranks. It is impossible to separate all these concepts. The preservation of traditions and maintenance of the established social hierarchy in Chinese culture was facilitated by a unique combination of beliefs and the cult of the heavenly order, and the divine ancestors, and the real history of peoples. A set of mandatory planning elements in the form of a reservoir with one or more Islands, pavilions of various functions, and imagery, an artificial mountain is firmly rooted in the garden art of China. Ancient myths about the existence of Islands of immortal deities are reflected in the landscape of the gardens. The gardeners ' task was to try to create a miniature copy of the landscape, as close as possible to the natural originals and the ideal space of the mythical Islands. The master always forms Islands in each reservoir in Chinese gardens; one island is required in small reservoirs; three or five Islands in large reservoirs (Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 2: Geyuan garden island, Yangzhou, Jiangsu province. *Corresponding author (Elena Golosova). Email: ElenaGolosova@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.273

The prototype of the mountain in the garden is the really existing Kunlun Mountains - the large mountain system of Asia, which extends from the Pamirs to the Sino-Tibetan mountains in eastern China. Its length is about 2500 km, with the highest point at 7167 m above sea level (Aksai-chin peak) (Zaychikov, 1964). The ancient Chinese were convinced that on the top of the mountain grow the magical gardens of the goddess Xiwangmu with peach trees, the fruits of which grant immortality. The tradition of modeling the Kunlun mountains led to the inclusion of the hill as an indispensable element of the garden in an attempt to create an ideal space. Plants planted in gardens have also come a long way in the selection and have never been an accidental choice of a master. They were valued for their useful properties: food, medicinal, aesthetic, and evens in a person (Poot-Pool et al 2018; Alexandrova&Tatueva 2019; Boni, 2019n for a number of intangible characteristics that cause positive emotions).

Figure 3: A hill with a gazebo at the top. Zhen Zhu Taoyuan Garden, Tongli Water Town, Jiangsu Province. The desire to approach the Gardens of Eden from their own legends in an attempt to create an ideal space encouraged residents to turn to the only available analogs of the “Gardens of Eden” - the beautiful natural landscapes of mountain, forest, lake, and river landscapes found in abundance in the Jiangnan region.

2 METHODS AND OBJECTS The objects of study were 62 gardens of the Jiangnan region, located in 15 large and small cities of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Greater Shanghai. The gardens studied are of four different types: parks based on natural landscapes, gardens of temples and shrines, gardens of residential residences, and modern urban gardens and parks (Golosova, 2011). The gardens cover a significant historical period by the time of their creation (Table 1). the oldest ones, such as Hutsue Park (Chinese - Hu giu, 虎丘), are known to B.C., while the modern parks were built in the XXI century.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Table 1: The distribution of gardens and parks in this study is classified according to the historical periods and functional purposes. Historical period

Number of investigate d gardens

BCE. Qin Han Threekingdoms EasternJinandJin Northern & Southern Dynasties Tan Song and Southern Song Yuan Min Qing Republic of China People's Republic of China IN TOTAL

1 1 2 1 2 2 3 5 2 14 14 2 13 62

parks built based on natural landscapes 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 12

gardens of temples and shrines

Residential gardens

modern city gardens and parks

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 14 10 1 0 31

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 12 15

The study examined the history and period of creation (fame) of gardens and parks, determined their typology (functionality) during construction, analyzed the structure of the complex, the species composition of tree plantations, and the origin of species most commonly found in the gardens of the studied region. One of the features of the Chinese garden is its strict structure in terms of volume indicators. That is why the authors, considering the range, paid attention exclusively to trees, shrubs, woody lianas, and bamboos. Although bamboo is not a tree plant, it is traditionally positioned on a park with tree plants in terms of its participation (influence) in the formation of the spatial structure of plantings in China (Golosova, 2015). Also, methods of system, comparative and historical analysis, and standard methods of statistical data processing were used.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The lower reaches of the Yangtze River is a region generously endowed with the natural beauty of landscapes and rich resources; It has been home to intellectuals and wealthy merchants for many centuries, which have greatly influenced Chinese culture. They built their unique gardens to express their attitude to life and fight with each other for prestige. The inextricable link between man and nature has developed into the cultural tradition of creating and admiring the garden. Many gardens preserved in this region help contemporaries appreciate the life, ideals, thoughts, and feelings of their creators. Gardens are a material expression of the aesthetic consciousness of society and are intended primarily for the "rest of the soul." Each Chinese garden consists not only of pavilions, terraces, artificial hills, ponds, and plants, but also of a certain intangible substance, a centuries-old cultural tradition that has been preserved, enhanced, appreciated, and trusted by many generations of Chinese gardeners. They took the concept of the natural development of the garden from Taoism, imitating the *Corresponding author (Elena Golosova). Email: ElenaGolosova@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.273

natural course of rivers and creating a mirrored world in the smoothness of man-made lakes. The idealized images of landscape elements - hills, water, plants, and their connection with human characteristics and emotions came from Confucian philosophy to the gardens. The practice of meditation has come from Buddhism to the gardens; this ability to deeply and meaningfully admire the pictures of the garden. Being a manifestation of respect for the cultural traditions and wisdom of the ancestors, the gardens also have a direct information component - inscriptions on stones and on wooden boards in the pavilions that help to appreciate the poetic feelings of artists, poets, scientists who owned the gardens and created these gardens. The relationship of man to plants from the natural environment and planted in gardens over the centuries has formed a stable relationship, bonded by economic and emotional, and spiritual components. According to the plan, plants in Chinese gardens should demonstrate natural beauty. The main aesthetic criteria for selecting plants for a garden in European culture and countries that have adopted European values are height, crown shape, silhouette, bark, color and texture, size and shape of leaves, flowers, and fruits. Plants are selected for a number of characteristics in China and other South-East Asian countries that have been subjected to its cultural influence, which are not taken into account by the European materialistic tradition. Plant symbolism comes out on top â€“ the close centuries-old connection of the ethnic group with its natural environment (Werner, 1961; Williams, 1999). Thus, numerous species of bamboo, which grow in the region of about 20 species, are considered a symbol of noble character and purpose embodies the continuity of generations (Bambusa multiplex Raeusch, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (Franceschi) Makino, Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure, Pleioblastusamarus (Keng) Keng f. 11 species of the genus Phyllostachys, etc.) (Figures 4 and 5).

Figure 4: Bamboo forest in the vicinity of Issin city. Jiangsu province

Figure 5: Bamboo grove in Geyuan garden, Yangzhou, Jiangsu province.

Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and six species of native pines (Pinus armandi Franch, Pinus bungeana Zucc. exEndl., Pinus densiflora Siebold.&Zucc, Pinus parviflora Siebold&Zucc., Pinus tabulaeformis Carr., Pinus thunbergii Parl) represent longevity and are not afraid of low temperature. (Somkina, 2009) (Figure 6).

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Figure 6: Pine tree in Huangsushanzhuang garden, Suzhou, Jiangsu province. Plum for local residents is an indisputable symbol of moral purity and loyalty (Filimonova, 2003; Polyakova, 2015). Local representatives of this subfamily of almonds or plums have about 10 species, the most popular is the Japanese apricot (Prunus mume (Siebold) Siebold&Zucc.), which is most often depicted on scrolls. Other representatives of this group are also often found in gardens (Prunus glandulosa Torr.&A. Gray, Prunus japonica Thunb., Prunus trilobaLindl., Prunus serrulataLindl., Prunus glandulosa Torr. &A. Gray, etc.).

Figure 7: View of the plum blossom of the Meiyuan Garden from Quilou Tower on a foggy day, Wuxi, Jiangsu. Spiritual purity is associated with the Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), revered in Taoism as a symbol of longevity; it has become a symbol of spiritual purity in Buddhism. Its contrasting "purity" is associated with the ecology of places of natural growth â€“ dirty from the point of view of human representations of reservoirs and swamps from which rises a beautiful large flower on a high peduncle. The Orchid is a symbol of the hermit and has been especially loved by Chinese scientists since *Corresponding author (Elena Golosova). Email: ElenaGolosova@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.273

ancient times, as it symbolizes the integrity of nature, nobility, and friendship in Chinese culture, which are the virtues of a perfectly cultured gentleman and scientist. Symbolize good luck in Chinese gardens such plants as Magnolia (Magnolia denudata Desr., Magnolia liliflora Desr., Magnolia officinalis Rehder&E. H. Wilson, Magnolia sieboldii K. Koch). The symbol of immortality and harmony of Yin-Yang is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba L.), and death is associated, oddly enough, with Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus mutabilis L.) The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) as an ancient symbol of wealth, happiness, and splendor is considered an unofficial national symbol of the country (Guo Rongjun& Yang Haiyun, 2020), and osmanthus fragrant (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) marks prosperity and wealth. Even a plant pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), which is China's native range and imported from Asia during the period of active operation of the silk road, bought in China a new symbolic meaning for the last two thousand years and revered as a symbol of gentility and numerous families. Roses, camellias, rhododendrons, Wisteria, daffodils, and chrysanthemums, as well as other garden plants of the Jiangnan region, contain a significant layer of cultural information that makes it possible to understand the reason for choosing the assortment for the garden (PRC, 2020). Seasonal changes and morphological features of plants often determined their specific place in the garden. So the late flowering of fragrant osmanthus associatively resembles the imminent arrival of winter. It was planted on the North side of open arbors so that the prevailing Northern winds in autumn and winter filled the arbor with its subtle aroma. Plants with large leaves not only provided shade, but also the sound of raindrops falling on them, which caused a poetic feeling and creative inspiration. Plants such as Paulownia (Paulownia fortunei (Seem.)Hemsl) or liriodendron (Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg.) they were especially revered by poets, scientists, and officials; they tried to plant them from the side of their workrooms. Pine trees were located closer to the house, and bamboo was placed where under the pressure of the wind it can demonstrate its resilience, associated with the character of the owner. The climate of the Jiangnan region has pronounced seasonal changes: summers are dry and hot, winters are cool and humid. In the initial period of the formation of traditional gardens, the selection of plants was carried out and based on the associative connections of the person of that period with natural phenomena. The natural need to protect yourself from the scorching sun in summer led to the use of tall deciduous trees in the first tier of plantings. Evergreens with dense crowns are good in summer, and in rainy winter and autumn periods, they would also not let in sunlight, increasing humidity. Therefore, deciduous trees were introduced mainly in the first tier; they give dense shade in summer and shed their leaves in winter. Much attention was paid to plants in the height range of 1.5-2.5 m, which were included in the direct life of the human habitable space. In winter, residents of the residence with gardens shortened their stay in the garden but tried to enjoy the garden more from the Windows of pavilions and gazebos. In this regard, evergreen shrubs and small trees were planted in the vicinity of architectural buildings to create plant compositions of a permanent period of decorativeness of various types of pines (often formed), Holly, Privet, rhododendrons in the line of sight from windows, galleries and entrances to pavilions. The rich flora of China is only partially reflected in the gardens. About 450 species of higher plants in China out of about 30,000 species are used most frequently throughout the country in gardens (Golosova, 2011). Among these most popular plants, representatives of the Chinese flora include 79%, the rest are introduced (Table 2).

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Table 2: The origin of plants in the China gardens Origin of plants in Chinese gardens 1 - China (79%) 2 - Japan (8.1%) 3 - Europe (4.2%) 4 - The rest of Asia (0.8%) 5 - North and South America (6.7%) 6 - Australia. Oceania. Africa (1.2%)

The origin of plants in the gardens of the Jiangnan region 1 - China (91.2%) 2 - Japan (5.4%) 3 - Europe (1.4%) 4 – The rest of Asia (0.3%) 5 - North and South America (1.7%) 6 - Australia. Oceania. Africa (0%)

The oldest preserved gardens in China are located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze river, in the Jiangnan region. The climate and wealth of the inhabitants of this economically prosperous region allowed the construction and preservation of many unique gardens, most of which belonged to the intellectual elite. Species diversity in gardens has not always depended on the area of the garden. The most diverse range of woody plants among private gardens in the region is represented in the ZhuozhengYuan garden (Suzhou), where 85 species of woody plants grow on an area of more than 4 hectares. However, 46 species of woody plants are concentrated in the small garden of Wanshi Yuan with an area of 0.47 ha, which is 4.5 times more in terms of 1 ha. Also, the number of species is directly related to the age of the garden through the nature of the layout: the older the residence, the more complex its planning structure due to the increase in the number of pavilions and other space delimiters (galleries, walls). The increase in the number of buildings over time contributed to the appearance of numerous small courtyards, separated from the Central space of the garden, where their own plants were planted (Golosova, 2015; Meshcheryakov, 2004). Therefore, a larger number of plant species grow per unit area in older gardens. The floral composition has certainly changed over the centuries, but it nevertheless reflects a characteristic picture of the region. The species composition of trees, shrubs, tree lianas, and bamboos in the region was determined by us in 294 species without taking into account varieties and cultivars. Table 2 shows the ratio of native and introduced species of woody plants and bamboos typical of gardens located in the Jiangnan region. The data shows that the proportion of native species in the gardens of the study region is 12 % higher than the national average of 91.2%. The advantage of native plants has historically been determined by the simplicity of their cultivation within the natural range. They successfully reached a pre-known height that could be predicted when planting. The use of foreign, uncharacteristic, and little-known plants was the exception rather than the rule since the movement of plants in previous centuries was not yet sufficiently developed. The reconstruction and restoration of the gardens, which took place periodically, was not associated with a drastic replacement of the species composition. During reconstruction, substitutions were made within the genus, but with the same local plants. This explains the stable preponderance of native species in the gardens: gardeners were concerned not with the decorative qualities of the plants, but their symbolic significance for the owner of the estate and people visiting the garden. Local species were preferable also because the creators of the gardens sincerely believed in a close energy relationship between man, plant, and the land on which they live and grow. The theory of the unified positive energy “Qi” is well described in both ancient and modern literature on Feng Shui, where there is a lot of mystical beginnings, but also laid down thousands of years of experience of human observations of nature. *Corresponding author (Elena Golosova). Email: ElenaGolosova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.273

4 CONCLUSION The gardens of the Jiangnan region in China demonstrate how General cultural and partly religious traditions contribute to the preservation of local flora in the gardens, which accounts for more than 90%. Against the background of accelerating globalization processes that lead to the loss of cultural identity, gardens in the Yangtze River Delta remain historically reliable and can play the role of potential resource banks in the restoration of disturbed natural areas.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author. 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The research was carried out within the framework of the State task of the N.V.Tsitsin MBG RAS “Biological diversity of natural and cultural flora: fundamental and applied issues of study and conservation” (Grant No.118021490111-5).

7 REFERENCES Alexandrova, M. V. & Tatueva, O. A. (2019). Features of the development of the economic belt of the Yangtze River. Problems of the Far East, 6, 59-70. Boni, L.D. (2019). Chinese village on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the formation of the PRC (the Decisive battle for Xiaokang). Problems of the Far East. 5(1), 73-86. Filimonova, E.N. (2003). Symbolism of plants in translated works. Noble plants (based on translations from Korean and Chinese) Language, consciousness, communication. Moscow: MAKS Press, 26-53. Fitzgerald, C.P. (1998). A brief history of culture. China. Translated from English by R. V. Kotenko, scientific editor E. A. Torchinov., Saint Petersburg: Eurasia, 456p. Golosova, E.V. (2011). China and the landscape art of Eurasia. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH &Co.KG, 417p. Golosova, E.V. (2015). Analysis of the flora of gardens and parks in China. Bulletin of the Moscow state University of the forest “LesnoyVestnik”, 5(19), 58-65. Guo Rongjun, Yang Haiyun, (2020). Flower symbolism in Chinese culture-on the example of the image of a peony. Culturology - International Journal of Humanities and natural sciences, 3-1(42). DOI: 10.24411/2500-1000-2020-10199 Meshcheryakov A. N. (2004). Book of Japanese symbols. The book of Japanese customs, Moscow, 556p. Polyakova, E.A. (2015). Color symbolism of China linguistic and cultural aspects. Philological sciences. Poot-Pool, W.S., Cetral-Ix, W., Basu, S.K., Noguera-Savelli, E., Noh-Contreras, D.G. (2018). Urban Home Gardens: A Sustainable Conservation Model for Local Plants Based on Mexican Urban Agri-Horticultural Practices. Urban Horticulture, Springer, 73-88. PRC. (1999). Suzhou gardens. China architecture & building press, 251p. PRC. (2002). Chinese classical gardens. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People’s Fine Arts Publishing House, 175p. PRC. (2006), World heritage of China. 550p. PRC. (2020). Flora of China. http://www.efloras.org (Accessed January 2020).

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Qingxi, Lou (2010). Chinese gardens in search of landscape paradise.China intercontinental press, pp. 170. Somkina, N.A. (2009). Chinese tradition of benevolence: symbolism of animals and plants.Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University, 13(2), 77-86. Werner, E. T. C. (1961). A Dictionary of Chinese Mythology. New York: Julian Press, 627p. Williams, C.A.S. (1999). Chinese symbolism and Art motifs. Singapore, 472p. Zaychikov, V.T. (1964). Physical geography of China. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In-t geography, Moscow: Mysl, 739p. Dr.Golosova Elena Vladimirovna is Head of the Department of Landscape Architecture, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden named the Russian Academy of Sciences. She holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences degree. Her research interests are related to the Gardens of South-East Asia and Eurasian Globalization in Landscape Architecture.

Dr.Kotova Anna Vladimirovna is a Researcher at the Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden named the Russian Academy of Sciences. She got a Ph.D. in Agricultural Sciences. Her research interests are related to the study of the Composition and Structure of Historical Gardens and Expositions of Botanical Gardens.

Dr.Melnichuk Irina Albertovna is Acting Rector and Head of the Department of Landscape Architecture St. Petersburg State Forestry University named after S.M. Kirov. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research interests are related to Monitoring Urban Green Spaces.

Dr.Shlapakova Svetlana Nikolaevna is Head of the Department of Landscape Architecture and Vice-Rector, Bryansk State Engineering and Technological University. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Her research interests include studying the flora of urban gardens and parks and the ecological sustainability of plants in the city.

*Corresponding author (Elena Golosova). Email: ElenaGolosova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.273

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PAPER ID: 11A14G

PRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF HYBRID PIGS 1*

O.A. Krasnova , N.P. Kazantseva , M.R. Kudrin , E.V. Khardina , 1 1 1 M.I. Vasilieva , M.G. Pushkaryov , N.A. Sannikova 1

Department of Private Livestock, Faculty of Zoo Engineering, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, city of Izhevsk, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 March 2020 Received in revised form 10 June 2020 Accepted 20 July 2020 Available online 10 August 2020

This research focuses on the reproductive qualities of cross-breeding sows of different breeding options, growth rate and development of hybrid piglets during periods of suckling and nursery, and on the assessment of fattening and meat qualities with different genotypes. The best reproductive performance was observed when crossing crossbred sows (LW x L) with Duroc boars: multiple fertility reached 14 baby piglets, the Keywords: weight of a piglet 1.6 kg, livability up to weaning 93.8%, live weight Pig reproductive qualities; Hybrid piglets; before weaning 6.5 kg. Hybrid piglets from the first and second groups were characterized with the best growth rate during suckling and nursery Crossbred breeding system; Genotypes pigs; periods; they were obtained from a combination of sows of Large White x Pig farming Landrace of Canadian and Danish breeding with Duroc boars. Best results development; Danish in fattening and slaughter qualities of hybrid young animals were obtained Landrace boars; with a combination of sows (LW x Y) with Canadian Landrace boars, and Canadian Landrace also with a combination of sows (LW x Y) with Danish Landrace boars: boars; Pig fattening; Pork early maturity 145-146 days, average daily gain 990.4 g, slaughter yield quality; Large White; 80.9% and 79.6%, respectively. The length of the carcasses of young Yorkshire; Landrace. animals of the third group in this experiment was larger in comparison to their herd mates in the second and first groups, respectively. Piglets from the second group (LW x L c.) xD had the smallest fat depth, and fattening livestock from the third and fourth groups had the largest one; these animals also had a higher pre-slaughter weight. Fat depth in the second (LW x L c.) xD group was less, compared to the third and the fourth groups. According to research results, for increasing the production of pork and for improving its quality under industrial conditions, it is recommended to use Canadian and Danish Landrace boars at the final stage of crossbreeding in a three-breed combination i.e., Large White x Yorkshire x Landrace. Disciplinary: Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Swine Science, Pig Husbandry, Pig Farming and Production, Biotechnology. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (O.A. Krasnova). Email: krasnova-969@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.274

1 INTRODUCTION Development of livestock farming and its transfer to modern European technologies is one of the main tasks of ensuring the food security of our country (Perevozchikov et al., 2015; Chabaev et al., 2019). It is possible to intensify production by developing the livestock of domestic pig breeding, creating a network of breeding centers in some regions of the Russian Federation, as well as increasing the competitiveness and economic efficiency of pork production (Ilyin et al., 2017; Ovchinnikov et al., 2015; Nekrasov et al., 2018). At the current stage of animal husbandry development, the effectiveness of its separate sectors, including pig breeding, is largely determined by the quality of the genetic potential of animals. In most regions of Russia, pigs of foreign breeding are used for this purpose (Ovchinnikov et al., 2014a, 2014b; Polozyuk and Maximov, 2016). Currently, development and implementation of effective methods for pork production based on crossbreeding of highly productive breeds of foreign and domestic selection allows obtaining a significantly higher level of productivity, producing high-quality pork, and reducing production costs due to the high genetic potential of animals (Alekseev et al., 2013; Batanov et al., 2009; Kosilov and Perevoyko, 2014; Ovchinnikov et al., 2014; Nekrasov et al., 2018). Domestic pig breeding does not suffer from a shortage of livestock of highly specialized meat breeds what makes it possible to ensure the full volume of commercial pig breeding concerning early maturing meat hybrids of domestic selection, and to create a regional selection and genetic centers on their basis (Zinovieva et al., 2012; Kazantseva et al., 2018; Perevozchikov et al., 2014; Perevoyko 2011). At the same time, stock development was considered as a separate most important strategic direction in pig breeding industry; it is a significant factor with an effect on the productive potential of commercial pig breeding (Neupokoeva and Iltyakov, 2018; Ovchinnikov, 2010; Perevozchikov et al., 2017). Scientific evidence revealed that crossbreeding effectiveness depends on the correct combination of breeds and high-quality selection of animals, so, crossbreeding of hybrid sows with terminal boars is considered a more effective way to obtain final hybrids for meat fattening. A special technique in pork production that reduces production cost is crossbreeding what is proved by the practical part of many scientific works (Batanov et al., 2010; Kazantseva and Karenina, 2006; Kazantseva et al., 2018; Nemirov, 2016; Nikolaev et al. , 2014; Martynova et al., 2013; Perevoyko and Babaylova, 2013; Grikshas et al., 2019). A stable heterosis effect on young animals obtained under conditions of industry intensification will be observed when optimal crossbreeding and hybridization patterns are created (Kazantseva et al., 2012; Ovchinnikov et al., 2013). But, to solve this problem, it is necessary to experimentally confirm the effectiveness of various combinations of pig genotypes that will be optimal for certain conditions of keeping and breeding (Kazantseva et al., 2013; Lazarevich et al., 2016; Ovchinnikov and Zatsarinin, 2011; Pogodaev et al., 2010). This research aims to study the productive qualities of pigs of different genotypes with intensive pork production technology. The tasks include to study the reproductive qualities of cross-breeding sows with different breeding options; to identify the intensity of growth and development of hybrid young animals during suckling and nursery; to study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of animals of different genotypes.

2 METHOD AND RESEARCH MATERIAL This research was performed based on the economy of the Udmurt Republic. The object of

O.A. Krasnova, N.P. Kazantseva, M.R. Kudrin, E.V. Khardina, M.I. Vasilieva, M.G. Pushkaryov, N.A. Sannikova

research at OOO “Kigbaevsky Bekon: in the Sarapulsky District was pigs obtained by industrial twoand three-breed crosses using the following breeds: Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Yorkshire. Landrace pigs of Danish and Canadian breeding were used for this study. To experiment, four groups of similar sows were formed, 10 animals in each group, taking into account age, development, and productivity. Sows were inseminated with sperm of boars of specialized breeds according to the research scheme (group 1 – (LWxLd.)xD; group 2 – (LWxLc.)xD; group 3 – (LWxY)xLc; group 4 (LWxY)xLd, where LW is a large white, Lc is a landrace of Canadian selection, Ld is a landrace of Danish selection, D is Duroc, Y is Yorkshire) All boars were full-aged, corresponded to the elite class. According to the adopted technology, pigs of all sex and age groups were fed and kept in the complex. Weaning of piglets was carried out in 28 days, the nursery period was 58 days. Fattening was stopped when pigs reached a live weight of 110-115 kg. Evaluation of the reproductive qualities of sows was carried out according to the following parameters: multiple pregnancies, live weight of one piglet at birth, number of piglets in the litter at weaning, the weight of one piglet at weaning, percentage of piglets’ livability at weaning. Growth and development of experimental young animals during suckling and nursery periods were evaluated using parameters: live weight, average daily, absolute, and relative gains. Quantitative indicators of piglets were studied by the method of balanced groups, 30 animals in each, according to the following parameters: age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg, average daily gain, and live weight when removed from fattening. Quality parameters were studied based on control slaughter (five animals from each group) by determining slaughter yield, half-carcass length, and fat depth at the level of 6th-7th thoracic vertebrae.

3 RESEARCH RESULTS Herd reproduction is one of the most important production processes, see Figure 1.

Figure 1: Farrowing shop. *Corresponding author (O.A. Krasnova). Email: krasnova-969@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.274

To predict the effectiveness of using sows, it is necessary to evaluate animals for reproductive qualities. The results of the farrowing in experimental groups are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Productive qualities of hybrid sows. Group 1 2 3 (LWxL d.)xD (LWxL c.)xD (LWxY)xL c. Fertility, pigs 11.6±0.73 14.0±0.89* 12.0±0.76 Weight of a piglet, kg 1.44±0.11 1.61±0.07 1.50±0.09 The number of piglets at weaning, pigs 10.6±3.17 13.14±2.55 9.72±2.33 Live weight per animal, kg 6.24±0.26 6.59±0.46 6.45±0.38 Livability, % 91.37 93.85 81.00 Note: *- Р≥0.95, **-Р≥0.99 (hereinafter) Parameter

4 (LWxY)xL d. 12.6±1.28 1.54±0.09 9.96±2.29 6.00±0.34 79.04

Analysis of the reproductive qualities of hybrid sows showed that sows of the second group (Large White x Landrace Canadian combined with Duroc boars) were distinguished by high fertility; the number of live piglets per litter was 14 what is 2.4 animals higher than the fertility in the first group (P≥0.95). Larger piglets were obtained in the second group (LWxL c.) x D; live weight of one piglet was 1.61 kg what is 0.17 kg higher than in the first group. The number of piglets per litter at weaning was the best in sows of the first and second groups: the number of piglets was 10.6 and 13.14, respectively. Piglets of the second group turned out to be the largest by the time of weaning – the weight of one piglet was 6.59 kg; the smallest was the piglets of the fourth group (a combination of crossbred sows LWxY with Danish Landrace boars) – 6.00 kg. Low piglet livability was observed in the third and fourth groups and ranged from 79 to 81%. The highest livability of piglets at weaning was observed in the first and second groups, with Duroc boars as male parents. Thus, the first and second groups can be noted among all combinations for all reproductive qualities, namely in these groups livability at weaning was better, and the live weight of one animal at weaning was higher. The method of raising young pigs during periods of suckling and nursery largely determines the reproductive and productive qualities of sows and boars. Compliance with the feeding conditions and keeping sucking piglets, especially in the first month, is an important part of the technological chain of production of high-quality pork. Combining genetic material within a species creates certain opportunities for increasing productive qualities. This is since the resulting offspring with good heredity, due to a combination of the beneficial qualities of parents, have great potential for increasing productivity. Data in Table 2 show that there were no significant differences between experimental groups of piglets in live weight at weaning; the best result was in the second (LWxL c.)xD group, i.e. 6.59 kg. Table 2: Growth of piglets during the suckling period Groups Parameter Live weight of 1 piglet at birth, kg Live weight at weaning, kg Absolute gain, kg Average daily gain, g Relative gain,%

1 (LWxL d.)xD 1.44±0.11 6.24±0.26 4.80±0.29 171.4±10.31 333.3

2 (LWxL c.)xD 1.61±0.07 6.59±0.46 4.98±0.32 177.9±10.75 309.3

3 (LWxY)xL c. 1.50±0.09 6.45±0.38 4.95±0.35 176.8±11.9 330.0

4 (LWxY)xL d. 1.54±0.09 6.00±0.34 4.46±0.49 159.3±16.57 289.6

O.A. Krasnova, N.P. Kazantseva, M.R. Kudrin, E.V. Khardina, M.I. Vasilieva, M.G. Pushkaryov, N.A. Sannikova

The same trend was observed in absolute gain: the best value was 4.98 kg in the second group with combination (LWxL c.)xD; young animals from the third group is a little bit less – 4.95 kg. The highest daily average gain was observed in the second (LWxL c.)xD and the third (LWxY)xL c. groups where it amounted to 177.9 and 176.8 g, respectively. The smallest average daily gain, in this case, was in the combination of (LWxY)xL d. – 159.3 g. These values demonstrated that the first (LWxL d.)xD group had a high relative gain of 333.3%; this is higher than in the second (LWxL c.)xD and the third (LWxY)xL c. and the fourth (LWxY)xL d. groups by 24%, 3.3% and 43.7%, respectively. A challenging technological stage of industrial pig farming is the raising of young animals. Therefore, the main task is to maximize using high growth and development potential of piglets. The next significant period of the technological process of pork production is the period of raising piglets from the moment of their weaning and before starting fattening. Table 3 shows changes in the development of piglets in the nursery period. Table 3: Growth of piglets during the nursery period Groups Parameter Live weight at weaning, kg Live weight of 1 piglet at the start of fattening, kg Absolute gain, kg Average daily gain, g Relative gain,%

1 (LWxL d.)xD 6.24±0.26 43.07±1.57* 36.83±1.59 646.1±27.96 590.2

2 (LWxL c.)xD 6.59±0.46 42.89±0.53** 36.30±0.52 636.8±9.20 550.8

3 (LWxY)xL c. 6.45±0.38 41.51±0.98 35.06±0.64 615.1±11.27 543.6

4 (LWxY)xL d. 6.00±0.34 39.58±0.67 33.58±1.28 589.1±22.52 559.7

Absolute gain during nursery was also higher in the first and second groups – 36.83 and 36.30 kg, respectively. In these groups, Duroc boars were used as male parents. In this case, the smallest absolute gain was observed in the fourth group 33.58 kg. It should be noted that the highest average daily gain during nursery was in piglets of the first and second groups 646.1 and 636.8 g, respectively. During the nursery period, the highest relative gain could be observed in the combination (LWxL d.)xD; it amounted to 590.2%. This is 46.6% higher than the absolute gain of the third group (LWxY) xL c. by. Thus, hybrid piglets from the first and second groups grew and developed most intensively during the nursery period. The final stage of production is fattening, the results of the whole work depend on its quality. The main task of fattening as a technological element is the high yield of pork at minimal cost for production. Table 4 shows data on the fattening of hybrid young animals of various combinations. Table 4: Fattening qualities of experimental young animals Parameter

1 (LWxL d.)xD

Pre-slaughter live weight, kg

115.4±3.23

Average daily gain, g

931.3±25.32

Age of reaching a live weight of 100 kg, day

150±8.25

Groups 2 3 (LWxL c.)xD (LWxY)xL c. 114.2±3.20 859.0±36.50

151±5.15

4 (LWxY)xL d.

119.4±4.11

121.8±4.07

973.3±21.63

990.4±28.22

145±6.33

146±5.41

Results of fattening experimental young animals showed that the highest live weight was obtained in the fourth group 121.8 kg, the smallest one in the second 114.2 kg. It was established that hybrid young animals from the fourth group (LWxY)xL d. were characterized by a higher growth rate; average daily gain in live weight in this group was higher than that in the third, first and second groups by 17.1; 59.1 and 131.4 g, respectively. We should note that experimental young animals from all groups were characterized by high early maturity, that is, animals have reached a live weight of 100 kg, on average, during 145-151 days. The best value was observed in the third group; piglets from this group (LWxY)xL c. reached a live weight of 100 kg forward by 5, 4, and 1 day in comparison to young animals from the first, second, and fourth groups, respectively. Thus, hybrid young animals of the fourth group showed the best fattening qualities. At the same time, quite good growing results were also observed in young animals of the third group. Trends of modern technologies in pig breeding are aimed at obtaining carcasses with a large amount of meat. However, in some studies, the authors noted that intensive pork production technologies can only improve the quantitative characteristics of raw materials, and qualitative parameters, as a rule, noticeably worsen (muscle fibers become thick, rough). Meat quality parameters depend on various factors. To determine slaughter qualities after completing the fattening, experimental young animals were slaughtered after reaching 110-120 kg of live weight. Table 5 shows the results. Table 5: Slaughter and meat qualities of experimental young animals Groups Parameter Pre-slaughter live weight, kg Carcass weight, kg Slaughter yield,% Fat depth at the level of 6th-7th thoracic vertebrae, mm Carcass length, cm

1 (LWxL d.)xD 115.4±3.23 93.28±2.37 80.88±1.13

2 (LWxL c.)xD 114.2±3.20 87.84±0.89 77.07±1.43

3 (LWxY)xL c. 119.4±4.11 98.52±3.04 80.91±0.23*

4 (LWxY)xL d. 121.8±4.07 95.04±2.95 79.64±0.52

27.5±0.21

26.6±0.16

29.8±0.19*

29.7±0.12

101.2±0.68

97.7±1.77

102.2±1.37

101.9±1.51

Analysis of Table 5 showed that piglets of the third group had the largest carcass weight of 98.52 kg and the smallest fattening young animals were in the first group – 93.28 kg. Comparing slaughter yield data, we can see that the most successful combination for obtaining carcasses with a high yield is a combination of large white rocks, Yorkshire, Canadian landrace (third group); slaughter yield in this group was 80.91%. In other groups, it was slightly lower, in the range of 77-80%. To determine the meat qualities of pig carcasses, we measured the length of half-carcass and fat depth. Results of studying the length of half carcasses revealed that piglets obtained with the participation of Duroc breed – the first and the second groups – were characterized by shorter carcasses, 101.2 and 97.7 cm, than their herd mates from the third and fourth groups. According to the table, young animals of the third group (LWxY)xL c. had a large length of half-carcass, i.e. 102.2 cm what is higher than in the second group by 4.5 cm, in the first – by 1.0 cm, in the fourth – by 0.3 cm, respectively. According to the results of measuring fat depth above spinous processes at the level of 6th -7th thoracic vertebrae, it is evident that piglets from the second group (LWxL c.)xD had the smallest fat depth – 26.6 mm, and the largest was typical for the feeding stock from the third and fourth groups; pre-slaughter weight was also higher in these animals. Fat depth in the second group was less than 3.2 mm compared to the third, and 3.1 mm compared to the fourth.

O.A. Krasnova, N.P. Kazantseva, M.R. Kudrin, E.V. Khardina, M.I. Vasilieva, M.G. Pushkaryov, N.A. Sannikova

4 CONCLUSION From this study on the productive qualities of pigs of different genotypes under industrial technologies, the best values for all reproductive performance parameters were demonstrated by crossing crossbred sows (LWxL) with Duroc boars: fertility was 14 piglets, weight of a newborn piglet 1.61 kg, livability at weaning 93.85%, live weight at weaning 6.5 kg; hybrid piglets from the first and second groups, obtained from a combination of Large White x Canadian and Danish Landrace sows with Duroc boars, were characterized by the best growth rate during suckling and nursery periods: live weight at weaning was 6.59 and 3.24 kg, average daily gain was growing 646.1 and 636.8 g, respectively; in terms of fattening and slaughter qualities of hybrid young animals. The best results were obtained with a combination of sows (LWxY) with Canadian Landrace boars and also with a combination of sows (LWxY) with Danish Landrace boars: early maturity at 145-146 days, average daily gain 990.4 g, slaughter yield of 80.9% and 79.6%, respectively. A comparison of the meat qualities of experimental young animals revealed the larger carcass length in piglets of the third group (LWxY)xL c. by 4.5 cm in comparison with the second group; in terms of fat depth, the best result was in the second group (LWxL c.)xD 26.6 mm. From this study results, to increase pork production and to improve its quality in the conditions of industrial technologies, we recommend using Canadian and Danish Landrace boars at the final stage of crossbreeding in a three-breed combination i.e., Large White x Yorkshire x Landrace.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

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Kazantseva, N.P., Marinina, E.S., Ovchinnikov, O.P. (2012). Description of meat and fattening qualities of slaughter hybrid pigs. Prospective pig breeding: theory and practice, 6, 9. Martynova, E.N., Kazantseva, N.P., Vorobyeva, S.L., Achkasova, E.V., Ovchinnikov, O.P. (2013). Comparative evaluation of the productive qualities of pigs of different genotypes. Zootechnics, 10, 28-29. Nemirov, V.A. (2016). Three-breed crossbreeding in pigs. Pig breeding, 4, 9-11. Neupokoeva, A.S., Iltyakov, A.V. (2018). Development of meat productivity in fattening young pigs of Canadian selection. Resource-saving environmentally friendly technologies for storage and processing of agricultural products: proceedings of the scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Kurgan Region, Lesnikovo: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education â€œMaltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academyâ€?, 249-254. Nikolaev, D.V., Sivkov, A.I., Randelin, D.A. (2014). The efficiency of pork production when crossing animals of specialized breeds. News of the Lower Volga Agro-University Complex: Science and higher professional education, 1(33), 147-151. Ovchinnikov, A.V. (2010). New pig breeding system in Russia. Prospective pig breeding: theory and practice, 10, 10. Ovchinnikov, A.V., Zatsarinin, A.A. (2011). Improvement of large white breed pigs with the help of a mixture of new blood by the mating of sows with Yorkshire boars. Zootechnics, 1, 11-12. Ovchinnikov, A.V., Zatsarinin, A.A. (2013). Fattening and meat qualities of pigs of different genotypes in the course of their growth to large weight. Zootechnics, 2, 18-20. Ovchinnikov, A.V., Mikheenkov, V.E., Solovykh, A.G., Boronetskaya, O.I., Kozyrev, S.A. (2014a). Problems and prospects of pedigree pig breeding in Russia. Zootechnics, 12. P.8-9. Ovchinnikov, O.P., Maltsev, N.A., Marinina, E.S., Kazantseva, N.P. (2014b). Breeding resources of the Vostochny Hybrid Selection Center are available to everyone. Pig breeding, 2, 11-12. Ovchinnikov, A.V., Mikheenkov, V.E., Solovykh, A.G., Boronetskaya, O.I., Kozyrev, S.A. (2015). State and prospects of pig breeding development in Russia. Actual issues of livestock development under current conditions: proceedings of international scientific and practical conference 2015, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy, 130-136. Perevozchikov, A.L., Batanov, S.D., Makhaev, E.A., Mysik, A.T. (2014). Features of feeding and improving the reproductive qualities of sows. Zootechnics, 3, 6-9. Perevozchikov, A.L., Batanov, S.D., Mysik, A.T. (2015). Balanced feeding of sows is the key to high fertility and strong offspring. Zootechnics, 8, 8-10. Perevoyko, Zh.A. (2011). Linear-group selection in breeding large white breed pigs. Pig breeding, 7, 8-9. Perevoyko, Zh. A., Babaylova, G.P. (2013). Breeding pigs in industrial complexes. Scientific and production recommendations, 54p. Perevozchikov, A., Batanov, S.D., Atnabaeva, N.A. (2017). The use of vitamins in the feeding of sows for reproduction level. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 23(2), 298-303. Pogodaev, V.A., Shnakho, A.M., Peshkov, A.D. (2010). Reproductive qualities of SM-1 sows when crossed with French and Canadian Landrace boars. Pig breeding, 6, 6-18. Polozyuk, O.N., Maksimov, G.V. (2016). Meat productivity of hybrid pigs of various genotypes. Pig breeding, 4, 14-15. Nekrasov, R.V., Zelenchenkova, A.A., Chabaev, M.G., Tsis, E.Yu., Tulunay, C. (2018). Clinoptilolite in the diet of fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 96, S3, 309-310.

O.A. Krasnova, N.P. Kazantseva, M.R. Kudrin, E.V. Khardina, M.I. Vasilieva, M.G. Pushkaryov, N.A. Sannikova

Nekrasov, R.V., Zelenchenkova, A.A., Chabaev, M.G., Ivanov, G.A., Antonov, A.M., Pastukhova, N.O. (2018). Dried black soldier fly larvae as a dietary supplement for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 96(S3), 314. Zinovieva, N.A., Kharzinova, V.R., Sizareva, E.I., Gladyr, E.A., Kostyunina, O.V., Lugovoy S.I., Tapikha, V.A., Gamko, L.N., Ovseenko, E.V., Shavyrina, K.M., Ernst, L.K. (2012). Assessment of the contribution of different populations to the genetic diversity of large white breed pigs. Agricultural Biology, 47(6), 35-42. Dr.Oksana A. Krasnova is an Associate Professor in special zootechnics and livestock production technologies. She is Head of Special Animal Breeding Department of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. She holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Her research is on the topic “Influence of Paratypic Factors and Genotype on the Productivity of Farm Animals and Poultry and Improving the Efficiency of Feed”. Professor Nina P. Kazantseva is at Special Animal Breeding Department of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research is on the topic “Improving Reproductive and Fattening Qualities of Pigs in the Conditions of Industrial Technology for Pork Production”.

Mikhail R. Kudrin is an Associate Professor at Special Animal Breeding Department of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. His research is on topic “Influence of Paratypic Factors and Genotype on the Productivity of Farm Animals and Poultry and Improving the Efficiency of Feed”.

Ekaterina V. Khardina is an Associate Professor at the Department of Livestock Products Processing Technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. She works on the topic “Using natural feed additives in livestock” and provides Practical Training for the Implementation of Research Results into Production.

Marina I. Vasilieva is an Associate Professor at the Department of Livestock Products Processing Technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. She works on the topic “Using Biologically Active Substances in Animal Husbandry”.

Mikhail G. Pushkaryov is an Associate Professor at the Department of Livestock Products Processing Technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. He works on the topic Influence of Paratypic Factors and Genotype on the Productivity of Farm Animals and Poultry and Improving the Efficiency of Feed”.

Nadezhda A. Sannikova is an Associate Professor at the Department of Livestock Products Processing Technologies of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. She works on the topic “Influence of Paratypic Factors and Genotype on the Productivity of Farm Animals and Poultry and Improving the Efficiency of Feed”.

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “From Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agriculture” (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020. *Corresponding author (O.A. Krasnova). Email: krasnova-969@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.274

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14H

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL BURN INJURIES OF THE SECOND AND THIRD DEGREES IN DOGS T.N. Shnyakina 1, N.M. Bezina 1, N.P. Shcherbakov 2, L.V. Chernyshova 3, T.N. Makarova 3*, I.R. Kanagina 3, L.V. Medvedevа 4 1

Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, RUSSIA. 2 Innovation Research Center, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Biology, Ecology, Genetics and Animal Breeding, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, RUSSIA. 4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Altai State Agrarian University, Barnaul, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 March 2020 Received in revised form 10 June 2020 Accepted 20 July 2020 Available online 10 August 2020

The article presents the results of morphological studies of an effectiveness method in treatment of burn injuries in dogs using solution and pharmacological mixtures (iodinol-chlorophyllipt vinylin-salicylic liniment), taking into account the phase of the wound process. The composition of the iodinol-chlorophylliptic solution includes iodinol, novocaine, a 1% alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt Keywords: (diluted 1:5 with distilled water) and dimexide. The composition of the Dermis; Thermal burns; vinylin-salicylic liniment includes salicylic acid, vinylin, a 1% alcohol Inflammation reaction; solution of chlorophyllipt (diluted 1:5 with distilled water) and lavender Necrosis; Pharmacological mixture; oil. In the first phase of the wound healing process for the treatment of Morphological studies; burns in animals of experimental group No. 2, dressings were used, Regeneration; soaked in iodinol-chlorophylliptic solution, and in the second phase of the Granulation tissue. wound healing process, a vinylin-salicylic liniment was applied to the burn wound. Morphological studies of burnt tissues showed that in both experimental groups in the early stages of observation, the severity of the exudative phase of the inflammatory reaction is less pronounced than in the control group; the number of macrophages, is higher especially in the experimental group No.2. By the 21st day in experimental group No.2, the specific areas of newly formed collagen fibers and blood vessels with significantly lower cellularity of the infiltrate were greater, which indicates earlier maturation of granulation tissue. From the results, the regeneration of damaged tissues in animals of experimental group No.2 occurred with a predominance of reparative processes. Disciplinary: Biological Science, Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (Makarova). Email: Makarova@inbox.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.275

1 INTRODUCTION Burns in developed countries are one of the most common types of widespread damage (Sokolovet al., 2015; Spurr et al., 1990). According to the World Health Organization, burns take the third place among injuries, and in some countries, for example, Japan, thesecond place, thesecond only to transport injury, while the number of injured in industrialized countries is constantly growing (Jacob et al., 2017; Shnyakina and Bezina, 2017). More than 800 thousand cases of burns of varying severity are registered in Russia annually, and their frequency is 300-350 cases per 10 thousand of the population (Luengo-Pastor et al., 2019). Today, despite the successes achieved in the treatment of burns and their consequences, mortality among victims remains high (Vyas and Wong, 2013). This is due to the development of pain shock and the occurrence of burn toxemia, as well as the multiplication of pathogenic microflora on the surface of burn wounds (Benchamkha et al., 2017). Many methods have been proposed for treating burns in animals, but all of them have a number of disadvantages. Plastic surgery is sometimes impossible due to the complexity of the operation, if not to mention the often observed cases of complete rejection of the transplanted skin flap. Therefore, conservative treatment of burn wounds remains relevant (Kaddoura et al., 2017). For local treatment of thermal burns in animals, we have proposed two pharmacological mixtures (iodinol-chlorophylliptic solution and vinylin-salicylic liniment), compiled taking into account the peculiarities of the wound process in burn injuries. The composition of the iodinol-chlorophylliptic solution includes iodinol, novocaine, a 1% alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt (diluted 1: 5 with distilled water) and dimexide. The composition of the vinylin-salicylic liniment includes salicylic acid, vinylin, a 1% alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt (diluted 1: 5 with distilled water) and lavender oil. The components for the mixtures were purchased at a retail pharmacy chain. The components were mixed in the laboratory of the Chair of Infectious Diseases of the Federal State Budget Educational Establishment of Higher Education in the South Ural State Agrarian University. The components for the pharmacological mixtures were selected taking into account their pharmacological properties, as well as the characteristics of the course of the wound process in case of burns. The study proposes an effectiveness method for the treatment of burn wounds in animals, as well as its effect on morphological indicators in dogs with experimental burns.

2 CONDITIONS, MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS An experimental study was conducted on 15 dogs, which were divided into 3 groups: control, experimental group No.1 and experimental group No.2. On the lateral thigh surface, of sogsexperimental modeling of burns was performed according to the method of Kalashnik (2014). Infiltration anesthesia was applied by subcutaneous administration of a 0.5% solution of novocaine at a dose of 3 mlÂł. Work with animals was carried out taking into account the standards of the Ethics Committee and the requirements of bioethical norms. The formation of burns of the IInd and III rd degree was revealed on the lateral thigh surface of dogs in 24 hours. Starting from the second day, the animals of the control group were treated twice daily with ointment levomekol; animals of the experimental group No.1 with 1% alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt (diluted 1:5 with distilled water);

T.N. Shnyakina, N.M. Bezina, N.P. Shcherbakov, L.V. Chernyshova, T.N. Makarova, I.R. Kanagina, L. V. MedvedevĐ°

animals of the experimental group No.2 withiodinol-chlorophylliptic solution (2-4 days), then, after of exudative processes stopped, vinylin-salicylic liniment was applied the same way. For the treatment of animals of experimental group No.2 in the first phase of the wound process during the exudation stage (2-4 days) in order to reduce the traumatic effect on damaged tissues, as well as to prevent microbial contamination of the burn wound, a dressing method was used applying wet drying suction dressings soaked in iodinol-chlorophylliptic solution. In order to avoid independent removal of the bandage, the animals were put on a protective collar. After the completion of exudative processes, in the second phase of the wound healing process, starting from the 5th day, a vinylin-salicylic liniment was applied twice daily on a burn wound in animals of experimental group No.2 without applying a bandage. In order to identify morphological changes in burnt tissues, a histological examination was performed. Moreover, in the course of surgical treatment, animals were excised from tissue pieces and fixed in a 10% formalin solution. Material was poured with celloidin. Serial celloidin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, van Giesonpicrofuchsin and Schiff's reagent. Histological preparations were studied on a LEICA DMRXA microscope (Germany). Using a digital video camera LEICA DFC 290 (Germany), coupled with a personal computer, images of micropreparations were obtained in the format of TIFF graphic files in the RGB color space. For morphometric studies, ImageScope M (Germany) image analysis software was used.

RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To conduct histological studies to reveal morphological changes in burnt tissues of animals of the control and experimental groups, pieces of tissue were excised during the surgical treatment on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days.

Figure 1: Morphological changes in the skin of the animal of the control group on the 7th day of the experiment (overview photo of the skin with a thin horny layer, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin)

*Corresponding author (Makarova). Email: Makarova@inbox.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.275

In Figure 1, the epidermis and stratum corneum are present in all fields of view. In all layers of the skin, there is a venous and capillary plethora. The dermal papillae are equally pronounced throughout the section, except for a small area along the edge of the preparation, where the thickening of the epidermal layer is visible due to the proliferation of the basal layer of cells and the manifestations of acanthosis are expressed. In the reticular layer of the dermis in this area, there are perivascular neutrophilic lymphocytic infiltrates with spreading phenomena along with the stroma. Collagen fibers here are loosened, separated by serous exudate mixed with a small number of macrophages and plasma cells. Schiff's reagent staining reveals SIC-positive structures only in the region of the basement membrane. There are no positive inclusions in the cytoplasm of epidermocytes CHIC.

Figure 2: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal of experimental group No.1 on the 7th day of the experiment, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin) In Figure 2, in the area that occupies several fields of view, the focus of necrosis is determined, including the epidermis, papillary, and reticular dermis. In the area of necrosis, a “fixing” effect of high temperatures can be traced: all structural identification elements of the dermis, including the connective tissue matrix, vessels, and skin appendages, are well visualized. Necrotic tissues are optically dense, with an intense basophilic hue. At high magnification, a reorientation of the nuclei of the cells of the sebaceous glands and vascular endothelium is visible in the form of “panicles” and “brushes”. In the perifocal zones, there is a paretic venous and capillary plethora with a picture of leukostasis and the formation of perivascular muft-like neutrophilic lymphocytic infiltrates. The site of necrosis is delimited from intact tissues by the cell shaft, consisting mainly of decaying neutrophilic leukocytes mixed with lymphoid cells and macrophages. Among inflammatory exudate cells, strands and bundles of proliferating spindle-shaped fibroblasts are visible. In the area of the perifocal shaft, multiple thin convoluted randomly located collagen fibers are determined. In the epidermal layer, at the border of the focus of necrosis and intact tissues, keratinocyte proliferation processes are recorded: enlarged cells in the basal and prickly layers contain a large number of glycogen grains in the cytoplasm.

T.N. Shnyakina, N.M. Bezina, N.P. Shcherbakov, L.V. Chernyshova, T.N. Makarova, I.R. Kanagina, L. V. Medvedevа

Figure 3: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal of experimental group No.2 on the 7th day of the experiment, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin) In Figure 3, in the area that occupies several fields of view, the focus of necrosis is determined, including the epidermis, papillary and reticular layers of the dermis, sometimes with the capture of the hypodermis. In the area of necrosis, a “fixing” effect of high temperatures can be traced: all structural identification elements of the dermis, including the connective tissue matrix, vessels, and skin appendages, are well visualized. Necrotic tissues are optically dense, with an intense basophilic hue. At high magnification under, a reorientation of the nuclei of the cells of the sebaceous glands and vascular endothelium is visible in the form of figures of “panicles” and “brushes”. In the perifocal zones, there is a paretic venous and capillary plethora with a picture of leuko and erythrostases and red blood cell slimming. The site of necrosis is delimited from intact tissues by a shaft of decaying neutrophilic leukocytes mixed with lymphoid cells and macrophages. In the perifocal zone, the proliferation sites of young fibroblasts and the initial phenomena of fibrillogenesis are visible: when Van Gieson stains picrofuchsin with accumulations of young fibroblasts, numerous thin convoluted randomly arranged collagen fibers are visible. In the epidermal layer, at the border of the focus of necrosis and intact tissues, keratinocyte proliferation processes are recorded: enlarged cells in the basal and prickly layers contain a large number of glycogen grains in the cytoplasm. In Figure 4, the epidermis and stratum corneum are present in all fields of view. The papilla of the dermis is equally well pronounced throughout the cut. In all layers of the skin, there is a paretic venous and capillary plethora with a picture of red blood cells and red blood cell counting. In the reticular layer of the dermis, there is a weak neutrophilic lymphocytic infiltration with the phenomena of decay of leukocytes. In the hypodermis on a site that occupies several fields of vision, a focus of necrosis is defined, delimited from intact tissue by a layer of immature granulation tissue rich in cellular elements, newly formed connective tissue fibers and vessels. Young proliferating fibroblasts predominate in the cellular composition. There are also quite extensive foci of neutrophilic lymphocytic infiltration and macrophage proliferation sites mixed with a small number of plasma *Corresponding author (Makarova). Email: Makarova@inbox.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.275

cells. Newly formed collagen fibers are slightly twisted, short, thick. Newly formed vessels have differentiated walls and endothelial lining, their lumens are filled with blood. A small number of glycogen grains are detected in the epidermis.

Figure 4: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal control group on the 14th day of the experiment, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin)

Figure 5: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal experimental group No.1 on the 14-day experience, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin) In Figure 5, fragments of a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, papillary and reticular dermis, skin appendages, and fragments of the hypodermis. In the area that occupies several fields of

T.N. Shnyakina, N.M. Bezina, N.P. Shcherbakov, L.V. Chernyshova, T.N. Makarova, I.R. Kanagina, L. V. MedvedevĐ°

vision, the locus of replacing the tissue of the papillary and reticular layers of the skin with a young granulation tissue rich in cellular elements, newly formed vessels, and connective tissue fibers is determined. Young forms of fibroblasts predominate in the cellular composition; small foci of macrophage and round-cell infiltration are found. Most newly formed vessels have differentiated walls, their gaps are filled with blood. The newly formed collagenous fibers are thin crimped randomly arranged. Some keratinocytes of the basal and spiky layers contain eccentrically located glycogen grains. In Figure 6, in the area that occupies several fields of vision, the focus of necrosis is determined, extending inward from the skin surface, down to the reticular dermis. Necrotic tissue has a pronounced basophilic hue and is represented by fine-grained, structureless masses without preserved identification elements. The focus of necrosis is delimited from intact tissues by a layer of young granulation tissue rich in cellular elements, newly formed vessels, and connective tissue fibers.

Figure 6: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal of experimental group No.2 on the 14th day of the experiment, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin) In the cellular composition, young forms of fibroblasts predominate, foci of macrophage and round-cell infiltration remain. All newly formed vessels have differentiated walls and an endothelial lining, their gaps are filled with blood. The newly formed collagen fibers are thin, with a tendency to come closer together and merge into larger conglomerates. From the intact skin, the ingrowth of the epidermal layer along the necrotic masses is visible. In this area, keratinocytes of the basal and spiky layers contain brightly colored, eccentrically located glycogen grains. In the preparation in Figure 7, the epidermis and stratum corneum are present in all fields of vision. At one of their sites, the field of the pronounced proliferation of cells of the basal and spiky layers of the epidermis (acanthosis) with the presence of a large number of glycogen granules in the *Corresponding author (Makarova). Email: Makarova@inbox.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.275

cytoplasm is determined. In all layers of the skin, there is a venous and capillary plethora, moderate swelling of the interstitial tissue. In the reticular layer of the dermis, there are small diffusely scattered neutrophilic lymphocytic infiltrations.

Figure 7: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal control group on the 21st day, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin) Collagen fibers are loosened, slightly swollen, and homogenized. In the hypodermis, a fragment of young granulation tissue rich in connective tissue fibers and blood vessels is determined in a limited area. Spindle-shaped fibroblasts predominate in the cellular composition; small clusters of lymphoid cells with an admixture of macrophages are visible.

Figure 8: Morphological changes in the skin of the animal of experimental group No.1 on the 21st day, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin)

T.N. Shnyakina, N.M. Bezina, N.P. Shcherbakov, L.V. Chernyshova, T.N. Makarova, I.R. Kanagina, L. V. MedvedevĐ°

In the preparation in Figure 8, a small focus of necrosis in the surface layers of the dermis is determined. Necrotic tissues are delimited from the underlying reticular layer of the dermis by a layer of young granulation tissue with a predominance of fibrillar structures over cellular ones. Young spindle-shaped fibroblasts of granulation tissue form bundles and cords that spread in different directions, randomly. Small foci of neutrophilic lymphocytic and macrophage infiltration remain. The newly formed collagen fibers are crimped, rather thick, folded into disordered bundles. The vessels of granulation tissue have an endothelial lining and differentiated walls, filled with blood. In the epidermis at the border with the focus of necrosis, there are phenomena of the pronounced proliferation of cells of the basal and prickly layers with the presence of a large number of glycogen granules in the cytoplasm.

Figure 9: Morphological changes in the skin of an animal experimental group No.2 on the 21st day, HE X 50, color (hematoxylin-eosin) In the preparation in Figure 9, an epithelized scar is determined. The dermal papillae are smoothed, connective tissue fibers are brought together, folded into compact bundles oriented parallel to the skin surface. In the cellular composition, young spindle-shaped fibroblasts predominate, forming cell strands and bundles, oriented in the same way as newly formed collagen fibers. Small foci of neutrophilic lymphocytic and macrophage infiltration remain. All vessels of young connective tissue have an endothelial lining and differentiated walls, filled with blood. The cytoplasm of keratinocytes above the connective tissue scar contains a moderate amount of glycogen granules.

4 CONCLUSION Multicomponent mixtures created based on finished preparations: iodinol-chlorophylliptic *Corresponding author (Makarova). Email: Makarova@inbox.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.275

mixture and vinylin-salicylic mixture, which we proposed for the treatment of thermal burns, promote activation of regenerative processes in damaged tissues and shorten healing time. When conducting histological studies, it was revealed that the regeneration of damaged tissues in animals during treatment with multicomponent mixtures occurs with a predominance of reparative processes. Morphological studies of burnt tissues showed that in both experimental groups in the early stages of observation, the severity of the exudative phase of the inflammatory reaction is less than in the control group; the number of macrophages, is higher especially in the experimental group No.2. From modern literature, it is known that the early appearance of macrophages in wounds promotes the simultaneous growth of capillaries and fibroblasts and the differentiation of fibroblasts due to the isolation of several cytokines. This process is especially pronounced in experimental group No.2, which indirectly testified to an earlier start of the processes of collagenogenesis, neoangiogenesis, and wound epithelization, which we observed in the subsequent periods of the experiment. It should be noted that by the 21st day in the experimental group No.2 there were more specific areas of newly formed collagen fibers and blood vessels with significantly less “cellularity” of the infiltrate, which indicates an earlier maturation of granulation tissue.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 REFERENCES Benchamkha, Y., Dhaidah, O., Dahazze, A., Meriem, Q., Elamrani, M.D., and Ettalbi, S. (2017). The bacteriological profile of the burned patients in the center of burns in CHU Mohamed VI Marrakech (about 123 cases). J. Burns Trauma, 7(6), 72-79. Jacob S., Herndon, D.N., Hawkins, H.K., Enkhbaatar, P., and Cox, R.A. (2017). Xanthine oxidase contributes to sustained airway epithelial oxidative stress after scald burn. J. Burns Trauma, 7(6), 98-106. Luengo-Pastor, M., Guerrero-Dominguez, R., Navarro Suavarro-Suarez, E., Rasero-Moreno, C. (2019). Intervention to reduce pain in patients with superficial and intermediate second degree burns. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim, 66, 172-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2018.12.001 Kaddoura, I., Abu-Sittah, G., Karamanoukian, R., Papazian, N. (2017). Burn injury: a review of pathophysiology and therapeutic modalities in major burns. Ann Burns Fire Disasters, 30(2), 95-102. Shnyakina, T.N., Bezina, N.M. (2017). An experimental method for treating burn injury in dogs. Innovative activity in the modernization of the agro-industrial complex: International scientific-practical conference of students, post-graduate students and young scientists, Kursk State Agricultural Academy, 278-281. Sokolov, V.A., Efimenko, N.A., Admakin, A.L., Petrachkov, S.A., & Stepanchenko, A.A. (2015). Piecetime burns. Sources of danger. Klinicheskaia meditsina, 93(6), 30-35. Spurr, E.D., & Shakespeare, P.G. (1990). Incidence of hypertrophic scarring in burn-injured children. Burns, 16(3), 179-181.

T.N. Shnyakina, N.M. Bezina, N.P. Shcherbakov, L.V. Chernyshova, T.N. Makarova, I.R. Kanagina, L. V. Medvedevа

Vyas, K.S., Wong, L.K. (2013). Oral rehydration solutions for burn management in the field and underdeveloped regions: a review. Int. J. Burns Trauma, 3(3), 130-136. Professor Dr.Shnyakina Tatyana Nikolaevna is of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, South Ural State Agrarian University. She holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences. She is involved in Veterinary Surgery.

Bezina Nina Mikhailovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, South Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her work deals with Veterinary Surgery

Professor Dr. Shcherbakov Nikolay Pavlovich is a Consultant Professor at the Innovation Research Center of the South Ural State Agrarian University. He holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences. His works deal with Veterinary Surgery.

Chernyshova LarisaVladimirovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Biology, Ecology, Genetics and Animal Breeding, South Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Her works involve Safety and Food Hygiene, Physiological Features of Young Farm Animals, Natural Resources of the Southern Urals: Protected Areas of the Chelyabinsk Region, Methodological Developments of Different Levels. Her research interests are Animal Biology, Environmental Biomonitoring, and Modern Problems of Ecology and Nature Management. Makarova Tatyana Nikolaevna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Biology, Ecology, Genetics and Animal Breeding, South Ural State Agrarian University. She graduated from the Veterinary Department of the Ural State Institute of Veterinary Medicine (UGIVM). She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences Her main research is the biodiversity of plants and invertebrates in the Southern Urals, the biological aspects of game animals, and the physiological and electrocardiographic features of rabbits. Kanagina Irina Rudolfovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Biology, Ecology, Genetics and Animal Breeding, South Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research interests are Animal Biology; Biodiversity of the Chelyabinsk Region; Ecology of Plants and Animals of the Chelyabinsk Region.

Dr.Medvedeva Larisa Vyacheslavovna is an Associate Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Altai State Agrarian University. She holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences. Her research encompasses Veterinary Surgery.

*Corresponding author (Makarova). Email: Makarova@inbox.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.275

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PAPER ID: 11A14I

EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN RUSSIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND RURAL CITIZENS: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT 1

A. S. Nikitina , A.V. Ruchkin 3

, L.A. Zhuravleva , E.V. Zarubina , 2

O. M. Trofimova , N. K. Shemetova , N. A. Yurchenko

Department of Human Resources Management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA 2 Department of Management and Economic, Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Economic, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 25 May 2020 Accepted 20 July 2020 Available online 12 August 2020

To assess the level of satisfaction of citizens with the work of local authorities on issues of local importance, the quantitative method was taken as the main method - questioning the population on the analysis of the interaction with local authorities, the quality of work with citizens' appeals. The village of Mokhirevka in the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region was taken as a testing ground. This locality is a typical rural territory, where the bulk of the population is economically connected with agriculture. Such settlements in the Sverdlovsk region, are an overwhelming majority. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the population, on the one hand, does not seek to participate in the implementation of issues of local importance, its rights, and on the other hand, it distrusts the authorities in the ability and desire to solve their problems. In addition, in rural areas, the mechanisms of interaction between the government and the population are poorly developed than in cities, because due to the insignificance of the population there are fewer unique situations and problems of residents. Usually, the solution to problems is subordinated to previously built algorithms that do not correspond to changing legislation and the economic situation.

Keywords: Municipal services; Service assessment; Citizens’ satisfaction; Service monitoring; Appeal of services; Service quality; Good governance.

1 INTRODUCTION The formation of modern civil society, the further development of local government is associated with the activity of citizens, primarily in the community, when addressing issues of local importance *Corresponding author (Ruchkin A.V.). Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.276

in such key forms of participation as a local referendum, municipal elections, citizensâ€™ meetings, appeals to local governments, territorial public government as well as the law-making initiative of citizens. The interaction of local governments and the citizens is the main element of the mechanism of social interactions, because the right to appeal to state bodies and local governments is an inalienable right of every citizen. The main thing for the development of local governments is peopleâ€™s awareness of personal responsibility and responsibility not only in arranging their municipality, but also in the very participation in elections, participation in communication with the leadership and representatives of the city. The problem is the contradictions of society, its nature and attitude to power and vice versa, power to society, contributes to a slowdown in the development of economic, social, political, and even spiritual institutions. This problem of population interaction determines the relevance of the study. In our country, local government is receiving increasing attention as one of the attributes of Russian statehood, a necessary element of the democratic organization of state and public life of each state (Nikitina et al., 2019). The elaboration degree of the issues of the local authorities work in interacting with the citizens is characterized by the accumulated extensive theoretical, methodological and empirical material containing an analysis of the work of the municipality with citizens. According to Osipov (2012), the subjects of the process of interaction with government representatives are: - citizens and relevant public organizations. In most cases interaction with them occurs irregularly, while the initiator of such interaction is most often a citizen who has certain problems and requests that he addresses to the relevant authorities; - business entities (enterprises, organizations). With them most often the interaction process is characterized by systematic nature, carried out in accordance with regulated protocols using established forms of documents (Osipov, 2012). Terentyeva (2016) highlights such key forms of interaction between local authorities and communities as mutual information about the needs and problems of local authorities and residents of communities; public participation in solving problems and meeting urgent needs; social partnership; delegation of authority. Adamskaya (2016) and Gadzhieva (2015) briefly and clearly formulated the main forms of social partnership, referring to them: mutual negotiations (consultations) on aspects of regulation of labor and social relations; collective bargaining regarding the preparation of relevant agreements and also their conclusion. Table 1 presents the structural and functional model of interaction between local authorities and the citizens. In addition to the above forms of interaction between government and society, at the present stage, various electronic methods and forms of communication are widely used as part of the implementation of the Electronic Russia program at the regional and municipal levels. The Internet portals of state authorities and local authorities are called upon to fulfill the functions of organizing and directly engaging in interaction with the citizens and organizations, providing them with the opportunity to contact various authorized persons to solve their problems and issues and to control the process of applying.

A. S. Nikitina, A.V. Ruchkin, L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, O. M. Trofimova, N. K. Shemetova, N. A. Yurchenko

Table 1: Structural and functional model of interaction between local authorities and the citizens Direction of interaction

Management of economic, socio-political, cultural and other spheres of life of the municipality

Forms and Channels Municipal elections, recall of deputies Local referendum Law-making initiative of the population Territorial public self-government Population Survey Meetings, conferences, addresses

Joint activity (with the participation of the citizens) in various areas of public life (economic, cultural, socio-political, etc.)

Social and political actions

Formation and development of the sector represented by non-profit organizations

Performance Evaluation Options The level of trust of the electorate in power The effectiveness of solving social problems The number of decisions made by referendum, their effectiveness The number of civic initiatives, appeals (feedback) The effectiveness of territorial public self-governments The effectiveness of decisions based on an in-depth study of a social problem through a population survey The number of solved social problems, the number of calls The number of participants in social, political and other actions; purposefulness of actions to address social, economic, cultural and political issues; satisfaction of the municipalityâ€™ residents with the results of these actions; number of problems resolved The level of activity of non-profit organizations; development trends in the number of non-profit organizations; coverage of resolved social issues; government trust in non-profit organizations, etc.

The dependence of the management quality on the level of civic participation is manifested to the greatest extent at the level of local authorities. It is no coincidence that efficiency along with local autonomy and local democracy is one of the main attributes of developed local authorities; moreover, these signs are so interconnected that one is often revealed through the other. The legitimization of local self-government largely depends on how well the results of the activities of the municipal authorities correspond to the interests of the local citizens. On the other hand, the prospects for this institution of public authority are rarely perceived today only through the prism of the development tasks of a particular local community. Global politics and the economy place high demands on the organization of a public administration system, the integrity and comprehensiveness of management decisions. In this sense, the effect of local authorities is a prerequisite for social and political stability (Guskova & Neretina, 2015). For many Russians, there is an obvious mismatch between the volume and complexity of the tasks facing the local population and the full powers and resources that are at the disposal of the local authorities. In the first place, citizens are concerned about the decline in living standards (low salaries, pensions, higher prices for housing services, inflation), unemployment, low quality of public services, the spread of negative public relations, public relations, corruption (public). In the submission of citizens, the responsibility for solving these problems traditionally rested with the state, but to this day it has been divided between different levels. Those who have a more differentiated approach to determining the role of local authorities, most often relate to the sphere of responsibility of increasing the price of housing and communal services, low wages and pensions, unemployment, poor road conditions, problems with beautification. To the greatest extent, the discrepancy between the volume of compliance and resource limitations is typical for rural areas, as well as for subsidized municipalities and regions, whose residents represent the potential effectiveness of local authorities. The diversity and complexity of the problems that exist in the territory of a particular *Corresponding author (Ruchkin A.V.). Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.276

municipality, the specifics and perceptions of residents, certainly affect the level of social activity. However, the emergence of a problem (or awareness of it by the majority of the citizens) is not a sufficient condition for the emergence of social activity. The level of activity of the citizens on resolving issues of local importance is determined by a whole complex of diverse factors: economic, political, cultural, demographic and psychological. One of the complex indicators of civilian activity is the quality of publicly dominant communes. As the studies show, the Russians have sufficient knowledge and competence in the basic issues of the life of their municipality, they know its life from the inside, and thanks to the modern level of information and computerization, it has become possible to obtain, analyze and use the necessary information (Vasiliev, 2013). Another reason for the low activity of the citizens in solving local problems is the disbelief of the majority of citizens in the ability to influence decision-making and the related distrust of authorities at all levels. A situation in which people, not trusting the administration of the municipality, are refused to provide resources, and without adequate resources, they are unable to properly perform their functions, the researchers call the «vicious spiral» of public administration. It is paradoxical, but the level of trust in the bodies of local authorities is substantially lower than the regional and federal authorities, although the local government is the closest to the population. Moreover, the lack of trust provokes manipulation of public opinion already on the grassroots level, an imitation of civil participation, which in reality should be the basis of a local political process and local democracy. In the absence of developed socio-political communications, the idea of the effectiveness of local authorities is significantly different in the heads of government and society.

2 METHOD An analysis of the structure and types of local government in the Russian Federation was carried out using the following scientific methods and principles: a systematic method, a questioning method, an included observation method, which made it possible to determine the prerequisites for the occurrence of the phenomenon in question. In order to identify the features and the effectiveness of the interaction of local self-government bodies with the population, 43 residents of the village of Mokhireva, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Region, age 18-70 years old, were examined (based on the methodology of Smorgunov (2017).

3 STUDY DETAILS The results of the survey showed a low level of appeals of the citizens to local authorities: 65% of respondents never contacted the authorities, 19% rarely, 15% sometimes and only 2% sometimes. When interacting with local authorities, each second respondent personally addressed a specialized source of information or a means of communication; every fifth person implemented this verbal interaction through a personal visit to officials (20.2%); approximately every seventh - by written request (14.8%), 8.7% - by contacting the mass media (Figure 1). The main goals of the population’s appeal to the representatives of the authorities are as follows: 91,4% - asking for help or complaints, 4,9% - expressing one’s opinion on any issue. At the same time, the percentage of the population satisfied with the solution of their problems through local authorities was independent of the channel and the purpose of the appeal, but it does not allow us to talk about the high efficiency of the latter's actions: every fourth respondent was able to

A. S. Nikitina, A.V. Ruchkin, L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, O. M. Trofimova, N. K. Shemetova, N. A. Yurchenko

completely solve the problem; about the same part of the respondents did not get the desired result; every second person who appealed had part of the decision.

Writing 15%

Media 9%

Personal appeal 20%

Oral form 56%

Figure 1: Channels of residents’ appeals to local authorities (%) It can be assumed that representatives of the authorities pay a lot of attention to working with the citizens, but the effectiveness of such activities can be significantly higher. This is confirmed by the answers to the question about the degree of citizens’ trust to the local authorities (Figure 2). Difficult to answer 20%

Yes 32%

No 48%

Figure 2: The distribution of answers to the questions was: “Do you think that local authorities are interested in solving your problems?”, % Taking into account that the level of public confidence in local authorities is a rather important indicator of efficiency and interactions, it is interesting to trace the degree of the respondents trust depending on their social and demographic characteristics. In particular, it turned out that men were more inclined to positively assess the interest of the local authorities in solving the problems of the population than women did. Representatives of the young generation (aged 18 to 30 years) generally trust the municipal authority more than they did if they were middle-aged or older (Table 2). The correlation was especially pronounced when analyzing the level of confidence of the respondents in the local government depending on the level of income. In particular, it turned out that a population with higher incomes had a greater confidence in the municipal government than citizens with low incomes (Table 2). It can be assumed that personal security of citizens is often associated with economically sound development of the municipality, in which the merit of local authorities is. On the contrary, among people with low incomes, local authorities can be associated as «the culprit of all problems and troubles», completely uninterested in «benefiting the people». *Corresponding author (Ruchkin A.V.). Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.276

Table 2: Distribution of respondents' answers to the question: “Do you think that local authorities are interested in solving your problems?” (%) Distribution of answer options by subgroups and characteristics,% Subgroup of the total population of respondents (% to a specific subgroup of Sign (criterion) of distribution by respondents) share, social groups Answer options % Yes No Difficult to answer General distribution of responses 100.0 32.1 48.2 19.7 Depending on gender: Men 48.2 18.6 (38.6) 20.9 (43.4) 8.7 (18.1) Women 51.8 13.5 (26.1) 27.3 (52.7) 11.0 (21.2) Depending on age: From 18 to 20 3.0 1.8 (60.0) 1.2 (40.0) From 21 to 30 21.4 9.3 (43.5) 10.1 (47.2) 2.0 (9.3) From 31 to 40 23.6 8.4 (35.6) 12.1 (51.3) 3.1 (13.1) From 41 to 50 17.3 5.1 (29.5) 6.4 (37.0) 5.8 (33.5) From 51 to 60 15.7 3.2 (20.4) 7.4 (47.1) 5.1 (32.5) Over 60 19.0 4.3 (22.6) 11.0 (57.9) 3.7 (19.5) Depending on the average monthly income per family member for the last year Less 5 000 rub. 21.7 4.2 (19.4) 16.4 (75.6) 1.1 (5.1) From 5 000 to 9 999 rub. 36.3 8.8 (24.2) 16.7 (46.0) 10.8 (29.8) From 10 000 to 19 999 rub. 32.8 14.3 (43.6) 12.3 (37.5) 6.2 (18.9) Over 20 000 rub. 9.2 4.8(52.2) 2.8 (30.4) 1.6 (17.4)

An assessment of the activities of local authorities by the citizens showed that the utmost dissatisfaction of the population was caused by utilities, environmental protection, the level of development and accessibility of healthcare, and transport services (Table 3). Citizens' assessment of the socio-economic situation in the village of Mokhireva showed their positive attitude: according to 70.2% of respondents, the socio-economic situation in the village has improved over the past 10 years, 14.8% has worsened, 15.0% has remained unchanged. Table 3: Citizens' assessment of the activities of local governments of the Mokhireva administration (on a five-point scale) Estimated score Catering services Fire safety The work of cultural institutions The quality of primary education Domestic service The development of physical education and sports Secondary education quality Communication services Road condition Landscaping and landscaping Trade organization Work with children and youth Public Guard ‫ ﮦ‬dka Information transparency of administration Transport service Level of development and accessibility of health care Environmental protection Housing services

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17

Average score 4.62 4.45 4.36 4.24 4.14 4.07 4.06 3.97 3.78 3.62 3.61 3.47 3.35 3.34 3.24 3.24 2.62 2.38

Obviously, such favorable factors as active development, improvement of the district, reconstruction of roads, etc., have been noticed and appreciated by the majority of local residents,

A. S. Nikitina, A.V. Ruchkin, L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, O. M. Trofimova, N. K. Shemetova, N. A. Yurchenko

which in general is associated with an improvement in the socio-economic situation in the village. About one in seven respondents speaks of serious changes in the relationship between representatives of local authorities and the citizens in connection with the ongoing transformation processes in various areas of the life of the village (15,2%). Approximately one in three (34.8%) believes that the changes have occurred, but they are not significant enough; every fifth (25.2%) is sure that the transformation processes did not affect the relationship between local authorities and the citizens. Of particular interest for the study was the level of information openness of local governments for the population, as well as the level of awareness (awareness) of the latter about the activities of the authorities. Only 3% of respondents were fully satisfied with the informational openness of local authorities bodies for the citizens, 17% were fully satisfied, and 35% were «more likely than not». It is alarming that 45% of the respondents who were «not satisfied» and «found it difficult to answer». Concerning the awareness of the activities of local authorities bodies, the citiaens of the Mokhireva administration expressed mixed opinions. So, 58% of respondents are either not informed or are not informed much. Only 2% of citizens were fully informed (Figure 3). Difficult to answer 8%

Rather Fully informed informed than 2% not informed 32%

Not informed at all 15%

More likely not informed than informed 43%

Figure 3: Distribution of answers of respondents to the question about the degree of citizens’ awareness about the local authorities activities, % This low indicator can be explained, among other things, by the passivity and indifference of some villagers, because in order to be informed, one needs to have interest (curiosity) and the intention to receive information, while the variety of sources of receipt of such information is steadily increasing. The main information about the activities of government bodies is provided by respondents: from local television programs 10%, local radio 23%, conversations with relatives, friends, neighbors 23%, materials from city and regional newspapers - 43%, conversations with work colleagues, business partners 12%, central newspapers 8%, Internet 67%. Among the effective forms of interaction with local authorities, the citizens identified such as municipal elections, gatherings and meetings, as well as appeals to local authorities. The rest of the forms — conferences, public hearings, local referenda, a survey, and law-making initiative — were not described by the respondents as effective, not because they did not consider them as such, but because they had no idea about them. This is because, in practice, local governments practically do not apply these forms. *Corresponding author (Ruchkin A.V.). Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.276

At the final stage of the study, the degree of readiness of the citizens to assist the authorities in resolving issues of local importance was revealed. The results of the survey showed that 72% of the citizens are not ready to provide any assistance to local authorities. This fact indicates low civil liability, passivity of the citizens, as well as unwillingness, in addition to participating in elections and appeals to authorities to solve personal problems, to cooperate with them. Drawing conclusions on the study, it should be noted that, despite the presence of some negative points, in general the municipal government in the eyes of the residents of the Mokhireva administration of the Talitsky district of the Sverdlovsk region appears to be quite capable, within the framework of existing rights and powers, to solve everyday problems of the municipality, however, the degree of effectiveness its decisions, according to a significant portion of respondents, may be significantly higher. The nature of municipal authorities in the perception of the citizens seems twofold. So, on the one hand, the positive changes in the life of the village over the past ten years have affected the presence of a significant share of the population, who positively assess the local authorities in the village. On the other hand, in the view of a certain part of the respondents, it is in some way a formal institution that does not respond quickly enough to the needs of the local citizens and does not take into account its needs.

4 DISCUSSION An analysis of the practice of interaction between the Mokhireva government and citizens showed that, despite a rather high level of development of such forms of interaction and public activity of citizens as citizens â€™appeals, participation in elections, the real social activity of citizens in solving local problems remains extremely low. One of the main reasons for such a low real level of social activity in solving local problems is the lack of a proper level of trust of citizens in local governments and confidence in the possibility of their effective participation in local self-government. People do not believe that due to their activity they can change their lives for the better and that there is no real possibility to influence the decisions made. Therefore, the absence of existing mechanisms of local governance, the traditional distrust of citizens in power and disbelief in the possibility of active participation in governance, have developed appropriate stereotypes, social passivity and humility among citizens of Mokhireva. Obviously, in fact a scanty number of manifestations of the civic activism of the Mokhireva administration is associated with a low level of legal culture and people's awareness. This study results allow us to conclude that at present the potential of such effective forms of citizen participation as the law-making initiative and public hearings has not been fully realized in the Mokhireva administration. Indeed, despite the legislatively provided opportunity for citizens to implement the law-making initiative, the residents of Mokhireva do not always strive to take an active part in public life for various reasons: distrust of public authorities; lack of free time due to work, study, etc. unwillingness to take responsibility in case of adverse consequences of the proposed initiative. And if citizens have a desire to take part in the rulemaking process, they most often do not have information about where to apply with questions and suggestions. In addition, the procedure for introducing a law-making initiative is characterized by extreme complexity. Citizens should prepare an inconceivable number of supporting documents for the draft

A. S. Nikitina, A.V. Ruchkin, L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, O. M. Trofimova, N. K. Shemetova, N. A. Yurchenko

normative act, make it a financial and economic justification, provide a certificate of the state of legislation in this area. These requirements are unjustified from the point of view of the real capabilities of the initiative group. But that is not all. A huge number of signatures are required to support the legislative initiative. In Mokhireva, there is great potential, and this kind of participation of citizens in local government is like public hearings.

5 CONCLUSION Due to the fact that Law No. 131-FL «On the General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation» provides for the obligatory holding of public hearings to discuss draft municipal law projects: charters of municipal formations, amendments and additions to them; local budgets and reports on performance; plans and programs for the development of municipal formations; rules of land use and construction, planning projects and land surveying projects; as well as the issues related to the transformations of municipalities, they are spent quite an hour, but often there is a change in purpose and implementation: instead of an objective discussion of the problems, it is used to formally approve in advance certain it has been resolved. Meanwhile, there are still prospects for improving the institution of public hearings today, in particular, the possibility of expanding the variability of the forms of holding them should be recognized as an actual direction. To solve this problem, we propose the following to increase the involvement of citizens in the process of managing the municipality: citizens who want to express their opinion, but cannot attend public hearings due to employment, can send a text appeal to the official website of the city district and discuss it with the deadline chat participants or speak at a public hearing in the form of a web conference. In a similar way, it can be implemented into practice to use local polls and citizens' appeals at the local level, which will provide an opportunity to express opinions on the issues discussed at public hearings for those residents who, for one reason or another, are not able to participate in them. A study of documents and the results of the sociological survey of residents of the Mokhireva administration revealed a number of problems in organizing the interaction of the local government of the municipality with citizens: a decrease in the frequency of citizens' appeals to the administration, the prevalence of complaints in appeals, insufficient use of information and communication resources of interaction, almost half of the respondents do not have a clear opinion about whether they are ready to interact with local authorities and whether they need such interaction. As noted by modern researchers, in particular O.V. Telegina (2010), in the practice of municipal bodies, not the most effective measures to enhance the participation of citizens in governance prevail. In this regard, the federal program Sustainable development of rural territories for 2014-2017 and for the period until 2020, as the task facing authorities at different levels, indicates enhancing the participation of citizens living in rural areas in the implementation of socially significant projects.

6 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author. *Corresponding author (Ruchkin A.V.). Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.276

7 REFERENCES Adamskaya, L.V. (2016). Main forms of development of democracy at the municipal level. Russian Science and Education Today: Problems and Prospects, No. 1. (In Russ.) Aminov, I.R. (2016). Forms of direct participation of the population in the implementation of local self-government in the Russian Federation. Issues of modern jurisprudence, 57, 60-65. (In Russ.) Chirkin, V.E. (2016). Territorial public collective and the power of the people. Citizen and Law, 5, 27-31. (In Russ.) Gadzhieva, Z. R. (2015). The constitutional right of a person and citizen to information on the activities of public authorities and local authorities. Moscow: Prospect, 120p. (In Russ.) Guskova, N.D., Neretina, E.A. (2015). Sustainable development is the most important priority of the socio-economic policy of the region. Scientific and Technical Journal of St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University. Economic sciences, No. 1. (In Russ.) Nikitina, A.S., Ruchkin, A.V., Startseva, N.N., Trofimova, O.M., Shemetova, N.K., Yurchenko, N.A. (2019). Municipal services and land relations: problems and prospects for improvement in rural areas of Sverdlovsk region, Russia. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management and Applied Sciences and Technologies, 10(14), 10A14O, 1-14. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.193. Osipov, V. (2012). Clusters in the system of public administration. Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of RAS, No.6. (In Russ.) Smorgunov, L.B. (2017). A network approach to politics and management. Political Studies, No. 3, Pp. 7-14. (In Russ.) Terentyeva, L.V. (2016). Features of a sociological analysis of power relations in local society. Bulletin of SevKavSTU Ks, V. 5 (9), Stavropol SevKavSTU, 2016. (In Russ.) Thompson, K., Sherren, K., & Duinker, P.N (2019). The use of ecosystem services concepts in canadian municipal plans. Ecosystem Services, 38, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100950 Torubarova, N.V. (2016). Territorial public self-government as a modern form of population participation in the implementation of local self-government. Innovative Economy: Prospects for Development and Improvement, No. 1, 269-274. (In Russ.) Vashchenko, M.S. (2016). The right to participate in municipal elections as a kind of political rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Innovation Science, 4, 132-135. (In Russ.) Vasiliev, A.A. (2013). Municipal management system: a textbook. Moscow: KNORUS, 168p. (In Russ.) Vesloguzova, M.V., Petrik, L.S., Salikhov, K.M., & Bunakov, O.A. (2020). Monitoring as a tool to ensure the quality of services provided in the interaction of service organizations and municipal authorities in economy digitalization. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 908, 337-344. DOI: 10.1007 / 978-3-030-11367-4_33 Voronin, B.A., Voronina Y.V., Fateeva, N.B., Netrova, L.N. (2017).

Actual problems of

A. S. Nikitina, A.V. Ruchkin, L.A. Zhuravleva, E.V. Zarubina, O. M. Trofimova, N. K. Shemetova, N. A. Yurchenko

socio-economic development of rural areas (for example, Sverdlovsk region). Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 163(9), 84-89. (In Russ.) Alena S. Nikitina is an Associate Professor of Department of Human Resources Management at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Sociology) of innovation among civil servants. Her interests involve Applications of Sociology to Business Communications.

Lyudmila A. Zhuravleva is Head of the Department of Philosophy, the Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Candidate of Philosophy. Her research interests are related to Sociology of Youth and Agricultural Sociology.

Olga M. Trofimova is an Associate Professor of Department of Economic Theory at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She graduated from the Ural Academy of Public Administration with Honors in 2009. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Economics). Her interests involve Socio-economic Development of Territories.

Natalia K. Shemetova is an Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Management at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She graduated from the Ural Academy of Public Administration with Honors in 2009. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Economics). Her interests involve Socio-Economic Development of Territories and Marketing.

Nadezhda A. Yurchenko is a Vice Rector for Organizational and General Affairs at Ural State Agrarian University. She obtained her Cand.Sci. (Law) of protection of civil rights of participants in business entities. Her interests involve Corporate Law.

*Corresponding author (Ruchkin A.V.). Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.276

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14J

MORPHOMETRIC OF PIG LIVERS UNDER DIFFERENT DOSES OF MINERALS IN FEED ALLOWANCE 1*

I.V. Ziruk , A.V. Egunova , M.E. Kopchekchi , V.V. Frolov , 2 3 4 K.I. Babina , S.N. Povetkin , V.A. Karatunov 1

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Food Technology and Biotechnology, N.I. Vavilov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov, RUSSIA. 2 Faculty of Economic Security and Customs Affairs, Saratov socio-economic Institute (branch) of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Saratov, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Food Technologies and Engineering, North Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, RUSSIA. 4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 24 July 2020 Accepted 04 August 2020 Available online 14 August 2020

It is recognized that microelements’ compounds in the inorganic form are difficult to absorb by the organism, and increasing their dose to enhance assimilation’s level in animals, as a rule, promotes the development of toxicoses. Therefore, the object of this work is to study the influence of dissimilar doses of microelements’ complex in organic form (based on an L-Aspartic acid) on the morphometric of the pig liver. The research and production experiment on White Large pigs living in a large pig-breeding complex was made to achieve this goal. To date, the subject has not been studied very much in literature. According to information received, the average distinction between radii from the central vein to the hepatic lobe in 7-month old pigs from different groups is 4-7 µm. Thus, animals from the control group have 30.3±0.17 µm radius, animals which were given to their ration 7.5% of mineral additive from normal range have 32.5±0.41 µm (p≤0.001) radius, the 2nd control group (10% of mineral additive) have 34.4±0.29 µm (p≤0.001) radius and the 3rd control group (12.5% of mineral additive) have 50.2±1.03 µm (p≤0.001) radius. We found that the addition of a 10% chelate complex of microelements (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt) increases the activity of metabolic processes in animal organisms from control groups and causes the most expressive beneficial effect of absorbency.

Keywords: Pig morphology; Microelements; Pig diet, Pig hepatocytes; Large White pigs; Hepatic cell; Pig metabolic activity; Pig liver; Pig feed with mineral additives; Nutritional quality.

Disciplinary: Veterinary Biotechnology.

Medicine,

Animal

Science,

Biology,

©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.277

1 INTRODUCTION Many organic micronutrient element complexes are more accessible than their inorganic counterparts. According to recent studies, the addition of micronutrient element chelates to feeding pigs' diet significantly increases Cu, Mn, and Zn content in their blood serum (Iliev and Georgieva, 2016; Michiels, 2013; Rekiel and Wiecek, 2005). Mineral compounds including micronutrient element compounds play an important role in providing animals with fully nutritional mixed feed. Many foreign studies (Iliev, Georgieva, 2016; Povetkin, 2012) point out that the addition of micronutrient element salts (oxalates, citrates, phytates, phosphates, etc.) to farm animals diet to improve its nutritional balance leads to a significant increase in livestock yield by improving metabolic processes in the animal body without causing any adverse effect to the quality of livestock goods (Ao, Pierce, 2013). According to a study performed (Ao et al., 2010; Povetkin, 2012; Salautin and Ziruk, 2008), major (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na) and micronutrient elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn, I) are mostly present in animal diet as metal inorganic salts as they are the cheapest raw materials. These salts usually dissolve into free ions in the digestive tract and these ions interact with each other and other primary diet constituents, thus, significantly impeding their accessibility during absorption. These salts can also mix with vitamins and risk destroying them in the process. Using various micronutrient element complexes (milk powders and concentrated soy protein, i.e. Soycoil-R) in animal diet positively affects the functional capacity of many internal organs including the liver by improving the activity of cell synthesis and regeneration processes (Douglas et al., 2013; Katkov et al., 2012; Ziruk, Salautin, 2013). The liver is the largest accessory digestive gland that performs a multitude of various physiological functions in the animal body and its activity is inextricably bound with high and low tension blood circulation systems (Ao and Pierce, 2013; Lee and Kim, 2004). Recently, various feed additives containing mineral compounds have found widespread application among animal farms and veterinary clinics. In our opinion, one of the most prospective additives is micronutrient elements complex with L-aspartic acid. 1 kg of such complex contains 10.0 mg of Zn, 10.0 mg of Fe, 2 mg of Cu, 4 mg of Mn, and 0.08 mg of Co.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 ANIMAL MATERIALS AND STUDY DESIGN There are very few literary data describing mineral compounds impact on pig liver morphology, thus, we have decided to study the impact of various doses of micronutrient elements complex with L-aspartic acid on morphometric parameters of pig liver. Large White pigs bred in a large pig-breeding complex were chosen as test subjects for our experiment. We have divided test animals into 4 groups consisting of 15 pigs each in accordance with the analogies principle. Animals from the reference group were fed in accordance with the primary diet established by the pig-breeding complex. The daily diet of 1st, 2 nd , and 3rd test groups animals also included micronutrient element chelate complex additive with consumption rate equal to 7.5, 10, and 12.5%, respectively, out of the total amount of feed consumed by the control group (as established by the pig-breeding complex).

I.V. Ziruk, A.V. Egunova, M.E. Kopchekchi, V.V. Frolov, K.I. Babina, S.N. Povetkin, V.A. Karatunov

2.2 COLLECTION OF SAMPLES Three pigs from each group were slaughtered when they were 4 months old and three more were slaughtered when they were 7 months old. We took liver specimens from each slaughtered animal, bound them, and made paraffin tissue blocks via standard procedure (using Histomix mounting medium). Histological sections were prepared using MICROM HM 450 sledge microtome and REICHERT freezing microtome and subsequently colored with hematoxylin and eosin. Colored histological sections were examined by Biomed S-1 biological microscope with 10x ocular magnification and 4×, 10×, 40×, and 100× lenses magnification. Radius between central veins of liver lobules and their walls were measured by the ocular ruler (60 units within the field of view) and helical ocular of MOR micrometer with a magnification of 1×15×. Microphotography of tissue specimens was performed by CANON PowerShot A 460 IS camera. Micromorphometric study of hepatic cells was performed with the help of VideoTesT – Morphologiya 5.2 software.

2.3 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical analysis of obtained digital data including Student’s t-test was performed via standard PC variation statistics software – Microsoft Excel.

3 RESULTS At the start of the test period, we did not find any significant difference between the general morphologic structure of pig liver specimens from various groups. At the same time, by the end of the test period, the morphological structure of digestive glands varied significantly between all test groups. Pigs from the 1st, 2 nd, and 3rd test groups had well-developed hepatic parenchyma consisting of clear lobules delimited by moderately grown interlobular connective tissue. Hepatic cords radiated from lobule walls to central veins; hepatic cells in these cords had polyhedral or cubic shape with well defined tinctorial properties. Central veins at the center of lobules were directed lengthwise, their boundaries were clear and lobule wall integrity was undisturbed. Interlobular triads were clearly defined without any visible disruptions of their structure (Figures 1, 2).

Figure 1: Liver. Experimental group pigs. Hepatocytes are multifaceted, their contours are clear, the nuclei are structured. Coloring hematoxylin-eosin Uv. * 1000 *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.277

Figure 2: Liver of the control group pigs. Hepatocytes are multifaceted, located in clusters, the nuclei are round - oval in shape. Coloring hematoxylin-eosin Uv.*1000 There were no significant variations in morphometric parameters of pig liver specimens obtained both from test and reference group animals throughout the whole test period. Obtained results are provided in Table 1. Table 1, at the start of the test period (4 months old pigs) average radius between the central vein and hepatic lobule wall equaled 24.8±0.23 μm for reference group pigs, 28.2±0.24 μm for 1st test group, 27.3±0.24 μm for 2nd test group (p≤0.01) and 26.10±0.94 μm for 3rd test group. Table 1: Radius between the central vein and hepatic lobule wall in pig liver specimens, μm Group Start of test period End of test period

Reference group 22.8±1.01 41.0±0.61

1st test group

2nd test group

3rd test group

28.20±0.41*

27.30±0.67

26.10±0.94

42.8±0.72* 51.0±1.02* Note: n=3; М±m; * p ≤ 0.001

50.2±1.03*

By the end of the test period, the radius slightly increased for all studied animal groups; the average radius increase varied from 4-7 μm. For example, for reference group animals (whose primary diet was established by pig-breeding complex standards), the average radius between the central vein and hepatic lobule wall equaled 30.3±0.17 μm. The same parameter for animals from the 1st group, who were also fed with micronutrient element complex additive in an amount equal to 7,5% of the total primary diet, equaled 32.5±0.41 μm (p≤0.001). For 2nd test group (for whom the amount of complex additive equaled 10% of the total amount of feed) the radius equaled 34.4±0.29 μm (p≤0.001) and for 3rd group (additive equaled 12.5% of the total amount of feed) – 50.2±1,03 μm (p≤0.001). Morphometric analysis of hepatic cells has shown that these cells had a relatively similar size both for test and reference groups specimens. As we can see from Table 2, the hepatic cell area for all studied group specimens remained stable and equaled 0.0001 mm2. Hepatic cell perimeter for 2 nd test group pigs (who received an additional 10% of micronutrient complex relative to the total amount of feed consumed) was greater than that of reference group animals by 0.013 mm and that of 1st and

I.V. Ziruk, A.V. Egunova, M.E. Kopchekchi, V.V. Frolov, K.I. Babina, S.N. Povetkin, V.A. Karatunov

2nd group animals by 0.009 mm. The length and width of hepatic cells for 2 nd test group animals were also slightly greater than similar parameters of reference, 1st, and 3rd test groups. The average hepatic cell size did not vary greatly and equaled 0.022 mm both for reference and test group specimens. Table 2: Morphometric parameters of hepatic cells. Average size, mm

Orientation, degree

0.063±0.031 0.023±0.0011 0.023±0.0012 0.023±0.0009 Reference group 0.0001±0.0003 0.0001±0.0003 0.067±0.032** 0.024±0.0011 0.017±0.0013** 0.021±0.0009** 1st test group 2nd test group 0.0001±0.0002** 0.076±0.032** 0.026±0.0010** 0.022±0.0013** 0.024±0.0009** 0.020±0.0010** 0.020±0.0012 0.020±0.0009** 3rd test group 0.0001±0.0002** 0.067±0.031 Note: n=3; М±m; * p ≤ 0.005; ** p ≤ 0.001

51.77±2.23 53.05±2.22* 60.79±2.21* 59.28±2.23*

Group

Area, mm2

Perimeter, mm

Length, mm

Width, mm

Cell orientation equaled 51.77±2.23 degrees for reference group animals, 53.05±2.22 degrees for 1 group animals, 59.28±2.23 degrees for third group animals and slightly eclipsed the similar parameter for 2 nd test group animals (who received an additional 10% of micronutrient complex relative to the total amount of feed consumed) equaling 60.79±2.21 degrees. st

4 DISCUSSION Minerals hold only a small percentage in animals’ rations, but play a major role in the organism: they take part in metabolism and body balance control. A minimal imbalance of one or several minerals between themselves is dangerous for the organism as well as a mineral deficiency (Vasilyeva et al., 2010). The chelate complex of microelements for Large White piglets, using and studying by us, benefits the histologic pattern of a liver. Usually, microelements are included in animals’ ration as different inorganic compounds such as oxides, iron carbonates, and salt. Such a choice growers explain by the low price of these additives. In a pigs’ digestive tract such compounds decompose on simple ions, beginning to make contacts not only among themselves but with other substances and cause more difficult fixation both organisms and vitamins and minerals (Underwood et al., 1999). Test group pigs that were fed with micronutrient element complex with L-aspartic acid in addition to normal feed had clearly defined vein boundaries with said vein moderately filled with blood. Minimal red blood cell content in some veins is indicative of intensive blood circulation in test group animals livers compared to animals from the reference group. The use of a chelate complex of microelements based on L-Carnitine in bird feeding benefits the structure of a liver, especially improve the anatomical condition of hepatocyte (Shchitkovskaya et al., 2012). According to morphometric analysis data, by the end of the test period, hepatic cells in all studied animal group specimens had clearly defined boundaries. Specimens taken from animals from the 1st and 2nd test group showed that most hepatic cells had a polyhedral shape with their nuclei located at the centre of the cell. Specimens taken from reference and 3rd test group animals contained a minimal amount of nuclei localized close to cell walls. Hepatic cell nuclei had a round-oval shape. The most well-structured boundaries of hepatic cells were observed in 2nd test group specimens that also contained condensed chromatin bodies and granules. We observed saturated dark blue chromatin color in all tested animal group specimens. Each nucleus had no more than 3-4 nucleoli on average. Reference group pigs had poorly developed extracellular matrix and perisinusoidal space. General cell and extracellular bodies structure in test group pig specimens is intact with hepatic cells bearing against each other. Periosinusoidal space is clearly defined. *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.277

According to our histological and morphological analysis of hepatic cells of all studied pig groups, the microscopic structure of pig liver is intact for all specimens and such specimens contain no visible structural or pathological changes. Increase in studied radius between the central vein and hepatic lobule wall for 2nd test group animals by 10, 8.2, and 0.08 μn compared to the reference, the 1st and 3rd test group animals, respectively, indicate of higher metabolic activity for pigs who were fed chelate complex as a feed additive (in an amount equal of 10% to the total amount of feed).

5 CONCLUSION In view of the foregoing, we can conclude that adding micronutrient (iron, zinc, manganese, copper, and cobalt) chelate complex with L-aspartic acid to a standard diet (amounting to 10% of total feed amount) with micronutrient doses being 10.02 mg/kg for Zn, 10.02 mg/kg for Fe, 2.01 mg/kg for Cu, 4.01 mg/kg for Mn and 0.1 mg/kg for Co, significantly increases the rate of metabolic processes in pig organisms, thus, maximizing the positive effect of such complex application.

6 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7 CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest.

8 REFERENCES Ao, X., Kim, H.J., Meng, Q.W., Yan, L., Cho, J.H., Kim, I.H. (2010). Effects of Diet Complexity and Fermented Soy Protein on Growth Performance and Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Weanling Pigs. Asian-Aust, J Anim Sci., 23(11), 1496-1502. Ao, T., Pierce, J. (2013). The replacement of inorganic mineral salts with mineral proteinates in poultry diets. World’s Poultry Science Journal: 3(69), 5-16. Douglas, S.L, Edwards, S.A., Sutcliffe, E.S., Knap, P.W., Kyriazakis, I.D. (2013). Identification of risk factors associated with poor lifetime growth performance in pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 91(9), 4123-4132. Iliev, P.T., Georgieva, T.M. (2016). Acute-phase proteins in sheep and goats - function, reference ranges, and assessment methods: an overview. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. DOI: 10.15547;bjvm.1050. Katkov, N.V., Salautin, V.V., Ziruk, I.V. (2012). Morphology of animals Saarbrucken. (in Russian). Lee, C.H., Kim, S.W. (2004). Aspergillus oryzae GB-107 Fermentation improves nutritional quality of food soybeans and feed soybean meals. J Med Food: 7: 430 - 435. Michiels, J., et al. (2013). Ginneken Maturation of digestive function is retarded and plasma antioxidant capacity lowered in fully weaned low birth weight piglet. Br J Nutr:109: 65-75. Povetkin, С.N., et al. (2012). Main morphological indicators of blood pigs by using asparaginates, and also new stimulating facilities (tissue preparation, sedimin and echav fractions). Veterinary Medicine of the Kuban, 2, 23-25 (in Russian). Rekiel, A., Wiecek, J. (2005). Biochemical indices of blood serum of fatteners fed with a mixture with zinc oxide addition. Rocz Nauk PTZI: 115-121 (in Polish). Salautin, V.V., Ziruk, I.V. (2008). Influence of a different quantity of rye on the morphological indices of the liver of the piglets, Pig breeding, 3, 32 (in Russian). Shchitkovskaya, Т.R., Loginov, G.P., Pavlova, O.N. (2012). Effect of chelate complexes of copper and cobalt with methionine in combination with L-carnitine on the exchange of lipids in the blood serum of broiler chickens. Uchenye zapiski KGAVM im NE Bauman, Kazan:212:219 - 220(in Russian). Underwood, E. J, Suttle, N. F. (1999). The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 3rd Ed. CABI Publshing, UK: 43.

I.V. Ziruk, A.V. Egunova, M.E. Kopchekchi, V.V. Frolov, K.I. Babina, S.N. Povetkin, V.A. Karatunov

Vasilyeva, E. E., Nadeev, V. P., Yakhin, A. Ya. (2010). Use of chelated copper in pigs. Pig breeding:2:38-40 (in Russian). Ziruk. I. V., Salautin, V. V. (2013). Influence of some types of fodder on the organism of pigs. Saratov: (in Russian). Ziruk Irina Vladimirovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Morphology, Animal Pathology and Biology, Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilova. She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her research encompasses Animals’ Morphology.

Kopchekchi Marina Egorovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Morphology, Animal Pathology and Biology, Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilova. She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences.

Egunova Alla Vladimirovna is an Associate Professor, Department of Animal Disease and Biology, Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilova. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences.

Professor Dr. Frolov Valery Vladimirovich is of the Department of Legal Support of Economic Activities of the Saratov Socio-Economic Institute (branch) of REU named after G.V. Plekhanov. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences.

Ksenia Ivanina Babin is an Associate Professor of the Department of Legal Support of Economic Activities of the Saratov Socio-Economic Institute (branch) of REU named after G.V. Plekhanov. She is a Candidate of Law.

Povetkin Sergey Nikolaevich is an Associate Professor, Department of Food Technologies and Engineering, Institute of Living Systems, North Caucasus Federal University. He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences.

Vyacheslav Anatolyevich Karatunov is an Associate Professor of the Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Examination and Pet Hygiene of the Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubilin. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences.

*Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.277

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14K

EFFECTS OF SORBENT FEED ADDITIVES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL ORGANS AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKENS E.V. Shatskikh 1

, D.M. Galiev , I.V. Rogozinnikova , A.N. Masliuk

Department of Zoological Engineering, Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 25 May 2020 Accepted 30 July 2020 Available online 14 August 2020

We studied the effects of Carbitox and BSH-VIT sorbent feed additives on the productivity of 1280 broiler chickens, the development of their internal organs, and some blood parameters. Based on the results of experiment #A on adding Carbitox feed additive to the diet of broiler chickens, the absolute gains in all experimental groups were greater than parameters in control animals both in male and female chickens. According to the results of experiment #B on adding BSH-VIT to the diet, in all experimental groups, there was a higher live weight gain in comparison with the control one. There was a tendency to a decrease in the weight of the liver and gizzard stomach in broilers that received BSH-VIT. When using the studied feed additives, analyzed blood parameters of birds were within the physiological norm what indicates the absence of negative effects of tested additives on birds. Administration schemes with a gradual decrease of additives by the end of the growing period showed results similar to those obtained with the equal administration of tested agents. On this basis, we can recommend using these preparations in feeding chickens according to the schemes of experimental groups to reduce the total number of intestinal sorbents used in prophylactic doses.

Keywords: Broiler chickens yield increase; Enterosorbents; Bird’s internal organs, Productivity, Carbitox; Hematological parameters; BSH-VIT; Mineral sorbents; Chicken blood test; Prophylactic dose; Intestinal sorbents; Polymineral feed additive.

1 INTRODUCTION Diet for meat poultry is made taking into account its needs in different periods of ontogenesis; for a short period of growing broiler chickens, their diet changes 3-4 times. At the same time, in the start period of growing, chickens require high quality of feed and, in particular, of feed protein; in the final period, their feed contains more energy. As a rule, the dose of sorbent preparations is specified for the entire growing period, however, these feed additives can be used in different doses depending on the *Corresponding author (E.V. Shatskikh). Email: evshackih@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.278

technological period. It should be taken into account that intestinal sorbents are not digested in animals and, consequently, do not have any nutritional value. The proportion of adsorbents in feed composition in comparison with other feed additives is relatively high what is typical, in particular, for mineral sorbents. Therefore, one of the negative effects of adding intestinal sorbents to a diet is decreased total nutritional value of a unit of feed. Intestinal sorbents are used in poultry farming both to control various toxins contained in feed and for the prevention of mycotoxicoses in birds and stimulation of their productivity. The positive effect of these drugs on meat productivity of broiler chickens and their blood parameters was proven (Ovchinnikov et al., 2015; Izmaylovich, 2016a; Al-Araji et al., 2016), and also on the development of internal organs (Kiseleva et al., 2019; Lakkawar et al., 2017). The goal of this research was to assess the effect of Carbitox and BSH-Vit sorbent feed additives on the productive parameters of broiler chickens, as well as on the development of their internal organs and several blood parameters. Carbitox complex feed additive includes mineral sorbents: zeolite, bentonite, silicon oxide, opal; organic phytosorbent; probiotic component immobilized on phytosorbent: 3 strains of Bacillus subtillis, 1 strain of Bacillus licheniformis, lactic acid bacteria complex. The productive effect of this feed additive on animals was demonstrated in many studies (Kononenko et al., 2016; Izmaylovich, 2016b; 2016c). BSH-VIT is a mineral feed additive based on neutralized white mud and enriched with 0.2% iodine. This preparation contains up to 80% of sodalite-like sodium aluminosilicates (cancrenite, nosean-cancrenite) which provides molecular sieve separation and adsorption of heavy metal ions and mycotoxins. Aluminosilicates make cavities that determine their adsorption properties. Svalukhina (1994), Svalukhina and Buraev (1995), Kotomtsev and Buraev (2010), Usevich et al. (2018), did the study of the effectiveness of this feed additive in animal feeding.

2 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Experimental studies were carried out in the work conditions of OAO Sredneuralskaya Poultry Factory, on Ross 308 broilers. Two research and economic experiments were carried out. The formation of groups for the experiments and scientific basis of this study was performed under the methods recommended by the Federal Scientific Center â€œAll-Russian Scientific Research and Technology Institute for Poultry Industryâ€? of RAS (2013). The scheme of experiment #A on adding a Carbitox feed additive to the diet of broiler chickens is shown in Table 1. The Control group received a basic diet. Experimental groups, in addition to the basic diet, received Carbitox feed additive in different doses depending on the growing period. For each of the experiments #A and #B, 640 broiler chickens with an average live weight of 43 grams were selected and divided equally into 4 groups, i.e., one control and three experimental. Each group included 160 birds, 80 males, and 80 females. Experiments continued throughout the entire growing period. Feeding was carried out using diets adopted at the farm for the experiments. It was phase feeding divided into four periods: start (1-10 days), growing 1 (11-20 days), growing 2 (21-30 days), end (from 31 days to the end of growing).

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Table 1: Scheme of the experiment #A on adding Carbitox feed additive to the diet of broilers Group

Start 1-10 days

Birds 80 ♂ 80♀ 80♂ 80♀ 80♂ 80♀ 80♂

Control #1A #2A #3A

Growing 1 11-20 days

Growing 2 21-30 days

End 31-38 days

Basic diet (BD) BD

80♀

BD + Carbitox 1 kg/t of feed

BD + Carbitox 0.75 kg/t of feed

BD + Carbitox 0.5 kg/t of feed

BD + Carbitox 1.5 kg/t of feed

BD + Carbitox 1 kg/t of feed

BD + Carbitox 0.5 kg/t of feed

Table 2 shows the scheme of experiment #B on adding BSH-VIT feed additive to the diet of broiler chickens. The Control group received a basic diet. Experimental groups, in addition to the basic diet, received BSH-VIT feed additive in different doses depending on the growing period. Table 2: Scheme of the experiment #B on adding BSH-VIT feed additive to the diet of broilers Group Control #1B #2B #3B

Start 1-10 days

birds 80 ♂ 80♀ 80♂ 80♀ 80♂ 80♀ 80♂

Growing 1 11-20 days

Growing 2 21-30 days

Growing 31-38 days

Basic diet (BD) BD+ BSH-VIT 2 kg/t of feed BD + BSH-VIT 2.5 kg/t of feed

BD + BSH-VIT 2 kg/t of feed

BD + BSH-VIT 1 kg/t of feed

BD + BSH-VIT 0.5 kg/t of feed

BD + BSH-VIT 2.5 kg/t of feed

BD + BSH-VIT 1.5 kg/t of feed

BD + BSH-VIT 0.5 kg/t of feed

80♀

Anatomical dressing of poultry was carried out according to the technique of the Federal Scientific Center “All-Russian Scientific Research and Technology Institute for Poultry Industry” of RAS (2013). For this, 3 broiler males with average live weight were taken from each group at the end of the growing period. At 38 days of age, the blood of three average male broilers from each group was taken by decapitation to determine its morphological and biochemical parameters. A blood test was performed at Municipal Autonomous Institution “Clinical and Diagnostic Center”. The morphological study of blood was carried out in a hemostatic laboratory, with the help of an ADVIA 120 automatic analyzer manufactured by BAYER, as well as by manual counting of shaped elements in the Goryaev chamber. Blood biochemistry was performed in a clinical diagnostic laboratory on a Vitros 350 analyzer (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostic, USA). The main experimental data were processed using the variation statistics method and PC Microsoft Excel. The difference was considered to be significant at P≤0.05; P≤0.01; P≤0.001.

3 STUDY DETAILS 3.1 RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON ADDING CARBITOX FEED ADDITIVE TO THE DIET OF BROILER CHICKENS Zootechnical productivity parameters obtained as a result of the experiment on adding Carbitox *Corresponding author (E.V. Shatskikh). Email: evshackih@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.278

feed additive to the diet of broiler chickens are shown in Table 3. Table 3: Broiler chicken productivity at different ages for experiment #A (n = 80) Group Control #1A Males #2A #3A Control #1A Females #2A #3A

10 days, g 268.3±3.35 267.7±3.74 266.9±3.41 267.4±3.25 288.3±3.97 288.2±3.84 288.9±3.44 288.6±3.85

20 days, g 769.8±6.7 777.0±7.5 763.1±6.7 778.6±5.6 710.0±7.5 729.5±7.8 719.3±8.3 720.6±7.2

30 days, g 1,457.1±13.3 1,487.2±15.6 1,467.2±11.1 1,494±10.6* 1,303.7±12.5 1,377.5±14.9** 1,336.5±14.6 1,351.2±12.7**

38 days, g 2,123.5±14.2 2,160.7±12.8* 2,127.6±17.9 2,163.9±12.1* 1,886.9±17.4 1,994.6±24.9** 1,930.5±20.2 1,923.5±17.9

Survival rate, % 96.3 93.8 98.8 96.3 100 92.5 100 100

The trend of the superiority of experimental birds in live weight was already observed at 20 days of age, but differences were more significant at the age of 30 days: for example, males of groups #1A, #2A, and #3A exceeded the control animal of the same age in live weight by 2.1; 0.7 and 2.5% (P ≤ 0.05), respectively, and females by 5.7% (P ≤ 0.01), 2.5 and 3.6% (P ≤ 0.01). 2200 2100

2080.5

2117.9

2084.6

2120.9

2000

Control

1951.6

1900

1843.9

1887.5 1880.5

#2A #3A

1800 1700

#1A

Males

Females

Figure 1: Absolute gain at 38 days (g), for #A. At the end of feeding (38 days), the live weights of males of experimental groups 1A, #2A, and #3A were higher than this of control ones by 1.8% (P ≤ 0.05); 0.2 and 1.9% (P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Females of experimental groups #1A, #2A, and #3A that received Carbitox were 5.8 (P ≤ 0.01), 2.3, and 2.0 % ahead of control females of the same age, respectively. The absolute gain rate was obtained by the difference between the initial and final live weight of broiler chickens. In males of the control group, this value amounted to 2,080.46 g, while in experimental groups #1A, #2A, and #3A, it was by 1.8, 0.2, and 1.9% higher compared to the control, respectively. In the control group of females, the absolute gain was at the level of 1,843.87 g; in experimental groups #1A, #2A, and #3A, it was by 5.8, 2.3, and 2.0% higher than in the control one, respectively (Figure 1). Evaluation of survival rates showed that in experimental groups #2A and #3A that received tested drugs according to the scheme with dose reducing by the end of feeding it was higher, or on a par with the control level. Adding drug in the dose of 1 kg/t of feed from the 11th to the 38th days of growing demonstrated decreased safety by 2.5% and 3.75% compared with the control group. Adding more test drug to the diet of broilers was accompanied by a reduction in feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain in comparison with the control group: in experimental males by 2.3-3.4%, in

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

females by 1.8-2.4% what is associated with more intense bird growth. Additional feeding factors led also to the changes in the weight of the internal organs of chickens, both in absolute values and with regard to the live weight of broiler chickens (Table 4). Table 4: Weight of the internal organs of broiler chickens, for #A (g). Organ

Group

Liver Relative weight, % Heart Relative weight, % Gizzard stomach Relative weight, % Kidneys Relative weight, % Lungs Relative weight, % Spleen Relative weight, %

Control 54.83±2.66 2.59 13.87±1.07 0.65 32.00±3.27 1.51 15.97±4.91 0.75 15.00±1.96 0.71 3.30±0.49 0.16

#1A 46.63±3.21 2.14 10.80±0.62* 0.54 30.07±2.42 1.41 11.83±1.82 0.61 13.40±1.02 0.65 3.17±0.33 0.10

#2A 46.43±2.93* 2.16 11.13±0.59* 0.52 32.10±3.49 1.49 13.30±1.98 0.62 11.27±1.03 0.52 3.03±0.93 0.14

#3A 46.37±2.48* 2.13 11.63±0.12* 0.49 30.53±1.44 1.38 13.10±1.13 0.54 14.03±0.87 0.61 2.07±0.45 0.14

In experimental groups #1A, #2A and #3A, a significant decrease in liver weight was registered compared with the control group: by 14.9; 15.3 (P ≤ 0.05) and 15.4 (P ≤ 0.05) %, respectively. The relative weight of this organ was also lower in the experimental groups of chickens on average by 0.45% compared with the control group. Heart weight in experimental groups #1A, #2A, and #3A showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in both relative (on average by 0.13%) and absolute values (on average by 19.3%) compared with the control group. Herewith, minimum heart weight was registered in experimental group 1. Gizzard's stomach weight in experimental birds was lower in its relative value by 0.02-0.13% than in the control group but there was no significant difference between the groups. A similar pattern can be observed for all organs tested during this experiment. The blood test revealed (Table 5) that hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood of chickens were within the physiological norm. There were no statistically significant differences in these parameters during biometric data processing. There was a slight increase in white blood cells in the experimental groups of broiler chickens; this effect may be associated with a probiotic component in feed additive, similar results were mentioned in Ushakova et al. (2012), Ovchinnikov et al. (2019). In addition to probiotic, the Carbitox feed additive contains phytosorbent that may also have an immune stimulating effect (Loretts et al., 2018). Table 5: Blood parameters of broiler chickens (n=3) Blood parameters 12

RBC, 10 /L Hemoglobin, g/L Mean cell hemoglobin, pg WBC, 109/L Total protein, g/L

Group Control 2.58±0.08 93.33±4.18 42.87±1.75 30.47±1.25 38.67±0.87

#1A 2.56±0.05 93.00±3.05 43.73±0.64 31.50±0.76 39.73±2.19

#2A 2.65±0.1 98.67±2.03 44.87±0.9 32.53±1.01 41.60±2.55

Experimental 3 2.44±0.18 94.67±4.1 45.73±0.73 31.83±1.24 39.13±1.69

*Corresponding author (E.V. Shatskikh). Email: evshackih@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.278

There was no significant difference in total protein level in the blood of experimental chickens while total protein concentration in serum of broiler chickens of experimental groups #1A, #2A, and #3A was higher in comparison with the control group by 1.2, 7.6, and 2.7%, respectively.

3.2 RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT ON ADDING BSH-VIT FEED ADDITIVE TO THE DIET OF BROILER CHICKENS Zootechnical parameters of productivity in broiler chickens are shown in Table 6. At 10 days, chickens of experimental groups #1B and #2B that received BSH-VIT feed additive during this period exceeded the control group in live weight: males by 2.6-3.5%, females by 1.7-1.9%. At 20 days, males of experimental groups #1B, #2B, and #3B significantly exceeded control ones by 6.9 (P≤0.001); 6.3 (P≤0.01), and 3.9% (P≤0.05), respectively. Live weight in females of experimental groups was also higher than that of control ones; in this regard, a significant difference with the control group was registered in the experimental group 3-4.2% higher (P≤0.05). At 30 days, broiler males of experimental groups #1B, #2B, and #3B significantly exceeded the control group by 4.1 (P≤0.05); 4.4 (P≤0.05), and 3.9 (P≤0.05), respectively. Live weight in experimental females was also higher than in control ones; a significant difference was obtained for experimental group 3, i.e. higher by 4.4% (P≤0.05). At the end of the growing period (38 days), a significant difference in live weight with the control group was observed in females of experimental groups 1 (by 2.8%) and 3 (by 4.8%) (P≤0.05). Table 6: Broiler chicken productivity, experiment #B (n=80) Group Control #1B Males #2B #3B Control #1B Females #2B #3B

10 days, g 220.8±2.8 226.6±3.0 228.5±2.7* 217.8±3.2 211.2±2.7 215.2±2.7 214.8±2.9 210.8±2.7

20 days, g 666.2±9.5 712.5±9.9*** 708.0±8.8** 692.2±9.0* 616.6±9.7 633.0±7.7 631.4±10.5 642.7±8.9*

30 days, g 1,320.7±17.6 1,374.3±19.9* 1,379.5±16.4* 1,372.8±16.1* 1,216.0±16.5 1,250.5±14.0 1,245.9±23.8 1,269.0±21.4*

38 days, g 2,066.9±26.9 2,088.1±26.4 2,094.1±22.3 2,085.7±23.6 1,843.5±17.9 1,894.4±16.6* 1,891.5±25.6 1,931.2±23.8**

Livability, % 93.8 100.0 95.0 98.8 98.8 98.8 98.8 97.5

In broiler males that received sorbent additive, this parameter tended to increase and was at the level of 0.9-1.3%. 2100

2023.9

2045.1 2051.1 2042.7

2000 1900 1800.5

1800

1851.4 1848.5

1888.2

#3B

Males

Females

Figure 2: Absolute weight gain at 38 days old for #B (g).

#1B #2B

1700 1600

Control

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Absolute live weight gain in chickens of the control group for the entire growing period was 2,023.9 g in males and 1,800.5 in females. All experimental groups showed a higher live weight gain compared to the control group, by an average of 1.1% in males and 3.4% in females (Figure 2). Survival rate analysis showed an increase in experimental groups #1B, #2B, #3B, in males by 6.25, 1.28, and 5.0% in comparison with control birds. In broiler females, this parameter was the same in experimental groups #1B, #2B, and in the control group, it amounted to 98.75%. The survival rate in experimental group #3B was lower than in the control group by 1.25%. Table 7 shows the absolute and relative weight of some internal organs of 38-day old broiler males. The liver is an organ that acts as a filter and neutralizes toxins that come to the body with food. In experimental groups #1B, #2B, and #3B, liver weight was lower compared with the control group by 17.4 (P≤0.05), 7.2, and 13.8%, respectively. The relative weight of the liver was the smallest in experimental group 1 (2.13%); it is 0.48% less than the corresponding value in the control group. Smaller liver weight in experimental chickens may indicate that the additive performs its main function, i.e. reduces the negative effect of exo- and endotoxins on the body and specifically on broiler liver lowering detoxification load on this organ. No significant differences in the weight of kidneys, lungs, and heart between the control and experimental groups of broiler chickens were found. There were no significant differences in the absolute weight of intestine between the control and experimental groups, however, there is a tendency to its increase in experimental groups by an average of 7%. Table 7: Weight of the internal organs of #B broiler chickens, g Organ Liver, g Relative weight, % Heart, g Relative weight, % Gizzard stomach, g Relative weight, % Kidneys, g Relative weight, % Lungs, g Relative weight, % Intestine, g Relative weight, %

Control 57.70±2.66 2.61 9.13±0.84 0.41 32.77±0.94 1.50 13.33±0.67 0.60 14.67±2.91 0.66 86.57± 5.11 3.91

Group #1B 47.63±0.84* 2.13 10.33±1.36 0.46 29.50±1.28* 1.33 14.00±1.15 0.63 12.67±0.67 0.57 91.47±5.55 4.09

#2B 53.57±2.50 2.47 9.27±0.48 0.43 31.90±2.20 1.47 14.00±0.58 0.64 13.33±2.40 0.61 96.13±5.38 4.43

#3B 49.73±1.07 2.22 9.17±0.22 0.41 29.53±1.10* 1.31 13.33±0.67 0.59 16.00±2.31 0.71 90.57±5.02 4.02

The average absolute weight of gizzard stomachs of the males of experimental groups #1B, #2B, and #3B was lower than that of the control group by 10.0; 2.7, and 9.9%, respectively; moreover, in experimental groups #1B and #3B, the difference was significant (P≤0.05). Changes in the relative weight of this organ are of the same pattern, namely, decreased weight in experimental groups compared with the control group. Studied blood parameters of broilers that received BSH-VIT feed additive were within the physiological norm (Table 8); no significant differences were found between experimental groups *Corresponding author (E.V. Shatskikh). Email: evshackih@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.278

#1B, #2B, and #3B and the control group; however, there were some variations. Table 8: Blood parameters of broiler chickens for #B. Parameter 12

RBC, 10 /L Hemoglobin, g/L Hematocrit, % Mean cell hemoglobin, pg WBC, 109/L Total protein, g/L

Control 2.20±0.20 82.33±7.36 24.40±4.19 34.17±2.04 21.23±2.78 38.03±3.81

Group #1B #2B 2.57±0.04 2.54±0.05 85.50±0.87 83.00±0.29 30.50±0.29 31.00±1.45 31.80±0.81 31.50±0.32 16.88±0.51 17.60±1.73 37.47±3.08 40.63±2.72

#3B 2.61±0.03 89.00±1.15 32.35±0.20 32.80±0.06 26.95±0.78 36.57±0.55

The main function of red blood cells is the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide what happens due to the hemoglobin they contain. Hemoglobin amount in red blood cells was 4-8% less in the blood of chickens of experimental groups #1B, #2B, and #3B in comparison with the control group. But at the same time, the number of red blood cells in experimental groups was 13-16% higher than in the control group. As a result, the average amount of hemoglobin in blood was greater in experimental groups #1B, #2B, and #3B by 1-8% compared with the control group. In studies on broiler chickens (Drozd, 2019) and cattle (Usevich et al., 2018) that received BSH-HIT deed additive with their diet, increased amount of hemoglobin in the blood of animals was also observed, by 29% and 16.7%, respectively, compared with the control groups that consumed feed without this feed additive. Iron oxide is present in BSH-VIT feed additive (Buraev et al., 2015) what can additionally enrich the diet of birds with this microelement required for hemoglobin synthesis of the animal body. Hematocrit is the volume percentage of formed elements in total blood volume. A large part of all blood formed elements is represented by red blood cells. In all experimental groups, this parameter was higher by an average of 20-25% than in the control group. White blood cells perform protective functions. In experimental groups #1B, and #2B, their number was lower than in the control by 17-20%, and in experimental group #3B, it was 27% higher. Total protein in the blood of control chickens amounted to 38.03 g/L. In experimental groups #1B and #3B, the value of this parameter was 1.5-3.8% less than in the control one, and in experimental group 2-6.8% more than the control level.

4 CONCLUSION Studied Carbitox and BSH-VIT feed additives being used according to the proposed schemes had a positive effect on poultry productivity; moreover, there was no negative effect on the health of chickens that was confirmed by the blood test. There was an obvious effect of these drugs on the development of the internal organs of birds: decreased weight of liver and heart in groups that received Carbitox feed additive and decreased weight of liver and gizzard stomach in groups received BSH-HIT feed additive in comparison with the corresponding values in control groups. Schemes for administering drugs with gradually decreasing doses of studied drugs by the end of the growing period (experimental groups #2B and #3B) showed good results similar to those obtained in experimental groups 1 where additives were used throughout the growing cycle in one dose. On this basis, it is possible to recommend using these drugs when growing broiler chickens according to

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

schemes of experimental groups #2B and #3B to reduce the total amount of intestinal sorbents used in prophylactic doses.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 REFERENCES Al-Araji, F.S., Gromo, I., Bolshakova, E., German, S., BŃƒkovskaya, M. (2016). Evaluation of TERRARICH-ANTITOX on hematological and immunological parameters of broilers fed mycotoxin contaminated ration and vaccinated against the infectious bursal disease. Bulletin of Zhytomyr National Agroecological University, 1(1), 181-188. Buraev, M.E., Lutskaya, L.P., Shatskikh, E.V. (2015). Experience in using BSH sorbent mineral additive in the diet of broiler chickens. Poultry and Poultry Products, 1, 37-39. Drozd, M.N. (2019). Hematological and biochemical status of broilers when using a polymineral feed additive during the growing period. Bulletin of Biotechnology, 2(19), 4. Egorov, I.A., et al. (2013). Methodology for conducting scientific studies and on-the-farm research on poultry feeding: recommendations. Sergiev Posad: All-Russian Scientific Research and Technology Institute for Poultry Industry, 52p. Izmaylovich, I.B. (2016a). Effectiveness of using adsorbents of mycotoxins in the poultry industry. Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. Series: Livestock Farming, 5, 234-238. Izmaylovich, I.B. (2016b). Carbitox is an effective intestinal sorbent of mycotoxins. Agrarian Science for Agriculture, 113-115. Izmaylovich, I.B. (2016c). Zaslon intestinal sorbent of Mycotoxins in the diets of broiler chickens. Actual Problems of the Intensive Development of Animal Husbandry, 19 (2). Kiseleva, K.V., Gaiirbegov, D.Sh., Simonov, G.A., Zoteev, V.S., Khalizova, Z.N., Simonov, A.G. (2019). A feed additive increases the parameters of broiler chickens. Effective Livestock Farming, 4(152). Kononenko, S.I., Kairov, V.R., Tsugkieva, V.B., Gulueva, D.T., Eremeev, N.A. (2016). Hematological parameters of pigs when using yacon tubers and an adsorbent in their diet. Polythematic Electronic Scientific Journal of the Kuban State Agrarian University, 115, 76-86. Kotomtsev, V.V., Buraev, M.E. (2010). The reaction of cattle blood system on adding medicinal plants and BSH sorbent to its diet in the fluorine accumulation area. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 11(2), 77. Ovchinnikov, A.A., Ovchinnikova, L.U., Konovalov, D.A. (2019). Immune status of meat chickens when using probiotics in their diet. Poultry Farming, 5, 43-48. Ovchinnikov, A.A., Ovchinnikova, L.U. (2018). Influence of feed factor on the productivity of broiler chickens. Perm Agrarian Bulletin, 1(21). Ovchinnikov, A.A., Tukhbatov, I.A., Lakomyi, A.V. (2015). Hematological parameters of broiler chickens when using Probitox and Toxfin in their diet. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 7, 40-43. Svalukhina, E.V., Buraev, M.E. (1995). The effect of BSH mineral additive on physiological parameters and growth of broiler chickens. Problems of the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases of Farm Animals: proceedings of the Sverdlovsk Research Veterinary Station, 3, 222-225. Svalukhina, E.V. (1994). Studying the effect of BSH non-conventional mineral additive on physiological parameters and growth of broiler chickens. Science for Agriculture, 157-159. *Corresponding author (E.V. Shatskikh). Email: evshackih@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.278

Usevich, V.M., Drozd, M.N., Buraev, M.E., Lutskaya, L.P. (2018). Assessing the effect of a polymineral feed additive on the prevention of obstetric and gynecological pathology in pregnant cows. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 5(172). Ushakova, N.A., Nekrasov, R.V., Pravdin, V.G., Kravtsova, L.Z., Bobrovskaya, O.I., Pavlov, D.S. (2012). A new generation of probiotic feed preparations. Basic Research, 1. Lakkawar, A.W., Narayanaswamy, H.D., Satyanarayana, M.L. (2017). Study on efficacy of diatomaceous earth to ameliorate toxic effects of aflatoxin on internal organ weights in broiler chicken. J. Anim. Health Prod., 5(3), 120-126. Loretts, O.G., Donnik, I.M., Bykova, O.A., Neverova, O.P., Gumenyuk, O.A., Shakirova, S.S., Meshcheriakova, G.V. (2018). Nonspecific resistance of broilers on the background of application of an herbal complex of biologically active compounds under the conditions of industrial technology. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Chemical Science, 9(6), 1679-1687. Dr.Shatskikh Elena Viktorovna holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. Her research interests include Development and Scientific and Practical Justification of Rational Approaches to Feeding, Adaptation, Increase the Resistance of Poultry Crosses to Modern Technologies.

Galiev Danis Minnjanovich is interested in the Feeding of Farm Animals and Birds.

Rogozinnikova Irina Viktorovna is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Research interests: Feeding Farm Animals and Birds.

Maslyuk Anna Nikolaevna is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Scientific interests: issues of the use of Biologically Active Additives and Feed Technologies aimed at Improving the Productive and Economic indicators of Animals and Poultry.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14L

PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE OF ANIMAL HEALTH IN THE CONDITIONS OF TECHNOGENIC AGROECOSYSTEMS A.V. Arapova 1

, I. A. Kaluga , A.A. Volokhovich , R.R. Fatkullin

Department of Feeding, Animal Hygiene, Production Technology and Processing of Agricultural Products, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 14 July 2020 Accepted 05 August 2020 Available online 15 August 2020

The physiological state of the animal's body can be characterized based on hematological indicators since blood plays a special role in the body. Moving nutrients and active biological substances, the blood plays the regulator role of all vital functions of the body. Around each cell, it creates the internal environment of the body, the stability of the conductor, which is necessary for the life of all organs and tissues. It is Keywords: Cow blood biochemical; widely known that the state of a living organism depends on the Cow blood composition; protective properties and adaptability of its body. Biochemical analysis of the blood composition can characterize these properties. The obtained Cow blood serum; Cow blood protein; data were compared with the reference indicators of metabolism in the Hematological body of cows. The determining results of total protein and protein parameter; Physiological fractions content in the blood serum indicate that the individuals of the condition of an organism; experimental groups as a result of the influence of adverse ceruloplasmin; environmental factors on the animal body revealed a small decrease in Toxicoelement; Serum the concentration of total protein and manifest significant changes in the albumin. proteinogram, while the protein composition of the blood serum undergoes significant changes when compared with the normal spectrum of proteins. It was found that the total concentration of sugar in the blood of cows is significantly lower than the reference values indicating a direct relationship with the concentration of total protein and the nature of the serum proteinogram. Changes in the most important metabolic concentrations of carbohydrates in the blood of cows are narrowly directed and confirm the data obtained on liver dysfunction, but the rate of increase in their level is different. For the level of pyruvic acid, the main metabolites of glycolysis and glyconeogenesis are significantly higher than the reference values. Disciplinary: Biotechnology, Bioengineering, Zoological Engineering; Agricultural Science, Biology, Veterinary Medicine, Biochemistry. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (A.V. Arapova). Email: pg.arapova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.279

1 INTRODUCTION In modern conditions, it is more true and relevant than ever that the main factor of the biosphere is chemical: "Having a geochemical approach to the study of geological processes, we cover all the surrounding nature in a single atomic aspect." Identification of areas with excessive or insufficient content of trace elements in the soil makes it possible to control the level of their content for the production of agricultural products of high quality and the prevention of endemic diseases of animals and humans (Titov, et al., 1994). To do this, it is necessary to study the imunobiochemical state and the nature of exchange processes in agricultural animals at a narrow territorial level, consider the environmental features of polluted regions and find ways to increase the adaptive capabilities of the body. Our scientific article involves these issues.

2 ANIMALS IN THE TECHNOGENIC BIOGEOCHEMICAL FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF THE SOUTHERN URALS

PROVINCE,

The current state of animal husbandry in agricultural sectors of all forms of ownership, research of blood, nutrition, animal organs, suggests that one of the main reasons for the low efficiency of this sector of farms (low productivity of breeding stock and male producers, the birth rate of low-power animals, low quality and low quality of animals) is the constant instability in other environmentally disadvantaged areas (Taranov and Sabirov, 1987). But, despite the huge number of studies on the study of microbiogenic components in the plant-soil-animal system, a lot of questions about the mechanism of origin of the processes of imbalance in metabolism in microelementosis from appearance to clinical manifestation, until now, little has been studied. At the same time, it should be noted that during their work, veterinarians began to encounter diseases that are very difficult to diagnose and there are no effective ways to treat new previously unknown diseases (Sysoev, 1981). Research conducted in different regions of Russia has revealed a General trend: the General condition of animals in different regions, which are characterized by different stress conditions, differ in some specific parameters. This indicates the need to study the relationship between a living organism and the environment at the regional level, taking into account the ecological properties of these territories. Also, special attention should be paid to the study of the effect of excess or lack of trace elements on changes in the biogeochemical food chains and intermediate metabolism, the adaptation of the animal body to the geochemical conditions of the surrounding environment, the appearance of biogeochemical endemics (Taranenko, 1982)

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH To perform the task, groups of cows were formed on the principle of analogs: age from 6 to 7 years, the living weight of which - from 500 to 520 kg, the term of insularity - from 3.0 to 3.5 months (I group). A similar group of animals was formed in a region characterized by a similar biogeochemical situation (Group II). To calculate the concentration of total protein in the blood serum of an animal, blood was taken from the jugular vein in a special tube containing a coagulating substance see Appendix. Before taking blood for research, the animal is kept on a starvation diet for 8 hours. Blood is taken before the

A.V. Arapova, I. A. Kaluga, A.A. Volokhovich, R.R. Fatkullin

use of medicinal drugs that may affect the research results. The qualitative set of plasma proteins is very diverse (Fatkullin, 2014). The total protein was divided into separate fractions using the electrophoresis method, which is based on the difference between protein suspensions based on different mass values and a specific charge of a single protein. In electrophoretic separation, depending on the carrier, the number of protein fractions of the total protein varies. Albumins are synthesized in the liver and are simple proteins containing up to 6 amino acid residues. They are highly soluble in water. The normalized value is 56.5-66.8. Serum albumin accounts for approximately 60% of total protein. Albumins play an important role in transporting many biological materials, especially hormones. They can bind to CS, bilirubin. A significant portion of calcium in the blood is also associated with albumin. Albumins can combine with various drugs (Titov, et al., 1994). Plasma globulins are many different proteins. During electrophoresis, they go for albumin. The connection with lipids provides a complex of globulins with a soluble state and transport to various tissues.

3.1 CONDUCTING ELECTROPHORESIS Dry membranes are carefully placed on the surface of the buffer for electrophoresis, avoiding their rapid immersion, and allowed to stand until completely wetted (Gaal et al.,.1982). Wet membranes should be wetted between sheets of thick filter paper to prevent them from drying out. Before use, samples need to carry out a phase of Preparata (ready). To do this, place the membrane in the electrophoresis chamber and activate the current in the selected mode for 10 minutes. The preparatory stage can be replaced by prolonged soaking of the membrane in a buffer solution (several hours) (Osterman, 1981). We use a conductor to apply the analyzed images of blood serum at a distance of 2-3 cm from the cathode edge of the membrane (Telitchenko and Ostroumov, 1990). We place the membrane in the electrophoretic chamber and connect the current. After disconnecting the current, the membrane is carefully transferred to the dye solution for 3-5 minutes, then twice for 3 minutes in a 5-7% acetic acid solution (before bleaching the background). The electrophoregram is processed using a scanner and a computer program. Biochemical and morphological studies of blood were carried out according to generally accepted methods based on the interdepartmental laboratory of the South Ural state university.

4 HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BLOOD OF ANIMALS Age stages and periods of individual development of an animal, as well as conditions not peculiar to a healthy body, are accompanied by certain mechanisms of biochemical reactions that underlie the adaptive abilities of the body to respond to changes in the environment. The following biochemical adaptive factors directly affect the course of these reactions: 1) immunobiological 2) neuroendocrine 3) genetically determined. Biochemical parameters to judge the condition of the body systems that makes it possible in turn to judge the intensity and nature of the disease (pathogenesis), for the study of adaptive abilities of animals when contaminated ecosystems with toxic elements, identify the characteristics of specific *Corresponding author (A.V. Arapova). Email: pg.arapova@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.279

reactions of metabolism studies have been conducted biochemical indices of mineral status, lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism in cows. Laboratory tests were selected based on clinical and biochemical criteria for evaluating the pathological conditions of the animal body (Sova and Kusaykin, 2006). The obtained data were compared with reference values of metabolism in the body of cattle. The results of the research content in the blood serum of cows total protein and protein fractions suggests that individuals in the experimental groups as a consequence of effects on the body, adverse environmental factors environment has a small reduction of the concentration of total protein and the significant changes in proteinogram, with all this protein in serum of cows technogenic zones is undergoing tremendous changes when compared with the conventional range protein (Fatkullin, R. R., 2010). Conclusions concerning the Genesis of the content of protein fractions are put forward based on the results of the statistical processing of available data. Based on the data from Table 1, it can be seen that the concentration of total protein in group I individuals is 82.24Âą0.31 grams/l, which is 4.3% lower than normal (P>0.05) (Figure 1). In individuals of the second group, the decrease in the level of total protein is more noticeable and is 79.32Âą0.41 gram/l, this indicates, first of all, the inhibition of protein biosynthesis processes in the body due to the violation of protein-synthetic liver function. These proteinograms indicate that the decrease in the level of total protein concentration is due to the low-molecular fraction of albumins, copper-containing protein-ceruloplasmin, and protective proteins: b2 -globulins and g-globulins, which entails the redistribution of protein fractions in the blood serum of experimental animals. Table 1: total protein and serum fractions in the blood of cows (g / l-10; n=10). Indicator

Total protein

Reference đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† 85.92Âą0.21 đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† 82.24Âą0.31 I % -4.30 đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† 79.32Âą0.41 II % -7.70

serum proteins Alb

Palb

ĐĄŃ€

40.32Âą0.24 32.85Âą0.18 -18.53 31.24Âą0.08 -22.52

7.52Âą0.04 9.48Âą0.08 +26.05 9.34Âą0.05 +24.20

8.09Âą0.01 10.46Âą0.01 +29.29 10.84Âą0.02 +33.99

2.42Âą0.04 1.54Âą0.03 -36.36 1.52Âą0.09 -37.19

Globulins Î˛-Lp Îą2-macroÎ˛2-micro Îł2+Îł14.82Âą0.03 7.11Âą0.02 9.92Âą0.02 6.06Âą0.07 4.31Âą0.02 6.42Âą0.04 8.65Âą0.06 8.0Âą0.12 -10.59 -10.71 -12.81 +32.01 4.10Âą0.02 6.47Âą0.07 8.01Âą0.12 7.28Âą0.12 -14.94 -9.01 -19.25 +20.13

At the same time, the concentration of serum albumin, which has a unique ability to deliver physiological metabolites and control the level of their content in the body due to their low molecular weight, is reduced, if compared with standard indicators, in individuals of group I by 18.53 and group II by 22.52%, which in the first place, evidence of the oppression of detoxification function, albumin and the formation of individual metabolites in the free biologically active state, also the decrease concentrations of albumins, entails the inhibition processes to replace outdated new proteins in the cell structures of the body. This situation in the proteinogram is worsened by a 1.26-fold increase in the I â€“st group of subjects and 1.24-in the 2-nd group of postalbumins that can inhibit enzymatic catalysis in accelerated normal or abnormal proliferative processes and have the immunosuppressive ability. Immunosuppressive activity is also shown by a2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin of the a2+g1-globulin fraction zone. But the total content of protein fractions of this zone was reduced in individuals of both groups by 9.01 and 10.71% when compared with the reference indicators. We

A.V. Arapova, I. A. Kaluga, A.A. Volokhovich, R.R. Fatkullin

have come to the General opinion that the low content of a2+g1-globulin fraction is due to the ability of a2-macroglobulin to attract and move the Nickel in the form of nickelplating. In the human body, this protein is contained in an amount of 43% of the total content, but the physiological purpose of this metalloprotein is not exactly known (Tonegawa, 1985). 100 80 60 40 20 0

the reference value 1-st group 2-nd group Total protein

Alb

Palb

Ср

β2-

α2macro+γ1-

γ2-

β-Lp

Figure 1: Total protein and serum fractions in the blood of cows (g / l-10; n=10) The concentration of the iron-protein fraction (TF), on the contrary, increases, and its content in individuals of the I-st group was 10.46±0.01 (P<0.001), and the II-nd - 10.84±0.02 grams/l (P<0.001), this is higher than the reference values, by at least 31.64%. We believe that this increase is due to the joint effect of transferrins in hematopoiesis, with the peculiarities of their structural structure. It is proved that one of the significant components of the prosthetic group of transferrins is considered sialic acids, they are a kind of obstacle to infectious agents even before the formation of specific antibodies since iron-rich transferrin suppresses the development of bacteria and viruses. We also know that sialic acids are represented as acylated derivatives of neuraminic acids - the labile component of glycoproteins (Golitsyn, 1999). According to the results of our studies, the concentration of neuramic acid in the blood serum of experimental animals was 41.95±2.31 (P<0.01) and 45.31±1.95 mmol/l (P<0.001), respectively, in the 1st and 2nd groups of subjects. In our opinion, the decrease in the level of neuraminic acid detected by us, on average, by 20.79% is associated with the accelerated synthesis of its derivatives. Also, the concentration of transferrins in the blood serum can play the role of an indicator of pathological processes developing in the body. Some authors believe that increasing the content of transferrins has a positive effect on the condition of animals (Kamyshnikov, 2000). The content of another transport protein a2-globulin fraction-copper-containing oxidase (ceruloplasminna) tends to decrease both in the I-th group of subjects and in the II-th group and is 1.54±0.03 (P<0.001) and 1.52±0.09 grams/l (P<0.01), respectively in the 1st and 2nd groups (Table1). Despite a large number of biological properties of ceruloplasmin, the decrease in its content, in our opinion, is primarily due to the inhibition of the antioxidant dynamics of copper oxidase, due to which auto-oxidation of lipids is activated and toxic radicals of superoxidanion – a product of defective aerobic metabolism-accumulate in the animals of the technogenic zone (Tutelian, 1995). Our hypothesis about a decrease in the anti-oxidant function of the blood plasma of the subjects is confirmed by an increased content of b-lipoproteins. Thus, their levels in both animal groups (P<0.001) are higher than the reference values by 20.13 and 32.01% (Table 1). Changes in the protein picture in the body of the subjects had a great impact on the level of *Corresponding author (A.V. Arapova). Email: pg.arapova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.279

b2-globulins, which are protective blood proteins, the content of these proteins was reduced in the first group of subjects to 4.31±0.02, and in the second group of animals 4.10±0.02 grams/l (P<0.001). This decrease in the level of b2-globulins is most likely due to the toxic effects of cadmium because the increased content of cadmium in the kidneys and the harmful changes in the proximal renal tubules inhibit the reabsorption of b2-globulins. The obtained data from the study of the protein spectrum of the blood of test animals indicate that in response to the prolonged influence of a qualitatively new environmental factor (toxicoelements), an imbalance of homeostasis occurs, which through higher regulatory mechanisms of the brain (hypothalamic-pituitary system) activates systems that are responsible for adapting to changed conditions (Podvoysky and Fatkullin, 2013) The hypothalamus through releasing hormones implements the connection of the nervous system with the endocrine system (nerve impulses are transformed into humoral ones). However, the functional system that is specifically responsible for adaptability, the growth of cellular structures that limit the level of functioning of organs and cells responsible for the body's adaptability. Simultaneously elevated levels of immunosuppressors, which leads to a reduced immune function generally affect the processes responsible for the division of immune cells, and in our study, this is reflected in the decrease in the content of gamma 2-globulins in the body of the subjects of both groups to 8.65±0.06 8.01±0.12 g/l (P<0.01), respectively, in the groups, with the average statutory rate of 9.92±0.056 g/L. It is worth taking into account that the synthesis of gamma-2-globulins is a specific function of immunocompetent cells and can characterize the overall state of the cellular immune system (Zaytsev and Biochemistry, 2004). In studying the nature of specific protein exchange pathways, the enzymes aspartate-aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine-aminotransferase (Alat), which belong to the group of indicator enzymes or organ-specific, are of crucial importance. We found that fluctuations in the activity of serum aminotransferases in both groups of subjects have a relatively uniform character. In particular, the activity index of aspartate-aminotransferase with a high degree of confidence was increased in the individuals of group I by 86.03% and amounted to 4650.69±45.26 nkat/l (P<0.001), and in group II of the subjects higher than the comparison value by 52.61% (3815.16±29.72 nkat/l, P<0.001). It was found that ASAT, similarly to Alat, has two molecular forms – cytosolic and mitochondrial, but about 1/3 of the total activity of ASAT is concentrated in the mitochondria, and the predominant part of Alat is in the cytosol (Mironova and Sirota, 1977). According to the results of research, it became known that the critical concentration of trace elements in environmental objects mobilizes a more increased increase in the activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme (Stoyanovsky and Stupnitsky, 1985). Thus, the activity of Alat in group I subjects increased by 2.27 times, in group II-by 1.73, and the activity of ASAT-by 86.03 and 52.61%, respectively, in each group of subjects, which indicates a violation of the function and structure of hepatocytes, which is preceded, first of all, by the release and entry into the blood of the cytosolic enzyme – Alat (Tumasheva, et al., 1973). Our assumption about the presence of pathological changes in the liver of the subjects is proved by the values of the de Ritis coefficient (2.49 units; P<0.01 and 2.68 units; P<0.001, in both groups, respectively). An increase in this indicator indicates that pathological processes occurred in the liver, which contributed to an increase in the permeability of liver cell membranes (Urazaev et al., 1990) Due to the liver, there is an imbalance in amino acid and protein metabolism, and since the liver is the biosynthesis of all albumins, 78-90% alpha - and gamma-globulins, then the alterations of transaminases, everything seems to be directly dependent not only on the nerve-humoral regulatory

A.V. Arapova, I. A. Kaluga, A.A. Volokhovich, R.R. Fatkullin

effect through inhibitors and activators, but also from inhibition of protein synthesis in the diseased liver. At the same time, an increase in the activity of aminotransferases in the blood of subjects may be an adaptive response of the body, one of the protective measures in the process of adaptation to stress-related environmental influences, which it seems to us, can be attributed to the influence of harmful environmental factors (Fatkullin et al., 2016).

5 CONCLUSION Based on the results of biochemical studies of the blood serum of subjects according to the list of values of protein metabolism in the body and their comparison with reference indicators, we can conclude that the complex influence of environmental pollution of anthropogenic nature leads to the phenomenon of self-adaptability of animals, during which latent pathological processes are briefly balanced. In the conditions of the biopathogenic zone, which is characterized by a poor content of zinc and cobalt in the diet of cows and at the same time an abundant content of Nickel, lead, manganese, copper, iron, and cadmium, there is an imbalance of metabolic processes in female cattle, which adversely affects their productivity. Prolonged exposure of animals to harmful environmental factors reduces the concentration of albumins, beta-and gamma-two-globulins in the blood, which indicates the inhibition of the humoral factor of the natural protective function of cows in the first period of pregnancy and therefore reduces the provision of the necessary plastic materials for actively developing embryos (Golitsyn, et al., 1999) Thus, inhibition of biosynthesis of proteins that perform the function of immunobiological resistance in the body of cows contributes to the involvement of amino acids in indirect transamination and deamination, which is confirmed by the nature of changes in the activity of transaminases – the most important enzymes that ensure the normal course of the glyconeogenesis process. the inclusion of amino acid metabolism products in this process, and contributes to the suppression of the activity of alkaline phosphatase, thereby exacerbating energy metabolism. As a result, there is a serious restructuring of the immune regulatory and neurohumoral mechanisms of the adaptive process of the body, accompanied by increased energy consumption. Given the fact that animals in contaminated ecosystems with toxic elements require huge amounts of energy to adapt to the environment, it was necessary to assess the status of carbohydrate metabolism, because of carbohydrates, namely, glucose play a role as a main source of energy for cellular structures of the body. For this purpose, we determined the content of the main metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism: pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and glucose (Table 1). According to the results of the study, it was found that the total concentration of sugar in the blood of cows of the first and second groups is significantly lower than the reference values by 13.85-15.82%. This level of glucose in the blood of cows (2.98±0.09 to 3.05±0.18 mmol/l), in our opinion, has a direct relationship with the concentration of total protein and the nature of the serum proteinogram (Table 1). Apparently, glucose under such conditions begins to arrive, mainly due to the reaction of glyconeogenesis from amino acids included in the metabolic processes, and directly glyconeogenesis is provided by the influence of the ordering participation in the metabolic processes of the parasympathetic nervous system, which prevents the emergence of a pronounced hypoglycemic state (Vikhlyantsev, et al., 2006). Changes in the most important metabolic concentrations of carbohydrates in the blood of cows *Corresponding author (A.V. Arapova). Email: pg.arapova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.279

are narrowly directed and confirm the data we have obtained on liver dysfunction, but the rate of increase in their level is different (Georgievsky et al., 1979). Thus, if the level of pyruvic acid, the main metabolite of glycolysis and glyconeogenesis, in both groups individuals are significantly higher than the reference values, on average, by 21.0%, then the level of the lactate, the final product of glycolysis, increases more significantly (1.98±0.03 mmol/l and 2.22±0.06 mmol/l, in both groups, respectively, p<0.001) and exceeds the comparison values by 62.17 and 82.04%, respectively.

6 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7 CONFIRMATION The work was carried out in accordance with the State program for the development of competitiveness of the Russian Federation for the South Ural State Agrarian University.

8 REFERENCES Fatkullin, R.R. (2014). State of health of cattle in the conditions of technogenic agroecosystems. Troitsk, Fatkullin, R.R. (2010). Use of biologically active additives vitartil when fattening bulls. Feeding of farm animals and feed production, 4, 57-60. Fatkullin, R.R. Tairov, A. Mukhamedyarova L. G., Sarafanova V. R. (2016). Features of functioning of the system "lipid peroxidation – antioxidant protection" in the body of cows contained in the territories lead and cadmium pollution. Problems of development of agribusiness in the region, 1(25), 96-99. Gaal E., Medbase G., Vereczkey L. (1982). Electrophoresis in the separation of biological macromolecules. Moscow: Mir, 448р. Georgievsky, V. I. Annenkov, B. N. Samokhin. V.T. (1979). Mineral nutrition of animals. Moscow: Kolos, 470p. Golitsyn, V.M. (1999). Non-denaturing electrophoresis-21: Fractionation of pigment-protein complexes and plasma proteins. Biochemistry, 64, 70.

photosynthetic

Kamyshnikov, V.S. (2000). Handbook of clinical and biochemical laboratory diagnostics. Minsk, 463р. Mironova D.D., Sirota T.V. (1977). Participation of peroxidase and cytochrome oxidase-mediated oxygen action in the process of ATP formation. Physics of complex systems and radiation damage, Moscow, 228-236. Osterman L. A. (1981). Methods of research of proteins and nucleic acids: electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation (a practical guide). Moscow: Nauka, 288 р. Podvoysky, I. V., & Fatkullin, R.R. (2013). Features of lipid metabolism in the body of Hereford bulls when using feed protein additives bio plus. Izvestiya Orenburg State Agrarian University, 116p. Severina. E.S., (2004). Biochemistry. 2nd Ed., Med, 184p. Sova V.V., Kusaykin M.I. (2006). Isolation and purification of proteins. Methodological guide for the course Chemistry and biochemistry of proteins and enzymes, Vladivostok: Far East, UN-t, 42 p. Stoyanovsky S. V., Stupnitsky P.M. (1985): Mechanisms of adaptation of animals to the action of negative stimuli. Veterinary problems of industrial animal husbandry, 66-67. Sysoev A. A. (1981). Reproductive function under stress in pigs on complexes. Prevention of diseases and increasing the body's resistance to animals in industrial farms, Voronezh, 103-109.

A.V. Arapova, I. A. Kaluga, A.A. Volokhovich, R.R. Fatkullin

Taranenko A.G. (1982). The Role of prolactin in the regulation of milk formation. TEZ. docl. All-Union. Symposium on the biochemistry of S.-H. density, 131-132. Taranov M.T., Sabirov A.Kh. (1987). Biochemistry of feed. Moscow: VO Agropromizdat, 224p. Telitchenko M.M., Ostroumov S.V. (1990). Introduction to the problems of biochemical ecology. Biotechnology, agriculture, environmental protection. Moscow: Nauka, 288p. Titov V.N., Amelyushkina V.A. (1994). Electrophoresis of blood serum proteins. Moscow: Optium Press, 62p. Tutelian V.A. (1995). Safety of food. Dairy industry, 5, 3. Tonegawa S. (1985). Molecules of the immune system. World of Science, 12, 78-87. Tumasheva N.I. et al. (1973). Saturation of transferrin with iron in syphilitic lesions of the Central nervous system. Neuropathology and psychiatry, 73(2), 224-226. Urazaev N.A. et al. (1990). Biocenoses and pathology of farm animals. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 271p. Vikhlyantsev I.M., Podlubnaya Z.A. (2006). On the question of taitin isoforms. Biophysics, 51(5), 951-959. Zaytsev, S. Yu., (2004). Animal Biochemistry. Yu. V. Konopatov-SPb.: LAN, 384p. Arapova Alina Vyacheslavova is graduate student in Zootechnology. She has a Bachelor of Technology of Production and Processing of Agricultural Products from the South Ural State Agrarian University of Troitsk.

Kaluga Ivan Andreevich is a graduate student. He holds a law degree (jurisprudence) from Moscow State Pedagogical University. He got a Bachelor of Biology from South Ural State Agrarian University.

Volokhovich Artem Anatolyevich is a graduate student, the South Ural State Agrarian University of Troitsk. He got a degree in veterinary medicine from Kostanai State University named after Ahmet Baytursynov. His research is the physiological condition of cattle against the background of the use of feed additives.

Professor Dr. Rinat Rakhimovich Fatkullin is of the Department of Feeding, Animal Hygiene, Production Technology, and Processing of Agricultural Products of SUSAU in Troitsk. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. His research encompasses Private Livestock Production, Livestock Production Technology.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14M

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOIL AND RATES OF DECOMPOSITION OF PLANT RESIDUES M.A. Nesmeyanova 1

, S.I. Korzhov , A.V. Dedov , T.A. Trofimova , E.V. Korotkih

Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Plant, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 15 July 2020 Accepted 31 July 2020 Available online 18 August 2020

This article presents the results of the studies on determining the number of soil microorganisms under crops of crop rotations cultivated with the use of different methods of biologization. its dynamics during the growing season, biological activity of the soil, and the rate of decomposition of plant residues. It was found out that cultivation in combined sowing with perennial legumes, their use in fallows, and the Keywords: use of stubble sideration provide acceleration of the rate of Degradation of soil decomposition of decomposition-resistant plant residues of sunflower. fertility; Biologization; Binary sowing; Legumes; barley and winter wheat, as well as an increase of biological activity of Biological activity; Soil soil: in soil under sunflower (on the background of stubble sideration) by microorganisms; Plant 2.2-3.2 times, in fallows by 1.5-2.0 times, in winter wheat plantings on residues decomposition; green fallow by 2.8 times, in binary sowing of winter wheat with alfalfa Soil-inhabiting by 3.2 times. microorganism.

1 INTRODUCTION Agrocoenosis… The plant community was created by a human and characterized by a particular species composition and specific relationships between its components. Why has a human created it? To provide human beings with foodstuff, animal farming with feedstuff, an industry with raw materials, and not just provide, but also obtain high yields of cultivated products at the least labor and means cost. The farmer should indeed aim to obtain high crop yield of good quality under the conditions of resource and energy saving, but is this the only challenge for him? Also, what about the efficient, economically, environmentally, and technologically sound land use, and what about high-quality soil formation with optimal conditions for cultivated plants? But this aspect, unfortunately, is not something that is kept in mind from the beginning. So, what do we have in the *Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

end? Degradation of soil fertility to physical: erosion, soil blowing, repacking, etc. Physico-chemical: soil salination, alkalinization, a decrease of absorption capacity of the soil, acidification, and so on, The issue of biological degradation has been particularly of a great concern today, which implies the decline in the organic matter content of the soil, a decrease in the number of soil-inhabiting organisms, impoverishment of their species composition, a decrease in the biological activity of the soil, etc. (Scherbakov, 1994; Litsukov, 2013). Degradation of soil fertility, which has been currently progressing in most farm units of the Central Black Earth region, raises an urgent issue of solving this problem before agricultural producers and science. Of course, It is not today that this problem has surfaced, and to solve it a great amount of research work has been carried out with a focus on the establishment of various methods to reduce the development of degradation processes (Trofimova, 2018) or to eliminate the reasons of their development, but the problem remains quite relevant these days. Today an important role in reducing the negative effect of various culture practices on the main indicators of soil fertility is assigned to a re-evaluation of the main elements of the intensive farming system and the development of alternative methods of crop cultivation, taking into account specific edaphoclimatic conditions and economic characteristics. An abrupt transition of agricultural activity to organic farming is currently impossible: it is a long-term process requiring not only a major reorganization of a farming system of a particular farm unit and significant financial investments, but it also requires certain determination on the part of the land-user, his willingness to overcome difficulties at the first stages and the ability to wait patiently for the efficiency of the embodied technologies. Therefore, today the most realistic thing is to practice alternative farming based on ecologization and biologization. on applying such methods while farming, which in addition to maximizing the product yield would prevent diminishing fertility and would not lead to degradation of the natural environment in the agrosphere. Since 1970th the scientists of Voronezh State Agricultural University have been developing culture practices. which ensures conservation and improvement of soil fertility. Many recommendations and schemes of crop rotation were developed and put into production, as well as systems of land rotation cultivation, farming methods and methods of weed control, recommendations of the studies on the efficiency of the use of a straw, green manure, plant residues, animal manure, defecate as sources of organic matter, methods of improving main indicators of soil fertility: moisture, density, structure, water stability, etc. A great number of studies have been carried out by the scientists from different regions of the country on the determination of the microbiological activity of soil depending on the studied methods of improving soil fertility (Mokiev, 2004; Nadezhkin, 2005; Kuzminykh, 2011; Kolobkov, 2012; Linkov, 2015; Selyavkin, 2015; Gluhikh, 2017; Grinets, 2019; Turusov. 2019). Over the last decade, research work has been studied the effect on the main characteristics of the soil of combined sowing of industrial and grain crops with perennial legume grasses. The main aim of these studies was to determine the effect of binary sowing of sunflower with perennial legume grasses, placed on the background of joint use on fertilizer of barley straw and stubble sideration of oil radish, on the main soil characteristics in the conditions of Central Black Earth region. At the same time, one of the tasks set by the researchers was to establish the influence of the factors studied on the dynamics and activity of soil microorganisms and the associated rates of the decomposition of plant residues, which is of significant interest for solving a lot of key objectives, including black soil

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

fertility and stability of agricultural ecosystem (Menkina, 2007).

2 RESEARCH METHODS The studies were carried out in a stationary experiment. on a typical. gumbo. medium black soil. The relief of the site is leveled. hollows or hills are absent. The initial humus content of the soil layer of 0-30 cm is 5.3%. The exchange potassium level of the soil (by Chirikov) is characterized as extremely high (184 mg/kg of soil), and the mobile phosphorus level of the soil is characterized as increased (113 mg/kg). According to the pH of the soil solution (рНsol 5.6), the soils are subacid. The content of hydrolyzable nitrogen is 52.9 mg/kg of soil, and sulfur (S) is 34.1 mg-eq./100 g of soil. This article presents the results of the studies conducted in 2013-2016 in the Voronezh region. in the Central Black Earth region. which is characterized by a moderate continental climate with relatively hot summers and moderately cold winters. According to the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) the years of research were characterized by varying degrees of moisture of the growing season: for example. 2013 and 2016 were perhumid (HTC according to Selyaninov was 2.3 and 1.8), while 2014 and 2015 were dry (HTC 0.7 and 0.8 respectively), which made it possible to conduct an overall assessment of the effect of the studied factors on the main biological indicators of soil fertility.

2.1 CROP ROTATION The design of the experiment: 1) Crop rotation No.1: summer fallow – winter wheat – barley – sunflower/corn 2) Crop rotation No.2: green fallow (melilot of the second year) – winter wheat – barley + stubble siderate oil radish – binary sowing of sunflower with yellow melilot/binary sowing of corn with yellow melilot 3) Crop rotation No.3: sown fallow (alfalfa purple of the second year) – binary sowing of winter wheat with alfalfa purple of the third year – barley + stubble siderate oil radish – binary sowing of sunflower with alfalfa purple/ binary sowing of corn with alfalfa In all cases, grain crops straw, and sunflower plant residues were used as sources of organic matter. The experiment was conducted according to the field-plot technique (Dospehov, 1985). Crop rotations are represented by all the fields in space and time. The experiment is characterized by the systematic distribution of variants. in three replications. The recorded density of the plot is 525 m2 .

2.2 CROP FARMING IN BINARY SOWING The technology of the crops farming except for the studied techniques is generally accepted for the Central Black Earth Region. We shall specify some features of the crop farming in binary sowing. While sowing sunflower with perennial legume grasses. it is sown to the depth of 5-6 cm with a sowing rate of 50 thousand germinating seeds per 1 ha. The sowing of the binary component (grass) should be performed on the same day directly into the rows of sunflower to the depths of 2-3 cm (seeding rate is 5 kg/ha). The activities performed referring to the combined sowing of oil crops include carrying out of two inter-row cultivations. After harvesting sunflowers, the remaining stems of the crops and vegetative mass of the grasses are chaffed by the cutter. Next year. in spring grasses, growing on plots, form fallows: yellow melilot forms green fallow, and alfalfa purple forms sown fallow. In the first stages of the development of the perennial grasses, inter-row crop cultivations are carried out. With the beginning of the phase of the mass blossoming of *Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

the melilot, the embedding of its green mass into the soil is carried out with the help of a disker to the depth of 10-12 cm. while the vegetative mass of alfalfa purple is to be used for feedstuffs. The follow-up culture practices carried out on crop rotation plot with green fallow involve maintenance of soil in a clean condition free from weeds, winter wheat sowing, and so on. Two more procedures of mowing are carried out on the plot of alfalfa purple after the first mowing of legumes: one is full mowing; the second one is carried out immediately before the sowing of winter wheat. Then inter-row cultivation of alfalfa is carried out, and winter wheat is sown across the rows of alfalfa. In spring, when cultivated plants of the combined sowing come into active aftergrowth, the crops are treated with Granstar Pro herbicide (10 g/ha). This practice is necessary to inhibit the activity of alfalfa plants in the grass stand of grain crops and provide favorable conditions for intensive growth and development of winter wheat. During winter wheat harvest corn straw and the remaining vegetative mass of alfalfa are chaffed and evenly distributed over the soil surface. The following varieties and hybrids of crops were cultivated in the studied crop rotations: barley – Vakula, sunflower – Poseidon 625, oil radish – Tambovchanka, alfalfa purple – Diana, yellow melilot– Siberian 2.

2.3 OBSERVATIONS AND TESTS DURING CROPS GROWING PHASES All planned observations and tests were carried out per the standard methods. Soil sampling was conducted layer-by-layer. every 10 cm to the depth of 30 cm in the following phases of the development of crops: -

sunflower: seedling stage, initial blossom, full maturity; winter wheat: spring after-growing, heading stage, full maturity; barley: seedling stage, heading stage, full maturity; fallows: germination of perennial grasses, their initial blossom, before sowing of winter wheat.

2.4 RATE OF DECOMPOSITION OF THE PLANT RESIDUES The determination of the rate of decomposition of the plant residues contained in soil on different variants of the experiment was carried out in the following way: - plant residues are chaffed into segments of 5-7 cm (imitation of cutting by harvesting tool); - absolutely dry soil that was passed through a 3mm sieve (600 g) and absolutely dry after harvesting residues of the crops studied or their mixtures (15 g) are placed into Capron-mesh bags (size 15х30 cm); - samples are buried into the soil in triplicate to the depth of 10-20 cm; - during the period of the studies, the soil surface is maintained in a clean condition free of weeds; - extraction and washing of samples are performed annually; - separation of plant residues from the soil is carried out by the method of decantation, by passing of the solution through a 0.25 mm sieve; - washed plant residues are dried to a completely dry condition and weighed.

2.5 DETERMINATION OF CELLULOSE-DECOMPOSING ACTIVITY The determination of cellulose-decomposing activity was carried out based on the decomposition level of flaxen linen in the soil (by application method). i.e. by the method of determination of the residual amount of cellulose not decomposed in the soil. This method included layer-by-layer placement in the soil of previously weighed sterile flaxen linen and its extraction a month later. The flaxen linen was carefully washed off the soil and half-life products, then dried and weighed.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

2.6 SOIL-INHABITING MICROORGANISMS The abundance of main physiological groups of soil-inhabiting microorganisms was carried out following standard methods: the main physiological groups of soil microorganisms â€“ according to the methods of All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology by inoculation of soil suspension of certain dilutions on selective culture media (Tepper et al., 1979); the number of ammonifiers on meat-and-peptone agar (MPA); bacteria. assimilating mineral forms of nitrogen and actinomycetes on starch-and-ammonia agar (SAA); the number of soil micromycetes on Czapek's medium. acidified with lactic acid; cellulose-decomposing microorganisms on the Getchenson medium with filters; aerobic nitrogen-fixing organisms were counted on the Ashby medium.

3 DISCUSSION The main sources of organic matter in soils of agrocoenosises are plant residues of cultivated crops and associated weeds. Further, not only the amount of plant residues entering the soil is important, but also their qualitative composition that determines the decomposition rate in the soil. The rates of decomposition of the studied cultures varied greatly depending on their chemical composition. For instance, during the first year, the decomposition of plant residues of oil radish was more intense at 83.6%, more than 50% of the plant residues of alfalfa purple of the third year was decomposed within the same period (59.4%) as well as yellow melilot of the second year (58.9%). In comparison with the above-mentioned, the rate of decomposition of sunflower stems was somewhat less 45.1%, while straw residues of barley and winter wheat were characterized by the lowest decomposition rates 26.0 and 25.0% respectively (Table 1). In the second year, the rates of decomposition of the straw of grain crops sharply increased: the increase was 46.9-52.8% abs. It should be mentioned that plant residue of perennial legume grasses. oil radish and sunflower decomposed at a most intensive rate during the first year, while during the second year the intensity of the destruction process decreased. amounting to 18.9-20.7 abs.% for legume grasses, 27.4 abs.% for plant residues of sunflower, and 6.6 abs. % for oil radish green mass. However, by the end of the second year, all plant residues had decomposed by more than 71% (Figure 1). Over the following years, the rate of decomposition of the plant residues significantly reduced.

Plant residues

sunflower

17.1

27.4

45.1

oil radish

3.1 3.2 6.6 3.3 12.9 1.6 14.7 3.3

83.6

alfalfa of the third year

59.4

melilot of the second year

58.9

wheat straw

barley straw

26 0

20.7 18.9

14.6

46.9

5 10.4

52.8 20

1 year

40 2 year

11.6

3 year

100

4 year

Figure 1: Rates of decomposition of plant residues by year (in percentage).

*Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

Table 1: The cumulative rate of decomposition of plant residues of cultivated plants. The rate of decomposition, %, for the period 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 26,0 78,8 83,8 94,2 25,0 71,9 86,5 98,1 59,4 80,1 93,0 94,6 58,9 77,8 92,5 95,8 83,6 90,2 93,4 96,7 45,1 72,5 89,6 92,7

Plant residues of cultivated plants Barley straw (Bs) Winter wheat straw (Wws) Alfalfa of the third year (A3) Melilot of the second year (M2) Oil radish (Or) Sunflower (S)

The rate of decomposition of plant residues, %

To optimize the conditions of growth and development of cultivated plants it is necessary to perform competent control of destruction processes aimed at achieving maximum decomposition of plant residues by the time for sowing of the following culture. which will ensure the elimination of nitrogen immobilization and negative allelopathic effect on the cultures of decomposition products. The use of stubble sideration and binary sowing with perennial legume grasses in crop rotation allowed us to increase significantly the rate of decomposition of decomposition-resistant plant residues of sunflower. barley and winter wheat. For instance. when embedding oil radish green mass in soil with barley straw the rate of decomposition of the plant mixture was 38% (Figure 2). 90

83.6

80 70 60

59.4 53.5

45.1

40 20

47.3

45.1

50 30

62.4

58.9

26 1

25 2

1 2 3 Figure 2: The rate of decomposition of plant residues

Note: 1A – barley straw; 1B – oil radish; 1C – a mixture of barley straw and oil radish; 2A – sunflower; 2B – yellow melilot of the second year; 2C – a mixture of sunflower and melilot; 3A – sunflower; 3B – alfalfa purple of the second year; 3C – a mixture of sunflower and alfalfa; 4A – winter wheat straw; 4B – alfalfa purple of the third year; 4C – a mixture of wheat straw and alfalfa

A more accurate picture of the effect of various culture practices on the rate of destruction of plant residues can be obtained by determining the activity of cellulose-decomposing soil microbiota. Determination of the biological activity of soil was carried out based on establishing the degree and rate of decomposition of flaxen linen. The studies have demonstrated that biologization practices used in crop rotations have a considerable effect on the activity of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms. which greatly determines the rate of further processes of humification and mineralization of organic matter and change in main soil characteristics (Egorova, 2015). Thus, an introduction of perennial legume grasses into crop rotation ensured an increase of decomposition rate of flaxen linen in soil under sunflower (on the background of stubble sideration) by 2.2-3.2 times, in fallows by 1.5-2.0 times, in sowings of winter wheat in green fallow by 2.8 times, in binary sowing of winter wheat with alfalfa by 3.2 times (Figure 3).

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

The rate of decomposition of flaxen linen, % as compared to initial

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

15.03 11.05 8.16

9.66 8.48

7.59

5.48

crop rotation №2 crop rotation №3

3.06

2.53

sunflower

crop rotation №1

7.88 6.4 6.26

fallow

winter wheat

barley

Figure 3: The rate of decomposition of flaxen linen under crop rotation (SSD05 – 1.24). It should be noted. that microbiological activity of soil under multiple cropping was significantly higher than under pure sowings, which is consistent with the results of other researchers as well (Grebennikov. 2008). In soil, under barley crops in crop rotation with yellow melilot, an increase in the rate of decomposition of flaxen linen was the smallest (an increase by 1.48 abs.%), while in crop rotation with alfalfa purple there were no significant deviations from the control. It should be noted that the rate of decomposition of flaxen linen was directly dependent on the moisture of the growing season: the higher the index of the hydrothermal coefficient. the higher is the rate (Figure 4). This tendency manifested itself both in control crop rotation and in crop rotation with perennial legume grasses. All soil-inhabiting living organisms are very important in the formation of soil fertility. For example, soil organisms provide primary destruction and breakage of organic residues, thus. repeatedly increasing their surface, while soil microorganisms carry out their further complete destruction. We will examine the dynamics of the number of soil-inhabiting microorganisms as well as their availability in soil depending on the methods being studied both on average during the growing period and separate phases of plant development.

60 50 40 30

29.9

25.5 19.2 25.4

17.7 14.4

11.8 12.4

10.3 9.5 14.3

13.5 12.2 11.1

14.3 13.7 16.2

26.5

19.9 3 months 14

13.3

11.4 10.6

18.1

2 months 1 month

0 1

2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 control yellow melilot of 1 year alfalfa purple of 1 year Figure 4: The rate of decomposition of flaxen linen depending on the moisture of the growing season (1. HTC = 0.7; 2. HTC = 0.8; 3. HTC = 1.6) On average the number of ammonifying microorganisms during the growing season varied *Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

greatly, depending on the culture cultivated, as well as on the method of biologization (Figure 6). For instance, in the control crop rotation, this indicator was the highest in winter wheat sowings on summer fallow (5.66 abs. dry soil), while the lowest indicator was in the soil under barley (4.48 mil./g. abs. dry soil). (Note: mil./g. refers to million microbial cells / gram) The number was relatively close in values under pure sowings of sunflower and summer fallow: 5.19-5.23 mil./g. abs. dry soil. Crop rotation with yellow melilot compared with the control was characterized by a smaller number of ammonifiers under sunflower and a significantly higher number under winter wheat and barley: 6.04 and 5.66 mil./g. abs. dry soil respectively. The number of ammonifying microorganisms in soil under crop rotation with alfalfa purple was significantly higher under sunflower and barley and considerably lower under winter wheat sowings (by 0.8 mil./g. abs. dry soil). As for the fallows, in crop rotation with perennial legumes, the number of ammonifying microorganisms was on par with indicators of summer fallow: 5.09-5.13 mil./g. abs. dry soil. The abundance of this group of microorganisms indicates the conditions of the ammonification of plant residues. The maximum development of microorganisms that assimilate mineral nitrogen is characteristic of binary sowing of sunflower with perennial legume grasses, where their number amounted to 7.66 and 8.18 mil./g. abs. dry land (Figure 6). Well-marked differences in the number of this group of microorganisms can be also observed under fallows: under sown fallow the number is 2 times less than under summer fallow and green fallow. Also significant differences in the number of microorganisms inhabiting soil layer of 0-20 cm that assimilate mineral nitrogen. can be observed under winter wheat sowings, where the highest values are characteristic of grain crops sowing on green fallow (7.56 mil./g. abs. dry soil) and the smallest values are characteristic of binary sowing with alfalfa (5.92 mil./g. abs. dry soil). The prevalence in the soil of microorganisms of this physiological group under particular crop rotations indicates the rate of mineralization processes in them. Soil micromyces are an important part of a microbial soil community. The greatest number of micromyces in the spring period is observed under binary sowing of sunflower with melilot (40.5 ths./g dry soil) and under the barley sowing in this crop rotation (50.8 dry soil). (Note: ths./g refers to a unit of measurement for microorganisms i.e., a thousand cells in one gram of soil) During the growing season, by the time of the blooming period, the number of micromycetes in the soil increases: under barley by 170%, under control winter wheat sowing by 53%, under wheat sowing on green fallow by 87%, under binary sowing of sunflower with alfalfa by 107%. Towards the end of the growing season, the amount of micromyces in soil decreases in number, which indicates the slowdown in the rate of the mineralization of plant residues. and most importantly, it indicates that those components of the organic matter, which are hard to reach and poorly decomposable for micromycetes, are included in the mineralization process. On average, during the growing season crop rotation with yellow melilot is characterized by the highest number of micromyces in soil (Figure 6). The highest number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms is characteristic of crop rotations №2 and №3. i.e. crop rotations with the use of the methods of biologization (Table 2). In general. in green manure crop rotation (№2) the highest number of the microorganisms of this group was observed on green fallow (0.72 mil), and in crop rotation with alfalfa purple – in soil, under barley (0.66 mil). During the blooming period of the main crops, the number of cellulose-decomposing

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

microorganisms was in green fallow (0.68 mil) and sown fallow (0.87 mil) favor. During the third period of soil sampling, associated with the full maturity of cultivated crops sowings and related to winter wheat sowings on fallows, the highest number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms in soil was under binary sowing of sunflower (0.47-0.63). Thus, the number of microorganisms under sowings of different cultivated plants is determined not only by the cultivated crop but also by the phenological phase of its development. Table 2: The number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms in the soil layer of 0-30 cm under crop rotations.

winter wheat

barley

sunflower

fallow

winter wheat

barley

sunflower

fallow

winter wheat

barley

№1 №2 №3

fallow

Crop rotation

sunflower

The number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (mil./g abs. dry soil) in different stages of development of cultivated plants full maturity, before winter seedlings, spring after growing Blooming wheat sowing

0,54 0,59 0,63

0,44 0,72 0,38

0,58 0,39 0,61

0,37 0,53 0,66

0,61 0,66 0,44

0,48 0,68 0,87

0,54 0,48 0,52

0,58 0,52 0,58

0,37 0,47 0,63

0,37 0,42 0,42

0,20 0,27 0,31

0,54 0,26 0,32

Figure 5 demonstrates the dynamics of the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms during the growing season of the crops cultivated in various crop rotations.

The amount, mil. g. abs. dry soil

By the blooming phase of the oil crop, the number of the group of the microorganisms reviewed under pure sowing and binary sowing of sunflower with yellow melilot had increased (by 12-13%). and by the full maturity phase had sharply decreased: by 31% compared to the initial number under control sowing and by 20% under combined sowing with melilot (Figure 5). On the contrary. the combined sowing of sunflower with alfalfa purple was characterized by a decrease in the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms by the blooming phase (by 30%) and an increase by the end of the growing season up to the initial indicator. 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 1 2 3 sunflower crop rotation №1

2 3 1 fallow crop rotation №2

2 3 1 2 3 winter wheat barley crop rotation №3

Figure 5: The dynamics of the amount of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms under the cultures of crop rotations during the growing season of crops (1 – seedlings or spring after-growing; 2 – blooming; 3 – full maturity. in fallows – before winter wheat sowing). *Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

The amount, mil. g. abs. dry soil

A slight increase in the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms in summer fallow was observed towards the phase associated with the blooming of legume grasses (by 9%), subsequently. their amount in the soil decreased and by the winter wheat sowing amounted to 84% of the initial indicator. In green fallow, the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms during spring after-growing of melilot was the highest 0.72 mil./g. abs. dry soil, which during the growing season tended to decrease: all in all, the number of microorganisms of the group reviewed decreased by 42%. 6.5

8.5

7.5

5.5

6.5

5.5

4.5

3.5

2.5 1

The amount, mil. g. abs. dry soil

0.65

0.05 0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01

0.6 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 1

0.35

c) micromycetes The amount, mil. g. abs. dry soil

b) microorganisms, assimilating mineral nitrogen

a) ammonifying microorganisms

9 8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5

d) cellulose-decomposing microorganisms

1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

e) oligonitrophyles - crop rotation №1

f) actinomycetes - crop rotation №2

- crop rotation №3

Figure 6: Different groups of microorganisms in the soil of crop rotations, mean indicator over the growing season, soil layer 0-20 cm (1– sunflower; 2–fallow; 3–winter wheat; 4–barley) The dynamics of the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms in the soil of a fallow with alfalfa purple was characterized by the abrupt character: a significant increase by the blooming phase (by 2.3 times) and a sharp decrease in number by the sowing of winter grain crops. Although it

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

should be noted, that during the growing season the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms in this variant increased by 10%. The soil under winter wheat was characterized by a decrease in the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms by the end of the growing season in all the variants studied: in binary crop sowing by 49%, when placing crops on summer fallow by 65% (the final indicator of the amount in this variant was of the minimum value throughout the whole experiment). The placement of winter wheat on green fallow initially ensured an increase in the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (by 23%), and then its decrease by 44%, as a result, this indicator amounted to 69 % of spring values by the full maturity of crops. Under barley sowings, only the control variant was characterized by an increase in the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms by the end of the growing season of grain crops: an increase in value amounted to 46%. For variants of placing crops in crop rotations with perennial legume grasses, the number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms decreased almost by 2 times. On average, during the growing season, the maximum number of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms is observed in crop rotations with perennial legume grasses (Figure 6). For example. their amount exceeds control indicators by 12% under binary sowing of sunflower, by 30-42% under fallows, by 9% under binary sowing of winter wheat with alfalfa, and by 4% under the following sowing of barley. A considerable specific gravity in the microbial community of black soil is occupied by microorganisms, which can develop at a very low level of nitrogen-containing substances in the soil. that is oligonitrophyles, microorganisms that complete mineralization of organic compounds. Most of them are not characterized by cellulose-decomposing activity. that’s why they widely use immediate products of cellulose destruction. On average, during the growing season of the cultivated plants, the highest amount of oligonitrophyles is observed under pure sowing of sunflower and winter wheat. placed on summer fallow (Figure 6). When introducing yellow melilot into crop rotation the number of microorganisms of this group increases in fallow compared to the control variant (by 16%) and under barley sowing (by 7%). In crop rotations with alfalfa purple, the average number of oligonitrophyles over the growing period under all crops was lower than under all other crop rotations studied. Actinomycetes, characterized by the ability to decompose various carbon-containing compounds, have an important role in the process of decomposition of organic residues. The number of these microorganisms in black soils is small: in our studies, on average, over the growing season it varied from 0.42 mil./g, dry soil under winter wheat on green fallow to 1.04 mil./g, dry soil under barley sowings in crop rotation №3 (Figure 6). During the growing season, from the seedling stage up to the blooming stage, as decomposition-resistant organic was involved in the process of humification, the number of actinomycetes in soil increased: under binary sowing of sunflower by 1.5-2.3 times, under barley crop rotation with biologization practices by 1.5 times, under fallows with perennial legume grasses by 1.2 times.

4 CONCLUSION The introduction into crop rotation of perennial legumes as binary components and fallow-grown crops provides an increase in the number of soil-inhabiting microorganisms. an increase of biological *Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

activity of soil and acceleration of the process of decomposition of organic matter, which has a favorable effect on the forming of optimal indicators of soil fertility.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 REFERENCES Egorova G.S., Shiyanov K.V., Nesmiyanova E.A. (2015). Microbiological activity of soil in winter triticale sowings. depending on predecessors and main methods of tillage. Fertility, 2, 39-40. Gluhikh M.A., Chinyaeva Yu.Z. (2017). Microbiological activity of soil as an efficiency factor of using straws. Bulletin of Orenburg State Agrarian University, 8(208), 45-47. Grebennikov A.M. (2008). The effect of combing crops on the microbiological activity of soil. Bulletin of V. V. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 61, 75-82. Grinets L.V., Senkova L.A., Mingalev S.K. (2019). Biological activity of soil. Agricultural education and science, 2, 14. Kolobkov E.V., Postnikov P.A. (2012). Microbiological activity of soil as a factor of evaluation of biologized crop rotations Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 2(94), 4-6. Kuzminykh A.N., Manishkin S.G., Gabdullin V.R. (2011). Microbiological activity of soil of the fallows. Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, 6(57), 49-51. Linkov S.A., Akinchin A.V., Titovskaya A.I. (2015) Change in agrophysical properties of soil and its microbiological activity under the influence of green manure crops. Sugar beet, 10, 7-10. Litsukov S.D., Titovskaya A.I., Akinchin A.V., Segidin A.N. (2013). Microbiological activity of soil in various systems of farming. Bulletin of Kursk State Agricultural Academy, 8, 57-60. Menkina E.A. (2007). Microbiological activity of typical black soil of various agricultural purposes. Izvestiya of Orenburg State Agrarian University, 4(66), 203-206. Mokiev V.V. (2004) Microbiological activity as an indicator of evaluation of methods of regulation of soil regimes. Bulletin of the Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3(77), 12-13. Nadezhkin S.N., Nurmukhametov N.M. (2005). The effect of straw and green manure crops on microbiological activity of soil and yield of agricultural crops. Bulletin of Bashkir State Agrarian University, 6, 3-7. Scherbakov A.P. (1994). Ecological problems of soil fertility of the Central Black Earth Region. Soil science, 4, 88-96. Selyavkin S.N. Maraeva O.B., Lukin A.L. (2015). The evaluation of biological state of soil by microbiological and fermentation activity. Bulletin of Voronezh State Agricultural University, 2(45), 36-39. Trofimova T.A., Korzhov S.I., Gulevsky V.A., Obraztsov V.N. (2018). Evaluation of the degree of physical degradation and black soil suitability for minimization of the main tillage. Soil science, 9, 1125-1131.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Turusov V.I., Bogatykh O.A., Dronova N.V., Balyunova E.A. (2019). Optimization of biological properties and humus content of the soil in crop rotations of Central Black Earth Region. Bulletin of Michurinsk State Agrarian University, 3(58), 6-10. Dr.Nesmeyanova Marina Anatolyevna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Agriculture. Horticulture and Plant Protection of Voronezh State Agricultural University. name after Emperor Peter the Great. She holds a Ph.D. in Agriculture. Her research interests include Soil Organic Matter. Physical and Biological Soil Characteristics.

Professor Dr.Korzhov Sergey Ivanovich is of the Department of Agriculture. Horticulture and Plant Protection of Voronezh State Agricultural University. n. a. Emperor Peter the Great. He holds a Doctor of Agricultural Science. His research involves the Development and Improvement of Ecologo-Landscape Farming Systems, Microbiological and Biological Activity and Soil Toxicity.

Professor Dr.Deov Anatoly Vladimirovich is in the Department of Agriculture. Horticulture and Plant Protection of Voronezh State Agricultural University. n. a. Emperor Peter the Great. He holds a Doctor of Agricultural Science. His field of research is related to Soil Organic Matters.

Dr.Trofimova Tatyana Aleksandrovna is an Assistant Professor, the Department of Agriculture. Horticulture and Plant Protection of Voronezh State Agricultural University, n.a. Emperor Peter the Great. She holds a Doctor of Agricultural Science. Her research is Tillage, Crop Rotations, Soil Fertility, Allelopathy.

Dr.Korotkih Elena Vladimirovna is an Associate Professor, of the Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Plant Protection of Voronezh State Agricultural University, n.a. Emperor Peter the Great. She got a Ph.D. degree in Agriculture. Her research is Geoponics/Soil Organic Matters.

*Corresponding author (M.A. Nesmeyanova). Email: marina-nesmeyanova2012@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.280

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14N

ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS BASED ON PRODUCTION RESOURCES FOR KURGAN REGION OF RUSSIA 1*

N.D. Gushchenskaya , D.V. Paliy , M.A. Sumarokova , 1 1 1 A.U. Yesembekova , A.Yu. Anfalova , M.V. Pavlutskikh 1

Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education " Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy named after T.S. Maltsev", Kurgan, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 21 July 2020 Accepted 11 August 2020 Available online 19 August 2020

This work proposes a methodology to determine investment-attractive territories by types of attracted investments. The methodology is based on an idea focused on assessing the degree of sensitivity (investment elasticity) of the cost of gross output to changes in the volume of attracted resources, the level of intensity, and efficiency of their use. In this case, the investment elasticity coefficients are drawn Keywords: Resource potential; gross for each type of attracted resources. The multiplicative elasticity coefficient, which combines the force of the impact of all individual output; Investment elasticity coefficients, makes it possible to rank territories according to elasticity; Investment attractiveness; the effectiveness of managing the entire resource potential of agricultural Multiplicative producers in the region. At the next stage, an assessment of the coefficient; Agricultural sensitivity (elasticity) degree of the gross output value of agricultural production; State support; organizations on the specific volume of subsidies (state support) was Commercialized made. As a result, the obtained distribution of territories made it possible agricultural product. to single out those to which the policy of protectionism should still be applied, and those that may already be attractive for private or mixed investments. Finally, taking into account the values of the multiplicative elasticity coefficients, reflecting the interaction of gross output, resource potential, and state support, a distribution matrix of districts of the Kurgan region was built, which allows us to designate territories that can become investment-attractive for the formation of new business structures, offering a higher level of cost recovery in agricultural production. Disciplinary: Economics and Investment, State Policy. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (N.D. Gushchenskaya). Email: Gushchenskaya@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.281

1 INTRODUCTION The success of any commercial organization is determined by its ability to manage existing resources for achieving the overall goal. Types and volumes of resources involved depend on the nature of the organizationâ€™s activities, its location, and its competitive environment. In agricultural organizations, resources are the source of manufactured products, works, and services performed, and their management has an effect on the environmental and social aspects of their functioning. In the current context, competent and rational management of resource potential is becoming a condition for agricultural producers for surviving in a competitive environment, the basic component for attracting both commercial and state investments. Theoretical approaches to the study of the fundamentals of resource management can be found in the writings of the founders of classical political economy A. Smith and D. Ricardo, in the works of K. Marx, representatives of the neoclassical school, Keynesianism, institutionalism, etc. Current views on the nature of production resources are reflected in the works of Altukhov et al. (2018), Bespakhotny (2015), Kleiner (2011). Different aspects of the formation of the regional economy resource management system are reflected in the studies performed by such authors as Anfalova (2019), Bukhtiyrova & Khilinskaya (2017), Voronin et al. (2016), Golovina & Pugin (2015), Gushchenskaya & Sumarokova (2019), Yesembekova et al. (2017), Zyryanova et al. (2017), Nabokov & Nekrasov (2017), Pustuev et al., 2017; Semin, 2019; Duskaev et al., 2018). Available methodological approaches to studying this problem are based on defining the level of using resource potential. Making of stochastic or deterministic models capable of assessing the degree of interaction of various parameters of the resource management system with the final performance parameters of organizations is often selective and has no systematic approach to the study of this issue. Therefore, the presence of this aspect predetermined the aim of scientific research. Objects of this study were districts of the Kurgan region. Study period when the method was tested lasted from 2016-2018.

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The proposed method is based on an assessment of the degree of sensitivity (elasticity) of growth rate in gross output to changes in parameters that reflect 3 states of resource potential management system: availability of resources, their investment level, and efficiency of use. By multiplying the force of the impact of all types of resources, groupings of the Kurgan Region districts were made that reflected the degree of response of the growth in gross agricultural output to changes in parameters of volume, intensity, and efficiency of a resource using. To assess the investment attractiveness of these territories, results were correlated with the growth rate of the specific size of government subsidies. As a result, this allowed dividing the territory of the Kurgan Region into areas potentially attractive for state and private investments and for developing new business structures in the region.

3 RESULT Kurgan Region has great resource potential in the production of agricultural products. The main participants in this process are, first, agricultural organizations whose share in the structure of production is about 40% (Figure1). Although the share of households in the economy retains leading positions, they remain representatives of the small commodity sector of the economy.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

100 80

61.5

60 40

6.9

31.6

2010

43.9

44.7

41.1

16.9

17.4

17.9

39.1

37.9

2017

2018

2015

2016

47.9 15.1

households peasant (farm) enterprises and individual entrepre-neurs agricultural organizations

Figure 1: Structure of agricultural products by the nature of households (%). The basic type of resources in agriculture is land. In the Kurgan Region at the end of 2018, there are about 4.5 million hectares of agricultural land whose share in the total land area is more than 60%. More than 1 million hectares of such lands are involved in the turnover of agricultural organizations the area of which over the past five years has decreased by 10% (Table 1). Arable land traditionally occupies the largest share in the structure of agricultural land, but if in 2010 it amounted to up to 83%, then in 2018 over 88%. This structural shift is due to the increasing reorientation of agricultural producers to “commercial” food crops in comparison with fodder cultivation. On the other hand, a decrease in the number of farm animals affected the needs of fodder crops and led to their natural lowering (Medvedeva & Artamonova, 2015; Crespo &Paula, 2018). Table 1: Changes in the number of lands in agricultural organizations of the Kurgan region, ha Type of land Total Agricultural land including arable land Hayfields Pastures

2010 1,397,144 1,171,284 113,682 106,449

2015 1,212,873 1,068,410 69,101 69,972

2016 1,159,573 1,020,730 63,119 70,576

2017 1,119,919 997,898 56,983 60,752

2018 1,102,158 978,868 53,689 61,011

2018 to 2010, % 78.9 83.6 47.2 57.3

In recent years, the need for rural labor resources has sharply increased. On the one hand, this is a consequence of the demographic situation in the region. Over the past 15 years, the population has declined by 15%, and the rural population by 24%. At the same time, natural decline in rural areas is two times higher than that among urban populations. A very acute problem is also migration processes taking place in the region. Only in 2018, the migration loss rate among the urban population was 5 ‰, and among the rural population 17%. In this case, the main outflow of the population occurs in the capacity to work (Gushchenskaya & Sumarokova, 2019; Carson, 2018). In agricultural organizations, the number of employees in 2018 was only half of the 2010 level (Table 2). Agricultural commodity producers are experiencing personnel “hunger”, especially for young specialists. Moreover, they are often ready to recruit workers who do not have the necessary level of education or qualification. As a result, it does not contribute to improving the quality of work performed or attracting innovative ideas to the production process. *Corresponding author (N.D. Gushchenskaya). Email: Gushchenskaya@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.281

Table 2: Changes in the staff of agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region (thousand people) Employee category

2010

2015

2016

2017

2018

Total number of employees Employees in agricultural production Of which, regular employees Seasonal and temporary employees Employees of other industries

14,268 13,064 9,656 824 1,204

8,364 7,491 5,209 597 873

7,883 7,088 4,895 628 795

7,510 6,784 4,740 559 726

7,145 6,452 4,471 565 693

2018 to 2010 % 50.1 49.4 46.3 68.6 57.6

For successful competition in the agricultural market, producers need a modern material and technical base capable of meeting the needs of the technological process. In general, if we trace the dynamics of fixed assets value at cost, its annual growth is about 4% (Table 3), but the depreciation of fixed assets is about 50%. The main problem is that the process of updating in agricultural producers often does not take place to improve the technological process, increase its innovativeness, but it happens as a result of simple reproduction, replacing one obsolete unit with another, but at a higher cost (Golovina & Pugin, 2015). The structure of current assets in agricultural producers traditionally has a high share of slow-moving assets which leads to non-compliance with absolute and intermediate liquidity ratios (Table 4). But due to the length of the production cycle and its inconsistency with the calendar period, this situation is acceptable for agricultural production. Table 3: Changes in the composition of fixed assets in agricultural organizations of the Kurgan region (at cost), million RUR Fixed assets category Total Fixed assets including active part machinery and equipment productive livestock liability side

2010 8,195 6,133 4,658 641 2,062

2015 12,559 9,134 7,269 679 3,425

2016 13,629 9,916 7,947 717 3,713

2017 14,369 10,840 8,659 765 3,529

2018 15,989 12,066 9,626 812 3,923

2018 to 2010 % 195.1 196.7 206.7 126.7 190.3

Table 4: Changes of the composition of working capital in agricultural organizations of the Kurgan Region, million RUR Working capital category Total Working capital including stocks accounts receivable cash and cash equivalents

2010 7,448 5,068 1,421 925

2015 9,184 6,002 2,451 695

2016 9,144 6,524 1,941 635

2017 10,016 7,445 1,996 496

2018 12,406 9,126 2,277 928

2018 to 2010 % 166.6 180.1 160.2 100.3

In general, the Kurgan Region has the necessary resource potential, but it should look for new ways to increase the investment attractiveness of agricultural production. In the current context, the need for attracting additional private investments in agriculture is already actual, in addition to state ones which can increase the return on the total capital of economic entities. But the state policy in the sphere of agriculture should gradually move from direct protectionism to the effective distribution of state support based on resource productivity as a whole and its separate components. The main burden of this process lies in agricultural organizations, as in many respects they are not only the primary sources of replenishing gross regional product of the territory in the agricultural sector, but they also play an important social and economic role in rural areas. Agricultural organizations have a more powerful resource potential compared to other market participants and are the main employers

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

for rural residents forming their income, life, environmental living conditions (Altukhov et al., 2018). In this regard, we propose a method for dividing territories by the degree of resource potential management to attract potential investments, both from state and private investors. Objects of testing our method were the districts of the Kurgan Region. The study period covers 2016-2018. The method is based on the idea of assessing the elasticity of the degree of using resources in the growth of gross output. Moreover, it is proposed to carry out such an assessment on 3 groups of parameters. The first group of indicators assumes an assessment of the sensitivity degree of the increase in gross output to changes in the volume of attracted resources. At the same time, the calculation of the coefficients (К1 , К2 , К3 , К4 ) assumes the ratio of the average annual growth rates of gross output value - the number of employees К1 , the cost of fixed assets К2 , working capital К3 , arable land К4 in agricultural organizations of the territories. The multiplicative elasticity coefficient of gross output increase and the volume of resources К5 is К5 = 4�К1 ∙ К2 ∙ К3 ∙ К4 .

(1).

Based on the results of calculations, districts were divided into groups (Table 5). The first group of districts showed a low degree of sensitivity of gross output growth to changes in the volumes of attracted resources. The second group includes territories where the elasticity of parameters is close to 1, and, consequently, a change in the volume of resources leads in general to a similar change in gross output. The third group of parameters showed districts with high elasticity of parameters where each percent of the increasing volume of resources leads to an 18% increase in the cost of gross output. Table 5: Grouping of districts by the multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of the growth of gross output and volume of resources К5 Groups of districts Under 0.9 0.9-1.1 Over 1.1

Districts

Dalmatovsky, Zverinogolovsky, Safakulevsky Belozersky, Vargashinsky, Kargapolsky, Ketovsky, Kurtamyshsky. Lebyazhyevsky, Makushinsky, Mishkinsky, Mokrousovsky, Petukhovsky, Polovinsky, Chastoozersky, Shadrinsky, Shatrovsky, Shumikhinsky, Schuchansky, Yurgamyshsky Almenevsky, Kataysky, Pritobolny, Tselinny

The average coefficient of elasticity 0.760 1.015 1.177

The second group of indicators is based on the assessment of the sensitivity degree of the level of the resource investment and gross output increase. The calculation of the coefficients (К6 , К7 , К8 , К9) assumes the ratio of the average annual growth rates of gross output cost and, accordingly, the labor content per unit of output К6 , capital-labor ratio К7 , coefficient of fixing working capital К8 , the share of crops in the arable land К9 . The multiplicative elasticity coefficient of the gross output growth and the level of resources investment (К10 ) is К10 = 4�К6 ∙ К7 ∙ К8 ∙ К9 .

(2).

Low elasticity by multiplier coefficient is observed in three districts of the region: Dalmatovsky, Zverinogolovsky, Safakulevsky (Table 6). Most of the districts have elasticity close to 1, and only four districts have high elasticity. *Corresponding author (N.D. Gushchenskaya). Email: Gushchenskaya@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.281

Table 6: Grouping of districts by the multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of the growth of gross output and resource investment level К10 Groups of districts Under 0.9 0.9 – 1.1 Over 1.1

Districts

Dalmatovsky, Zverinogolovsky, Safakulevsky Almenevsky, Belozersky, Kataysky, Kargapolsky, Ketovsky, Kurtamyshsky, Lebyazhyevsky, Makushinsky, Mishkinsky, Mokrousovsky, Petukhovsky, Polovinsky, Tselinny, Chastoozersky, Shadrinsky, Shatrovsky, Yurgamyshsky Vargashinsky, Pritobolny, Shumikhinsky, Schuchansky

The average coefficient of elasticity 0.729 1.004 1.218

The third group of indicators is based on assessing the sensitivity degree of resource use efficiency and the gross output increase. The calculation of the coefficients (К11 , К12 , К13 , К14 ) assumes the ratio of the average annual growth rates of the gross production value - the average annual output of one employee К11 , capital productivity К12 , the turnover rate of working capital К13 , amount of proceeds per q hectare of crops К14 . The multiplicative elasticity coefficient of the increase in gross production and the efficiency of resource use (К15 ) is К15 = 4�К11 ∙ К12 ∙ К13 ∙ К14

(3),

Most of the districts have low or single elasticity of the growth of gross output to a change in the degree of efficiency of using production resources (Table 7). But it should be noted that in Kurtamyshsky, Shumikhinsky, and Schuchansky districts, each percent of the increase in the level of efficiency of resource use leads to a 35% increase in gross output.

Table 7: Grouping of districts according to the multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of the growth in gross output and resource use efficiency К15 Groups of districts Under 0.9 0.9 – 1.1 Over 1.1

Districts

Almenevsky, Dalmatovsky, Zverinogolovsky, Kargapolsky, Lebyazhyevsky, Petukhovsky, Pritobolny, Tselinny, Yurgamyshsky Belozersky, Vargashinsky, Kataysky, Ketovsky, Makushinsky, Mishkinsky, Mokrousovsky, Polovinsky, Safakulevsky, Chastozersky, Shadrinsky, Shatrovsky, Kurtamyshsky, Shumikhinsky, Schuchansky

The average coefficient of elasticity 0.840 1.058 1.347

Summarizing the effect for all groups of parameters, we develop an aggregate multiplicative coefficient reflecting the sensitivity of the gross output of agricultural organizations to the level of using their resources, К16 = 3�К5 ∙ К10 ∙ К15 .

(4)

As a result, only two districts of the region have a high elasticity of gross output growth to the level of using production resources (Table 8). It means that in Shumikhinsky and Schuchansky districts there is a high level of using resource potential what leads to an increase in gross output by an average of 25%.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Table 8: Grouping of districts according to the aggregate multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of growth in gross output and using production resources Groups of regions

Districts

Under 0.9 Dalmatovsky, Zverinogolovsky, Safakulevsky 0.9 â€“ 1.1 Almenevsky, Belozersky, Vargashinsky, Kargapolsky, Kataysky, Ketovsky, Kurtamyshsky, Lebyazhyevsky, Makushinsky, Mishkinsky, Mokrousovsky, Petukhovsky, Polovinsky, Pritobolny, Tselinny, Chastoozersky, Shadrinsky, Shatrovsky, Yurgamyshsky Over 1.1 Shumikhinsky, Schuchansky

The average coefficient of elasticity 0.797 0.994

1.252

To more fully assess the investment attractiveness of territories for all participants of the investment process, it is also necessary to assess the degree of sensitivity of gross output growth to the specific size of state subsidies (amount of state subsidies per 1 thousand RUR of fixed assets). Such distribution will make it possible to find territories that are still in urgent need of protective measures by state authorities, and territories that are potentially capable of private investments. As a result, the calculation of coefficient (Đš17) will be carried out as Đš17 =

ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ Cđ??şđ??şđ??şđ??ş , ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ Cđ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†

(5),

ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ whereĐĄ đ??şđ??şđ??şđ??ş - average annual growth rate of the gross product value.

ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ đ??śđ??ś đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘† â€“average annual coefficient of growth in specific government subsidies. Table 9: Grouping of districts according to the multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of the growth in gross output and specific subsidies Groups of districts Under 0.9 0.9-1.1 Over 1.1

Districts Lebyazhyevsky, Mishkinsky, Mokrousovsky, Safakulevsky, Tselinny, Chastoozersky, Yurgamyshsky Belozersky, Kurtamyshsky, Makushinsky, Petukhovsky, Polovinsky, Shadrinsky, Shumikhinsky Almenevsky, Vargashinsky, Dalmatovsky, Zverinogolovsky, Kargapolsky, Kataysky, Ketovsky, Pritobolny, Shatrovsky, Schuchansky

The average coefficient of elasticity 0.840 1.058 1.347

The first group of districts still needs state financial support, as the amount of subsidies allocated to agricultural producers does not lead to a proportional increase in gross output value. However, most districts have a high level of return on the support provided what means that these territories may be of interest to investors (Bespakhotny, 2015). Comparing the results obtained, we can develop the matrix of distributions of the Kurgan Region districts by their investment attractiveness for state and private investors (Table 10). The most attractive for investors will be agricultural organizations in Shumikhinsky and Schuchansky districts, as they have high gross output on invested resources and subsidies provided. At the same time, organizations of Belozersky, Vargashinsky, Kurtamyshsky, Makushinsky, Ketovsky, and other districts will be potentially beneficial for financial investments. From the state, the protective policy should extend to such districts as Safakulevsky, Lebyazhyevsky, Mishkinsky, Yurgamyshsky, and others. In relation to such districts as Belozersky, Kurtamyshsky, Kataysky, Shumikhinsky, *Corresponding author (N.D. Gushchenskaya). Email: Gushchenskaya@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.281

Schuchansky, and others, other ways of state support can be applied, e.g., budget lending. Table 10: Matrix of the ratio of multiplicative coefficients. Aggregate multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of growth in gross output and using production resources Under 0.9

0.9 – 1.1

Over 1.1

Multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of growth in gross output and specific subsidies Under 0.9 0.9-1.1 Over 1.1 Dalmatovsky, Safakulevsky Х Zverinogolovsky, Almenevsky, Lebyazhevsky, Belozersky, Vargashinsky, Mishkinsky Kurtamyshsky, Kargapolsky, Mokrousovsky, Makushinsky Kataysky Tselinny, Petukhovsky, Ketovsky, Chastoozersky Polovinsky Pritobolny, Yurgamyshsky Shadrinsky Shatrovsky х Shumikhinsky Schuchansky

The need to define the investment attractiveness of territories for developing new business ideas in the field of agricultural production may be considered as a special case. In this case, private investors may be interested only in the degree of return of the gross output to the number of resources involved. Then, the district distribution matrix by the ratio of multiplicative coefficients will be different from the previous one (Table 11). Table 11: Partial matrix of the ratio of multiplicative coefficients Aggregate multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of the growth in gross output and volume of production resources Under 0.9

0.9 – 1.1

Over 1.1

Multiplicative coefficient of elasticity of growth in gross output and specific subsidies Under 0.9 0.9 – 1.1 Over 1.1 Dalmatovsky, Safakulevsky х Zverinogolovsky Belozersky, Lebyazhevsky, Kurtamyshsky, Vargashinsky, Mishkinsky Makushinsky Kargapolsky, Mokrousovsky, Petukhovsky, Ketovsky, Chastoozersky Polovinsky Shatrovsky, Yurgamyshsky Shadrinsky, Schuchansky Shumikhinsky Almenevsky, Tselinny х Kataysky Pritobolny

So, the most profitable areas for developing new business structures in the sphere of agriculture are Almenevsky, Kataysky, and Pritobolny districts. It is here that the largest increase in gross output for the relative replenishment of each type of resource is observed. Moreover, these districts have a high elasticity of growth in gross output to changes in the specific level of state support.

4 CONCLUSION Thus, at the first stage, the proposed methodology made it possible to group the territories (districts of the Kurgan region) according to the degree of the resource potential use in increasing the gross agricultural output. Calculations have shown that most of the districts (80%) have an average level of return on the use of available production resources, while 3 districts (12%) have a low level. The second methodology stage was based on assessing the sensitivity degree of the increase in the gross production of territories to the specific volume of government subsidies. As a result, about 30% of the districts of the Kurgan region need to increase the volume of state support, since the existing

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

volume of state subsidies does not lead to a proportional increase in gross output. The obtained multiplicative coefficients for the first two stages of the methodology made it possible to form a distribution matrix of the districts of the Kurgan region according to their investment attractiveness for the state and private investors, as well as for the formation of new business structures in the field of agricultural production. So, 2 districts of the Kurgan region can become the most attractive for public and private investors - Shumikhinsky and Shchuchansky, and for the development of new business structures in agriculture - Almenevsky, Kataysky, Pritobolny districts. To other regions, more effective policy of state protectionism should be built based on the use of state incentives levers. The proposed methodological approaches may be of interest to scientists and representatives of the educational sphere, analytical departments of various executive authorities to substantiate the investment attractiveness of certain territories.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 REFERENCES Altukhov, A.I., Sergeev, P.V., Semykin, V.A., Veklenko, V.I., Lobosova, E.V., Soloshenko, R.V., Kriulin, V.A. (2018). Management of innovative development of the regional economy. Monograph, Kursk: Ivanov Kursk State Agricultural Academy, 196p. Anfalova, A.Yu. (2019). Role of the efficiency of using resource potential in ensuring economic security of region. Modern problems of financial regulation and accounting in the agricultural sector: a collection of articles based on the proceedings of the III All-Russian (national) scientific and practical conference. Kurgan: Publishing House of the Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, 395-401. Bespakhotny, G.V. (2015). Mechanisms of state financing of investment development of agriculture. Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises, 8, 2-6. Bukhtiyarova, T.I., Khilinskaya, I.V. (2017). Formation and implementation of organizational and managerial and organizational and economic measures to ensure the sustainable development of rural territories. Agricultural and food policy of Russia, 6, 35-44. Carson, K.I. (2018). Agricultural training and labor productivity challenge. International Journal of Agricultural Management, 6, 131.

Crespo, N., Paula Fontoura, M., Simoes, N. (2018). Regional Centrality: Economic and Geographical Factors. International Advances in Economic Research, 24(4), 383-384. Golovina, S.G., Pugin, S.V. (2015). Resource potential as the basis for sustainable development of agribusiness and rural areas. Achievements of science and technology in AIC, 1(29), 9-12. Gushchenskaya, N.D., Sumarokova, M.A. (2019). Methodology of integrated assessment of economic safety of agricultural organizations. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 10(189), 79-92. Kleiner, G.B. (2011). System resource of economics. Issues of economics, 1, 89-100. Medvedeva, T.N., Artamonova, I.A. (2015). Method for the integrated assessment of the effectiveness of using agricultural land. Bulletin of the Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, 2(14), 16-18. Nabokov, V.I., Nekrasov, K.V. (2017). Management of innovative activities of agricultural organizations in current conditions. Agri-food policy, 1, 30-32. *Corresponding author (N.D. Gushchenskaya). Email: Gushchenskaya@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.281

Pustuev, A.L., Gorbunova, O.S., Petryakova, S.V., Kalitskaya, V.V., Perminova, I.M. (2017). Formation of agro-economic system in the region. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 5(159), 16. Semin, A.N. (2019). Priority areas of agro-economic research of the scientific and technological development of Russian AIC. Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises, 1, 2-6. Voronin, B.A., Voronina, Ya.V., Bagretsov N.D., Donnik I.M., Kot, E.M., Lorets, O.G., Nabokov, V.I., Nekrasov, K.V., Pustuev, A.L., Ruschitskaya, O.A., Semin, A.N., Chupina, I.P., Sharapova, V.M., Khmelnitskaya, Z.B. (2016). Theoretical problems of economics, management, marketing: monograph. Yekaterinburg: Ural State Agrarian University, 285p. Yesembekova, A.U., Pavlutskikh, M.V., Paliy D.V. (2017). Proprietary methodology for assessing industrial safety as a component of the economic security of a business entity in AIC. Financial laws and management, 1, 11-17. Zyryanova, T.V., Kot, E.M., Zyryanov, S.B., Razorvin, I.A. (2017). Scientific basis for managing the innovative development of an AIC organization. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 4(158), 69-77. Natalya D. Gushchenskaya is an Associate Professor and Head of Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences,. Her research is Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of the Resource Potential of Agricultural Producers; Developing Methodological and Practical Recommendations to Increase the level of Economic Security for the Regional Economy.

Dmitry V. Paliy is an Associate Professor, Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”. He is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. His research is theoretical and practical approaches to the formation of Financial and Tax Security of Regional Economy and Rural Areas; Resource Potential of Rural Areas in the Formation of the Gross Regional Product.

Marina A. Sumarokova is a Lecturer, Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”. Her research is Theoretical and Practical Foundations of the Development of Agricultural Consumer Cooperation; Integrated Approaches to Assessing the Economic Security of Agricultural Organizations in the Region; Studying Resource Potential of the Region.

A.U. Yesembekova is an Associate Professor, Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research is Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the study of industrial safety of Business Entities, Investment Attractiveness of Territories; Developing Methodological and Practical Recommendations to increase the level of Economic Security of the Local Economy.

Anastasia Yu. Anfalova is an Associate Professor, Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research is the Development of Strategic Approaches to Ensuring the Industrial Safety of Agricultural Regions; Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of the Effectiveness of using Resource Potential by Agricultural Organizations; Methodological Approaches to Assessing the Socio-economic Security of the Region. Marina V. Pavlutskikh is an Associate Professor, Department of Economic Security, Analysis and Statistics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Maltsev Kurgan State Agricultural Academy”, She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor. Her research is theoretical and methodological approaches to studying the financial situation of agricultural producers; developing methodological and practical recommendations to improve the financial security of the local economy.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14O

IDENTIFICATION OF TAX RISKS FOR RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL FIRMS 1

R.N. Sungatullina , E.A. Klinova , L.A. Yudintseva 1

Department of Accounting and Finance, Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, 133 Oktyabrskiy Av., 610017 Kirov, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 22 May 2020 Accepted 14 August 2020 Available online 19 August 2020

This article describes the process of identifying tax risks as an element of economic security for agricultural organizations. We considered special aspects of tax control aimed at identifying tax risks through procedures that help prevent misstatements in tax calculations that become a threat to the economic security of agricultural organizations. This work also described theoretical approaches to the Keywords: concept of “tax risk”; defined areas of tax risks identified for calculating Economic security; Russia taxation systems; the unified agricultural tax (UAT); considered risk groups in the case of applying this tax; analyzed risks of the accounting process by classifying Russia tax control; Agricultural tax risks; the assertions for tax accounting purposes. Unified agricultural tax; This study’s result, a model was developed for choosing an optimal Identification of tax risks; tax scheme by corporate management to ensure the economic security of Fraud tax information; agricultural companies. This model reveals analysis procedures for Stages of accounting possible taxation systems based on the variant assessment of tax risks process; Consequences of arising from the risks of misstatement in regards to the facts of tax risks. accounting events (AE) that form the tax base. This article developed an algorithm for assessing the consequences of tax risks due to errors found at the level of accounting events that reflect the tax base for unified agricultural tax; matrix of tax risks of misstatement when calculating the tax base of unified agricultural tax caused by fraud. Disciplinary: Agricultural Economics, Finance, Accounting, & Taxation. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1 INTRODUCTION At present, the agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the Russian economy that unites many leading and economically interconnected industries specializing in the production, processing, storage, and sale of agricultural products. Economic reforms in the agricultural sector performed during different periods of the history of our country defined the *Corresponding author (Yudintseva). Email: Yudintseva@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.282

conditions that allowed the attempts to ensure a balanced formation and effective development of agricultural production. Despite many positive trends based on structural changes in some segments, the present-day AIC is in a state of severe crisis. Economic instability, uncertain regulatory compliance, increasing tax burden, and lack of the protection of the economic system make it possible to consider the insecurity and vulnerability of the countryâ€™s agro-industrial complex from law violations in the context of reducing economic security. The problem of economic security in relation to the agro-industrial complex is especially pressing in the current situation since the specific aspects of the functioning of this sector have a direct impact on the living standards of the population. The development of specific measures aimed at strengthening economic security and eliminating threats to its realization within the framework of AIC is relevant and requires comprehensive research.

2 LITERATURE REVIEW Due to the variety of specific features of agricultural organizations, it does not seem possible to make a list of parameters guaranteeing that economic security will be assessed in full. However, in the case of different degrees of detail in the structural components of the studied sector of the economy, it is reasonable to define parameters (criteria) that can help in establishing characteristic aspects for solving this problem. The need to improve agricultural business operations in terms of improving economic security, on the one hand, depends on a certain level of its development, and on the other hand, is determined by economic changes in the world system. Development of a strategy for ensuring the economic security of the present-day Russian agro-industrial complex requires the transition of theoretical discussions into practice. Since the effective functioning and successful development of organizations depends on the availability of competitive advantages, human resources, strategic goals and objectives, sufficient capital, then financing of measures aimed at achieving economic and food security in these areas should be fully justified. However, hidden economic relations existing in agriculture impede the reliable information about the assets and liabilities of organizations that lead to the violation of tax laws. The tax component of economic security is currently gaining special importance due to numerous violations in the tax sphere of the agro-industrial sector. In this regard, tax control being one of the main factors of economic security is given special attention. Agricultural organizations are subject to both external (carried out by state) and internal control (carried out by special services of the enterprise). Comparing these types of tax control, one could argue that the first stage for applying control procedures and establishing inaccurate information at the enterprise is internal control which provides a threshold for the legality and economic feasibility of business transactions. The object of tax control of agricultural organizations is tax arising in the process of taxpayersâ€™ financial and economic activities that determine the occurrence of taxes at different levels (federal, regional, local). Control actions defined by the tax control system should be aimed at checking the totality of accounting and tax information. Thus, the importance and significance of tax control are determined by the establishment of control procedures as measures to prevent tax violations according to the activity cycles of agricultural organizations (production, sales, supply) and in the context of each completed business transaction. In this regard, relations between the structural divisions of the enterprise should be

R.N. Sungatullina, E.A. Klinova, L.A. Yudintseva

covered by a tax control system designed for defining risks of material misstatement (RMM) during the development of a tax base of agricultural organization. A study of the economic nature of the risk category showed that in the agricultural sector, external and internal conditions determine specific common features typical for risk (Golubyatnikova et al., 2019). The proposed mechanism of tax control should mainly be aimed at finding and assessing the tax risks of organizations that become the main problem factor that can lead to adverse consequences for a taxpayer. In this regard, it seems appropriate to study the nature and classification of tax risks to establish the causes of their occurrence. In recent economic literature, the concept of “tax risk” is given special attention due to its consequences for participants in the case of tax offenses. For example, Shevelyova (2014) believes that tax risk has a dual nature. On the one hand, this issue is objective, since the activities of economic entities proceed under conditions of the uncertain financial and economic environment and state conditions; on the other hand, the mechanism for managing tax risk is subjective and depends on the individual attitude of the decision-maker to this risk. According to Kazatskaya and Zhuravin (2014), tax risks should be understood as undesirable situations and events that can occur and lead the organization to heavy financial losses including damage to the professional reputation of the economic entity in the shortest possible time. E.N. Chekulaeva (2012) argues that for the concept of “tax risk”, its negative nature for all subjects of tax relations should be taken into account. Investigating theoretical approaches to the concept of “tax risk”, Pimenov (2013) argues that the boundaries of tax risks regulate the relationship between the state and the owner regarding the distribution of property. The nature and content of tax risks will change with any changes in this scheme. Analyzing the conceptual apparatus of tax risks, Mizgulin (2011) summarizes that these risks are a tax component in different types of risks and are directly related to the group of economic risks; while indirectly they are also part of political and even environmental risks. Zlobin and Romanova (2014) associate the essence of tax risks with the loss of taxpayers. Characterizing the current state of AIC, Goncharova (2017) believes that tax risk includes lowering prices by dealers and exporters for enterprises that use the agricultural tax and classifies this risk as an exogenous one. Kuleshova and Sibagatullina (2010) found internal causes of their occurrence which include, for example, violation of crop cultivation procedure, violation of the reclamation system operation regime, non-compliance with agricultural cultivation techniques, absence or poor organization of information technology accounting system, etc. Thus, ambiguous views on the concept of “tax risk” indicate a wide range of influence of this category on the successful functioning of organizations. Considering methodological approaches to determining tax risks, the authors propose different classifications to develop a unified system for assessing the nature and causes of such risks. Safonova and Reznichenko (2014) classify tax risks by the nature of possible negative consequences, i.e. risk of tax control, risk of additional charges of arrears and penalties, risk of sanctions and fines, risk of increasing tax burden, risk of reduction or loss of liquidity, risk of seizure of assets, risk of business interruption, risk of a criminal proceeding, risk of bankruptcy. During investigation and analysis of the activities of large agricultural enterprises, Malis (2019) *Corresponding author (Yudintseva). Email: Yudintseva@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.282

thinks that the main tax risks for such organizations are related to the choice of optimal taxation systemâ€“ currently, it is a special tax regime in the form of a unified agricultural tax (UAT). However, this advantage carries certain risks: violation of tax legislation under UAT provides for the recount and payment of all taxes following general rules. Ryabinina and Turantseva (2018) take the same view. The authors think that the main tax risks of agricultural producers operating under UAT are the following: determination of the total income confirming the status of the agricultural producer, determination of taxation base, special aspects of the production cycle, give-and-take basis of production, lack of income from the sale of agricultural products during one tax period.

3 METHOD This study investigated tax control procedures for agricultural enterprises. Some of them were developed, i.e. those that take into account specific features of this industry, level of the tax burden, and real assessment of tax risks. We consider tax risks as a comprehensive concept that requires constant study and monitoring to assess and ensure the economic security of agricultural organizations. Tax risks are analyzed in the context of financial risks indicated by Russian law.

4 RESULTS SCHEMATIC OF TAX RISK MODEL

4.1

We propose a model for selecting by corporate management an optimal taxation system to ensure the economic security of agricultural organizations. We have defined areas of tax risks due to the method for calculating UAT (Figure 1).

Nonsale

INCOME (cash method) income from the sale of goods (works, services) Income from activities not related to production and sales income from the sale of property and property rights MINUS EXPENSES (cash method) 1. Economically justified (reasonable) 2.Documented 3. For performing activities aimed at generating income. material costs, including expenses for the purchase of seeds, seedlings, young plants and other planting material, fertilizers, feed, medicines for veterinary use, biologic drugs, and plant protection products Expenses for activities not related labor costs, compensations, temporary disability benefits to production and sale expenses for the acquisition and repair of non-current assets travel, notarial, accounting, auditing expenses, expenses for legal services, and advertising Other expenses associated with production and sale = The tax base for the calculation of unified agricultural tax TAX RATE -6% UNIFIED AGRICULTURAL TAX TAX RISK AREA Non-sale

associated with the production and sale

Sale

Figure 1: Scheme of the area of tax risks at the calculation of unified agricultural tax.

The choice of the best variant of the tax scheme is associated with the need to identify and assess in detail the consequences of significant risks of economic activity. Such an assessment allows

R.N. Sungatullina, E.A. Klinova, L.A. Yudintseva

forecasting the economic security of agricultural organizations, ensuring their effective functioning and timely responding to threats of their further development.

4.2 GROUPS OF RISKS 4.2.1

RISKS RELATED TO THE CHOICE OF OPTIMAL TAXATION SYSTEM

The main types of tax risks associated with using a special taxation system for agricultural producers can be conventionally divided into two groups: 1. Risks associated with the selection of an optimal tax scheme. 2. Risks associated with the application of UAT as a tax scheme.

The first group of tax risks is associated with information about business operations that allow agricultural organizations from choosing UAT as a tax regime. Their main reason is external factors. This group of risks is caused by several restrictions regulated by tax legislation. The main restriction under UST is a regime designed exclusively for agricultural producers. Its use is limited by the criteria for compliance with the status of agricultural producer: - organizations should be engaged in the production of tradable agricultural goods, and not just in their resale; - organizations should be the owners of their products; - sold goods should be agricultural products; - income from the sale of agricultural products should be at least 70% of total income; - for fishery companies, there is an additional condition: the number of personnel (hired employees) should be no more than 300 individuals.

Risks prevailing in this group are caused by legal circumstances: risk of non-compliance with the declared tax regime (non-compliance with the criteria for transition to UAT); risk of financial losses due to the impossibility of applying VAT tax deductions (refusal of cooperation by organizations that are VAT payers); risk of tax violations as a result of misinterpretation of tax legislation. 4.2.2

RISKS RELATED TO THE APPLICATION OF UAT AS A TAXATION SYSTEM

The second group consists of the risks of non-compliance with the criteria when applying UAT, that is, the risks of losing the right to apply this scheme. The right to use UAT is lost if there is no agricultural production activity and there is no income from the sale of agricultural products. The reasons for the second group of tax risks may be due to both external and internal factors. External factors are associated with the functions of external tax control that conditionally include 1) tax control of compliance with the criteria of using UAT; 2) current tax control related to tax audit administration. Agriculture organizations that apply UAT are obliged to comply with the criteria for compliance with the status of agricultural producers described above. Also, external tax control imposes strict requirements on income structure; mismatch in the methods of recognition of income and expenses in accounting and tax accounting; list of expenses for reducing taxation base that is different from the list on general taxation system; compliance with the deadlines for the provision of tax reporting and tax payments. In the case of losing the right to use UAT, organizations accept mainly financial risks due to the need to reconstruct the taxation base for taxes paid under the general taxation scheme (VAT, income tax, property tax) and to submit updated tax returns. The additional charge of taxes is accompanied by *Corresponding author (Yudintseva). Email: Yudintseva@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.282

the accrual of financial sanctions in connection with late payment of taxes and submission of tax reports. Current tax control of taxpayers can be performed using office and field tax audits. Field tax audits can be followed by the risks of financial sanctions. Organizations can independently control the tax risks associated with field tax audits. In particular, tax legislation establishes a classifier for risk assessment which includes several risky circumstances when mandatory field tax audits are possible. Currently, a field tax audit is performed in the following cases: tax burden is less than the industry average; average monthly salary per employee is less than industry value in the region; repeated approaching the limit parameters that give them the appropriate right; profitability is much less than the industry average (unprofitable activity for two or more years); faster growth of expenses than of income and others. Internal control aimed at identifying tax risks is an indisputable advantage in order to manage the financial risks of agricultural organizations. At the same time, internal control allows not only evaluating the effectiveness of all control procedures used within an economic entity but also allows regular monitoring of their consistent application (Klinova and Sungatullina, 2018). Internal factors (causes) of risks during using UAT are incorrect classification of income and expenses; a gross violation of accounting rules; non-compliance with the principles of the cash method of accounting income and expenses; misuse of budget subsidies; violations in the classification of income and expenses when combining different tax schemes; manipulation with accounting and tax data; untimely submission of tax reporting; untimely payment of taxes. Effective internal control requires special attention to improving the qualifications of accounting process executives, monitoring control procedures at the level of enterpriseâ€™s structural elements, constant monitoring tax legislation, analyzing innovations in enterpriseâ€™s tax policy system, specific features of an economic entity and its activities, developing internal local documents of an organization, focusing on certain issues of tax control.

4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF TAX RISKS OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS 4.3.1

ACCOUNTING CYCLES AS A BASIS FOR MISSTATEMENT ARRANGEMENT

The calculation of the tax base for UAT is based on the assessment of taxable parameters that are formed in the accounting and tax accounting system. Consequently, when identifying the tax risks of UAT, you should consider the accounting and tax components of the structural elements of risks. Tax components are related to the requirements of tax legislation under UAT, and accounting elements are based on the accounting aspects of the UAT tax base. In this case, risk assessment is considered through the logical relationship of factors indicating the possible causes of inaccuracies in the information under study and defining risk areas during processing and movement of information flow. The most complete information is provided by a comprehensive study that describes the selection, analysis, and establishment of different risk variants (Yudintseva, 2014). Taking into account the fact that the tax legislation of the Russian Federation allows generating information about the tax base based on accounting data, tax risks can be identified by the stages of the accounting process (Figure 2). An approach based on the cycles of the accounting process can be used for misstatement arrangement (Sungatullina and Klinova, 2018). First of all, it is necessary to find risks associated with the process of identifying accounting events. This process in agricultural organizations is significantly influenced by the specific aspects of

R.N. Sungatullina, E.A. Klinova, L.A. Yudintseva

the business cycle. Some authors understand this process as determining accounting events in time including their assessment and qualifications (Sungatullina and Khuzin, 2015).

Information on AE reflecting the transition to UAT

Information on AE which reflect income and expenses for calculating UAT (primary documents)

Control and distribution of information on accounting registers: (processing, grouping â€“ cash method)

Internal factors

External factors

Information on AE reflecting the transition to UAT

Tax calculations under UAT (final calculations, generalizations)

Tax reporting (tax declaration for unified agricultural tax)

Figure 2: Stages of the accounting process for the development of information for UAT calculation In agricultural organizations, due to the specific features of the technological process, the riskiest segment of the accounting process is the recognition of an accomplished accounting event (AE). At this stage, risks associated with the production of crop and livestock products are possible. The reason for this risk group is the transfer of inaccurate information on AE reflecting the volume of production from primary storage media to the primary accounting document what leads to an underestimation of the tax base in terms of income. The generation of accounting and tax information for users occurs within the framework of certain assertions for accounting and tax reporting. When analyzing the accounting process risks, it is more reasonable to consider the classification of assertions for UAT tax accounting. Thus, one can use the approach to the classification of assertions for preparing financial statements based on the accounting process cycles proposed by Sungatullina and Klinova, 2018. Thus, the following grouping of assertions is possible for the classification of misstatements during UAT calculation: - confirming the validity of registration AE on income and expenses recognized during UAT calculation, at the stage of their completion in primary storage media; - showing the indication of AE that disclose the content of income and expenses taken into account during UAT calculation, in primary accounting documents; - disclosing the reliability of tax base in the form of the difference between income and expenses, formed based on the cash method; - related to the preparation and presentation of tax reporting when applying UAT.

Information on AE generating income and expenses for calculating UAT is an essential component of the unified communication process at the agricultural enterprise. The following components are distinguished in the communication process model: organizational, methodical, and technological (Sungatullina, R., 2015). In our opinion, in the course of analyzing risks of material misstatement of accounting events that reveal income and expenses recognized during calculating UAT, it is more reasonable to take into *Corresponding author (Yudintseva). Email: Yudintseva@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.282

account the said components, i.e., any risk situation analyzed at the stages of the accounting process includes organizational, methodological, and technological components. For example, registration of accounting events in primary accounting documents involves external and internal regulation. The organizational aspect is represented by the performers of the accounting process, and the technological aspect is represented by the method of processing accounting information. Currently used IT technologies, including computer programs, to determine the risks associated with the processing and systematization of accounting information. 4.3.2

IDENTIFICATION OF TAX RISKS CAUSED BY ERRORS

The development of information flow during the preparation of accounting (financial) statements does not exclude misstatements that can be both the result of errors and fraud by employees. In this case, the identification of risks should include actions aimed at identifying critical information areas to search for the causes of misstatements.

Misstatement in classification of incomes Misstatement in classification of expenses Misstatement and lack of completeness of primary accounting records Invalid accounting entries Non-compliance with the principle of the cash method of accounting incomes and expenses Non-compliance with reporting period principle

Consequences of risk factors at the level of assertions for tax reporting

Identified tax risks at the level of AE that form UAT tax base

Classification, completeness, accuracy

Existence, completeness

Accuracy

Assessment

Timely acceptance, accuracy

Incorrect assessment of tax reporting items

Assessment, presentation

Tax reporting

Accounting (financial) statements

Figure 3: Algorithm for assessing the consequences of tax risks caused by errors identified at the level of AE that reflect the UAT tax base. Therefore, the nature and content of these procedures will be associated with problem areas in the activities of enterprises where the internal control system is not efficient enough and the most of various errors and frauds occur (Yudintseva, 2017). During the preparation of information for both accounting and tax reporting, the first stage of the accounting process is an accounting event. The risk of misstatement is due to the emergent properties

R.N. Sungatullina, E.A. Klinova, L.A. Yudintseva

of the system associated with the asymmetry of data perception about the accounting event or with errors made by the performer during registration (Sungatullina, 2014). Identified tax risks caused by errors are evaluated from the position of their impact on the reliability of tax base and tax reporting (Figure 3). Misstatement caused by errors is mostly as the result of a violation of income and expenses classification that are recognized during UAT calculation. For example, when determining income amount to confirm the status of UAT taxpayer, the following violations are possible: underestimation of income amount by the number of subsidies received; inclusion in the income structure of products produced on a give-and-take basis; lack of income during the period UAT application; overstatement of income amount by the amount of income from the sale of fixed assets and other assets and so on. Table 1: Matrix of tax risks of misstatement due to fraud in the course of calculating UAT tax base (Note: E –existence; C – completeness; A – accuracy; P – presentation). Identified risks of significant misrepresentation concerning AE that form tax base for UAT calculation Deliberate non-indicating AE on income in primary accounting documents Indicating imaginary AE on expenses recognized for UAT calculation

Concealing AE and their misrepresentation in financial statements and tax declaration Significant adjustments to the information on AE that form the tax base when calculating UAT at the end of reporting period Assignment of assets (for example, cash for goods shipped) by payment through third parties bypassing the accounts of an economic entity

Consequences of fraud

For balance sheet

Misstatement in regards to income in financial statements and UAT tax base in tax declaration Misstatement in regards to expenses in financial statements and UAT tax base in tax declaration as a result of fictitious accounting records Misstatement in financial statements and tax reporting Misstatement in regards to tax base and calculated tax amount in financial statements and tax reporting Misstatement in regards to tax base and calculated tax amount in financial statements and tax reporting

C,E

Influence on assertions: for the report on For tax declaration for UST financial results income expenses tax base tax amount C,E C,E C,E

C,E

C,E,P

C,E,A

E,P

Misstatement in the form of violation of the cash basis principle in recognizing income and expenses has a direct impact on the size of the tax base. This type of misstatement can occur both due to the unintentional and deliberate actions of employees or performers of the accounting process. Reasons for incorrect assessment of tax reporting items can be either arithmetic errors or the manipulation with accounting data when filling out certain parameters of tax declaration. There is no doubt that the assessment of the consequences of tax risks from the position of effect on the reliability of tax reporting is an important component in the procedure for identifying tax risks. Misstatement can be caused by different reasons and can be evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative assessment is possible at the level of separate assertions for the development of accounting (financial) statements, such as completeness, accuracy, existence, and others. Qualitative assessment of misstatement depends on the nature of items. Regarding tax declaration for UAT, these items include tax base, tax amount, and others. *Corresponding author (Yudintseva). Email: Yudintseva@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.282

Analysis of taxation system for providing economic security no

yes Special taxation system in the form of UAT

General taxation system

yes Risks of transition to UAT

Risks of loss of UAT status Risks of reconstruction of VAT taxation objects, income tax

Risks of using UAT

Analysis of the consequences of risks concerning unreasonable tax benefits

Risks of tax reporting for VAT and income tax

Yes

Risks caused by errors

Risks caused by fraud

Insignificant

Significant

Yes

Choosing the optimal tax scheme by corporate management Figure 4: Algorithm for choosing the optimal tax scheme for agricultural producers 4.3.3

IDENTIFICATION OF TAX RISKS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF FRAUD

Significant misstatement in tax declaration for UAT may arise as a result of fraud by employees. Some authors systematized types and signs of fraud based on the nature of misstatements found (Sungatullina, 2014). We developed a risk matrix for assessing the consequences of identified risks of significant misstatement concerning AE which influence the value of calculated UAT (Table 1). Such an interpretation allows tracing the relationship of the identified risks of significant misstatement concerning AE and possible consequences of fraud.

4.4 OPTIMIZATION OF TAXATION SYSTEM AS THE ELEMENT OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS Identification of tax risks for agricultural organizations during using special tax schemes in the form of UAT allows them to be assessed promptly and be used in the system of management decisions. Typology of risk situations related to a particular economic entity allows evaluating the most profitable taxation variant. In some cases, the risks of loss of the UAT status exceed the advantages and benefits of its use. The most significant of them are the risks of reconstruction of taxable items (Figure 4). In each case, corporate management should compare the economic benefits of applying a particular taxation scheme with possible tax risks.

R.N. Sungatullina, E.A. Klinova, L.A. Yudintseva

An important step in optimizing the taxation system is an analysis of the consequences of identified risks concerning unreasonable tax benefits. The basis for it is grading the risks of use and the risks of loss of UAT status. However, the second group of risks prevails; its consequences are the risks of reconstruction of the tax base of the main taxes of the general taxation system. When choosing the optimal taxation scheme, corporate management should take into account the nature of possible misstatement (caused by errors, caused by fraud) what allows defining taxpayer’s integrity criteria (conscientious, dishonest). Thus, the criteria of integrity can be the basis for distinguishing between tax optimization and illegal tax evasion.

5 CONCLUSION Identification of tax risks during using UAT is one of the key elements to improve the economic security of agricultural organizations. Tax risks of misstatement are divided into two groups: risks of use and risks of loss of UAT status. A developed model for choosing the optimal taxation scheme will contribute to ensuring the economic security of agricultural organizations. This model is based on an algorithm for assessing the consequences of tax risks of misstatement caused by errors or by fraud found at the level of accounting events that reflect the tax base of UAT. This research results can be recommended for practical use at the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex to identify tax risks and optimize the taxation system.

6 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7 REFERENCES Chekulaeva, E.N. (2012). Methodology for assessing the tax risk of organizations. Bulletin of Perm State Technical University, 1, 104-108. Golubyatnikova, Y.Y., Charykova, O.G., Cherepovskaya, N.A., Doborovich, A.N., Lesovik, R.V., Leonova, O.V., Lesovaya, S.L., Mitrokhin, A.A., Dobrydina, I.M. (2019). Conceptual approaches to economic risk management at the enterprises of agro-industrial complex in Belgorod Region. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 10(1), 47-60. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.5 Goncharova, I.A. (2017). Specific risks of grain production. Agrarian science for agriculture: collected papers of the XII International Scientific and Practical Conference – FSBEI HE Altai State Agrarian University, 163-165. Kazatskaya, E.O., Zhuravin, S.G. (2014). Ways to implement tax risk reduction. Social role of insurance system in the market economy of Russia: proceedings of the XV International Scientific and Practical Conference, 33-36. Klinova, E.A., Sungatullina, R.N. (2018). Methods for assessing accounting policies in the course of internal control organization. Auditor, 7, 34-43. Kuleshova, V.P., Sibagatullina, L.R. (2010).Organization of internal tax control at agricultural enterprises. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 3(69), 16-18. Malis, N.I. (2019). Tax risks of large agricultural enterprises are increasing. Tax Bulletin, 5. Mizgulin, D.A. (2011). Methodological approaches to determining risks in the field of taxation and tax risks. Bulletin of St. Petersburg University of Economics and Finance, 1(67), 31-35. Pimenov, N.A. (2013).Tax risks: theoretical aspect. Economics of Taxes Law, 4, 81-86. *Corresponding author (Yudintseva). Email: Yudintseva@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.282

Ryabinina, N.I., Turantseva, N.A. (2018). Special aspects of the taxation of agricultural enterprises and tax risks for agricultural producers in Russia. Economics, Entrepreneurship and Law, 8(4), 203-212. Safonova, M.F., Reznichenko, S.M. (2014). Analysis and assessment of tax risks in the organization. Scientific Journal of Kuban State Agrarian University, 101(7), 1655-1665. Shevelyova E.V. (2014). On the definition of the concept of “tax risk. Bulletin of South Urals State University, Economics and Management Series, 8(4), 78-81. Sungatullina, R.N. (2014). Efficiency and emergence in the organization of the information system for preparing accounting (financial) statements. Auditor, 9(235), 70-77. Sungatullina, R.N. (2015). Audit of accounting and auditing organization: theory and methodology. Yoshkar-Ola: OOO “STRING” publishing and polygraphic center, 314p. Sungatullina, R.N., Gogoleva, O.L. (2014).Identification of risks of material misstatement of information on accounting events for assessing by internal control system. Auditor, 12(238), 38-49. Sungatullina, R.N., Khuzin, A.R. (2015).Accounting events for development assets accounting: identification, classification, reconstruction. International Accounting, 2(344), 2-11. Sungatullina, R.N., Klinova, E.A. (2018).On the issue of assessing misstatement in accounting (financial) statements for audit purposes. Audit and financial analysis. 5, 74-79. Yudintseva, L.A. (2014). Identification of inspection item as a part of a risk-based approach in audit. Auditor, 5(231), 59-62. Yudintseva, L.A. (2017). Audit of sales cycle on the example of agricultural enterprises: substantive procedures. Audit and financial analysis, 1, 163-169. Zlobin, B.K., Romanova, L.E. (2014).Causes for tax risks and methods of their assessment. Economic and humanitarian sciences, 12(275), 58-68. Rashida N. Sungatullina is an Associate Professor of Accounting and Finance Department, Vyatka State Agricultural Academy. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research involves Audit, Tax Calculations, Financial Accounting, Accounting (Financial) Statements of Commercial Organizations.

Elena A. Klinova is an Associate Professor of Accounting and Finance Department, Vyatka State Agricultural Academy. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research is related to Audit, Tax Calculations, Financial Accounting, Accounting (Financial) Statements of Commercial Organizations

Larisa A. Yudintseva is an Associate Professor of Accounting and Finance Department, Vyatka State Agricultural Academy. She is a Candidate of Economic Sciences. Her research is Audit Methods and Methodology, Tax Calculations, Improvement of Internal Control System, International and Private Audit Standardization

R.N. Sungatullina, E.A. Klinova, L.A. Yudintseva

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PAPER ID: 11A14P

LABOR POLARIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF AGRICULTURAL ROBOTIZATION IN THE MIDDLE URALS 4

A.N.Semin 1, E.A. Skvortsov 2, E.G. Skvortsova 3, Cennet Oguz , Aykut Örs

Department of Competition Law and Antimonopoly Regulation, Ural State Economic University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 2 Department of Economics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 3 Department of Agriculture, Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 4 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, TURKEY. 5 Agriculture and Rural Development Institute, Konya, TURKEY. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 09 April 2020 Received in revised form 18 August 2020 Accepted 19 August 2020 Available online 21 August 2020

The digital transformation of agriculture in the Urals causes a major change in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the industry's workforce and its structure. This study determines the demand for highly qualified professionals in the industry who are appropriately trained to interact with digital products and technologies. This study identifies patterns of labor resource formation, including labor polarization, in the Keywords: context of the digital transformation of the companies operating in Digital transformation; agricultural sectors of Urals. To study labor polarization, the rate of Human resources; Agricultural labor force; decline (increase) in employment by profession depending on the wage Agricultural robotics; grade in agricultural organizations was analyzed. Analysis of the effects labor polarization; Digital of agricultural robotization on the labor force shows that 17 jobs were Agriculture; Agricultural created between 2013-2020, 76.5% of them are occupied by men and labor wage. 23.5% by women, the largest share of workers (47.1%) is in the age 18-29 years old, and 52.9% of workers have higher education. The analysis shows an increase in employment in the professions with the highest wage grades, while the employment growth rate of robot maintenance technicians and robotic milking operators was 16.7% per year. Several professions with average wage grades experienced no changes in employment during the period under review, while those with low wage grades and high routine operations experienced a drop in the employment rate. A conclusion has been made on labor polarization in the industry to reduce routine operations (ALM hypothesis). Disciplinary: Labor, Employment, and Occupation Studies, Technology and Machine in Agricultural Economics, Public Policy and Administration. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.283

1 INTRODUCTION Digital transformation in agriculture is manifested in continuous improvement of tools, objects of labor, production and organization technology, as well as labor resource development. The aforementioned are presently undergoing progressive changes in numerical and qualitative composition. The digitalization process is at present associated with various technological breakthroughs in the field of digital products and technologies, including data analysis and processing technologies (ERP systems), the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), as well as robotics. These technologies and their application outputs deserve special attention as they are highly likely to lead to drastic changes and transformations of existing social, political and economic systems. The application of these technologies in the production of goods and services is called the digital economy or economic digital transformation. Economist and Nobel Prize winner Wassily Leontief stated in 1983 that "man's role as the most important factor in the production process will decrease just as the role of horses in agricultural production decreased to the point where they were all replaced by tractors" (Leontief, 1983). It should be acknowledged that digital transformation is an objective process involving scientific and technological progress. Many studies have been recently done reflecting the effects of changes in workforce composition in the context of digital transformation (Bluestone et al., 1988) and predicting both a global decline in employment (Kapelyushnikov, 2017) and a positive impact involving the creation of jobs in the digital sector (Frey & Osborne, 2013). The large-scale increase in employment in high-skill and low-skill professions compared to middle-skill professions has been named labor polarization. Labor market polarization – the growth of the share of high-paying and low-paying jobs at the expense of average-wage jobs, has contributed to an increase in income inequality in many countries. Sometimes referred to as the "disappearance of the middle class", labor market polarization affects a wide range of economic policy issues, including employment, education, trade and taxation. There are various estimates of factors affecting labor polarization. Several polarization models have been used to explain wage inequality given the rapid growth in the relative demand for technical skills (the SBTC hypothesis). Therewith, the demand for labor resources with high and low wages is growing due to jobs having an average wage level (Manyika et al, 2017; Acemoglu & Autor 2011; Autor et al, 2008). However, some authors argue that the “routinization” hypothesis (ALM hypothesis) explains labor polarization much better (Autor et al, 2003; Goos & Manning, 2007; Spitz, 2003). The ALM hypothesis states that industries with a widespread application of routine skills subsequently adopted digital technologies at the fastest rate, which reduced the degree of routine skills in these industries. Digital technology application in production brings significant advantages over traditional technologies. Researchers found that the transition from traditional technology to robotics in agriculture significantly reduces production labor intensity, increases labor productivity (Ivanov & Lapkin 2013), and increases product quality (Wauters & Mathijs, 2004; Mikulova, 2011). However, many aspects related to labor resource formation in agriculture in the context of digital transformation have not been theoretically and methodically explored. This makes it necessary to study the problems of forecasting labor resource development and the influence of the main laws of

A.N.Semin, E.A. Skvortsov, E.G. Skvortsova, C. Oguz, A. Örs

the labor sphere under the digital transformation of agriculture. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of labor resource formation, including labor polarization, under the digital transformation of agricultural organizations in the region. This study analyzes the impact of agricultural robotization in the Ural on the gender and age composition of workers and their education level, builds a model of the demand for labor resources in agricultural organizations using digital technologies, identifies agricultural profession groups by the nature of changes in employment, and investigates labor polarization in agricultural organizations using digital technologies. The digital transformation of agriculture has a significant impact on labor resource formation. This is reflected in the departmental program "Digital Agriculture", according to which it is planned to increase labor productivity by 2 times per worker in the period from 2019-2024. The share of trained specialists of agricultural enterprises having competencies in the field of the digital economy in handling digital products and technologies shall reach 50% by 2024. From 2019-2024, RUB 5,368.0 million will be allocated towards the creation of a system of continuous training of specialists of agricultural enterprises to gain competences in the field of the digital economy. RUB 650.0 million will be allocated towards research to determine the demand for highly qualified agriculture specialists with competencies in the field of the digital economy, to create an institutional framework for the digital transformation of agriculture, to force a technological breakthrough in the agro-industrial complex through the introduction of digital technologies and platform solutions. RUB 3,300.0 million is planned to be allocated towards the creation of an industry-wide electronic educational environment called "Land of Knowledge" for remote training of specialists of agricultural enterprises in Russia. RUB 62.5 million has been allocated for carrying out activities on vocational guidance of schoolchildren, for training in agricultural areas, at the secondary professional and higher professional education level. Under this program, RUB 1355.5 million will be set aside for retraining specialists of agricultural enterprises, including those who were earlier dismissed as a result of the introduction of digital products and technologies between 2019-2024.

2 METHODOLOGY It seems relevant to study labor resource formation in agricultural organizations using digital technologies. The main hypothesis is that digital technology application in agriculture has a significant impact on the nature of the labor resource formation in agriculture. First, job creation (reduction) dynamics in the departments of agricultural organizations using robotics in production must be studied. This will reveal the impact of robotics on the workforce quantitative composition (by gender, age, and education level) in organizations in the industry. In turn, the analysis will allow us to draw reasonable conclusions on the degree of influence of labor polarization under agricultural digitalization. The research methods include expert interviews with managers and specialists of 100% agricultural organizations using robotics in production, which allows considering the sample representative. All of all, 15 agricultural organizations from the Sverdlovsk Region were involved *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.283

in the study. To study labor polarization in the industry, an analysis of the rates of decline (increase) in employment by profession depending on the wage grades in agricultural organizations using digital technologies was made. Dialectical and abstract-logical methods were used to achieve the above objective. The monographic method was used to highlight scientists' opinions on the research problem. The comparative and analysis method and the graphic method were used to analyze trends in labor resource formation under digitalization. Data on labor intensity for various categories of workers were used to study the effects of labor polarization in agriculture. Thus, data from agricultural organizations were used to calculate labor intensity for various professions. Service norms of the wildlife population per capita were used to calculate the change in the share of the profession under robotization. Thus, data on labor intensity reduction (increase) modeled for people working in functional locations with robotics was obtained. Solving the research problems will contribute to the development of appropriate public policy measures aimed at forming the industry's labor resources, using the technological breakthroughs associated with digital technology development. This will also help identify potential threats to the formation of agricultural labor resources and develop appropriate measures on the part of the state and economic entities, develop and implement a strategy to combat these threats.

3 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN THE REGION'S AGRICULTURE At present, digital transformation is significantly changing the nature of social reproduction. Depending on the specialization area, level and size of agricultural production, various digital technologies are under development or are already applied. Those can be classified into different groups. Firstly, fundamentally new types of tools are appearing in agriculture. These include robotics, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things technologies, as well as data collection and analysis technologies. Their application will significantly increase labor productivity and agricultural production and management efficiency. Objects of labor are undergoing significant transformations. If previously, the main objects were raw materials, under the influence of scientific and technological progress, information and big data sets are becoming the main objects of labor in agriculture. The main digital products and technologies in agriculture at the present stage can be summarized as presented in Table 1. Scientific and technological progress is causing agricultural production and management technology to undergo significant changes. At present, digital technologies emerge at an increasing rate, which allows applying precision technologies in agriculture, precision animal husbandry, etc. Digital technology application, particularly robotics in agriculture, increases labor productivity (Castro et al., 2012; Gustafsson, Benfalk, 2004) and reduces production costs (Tse et al., 2018; Aykut et al., 2018). There is a need to clarify the concept of the digital transformation of agriculture. In our view, digital transformation of agriculture is an objective process of continuous improvement and quality upgrade of production using digital technologies, especially technologies of the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, big data analytics and robotics, reflected in the creation and development of new knowledge, tools and objects of labor, technical means of control, and influencing the

A.N.Semin, E.A. Skvortsov, E.G. Skvortsova, C. Oguz, A. Ă–rs

formation of labor resources. Table 1: Main digital products and technologies used in agriculture at the present (compiled by the authors). Technology Robotics

Internet of Things, IoT (Ashton, 2009) Artificial Intelligence, AI

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems

Fundamentals technical means, i.e., a set of automatic programmable equipment performing agricultural production operations or other operations with high accuracy and repeatability independently or via operator commands (Skvortsov, 2018) they are a set of equipment and sensors connected to the Internet, tools for collecting and storing data in real time, means of processing this data into useful information and providing it to users via appropriate interfaces technical means, i.e., separate technical solutions based on computer programs having some features of intelligent systems, capable of self-learning and aimed at solving specific agricultural production problems (Skvortsov et al., 2019) standardized software packages, organizational strategy for integrating production and operations, human resources management, financial management and asset management, focused on continuous balancing and optimization of enterprise resources via a specialized integrated application software package providing a shared data and process model for all areas of activity (Haddara & Elragal, 2013; Akkermans & Van Helden, 2002; Peng & Gala, 2014)

Number of robot units, pcs.

It is known from empirical observations that these technologies are mainly represented in agricultural organizations by robotics, including those used in milking. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Sverdlovsk Region reports that as of January 1, 2019, 43 robotic milking units and two feed equalizer robots have been installed and are in use (Figure 1). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Longitudinal robot Lely Astronaut A4

8 7 6

Longitudinal robot Fullwood MERLIN 225

6 4

Long-distance robot DeLaval

3 22

2 1

Milking robot GEA

1 1

Lely Juno feed pusher 2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020 (for 8 months)

DeLaval OptiDuo robot pusher

Years

Figure 1: Dynamics of the introduction of robotics in agriculture in the Sverdlovsk Region (Compiled by the authors). As can be seen from the figure, various brands of robotics are used in agricultural organizations. These are mainly milking robots; however, feed-trimmers are also being used. The most common brand is the milking robots of the Dutch company Lely because of their attractiveness to farmers in terms of price. A significant share is taken by milking robots of the Swedish company DeLaval due to the quality of its equipment and its high level of service. *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.283

4 POLARIZATION OF LABOR IN AGRICULTURE IN THE REGION Data from agricultural organizations in the Sverdlovsk Region for 2013-2020 (for 8 months), allows drawing a reasonable conclusion on labor polarization in the industry. The period under review experiences an intensive introduction of robotics into production. Data on business entities reveals exactly how polarization occurs during the period under review at the level of agricultural organizations. This becomes particularly relevant since it is the business entities that make decisions in the field of employment. Previous studies on labor market polarization mainly used labor force surveys; these are relevant for studying workers and wages but provide little information about firms directly employing workers. The total labor intensity is highlighted in cyan, data from agricultural organizations are highlighted on the chart in green; the decrease in labor intensity for a specific case in which workers occupy functional locations with robotics is highlighted in red (Figure 2). 4000 3483

3500 3000

2817

2500 2000 1500 1000

797 797 731 564 564 376 376

500 0 0 26 0 0

563 563

451 451

595

715 570

695 554

231 280

0 -49

-136

-145

-140

-500 -666 -1000

Total labor intensity, thousand persons -hour.

Robotics, thousand hour.

Workers, thousand persons -hour.

Figure 2: Time invested in agricultural organizations in the Sverdlovsk Region for 2013-2020 (2020 for 8 months) (Compiled by the authors). The number of hours worked for some categories of workers increased, as additional jobs were created in agricultural organizations in these specialties. This primarily applies to technical specialties â€“ robotic milking operator (98 thousand people per hour) and robot maintenance

A.N.Semin, E.A. Skvortsov, E.G. Skvortsova, C. Oguz, A. Ă–rs

technician (26 thousand people per hour). The largest decrease in labor intensity occurred for the position of milking machine operator (666 thousand people per hour). A significant decrease in labor intensity is noted for the positions of day cattle-farm worker (136 thousand people per hour) night cattle-farm worker (140 thousand people per hour) and dairy worker (145 thousand people per hour). A significant reduction in labor intensity is observed in the supervisor category â€“ 49 thousand people per hour. Several categories of workers did not undergo changes in labor intensity under farm robotization. These include veterinarians, animal husbandry technicians and artificial insemination technicians. Assessment of the rate of decline (increase) in employment by profession depending on the wage grade in agricultural organizations using digital technologies will allow drawing objective conclusions on labor polarization in the industry (Figure 3).

Average annual rate of increase (decrease) in employment, %

Robotic milking Robit maintainance technician operator

Robotic milking operator

y = -8.518ln(x) + 15.313 RÂ˛ = 0.7331

Artificial insemination Veterinarian Zootechnician technician

Feed distribution operator Locksmith

0 0

-5

-10

5 6 Supervisor

Dairy worker Day cattle-farm Night cattle-farm worker worker Milking machine operator Wage grade

Figure 3: Change in the share of the profession depending on wage grade in agricultural organizations of the Sverdlovsk Region using robotics for 2013-2020 (2020 for 8 months), a thousand people per hour. (Compiled by the authors). Figure 4 shows an increase under agricultural robotization for professions with the highest wage grades. Thus, the average increase in the employment of robot maintenance technicians and robotic milking operators made 16,7%, respectively. Many professions with average wage grades experience no changes in employment during the period under review. For example, veterinarians (veterinarian surgeons and paramedics) perform complex types of work involving hand manipulation that presently cannot be replaced by robots. Artificial intelligence and robotics technologies can relatively *Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.283

easily mimic the intellectual and computational abilities of an adult, but it is quite difficult to algorithmize perception and sensorimotor skills. In other words, robotics is currently not able to replace humans in such jobs as artificial insemination technician, animal technician and locksmith as their activities are difficult to algorithmize. A significant reduction in employment for the group of agricultural organizations using robotics is observed for the position of supervisor (4.3% per year). As it has already been mentioned, a significant part of this worker's functionality can be performed automatically or is no longer necessary. Thus, it is possible to distinguish the following groups of workers (Table 2). Table 2: Characteristics of dairy-food subcomplex workers as related to changes in the employment type. (Compiled by the authors). Nature of employment change Decline in employment

Stable employment

Increase in employment

Group of workers Foreman Milking machine operator Day cattle-farm worker Dairy worker Night cattle-farm worker Veterinarian Zootechnician Artificial insemination technician Locksmith Robotic milking operator Robot maintenance technician

Characteristic Performing operations that can be described by algorithms, monotonic, repetitive operations.

Performing operations involving hand manipulations that are difficult to describe by algorithms Performing robotics maintenance operations, having engineering competencies

Thus, three groups of workers can be distinguished by the nature of the change in employment. The first group includes agricultural workers, the requirement for whom will soon decrease. This is firstly because being monotonic, repetitive operations, the operations they perform can be described by algorithms. Further scientific and technological progress and mass application of digital technologies, including robotics, will lead to the replacement of monotonic, repetitive operations performed by these workers with intelligent mechanisms and algorithms. The second group must include workers with stable employment, the requirement for which will not decrease in the near future. This is because these categories of workers perform operations involving hand manipulations that are quite difficult to describe algorithmically. In some cases, this may be associated with the movement of objects or movement in an open area or indoors. Scientific and technological progress may result in these types of activities being described algorithmically, which will allow replacing people with robotics. However, this will not happen in the short and medium-term. The next groups of workers are those with a projected increase in the number of workers. These categories of workers perform robotics maintenance operations and are suitably qualified to handle digital technologies. It is expected that with more rapid scientific and technological progress, workers in engineering specialties who are suitably qualified to handle digital technologies will become more and more in demand, including in agriculture. It should be noted that this list of categories of workers is not exhaustive; it is compiled taking into account the current stage of development of digital technologies and the specifics of agriculture in the Middle Urals. Firstly, these observations relate to the dairy-food subcomplex workers;

A.N.Semin, E.A. Skvortsov, E.G. Skvortsova, C. Oguz, A. Ă–rs

however, with the development of digital technologies and the emergence of commercially available solutions for farmers, especially in crop production and service industries, there is reason to believe that the labor polarization process in the industry will continue to develop.

5 CONCLUSION The general trend in the formation of agricultural labor resources under digital transformation at the present stage is to increase the professional qualification level of workers. This is due to the gradual dwindling of the functions of manual labor and the development of labor skills of interaction and casing of artificial intelligence technologies and the Internet of Things, robotics, and data processing tools. The role of mental labor is significantly increasing in comparison with physical labor, there is an increase in the creative content of labor, a decrease in working time expenditures, a significant simplification of labor and an increase in its productivity. Empirical observations show a disappearance of old types of labor and the emergence of new ones, the complexity and strengthening of connections between specific types, which has an impact on the agricultural labor resource formation process. This subsequently leads to the need to improve workers' skills and their overall level of development to enable them to meet the high requirements imposed on them when using digital technologies. Workers must be well-versed in engineering, technology and production organization. They must also possess relevant labor skills allowing them to not only understand the entire process, but also to be able to control and, where necessary, regulate it, independently reconfigure equipment, detect problems and fix them, as well as perform routine repairs. Digital transformation leads to a systematic reduction in the demand for unskilled labor resources and the growth of skilled labor. There is an increasing need to bring workers' skills in line with the increasingly complex production process. Therefore, the reproduction of labor resources under digital transformation, which is characterized by the active introduction of robotics, serves as an expanded reproduction of a predominantly skilled workforce.

6 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS The authors confirm that the revealed information does not contain a conflict of interest.

8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work was prepared with the support of the Ural State Economic University Ekaterinburg. The research was funded by the RFBR under scientific project No. 20-010-00457 A – “Development of Theoretical and Methodological Foundations for the Transformation of Social and Labor Relations in Agriculture under the Digital Economy.”

*Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.283

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Akkermans H.A. & Van Helden K. (2002). Vicious and virtuous cycles in ERP implementation: a case study of interrelations between critical success factors. European Journal of Information System, 11, 35-46. Ashton, K. (2009). That ‘internet of things’ thing. RFID Journal, 22(7), 97-114. Autor, D.H., Katz, L.F, Kearney, M.S. (2008). Trends in US wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. Review of economics and statistics, 90 (2), 300-323. DOI: 10.1162/rest.90.2.300 Autor, D.H., Levy, F., Murnane, R.J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly journal of economics, 118(4), 1279-1333.

Bluestone, B. and Harrison, B. (1988). The Growth of Low-Wage Employment: 1963-1986. American Economic Review, LXXVIII, 124-128. Castro, A., Pereira, J.M., Amiama, C., Bueno, J. (2012). Estimating efficiency in automatic milking systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 929-936. Frey, C.B. and Osborne M.A. (2013). The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization? Oxford Martin School. Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology. Goos, M. & Manning, A. (2007). Lousy and lovely jobs: The rising polarization of work in Britain. Review of economics and statistics, 89(1), 118-133. DOI: 10.1162/rest.89.1.118

Gustafsson, M. & Benfalk, C. (2004). Different locations of instant cooling in the automatic milking system and the effect on milk quality. Proceedings of the international symposium Automatic Milking. a better understanding. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 526. DOI: 10.3920/978–90–8686–525–3. Haddara M. & Elragal A. (2013). ERP Lifecycle: When to Retire Your ERP System. Information Management Journal (IRMJ), 26 (1), 1-11. DOI: 10.4018 / irmj.2013010101 Ivanov, Yu.G. & Lapkin, A.G. (2013). Sravnitelnaya otsenka energo. trudo i ekspluatatsionnykh zatrat pri perevode korov s doyeniya v molokoprovod na robot «Lely astronaut». Vestnik VNIIMZh, 3, 188-191. Kapelyushnikov R.I. (2017). Is Technological Progress a Job Eater? Economic Issues. 11, 142-157. Leontief, V.V. (1983). National perspective: The Definition of Problems and opportunities. The Long –Term Impact of Technology on Employment and Unemployment (National Academy of Engineering), 3-7. Manyika J., Chui M., Miremadi M., Bughin J., George K., Willmott P. Dewhurst M. (2017). A future that works: Automation. employment. and productivity, McKinsey Global Institute. Mikulova, M. (2011). Content of free fatty acids lipolytic bacteria and somatic cells in relation to miling technology. Journal of Agrobiology, 28(1), 49–54. Örs, A., Oğuz, C. (2018). Comparison of the Economic Performance of Robotic Milking System and Conventional Milking System. Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 8(2), 35‐51 Peng G.C.A. & Gala C. (2014). Cloud ERP: a new dilemma to modern organisations. Journal of Computer Information Systems. 54 (4), 22-30.

A.N.Semin, E.A. Skvortsov, E.G. Skvortsova, C. Oguz, A. Örs

Skvortsov, E.A. (2018). Improving the efficiency of agricultural robotics: Abstract. dis. cand. econ. Sciences: 08.00.05, Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, 24p.

Skvortsov, E.A., Nabokov, V.I., Nekrasov, K.V., Skvortsova, E.G., Krotov, M.I. (2019). The use of artificial intelligence technologies in agriculture. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 8(187), 91-98. DOI: 10.32417/article_5d908ed78f7fc7.89378141. Spitz, A., (2003). IT Capital, Job Content and Educational Attainment. Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, 03-04. Tse, C., Barkema, H.W., DeVries, T.J., Rushen, J., Pajor, E.A. (2018). Impact of automatic milking systems on dairy cattle producers’ reports of milking labour management, milk production and milk quality. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111800065 Wauters, E. & Mathijs, E. (2004). Socio-economic consequences of automatic milking on dairy farms, Proceedings of the international symposium, Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 526. DOI: 10.3920/978–90–8686–525–3 Professor Dr. A.N. Semin holds a Doctor of Economics. His scientific interests concentrate in the field of Organizational and Economic Mechanisms for the Reproduction of Qualified Agricultural Personnel, as well as the Technical Potential of Agricultural Production; Effective Mechanism of Budget Support for Business Entities in the Agro-industrial Complex; Strategic Planning and Management.

Dr.E.A. Skvortsov hold a PhD in Economics. His research interests include development of the economic mechanism for applying digital technologies, agricultural robotics, development of the Organizational and Economic Mechanism for Sustainable land Management based on Modern Digital Technologies,

E.G. Skvortsova is a Lecturer. Her scientific interests concentrate in the field of the Formation of Labor Resources of the Rural Economy in the Context of the Application of Digital Technologies.

Professor Dr. C. Oguz is of Department of Agricultural Economics, Dr. Oğuz's research focuses on Agricultural Management and Sampling Method, Management of field Research and Data Analysis, Rural Areas and Populations, Problems and Solutions to these Problems, Developing farm Businesses to apply new Technologies.

Dr.A. Örs is a Professor of Agriculture and Rural Development Institute Konya Provincial Coordination Unit. He holds a PhD in Agricultural Economics. His research interests are Economic and Technical Mechanisms for the Modernization of Agricultural Organizations, Implementation and Economics of Precision Farming Technologies, Rural Development and Software Development for Agricultural Solutions.

*Corresponding author (I.V. Ziruk). Tel. 89276201566 Email: iziruk@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.283

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14Q

ESTIMATION OF HOMEOSTATIC PARAMETERS OF BARLEY VARIETIES COLLECTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NORTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF SVERDLOVSK REGION R.A. Maximov 1*, Yu.A. Kiselev 1 , N.V. Likhacheva 1 1

Department of Barley Breeding, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», 620142, 112A Belinskogo Str., Yekaterinburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 03 August 2020 Accepted 07 August 2020 Available online 24 August 2020

The article shows the reaction of spring barley varieties to the meteorological conditions of The South-West of the Sverdlovsk region (2011-2019) in terms of grain yield. Of the 224 collectible varieties, 15 were selected. Based on Ebehart and Russel (1966) methodology, the most responsive to improvements in cultivation conditions, or plastic varieties are identified: Nevada, Farmer, Abava, Cecilia, Mona, Jaromir, Nur, and Sonet, which have ecological plasticity (Bi) more than 1. There are significant advantages of several genotypes that are most adaptive to the weather conditions of the region including Nevada, Vorsinsky, Farmer, and Omski 95 (common adaptive capability (САСi or vi) 0.15-0.31, according to Kilchevsky and Khotyleva (1985)). The high degree of stability of the reaction was in the Acha variety (σ2САСi 2.26; relative stability of yield (Sgi) 33.1%). To achieve an optimal balance in the selection of productivity and stability, the parameter SGI (selection value of the genotype) is used. In our experience, the following varieties were distinguished by this parameter: Nevada (3.31), Omski 95 (3.31), and Acha (3.20). Nevada and Omski 95 combine a high adaptive capacity to the agro-climatic conditions of the region (vi 0.15-0.31) and relative stability of yield (Sgi 33.6-35.3%), also, Nevada belongs to the plastic varieties (Bi ≥ 1). Among the selection-valuable varieties, Acha is the least adaptive to local conditions, as characterized by the most stable yield (Sgi 31.1%).

Keywords: Adaptive capacity of barley; Barley selection; Stability of yield; Ecological plasticity; Barley yield

1 INTRODUCTION Sustainable yield growth in the variety change is the most important task of the selection of any *Corresponding author (R.A. Maximov). Email: Roman_mra77@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.284

agricultural crop. A promising genotype should ensure high grain yield in all conditions from stressful to favorable. The highest response in yield with improved growing conditions characterizes the genotype as having high ecological plasticity, the ability to maintain a stable yield under various environmental conditions as having a stable genotype response to productivity. The combination of these two characteristics ensures the selection of the most adaptable varieties to local conditions. Various statistical approaches to the analysis of genotype X environment interaction are reflected in a large number of papers (Vorobyov, 2011; Arshadi et al., 2018; Zargar et al., 2018; Kosev et al., 2019). Among these approaches, the S.A. Ebehart, W.A. Russel (1966) method is widely used, where the ecological plasticity (Bi) and stability of genotypes (Ďƒ2d ) are estimated using linear regression analysis. Linear regression is also used in the Tai (1971) method, where environmental changes are reflected as a linear response (Îąi) by productivity, also, there is an indicator of deviation from the linear response (Îťi) (Eberhart & Russell, 1966; Tai, 1971). The adaptive response of genotypes is evaluated using the method of Kilchevsky and Khotyleva (1985) (Kilchevsky & Khotyleva, 1985a; Kilchevsky & Khotyleva, 1985b). Here, CACi (common adaptive capability (Vi)) is estimated as the difference between the average productivity of an individual variety (đ?‘Ľđ?‘ĽĚ… đ?‘–đ?‘– ) under various environmental conditions and the total average productivity (u) for all varieties and environments. Specific adaptive capability in a particular environment is estimated as a deviation from the sum of the CACi and the total average productivity (u) for all varieties and environments. The object of the research performed is the selection of barley varieties most adaptive to the environmental conditions of the Northern forest-steppe of the Middle Urals.

2 CONDITIONS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS The research was performed in 2011-2019 at the laboratory of barley breeding and seed growth of the Ural Research Institute of Agriculture - branch of the FSBSU UrFARC UrB RAS.

Figure 1: Research plots of field experience. The field experiment took place at the site of the Krasnoufimsky Breeding Center in the Western part of the Sverdlovsk region (56Â°37â€˛ North latitude, 57Â°46â€˛ East longitude). Experimental plots were laid during 2011-2019 on dark gray forest soil (pH ha (4.9-6.9), hydrolytic acidity (4.11-5.20 mg,

R.A. Maximov, Yu.A. Kiselev, N.V. Likhacheva

EQ/100g of soil), humus content (6.6-8.1%), easily hydrolyzed nitrogen (83...149 mg/kg), volume potassium (131-184 mg/100 g), phosphorus content (289-409 mg/kg)). The plot area was 5 m2 . (Figure 1). Tier â€“ three times. Background with pure steam, Harvesting combine Hege-125A, Harvest accounting after threshing and conditioning, with a reduction to 14 percent humidity, and one hundred percent purity. Environmental changes during 2011-2019 have average daily air temperature 13.4-17.9Â°C, the sum of temperatures over 10Â°C 1200-1800Â°C, precipitation 86-374 mm, moisture reserves in soil meter-deep layer 66-194 mm, HTC - 0.71...2.44. Đ?Đ˘ĐĄ - Selyaninov Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC). It is determined by the ratio of the sum of precipitation (r) in mm for a period with average daily air temperatures above 10 Â°C to the sum of temperatures (âˆ‘t) for the same time, reduced by 10 times (HĐ˘C = r / 0.1 ÎŁ t) (Gordeev et al., 2006). Samples of spring two-row barley were used, of which the article lists 15 of the best in terms of homeostaticity. To check the influence of genotypes and environmental conditions on yield, this study used two-factor analysis of variance ANOVA (Dospekhov, 1985), adaptive capability and stability of varieties according to Kilchevsky and Khotyleva (1985), ecological plasticity and stability (Ebehart, and Russel, 1966). The study uses a formula for determining the overall adaptive capacity, which is taken from the Kilchevsky and Khotyleva methodology (1985): ĐĄĐ?ĐĄi = vi = đ?‘Ľđ?‘ĽĚ…đ?‘–đ?‘– âˆ’ đ?‘˘đ?‘˘,

(đ?‘–đ?‘– = 1, â€Ś , đ?‘šđ?‘š)

(1),

where vi is the common adaptive capacity, dimensionless, effect of the đ?‘–đ?‘–-th genotype; đ?‘Ľđ?‘ĽĚ… đ?‘–đ?‘– is the average value of a variable quantitative characteristic đ?‘–đ?‘–-th genotype, depending on the effect of environments; đ?‘˘đ?‘˘ â€“ the total average value of the quantitative trait for all environments and genotypes; đ?‘šđ?‘š â€“ the number of genotypes in the experiment.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After the analysis of variance carried out, the predominant influence of environmental factors was revealed (86.5%). The grading factor determined only 0.7% of yield changes, and genotype X environment interaction 12.8%. The null hypothesis for all factors is rejected, since (Ff> F05). Estimation of homeostatic parameters using the Ebehart and Russel (1966) method identified two groups of genotypes. The first group includes genotypes that under the influence of the external environment are subject to a relatively higher change in yield, they have Bi>1: Nevada, Farmer, Abava, Cecilia, Mona, Yaromir, Nur, and Sonet. Especially plastic variety - Mona (Bi = 1.16). The second group (Bi<1) is characterized by lower yield variation under different environmental conditions: Vorsinsky, Omski 95, Birka, Gostinets, Gonar, Raushan, and Acha and Binom (Table 1). According to stability (Ďƒ2d - 0.14-0.25), the following varieties should be distinguished: Nevada, Cecilia, Gostinets, and Gonar. These varieties are not highly homeostatic: Vorsinsky and Mona (Ďƒ2d 1.11-1.68) (Table 1).

*Corresponding author (R.A. Maximov). Email: Roman_mra77@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.284

Table 1: Parameters of ecological plasticity and stability of varieties, according to Ebehart and Russel (1966), 2011-2019. Variety Nevada Vorsinsky Farmer Omski 95 Abava Cecilia Birka Gostinets Mona Gonar Raushan Yaromir Nur Acha Sonet

Origin Russia Russia Russia Russia Latvia Sweden Sweden Belarus Sweden Belarus Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia

Yield, t/ha 5.37 5.24 5.22 5.21 5.20 5.20 5.18 5.05 5.03 5.02 4.99 4.90 4.84 4.84 4.81

Plasticity (Bi) 1.01 0.99 1.10 0.85 1.05 1.00 0.92 0.97 1.16 0.93 0.94 1.06 1.13 0.74 1.14

Stability, (σ2d) 0.14 1.68 0.43 0.74 0.93 0.18 0.46 0.24 1.11 0.25 0.33 0.62 0.35 0.56 0.53

The following varieties were characterized by the highest common adaptive capability (vi) (Kilchevsky and Khotyleva method (1985): Nevada, Vorsinsky, Farmer, and Omski 95 (vi 0.15-0.31). The least adaptive in the study years were Nur, Acha, and Sonet (vi -0.22 to -0.37). This method also determines the stability of genotypes (parameter σ2САСi), among the selected varieties, this characteristic is the highest for the Acha variety (σ2САСi 2.26), the most unstable varieties are Mona and Vorsinsky (σ2САСi 4.82-5.71). The relative stability (Sgi) fluctuated in the range of 33.1-47.5 %. Acha also has an advantage in this indicator (33.1%). Thus, fluctuations in environmental factors are projected to a lesser extent on the yield of the Acha variety. Table 2: Parameters of adaptive capability and stability of varieties, according to Kilchevsky and Khotyleva (1985), 2011-2019. Variety Nevada Vorsinsky Farmer Omski 95 Abava Cecilia Birka Gostinets Mona Gonar Raushan Yaromir Nur Acha Sonet

Yield, t/ha 5.37 5.24 5.22 5.21 5.20 5.20 5.18 5.05 5.03 5.02 4.99 4.90 4.84 4.84 4.81

Common adaptive capability, CAC, vi 0.31 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.11 -0.01 -0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.16 -0.22 -0.23 -0.37

The variance of specific adaptive capability, σ2САСi 3.59 4.82 4.60 3.06 4.61 3.56 3.28 3.42 5.71 3.12 3.26 4.43 4.76 2.26 4.67

Relative stability, Sgi

Selective genotypic value SGVi

35.3 41.9 41.1 33.6 41.3 36.3 35.0 36.6 47.5 35.2 36.2 42.9 45.0 31.1 46.0

3.31 2.84 2.88 3.31 2.86 3.14 3.21 3.03 2.42 3.09 3.02 2.61 2.47 3.20 2.34

However, the most informative parameter is considered to be the selective genotypic value (SGVi). Mathematically, this parameter has a broader meaning, since it combines two qualities of adaptability: on the one hand, it is the common adaptive capability (CACi), on the other hand, the stability of the reaction over the years (σ2САСi). That is, varieties with high values of this indicator can

R.A. Maximov, Yu.A. Kiselev, N.V. Likhacheva

maintain a high yield under these conditions, while it is stable over the years. In our experiment the following varieties were distinguished by this parameter: Nevada (3.31), Omski 95 (3.31) and Acha (3.20). Varieties: Sonet, Nur, Yaromir, and Mona are distinguished by separate indicators, but they do not have a high selective value (SGVi 2.34-2.61) (Table 2).

4 CONCLUSION According to the results of studying the reaction of two-row barley varieties of spring barley in the Northern forest-steppe of the Sverdlovsk region to environmental changes that were observed during 2011-2019, three selective-valuable (SGVi) genotypes were identified including Nevada (3.31), Omski 95 (3.31), and Acha (3.20). Nevada and Omski 95 combine a high adaptive capability to the agroclimatic conditions of the region (CAC 0.15-0.31) and relative stability of yield (Sgi 33.6-35.3%), in addition, Nevada belongs to plastic varieties (Biâ‰Ľ1). Acha is the less adaptable to local conditions among the selective-valuable varieties, but it is characterized by the most stable yield (Sgi 31.1%).

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 REFERENCES Arshadi, A., Karami, E., Sartip, A., Zare, M. & Rezabaksh, P. (2018). Genotypes performance in relation to drought tolerance in barley using multi-environment trials. Agronomy research, 16(1), 5-21. DOI: 10.15159/ar.18.004. Dospekhov B. A. (1985). Method of field experience (with the basics of statistical processing of research results). Moscow: Kolos, 167-176. (in Russian)] Eberhart S.A. & Russell W.A. (1966). Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Sci., 6(1), 36-40. Gordeev A. V., Kleshchenko A.D., Chernyakov B. A., & Sirotenko O. D. (2006). Bioclimatic potential of Russia: theory and practice. Moscow, pp. 20-21. (in Russian). Kilchevsky A.V.& Khotyleva L.V. (1985a). Methods for estimation of the adaptive capability and stability of genotypes, differentiating ability of the environment. Message 1. Justification of the method. Genetics, 21(9), 1481-1490. Kilchevsky A.V. & Khotyleva L.V. (1985b). Methods for estimation of the adaptive capability and stability of genotypes, differentiating ability of the environment. Message 2. Numerical example and discussion. Genetics, 21 (9), 1491-1498. Kosev, V., Vasileva, V., & Acar, Z. (2019). Adaptability and productive potential of initial material from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 25(5), 994-1000. Tai, G.C.C. (1971). Genotypic stability analysis and application to potato regional triasls. Grop Sci., 11(2), 184-190. Vorobyov, A., & Vorobyov, V. (2011). Assessment of adaptive capacity and stability of varieties in spring wheat breeding in the Middle Urals. Achievements of science and technology of the agro-industrial complex, 6, 18-19. (in Russian). *Corresponding author (R.A. Maximov). Email: Roman_mra77@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.284

Zargar, M., Bodner, G., Tumanyan, A., Tyutyuma, N., Plushikov, V., Pakina, E., Shcherbakova, N. & Bayat, M. (2018). Productivity of various barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under semi-arid conditions in southern Russia. Agronomy research 16(1), 2242-2253. DOI: 10.15159/AR.18.176 Maksimov Roman Aleksandrovich is Head of the Department of Barley Breeding, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences since 2004. His research interests include Barley Breeding, Biostatistics, Phytopathology, Plant Protection.

Kiselev Yuri Aleksandrovich is a Senior Researcher of the Department of Barley Breeding, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences». His research interests are Barley Breeding, Seed Production of Grain Crops, Varietal Agrotechnology.

Likhacheva Natalia Viktorovna is a Junior Researcher of the Department of Barley Breeding. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution «Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences». Her research interests pertain to Barley Breeding.

R.A. Maximov, Yu.A. Kiselev, N.V. Likhacheva

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14R

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT OF WHIPPED DRINK BASED ON BIOMODIFIED BLOOD PLASMA 1*

Ruslan Omarov , Sergei Shlykov , Maksim Rebezov , 3 3 Aleksandr Sorokin , Yilia Khlopova 1

Department of Technology of Production and Processing of Agricultural Products, Stavropol State Agrarian University, RUSSIA. 2 V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIA. 3 K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 28 April 2020 Received in revised form 10 August 2020 Accepted 19 August 2020 Available online 24 August 2020

This paper is devoted to developing a non-alcoholic cocktail technology based on the biomodified blood plasma of farm animals. There are results of the most effective enzyme preparation and optimization of its conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of blood plasma. There was studying the extraction dynamics of dry substances of plant raw materials (peppermint, hibiscus, chickpeas, and lentils) using hydrolyzed blood plasma as an extractant. There were developed the recipe and technology to make a whipped cocktail and studied quality indicators of the finished product.

Keywords: Secondary protein raw materials; Cocktails; Functional drinks; Enzyme, Extraction, Hydrolysis.

1 INTRODUCTION In the category of functional products, a significant role is played by drinks, which are able not only to satisfy the body's needs for fluid but also serve as a source of deficient food components, playing the role of a tool for the prevention of alimentary-dependent diseases [2, 5, 6]. The development of functional drinks using extracts from plant raw materials containing many biologically active components remains the most promising direction in creating healthy food products [3, 4]. The inclusion of herbal extracts with antioxidant properties in beverages has a tonic effect on the body, increases the adaptability of the nervous system and the body's resistance to adverse external factors [10, 16]. Technological methods of processing plant raw materials make it possible to obtain extracts and concentrated bases containing protein components, hydrolysis products of non-starch polysaccharides, and bioactive substances [7, 8, 9, 12]. *Corresponding author (Ruslan Omarov). Email: RuslanOmarov@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.285

Of particular interest is the production of protein-containing beverages, while, along with traditional dairy beverages, beverages based on the blood plasma of slaughter animals deserve special attention. One of the most valuable sources of complete animal protein is the blood plasma of slaughtered animals [13, 15]. Also, deep processing of secondary protein raw materials in the meat industry will not only allow finding an additional source of high-quality animal protein but also reduce the discharge of slaughter blood into the sewer systems, thereby reducing the environmental burden on the environment. At the same time, one of the limitations of using blood plasma is its short shelf life. Using the heat treatment to increase the blood plasma shelf life does not give the desired bactericidal effect, because heating the product over 52-55째C is not allowed due to protein denaturation [11]. One way to solve this problem is a directed change in the structure of blood plasma proteins, which would not undergo destruction during heat treatment in the temperature range of 60-65째C. It is possible by hydrolysis to obtain amino acids and peptides that have more excellent thermal stability due to the shorter molecular length. This study develops a technology for a whipped dessert drink based on hydrolyzed blood plasma enriched with biologically active substances of plant origin.

2 RESEARCH GOAL, METHODS, AND MATERIALS Following the set goal, the research objects were: - blood plasma isolated by centrifugation in a laboratory centrifuge at 8000 RPM. - enzyme preparations: protosubtilin G10x - total proteolytic activity - 101 units/g; lysoamidase - total proteolytic activity is 37.3 U/g; megaterin G10x - total proteolytic activity is 133 units/g; protepsin - with proteolytic activity - 50, 100 and 150 U/g; - collagenase preparation from the hepatopancreas of crab with collagenolytic activity up to 750 U/mg, according to Mandl.

Vegetable raw materials (mint, hibiscus, chickpeas, lentils) had used in an amount of 2.5 g per 100 ml of prepared hydrolyzed blood plasma of farm animals. Technical processing of the samples to obtain an extract of hibiscus was at the temperature of 70째C for 40 min because further heating leads to an undesirable color change and deterioration of organoleptic properties. To get an extract of peppermint needed two hours, since complete extraction of extractives was at this duration without deterioration in the quality indicators of the product. The technological processing of chickpeas and lentils was in accordance with the known data. Extraction was in the temperature range 60-70째C. To get the whole raw materials indicators, semi-finished products, and finished products used, the methods, materials, and technical equipment of standard, unique, and modified research methods (Table 1). The experimental results had mathematical processing using standard statistical methods.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION One of the ways of directed changes in the structure of proteins is the splitting of proteins into smaller fragments - peptides, amino acids, which, due to their shorter molecule length, are not able to denature even under the influence of relatively high temperatures.

Ruslan Omarov, Sergei Shlykov, Maksim Rebezov, Aleksandr Sorokin, Yilia Khlopova

Table 1: Research methods. The studied indicators Moisture content Mass fraction of protein Mass fraction of fat Mass fraction of ash components Mineral composition (magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium) Phosphorus content Iron content Active acidity (pH)

Amino acid composition Vitamin composition Foam ratio Solubility index Evaluation of the balance of essential amino acids Organoleptic evaluation Determination of microbiological indicators

The name and essence of the method, the regulatory document The thermogravimetric method by the requirements of GOST 9793-74, GOST 33319-2015 using the FD-610 moisture meter; drying on a Chizhova moisture meter following GOST R 54607.4-2015 [1] The Kjeldahl method, according to GOST 25011-81 Soxhlet method according to GOST 23042-86, by the refractometric method and on the SER 148 device according to the instructions gravimetric method after combustion of organic substances in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 500-700 ° C for 5-6 hours to constant weight according to GOST 31727-2012 Spectrophotometric method on an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer S-115M1 by the instructions for the device, as well as following GOST R 55484-13 the spectrophotometric method according to GOST 32009-2013 the colorimetric method following GOST 26928-86 and atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS-703 (Perkin-Elmer, USA), by the instructions for the device potentiometric method using pH meters pH-150, S220, pH-420 according to the instructions for the devices by ion-exchange chromatography on an automatic amino acid analyzer brand AAA-T333 (Czech Republic) with separation of amino acids on an analytical column filled with Ostion LGFA cation exchange resin with step elution with three sodium citrate buffer solutions with different pH values (3.50; 4.25; 9.50). on a liquid chromatograph LCMS-10EV according to the instructions was as the ratio of its volume to the volume of solution used to foam form; foam stability by the time of the destruction of the foam column was determined according to GOST 30305.4–95 by the amount of the resulting wet sediment after centrifugation. By calculation methods (according to N.N. Lipatov Jr.) [1] The method of setting a tasting score according to GOST 9959-91 and GOST 9959-2015 According to standard methods: KMAFAnM, according to GOST 10444.15-94; bacteria of the Escherichia coli group according to GOST 31747-2012; pathogenic microorganisms (including salmonella and proteus) according to GOST 31659-2012; sulfite-reducing clostridia according to GOST 29185-2014; bacteria Staphylococcus aureus by GOST 31746-2012.

For a targeted effect on blood plasma proteins (BPP), we used proteolytic enzymes of various origins. For the successful hydrolysis of proteins, it is necessary to establish the pH optimum for enzyme preparations (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Dependence on the proteolytic activity of enzyme preparations on the active acidity of the medium. *Corresponding author (Ruslan Omarov). Email: RuslanOmarov@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.285

Established that the enzymes exhibit maximum proteolytic activity at pH 6.9-7.1 (t = 37°C), i.e., they are neutral proteases. An exception is a trypsin, which has an optimum effect at pH 8 (t = 50°C), as well as megatheria, which is characterized by two maximum values of activity (pH 6.7-7.3; pH 7.7-8.1 at t = 37°C), which associated with the heterogeneity of the proteolytic complex of this preparation. When assessing the hydrolytic capacity of enzyme preparations during the destruction of BPP, established that the best indicators are achieved when using collagenase (Table 1). Figure 2 shows the optimal concentration of drug in solution at a ratio of 6.8 × 10−3 g of enzyme per 1 g of the substrate.

Figure 2: Dynamics of BPP hydrolysis by various enzymes. Search for the value of the optimal duration of hydrolysis showed that during 2.8 - 3.2 hours during the hydrolysis of blood plasma by collagenase, an intensive accumulation of hydrolysis products occurs. With the further course of the process, the increase in the mass fraction of hydrolyzed protein is small (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Dependence of the degree of enzymatic hydrolysis of BPP by collagenase on the duration of the reaction. Thus, these studies made it possible to clarify the optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of blood plasma by the collagenase enzyme (Table 1).

Ruslan Omarov, Sergei Shlykov, Maksim Rebezov, Aleksandr Sorokin, Yilia Khlopova

4 OBTAINING BIOLOGICALLY VALUABLE MATERIALS

EXTRACTS

FROM PLANT

Plant extracts in drinks increase the tone of the body, the adaptive capabilities of the nervous system, the body's resistance to adverse environmental factors, and have antioxidant properties. For the experiment, we used blood plasma pretreated with an enzyme preparation with collagenase following the recommendations developed above. The extraction temperature was 70°С. The criterion for assessing the effect of factors was the mass fraction of dry substances in the extract.

(b) (a) Figure 4: Influence of the duration of extraction on the mass fraction of dry substances in (a) peppermint extract and (b) hibiscus. As shown in Figure 4, the degree of extraction of dry substances at a constant temperature both in hydrolyzed plasma and in water is directly proportional to the extraction time. It reaches a maximum at a duration of 120 minutes. In parallel, under the same conditions, extraction with water was carried out as a control. From the results of the experiment, it is evident that, under identical conditions, hydrolyzed blood plasma is the best extractant. Although the main component of blood plasma is water, due to a significant amount of surfactants in the blood plasma of farm animals, its properties as a solvent change markedly. Probably, the substances present in the blood plasma, on the one hand, significantly activate the extractability of importance. That is, they increase their transfer to the blood plasma, and, on the other hand, they probably affect the permeability of the solid phase. Probably, this explains the higher extracting ability of hydrolyzed blood plasma of farm animals in comparison with water. For sufficiently complete extraction of the solute, the extraction did several times. It is more efficient to extract the substance several times with small portions of the extractant than once with the same amount of the extractant. This principle is the basis for multiple extractions. The higher the frequency of extraction, the higher its efficiency. Based on the experimental data obtained for the preparation of original protein extracts using the selected plant raw materials, the following extraction modes and conditions are holding time 2 hours, extraction temperature 70°C with three times infusion of plant materials. The extraction of chickpeas and lentils was carried out in the temperature range 55-65°C because it excludes the process of denaturation of vegetable proteins. The variation of extraction process duration was from 20-120 minutes. The research way established that the highest percentage of dry *Corresponding author (Ruslan Omarov). Email: RuslanOmarov@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.285

matter recovery is achieved with an exposure of 100-120 minutes (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Influence of the extraction time on the dry matter content in chickpea and lentil extracts by hydrolyzed blood plasma Analysis of the extraction results at different temperature conditions showed higher efficiency at 55°C. The mass fraction of dry substances in the extract of chickpea 12.5%, lentil 11%, which exceeds the level of the content of extracted essences at temperatures of 45°C, respectively, by 12% and 5%. Based on the experimental data obtained for the preparation of original combined extracts using the selected raw material, the following extraction modes and conditions should: holding time 100 min at 55°C.

5 DEVELOPMENT OF WHIPPED COCKTAIL RECIPE AND TECHNOLOGY For the convenience of further use and increased shelf life, the obtained hydrolyzate dried on a spray dryer. That made it possible to prevent protein denaturation and ensure high solubility of the final product in water. We decided to use the dry hydrolyzate to develop a dry base for making cocktails. It contains 57% dry hydrolyzate, 39% fructose, and 4% ascorbic acid. Dry extracts of lentil and hibiscus were selected for further research to develop the cocktail recipe. Foaming does not occur in chickpea extract because lipids are strong defoamers, and their content is higher in chickpea extract than in lentil and hibiscus extracts. Therefore, chickpea extract can be recommended for use as a protein fortifier in beverages that do not require whipping. The cocktail recipe is in Table 2. Table 2: Cocktail recipe composition Raw material component Skimmed milk powder Dry protein base (based on lentil extract) Milk Juice Output

Control 10,0 45,0 45,0 100,0

Experiment 10,0 45,0 45,0 100,0

The technological scheme for producing a whipped drink is within the framework of traditional preparation technology. Still, it differs in introducing a dry base into it on the hydrolyzed blood plasma of farm animals. The production process of a cocktail from a dry protein base is recommended organizing according to the following technological scheme, shown in Figure 8.

Ruslan Omarov, Sergei Shlykov, Maksim Rebezov, Aleksandr Sorokin, Yilia Khlopova

Figure 8: Technological scheme for a whipped drink (cocktail) Table 3: Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the developed drink Indicators Mass fraction of dry substances, % not less Protein, % Carbohydrates, % Acidity, Â°T Ascorbic acid content, mg/100g, not less Vitamin B1 content, mg/100g, not less Vitamin B2 content, mg/100g, not less Vitamin Ca content, mg/100g, not less Vitamin Mg content, mg/100g, not less Mass fraction of vitamin P, mg/100g, not less Mass fraction of vitamin Fe, mg/100g, not less Taste and smell Colour Structure and consistency

Whipped drink (cocktail) Control Experiment 21.0 21.0 7.06 6.08 12.5 12.0 25.0 24.0 29.58 195.65 0.34 0.78 0.23 0.44 54.1 61.18 3.26 7.11 11.6 34.4 0.011 0.025 Pleasant, sweet and sour, fruity, Pleasant, sweet and sour, fruity, without foreign tastes and smell without foreign tastes and smell Color characteristic of the juice Color characteristic of the juice used used Foamy Foamy

Because of plant components, products based on extracts enriched with vitamins, minerals (table 3), it also noted an increase in the content of essential amino acids (Table 4). The experimental sample is not inferior to the control one in terms of protein content. At the same time, it contains a significantly higher amount of vitamins and minerals. To assess the biological value of the dessert product was studying its amino acid compositions. Table 4: The biological value of the protein of the developed drink Amino acids, g / 100 g protein Valine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine + cystine Threonine Phenylalanine + Tyrosine Tryptophan

Whipped drink (cocktail) Control Control 0.41 0.52 0.55 0.6 0.82 0.93 0.97 0.93 0.25 0.43 0.62 0.73 0.63 0.78 0.54 0.88

*Corresponding author (Ruslan Omarov). Email: RuslanOmarov@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.285

The amino acid composition showed that the content of essential amino acids in the protein of the test sample is higher, which indicates its higher biological value. Figure 9 shows the finished product of whipped drink based on biomodified blood plasma.

Figure 9: The finished product of whipped drink based on biomodified blood plasma.

6 CONCLUSION The methods of biomodification of blood plasma by enzymatic hydrolysis have been studied. Established that using collagenase enzyme preparation promotes the most effective hydrolysis of plasma proteins under the following process conditions: temperature 36-38°С, active acidity 6.7-7.1 units, the concentration of the enzyme preparation 0.36%, duration 2.8-3.2 hours. The optimal conditions for extractives from plant materials have been determined: for hibiscus and mint, temperature 70°С, duration 120 min, for chickpeas and lentils, temperature 60-65°С, for 100 min. A composition of a dry protein supplement for whipped drinks has been developed, including, in addition to the dry extract, fructose, and ascorbic acid. There proposed a recipe and a technological scheme for producing a new whipped drink using a dry protein base. The study of quality indicators showed that this product has high nutritional, biological value, and organoleptic characteristics.

7 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

8 REFERENCES [1] Antipova, L.V., Glotova, I.A., Rogov, I.A. (2004). Methods of research of meat and meat products. Moscow: Kolos. 571. [2] Antipova, L.V., Kuznetsov, A.N., Osminin, O.S. (2002). Development of combined bioproducts for specialized purposes using biotechnological methods of processing raw materials and extrusion technology. Success of Modern Natural Science, 2, 106-107. [3] Babiy, N.V., Solovieva, E.N., Pomozova, V.A., Kiseleva, T.F. (2013). Toning drinks with functional properties. Technics and technology of food production, 3, 101-105 [4] Baymatova, E.V., Lupinskaya, S.M., Moiseeva, Yu.A. (2009). Whey products with wild plant raw materials. Dairy industry, 3, 72 - 73. [5] Borisenko, E.V., Alekseeva, Yu.I., Dikun, M.Yu., Klimova, S.A. (2003). Non-alcoholic drinks based on natural plant raw materials. Beer and drinks, 5, 45-50. [6] Demina, E.N., Ivanova, T.N., Polyakova, E.D. (2006).Consumer properties of diabetic drinks. Beer and drinks, 6, 46-74. [7] Izgarysheva, N.V., Kriger, O.V., Lapin, A.P. (2012). The main aspects of blood processing of slaughter animals for functional dairy products. Biocatalytic technologies and technologies of renewable resources in the interests of rational environmental management: materials of the International Youth Conference. Kemerovo. 119-123.

Ruslan Omarov, Sergei Shlykov, Maksim Rebezov, Aleksandr Sorokin, Yilia Khlopova

[8] Krumlikov, V.Yu., Izgarysheva, N.V., Pozo-Dengra, J., Krieger, O.V. Development of technology of protein foaming agent for use in sports nutrition. Technics and technology of food production, 2, 16-21. [9] Mandryka, M.E. (2004). State and prospect of production of dry drinks from natural raw materials. Beer and drinks, 6, 10-16. [10] Nowak, B., von Mueffling, T. (2006). Porcine blood cell concentrates for food products: hygiene, composition, and preservation. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 2183-2192. [11] Omarov, R.S., Antipova, L.V. (2018). Obtaining biologically valuable extracts based on secondary raw materials of animal origin. Vestnik VSGUTU, 4(71), 75-81. [12] Omarov, R.S., Antipova, L.V., Shlykov, S.N. (2019). Obtaining a dry protein composition based on modified blood plasma. Bulletin of KrasGAU, 1(142), 149-156. [13] Pekhtereva, N.T., Dogaleva, L.A. (2003). Functional drinks based on vegetable raw materials. Beer and drinks, 2, 66-67. [14] Sizenko, E.I. (2007). Scientific support for the processing of livestock raw materials and the production of high quality food products. Achievements of science and technology of the agro-industrial complex, 10, 33-37. [15] Uspenskaya, M.E. Antipova, L.V., Ibragimova, Z.R., Gazdanova, R.Yu. (2013). Antianemic food products using the blood of slaughter animals. Bulletin of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 58(4), 151-153. [16] Devadason, I. P. (2010). Effect of different binders on the physico-chemical, textural, histological, and sensory qualities of retort pouched buffalo meat nuggets. Journal of Food Science, 75, 31-35. Ruslan Omarov is an Assistant of Profesor at the Department of Technology of Production and Processing of agricultural products, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Russia. He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. His researches are Meat, Meat Products, Farm Animal Blood.

Professor Dr.Sergei Shlykov works at the Department of Technology of Production and Processing of Agricultural Products, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Russia. He holds a Doctor of Biological Science. His research focuses on Meat, Beef, Animal Products and Meat Products.

Professor Dr.Maksim Rebezov works at V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation. He holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. His research focuses on Meat, Food, Milk Products.

Professor Dr.Aleksandr Sorokin works at K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation. His research encompasses on Meat, Food, Milk Products.

Dr.Yilia Khlopova works K.G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian Federation. Her research focuses on Meat, Food, Milk Products.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14S

EFFECTS OF NANOSTRUCTURED SAPROPEL ON THE LIVE WEIGHT OF GEESE AND THE QUALITY OF THEIR MEAT 1,2*

A.M. Ezhkova , V.O. Ezhkov , R.N. Fayzrakhmanov , 2,3 4 2,5 I.F. Alimov , V.E. Katnov , Yu.V. Larina 1

Department of Physiology and Pathological Physiology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, RUSSIA 2 Department for the Development of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Livestock, Tatar Research Institute of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Kazan, RUSSIA 3 Department of Animal Husbandry Technology and Animal Hygiene, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, RUSSIA 4 Department of Technology of Coating Materials and Coatings, Kazan Scientific Research Technological University, Kazan, RUSSIA 5 Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 10 March 2020 Received in revised form 03 August 2020 Accepted 07 August 2020 Available online 24 August 2020

Sapropel is a natural raw material containing biologically active substances - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and a wide range of macro- and micro-elements of natural origin. It is possible to use sapropel as a feed additive for increasing the productivity of farm animals and improving product quality. A nanostructured sapropel with 50-180nm particle sizes was made from the natural sapropel of Lake Beloye deposit in the Russian Federation. It demonstrated significant biological effects in living organisms. Its use for growing broiler geese in the conditions of peasant farming contributed to an increase in meat productivity. Adding nanostructured sapropel to the feeding of geese in the doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of the dry matter led to an increase in geese live weights up to 11.1% in comparison with the control group. Weights of eviscerated carcasses were also more than in the control group, and meat yield was up to 2.5% higher. In goose meat, the toxic chemical elements content, e.g. cadmium, lead, and nickel, was significantly lower than the permissible amounts, less than 0.02 mg/kg. Zinc content decreased by 6.7-17.1% and copper content by 30.3-42.4%, providing the production of high-quality, environmentally friendly poultry meat products.

Keywords: Nanostructured sapropel; Meat productivity; Geese livestock; Feed additive; Average daily gain; Nanoparticles; Chemical elements in goose meat, Linda geese; Atomic emission spectrometer; Heavy metal residual in meat.

Disciplinary: Agricultural and Animal Sciences, Biology, Biotechnology, Ecology, Veterinary Medicine, Chemistry. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (A.M. Ezhkova). Email: egkova-am@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.286

1. INTRODUCTION Such a rapidly developing poultry industry as fast-gaining poultry for the population plays an important role in ensuring the food security of our country (Fisinin et al., 2019). In the last few years, there is an increased interest in the production of goose meat as a dietary product with high biological and energy values. In the course of determining the quality parameters of goose meat, the authors studied the content of saturated fatty acids and chemical elements in pectoral and femoral muscle groups compared together. It was established that the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc is higher in femoral muscles than in pectoral ones. Pectoral muscles contain more monounsaturated fatty acids, protein, fat, sodium, and iron (Oz and Celik, 2015). Current trends in goose breeding allow controlling production processes by adding feed additives into geese diets. The authors showed the possibility of obtaining functional goose breeding products with high selenium content in meat raw materials what is highly demanded in the regions of selenium deficiency in the environment. It was found that adding feed additives based on organic selenium and vitamin E in the doses of 0.3 and 100 mg/kg to the diet of geese contributes to the production of selenized goose breeding products. Selenium content in birds that consumed these feed additives exceeded the control values in muscle tissues by 1.88-2.25 times, and in the liver by 1.68 times (Lukaszewicz, et al., 2016). Studies performed by the authors demonstrated the positive effect of Bio-Sorb-Selenium feed additive on the increase in live weight and meat quality of Italian white broiler geese. It was found that additives in feed in the doses of 500 and 1,000 g/t contributed to an increase in average daily gain by 5.26 and 6.54% in comparison with the control group. The best results were achieved while using additive at the dose of 1,000 g/t of feed; this resulted in a decreased moisture content in muscle tissue by 0.66%, increased protein content by 0.14%, fat content â€“ by 0.60%, and an increase in energy nutrition by 4.15% compared to the control group (Marshania, 2019). The authors demonstrated an increase in the meat productivity of Yangzhou broiler geese as a result of increasing feed conversion by using copper additive in their diets. Its use in the doses of 4.17; 8.17; 12.17 and 16.17 mg/kg increased the gain in live weight of geese and slaughter yield of carcasses. The content of minerals in feces and liver was also defined. It was found that the concentration of copper in the liver ranged from 8.77-11.6 mg/kg and corresponded to optimal values (Yang, et al., 2018). Studies carried out by the authors also showed an increase in the meat productivity of geese due to improved digestibility of nutrients of the feed enriched with lithium in different doses. A positive effect on the digestive processes was established. The best results were achieved while using lithium at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg of body weight. The authors noted a significant (P <0.05) increase in the digestibility of organic matter by 1.4%, crude protein by 1.5%, crude fat by 0.8%, crude fiber by 2.3%, and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1.0% compared with the parameters of the geese in the control group (Sobolev et al., 2019). The authors report on the positive effect of â€œLevisil SB plusâ€? yeast probiotic on the meat productivity of geese in the conditions of research and production experiments. It was found that this preparation in the doses of 500 and 1,000 g/t in geese diets caused an increase in the weight of eviscerated carcasses by 5.74% (131.0 g) and 9.63% (219.7 g), an increase in meat yield by 1.24 and 2.01%. Edible parts of a carcass increased by 7.26 and 12.3%, muscle tissue yield by 7.88 and

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

14.17%, pectoral muscles by 4.41, and 12.41% in comparison with the animals in the control group (Kornienko, 2018). Implementation of innovative poultry farming technologies and using new-generation feed additives with active nanoparticles contribute to increasing meat productivity and improving meat quality parameters; the latest helps to increase the effectiveness of additive action in birds. The authors analyzed the current state of using nanoparticles in the form of feed additives in bird diets. The advantages of using nanoparticles due to their large contact surface area and high absorption were stated. It was shown that silver, being currently the most common nanoparticle, contributes to the improvement of the microbiota of broiler chicks. The authors concluded that nanoparticles can be used for direct targeted delivery to organs and systems without their degradation what significantly expands and adds to the knowledge about the mechanism of action of nanoparticles in living organisms (Gangadoo et al., 2016). In this review, the authors present their studies on using copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) as an alternative to the stimulators of growth and development for animals and birds. The high bioavailability and immunomodulating properties of copper nanoparticles were described here. At the same time, lack of information was noted on the doses and duration of giving nanosupplements to animals; the need for further confirmation of the bioavailability of copper nanoparticles was mentioned (Abdullah Scott, et al., 2018). Scientific literature of recent years includes published studies by the authors on the development and use of nanostructured agro-minerals based on natural nonmetallic raw materials from deposits of the Russian Federation for feeding of farm animals and birds. The authors studied the issues of biological and toxicological safety of their use, established optimal doses for nanostructured phosphorites and nanosized bentonites in animal diets (Ezhkova et al., 2015). Sapropel is a unique natural compound that contains mineral and organic components: a wide range of macro- and micro-elements, low molecular weight protein complexes, vitamins, enzymes, etc. (Yapparov et al., 2014; Mityukov et al., 2016). Using sapropel for feeding farm animals increases their productivity and improves product quality by the content of high-grade protein and mineral components (Ezhkova et al., 2014). Different options for processing sapropel allow changing its physicochemical properties and obtaining new materials containing active nanoparticles that enhance or change known biological effects in a living organism (Rumyantsev et al., 2016; Ezhkov et al., 2016). In this connection, this work aimed to study the effect of sapropel and different doses of nanostructured sapropel in the form of feed additives on the meat productivity of Linda geese and the quality of their meat. Tasks were defined as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4.

To To To To

study the average daily gain and live weight of geese. study meat productivity parameters of geese. study the content of chemical elements in goose meat. find an optimal dose of nanostructured sapropel for feeding geese.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research materials include sapropel from Lake Beloye, Russian Federation; nanostructured sapropel obtained from it with the particle content of 50.0-180.0 nm; Linda geese aged 30-120 days, meat. *Corresponding author (A.M. Ezhkova). Email: egkova-am@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.286

Manufacturing of nanostructured sapropel was carried out by ultrasonic dispersion of sapropel dried to a moisture content of 1.0%, mechanically crushed, and sieved through a sieve (0.18 mm). An ultrasonic homogenizer UZV 28/200 MP RELTEC (Russia) was used at the frequency of 15.0 kHz (± 10%), the output power of the device was 100 W, and the exposure time was 20-22 minutes. The particle size of a nanostructured sapropel was defined using Brookhaven 90Plus/MAS nanoparticle analyzer (USA) (Ezhkov et al., 2014). Research and production experiments were carried out in the summer-autumn period based on “Akhmetov R.Kh.” peasant-farm in the Vysokogorsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan (Figure 1). Geese at the age of 30 days were divided into five groups, 500 animals in each, according to the principle of analogue groups by age, live weight, and sex.

Figure 1: Geese of the Lindovskaya Breed, Research and Production Experiments of this study. Geese of the control group 1 received “GKZ complete feed for geese” all-in-one feed (BD). This feed has the following composition (%): wheat 30.78; corn 35; sunflower meal 19.5; soybean meal 3.0; extruded soybeans 7.0; monocalcium phosphate 0.9; chalk 2.3; table salt 0.3; lysine 0.2; methionine 0.02; premix 1.0. Geese of the experimental group 2, in addition to BD, received sapropel in the optimal dose for waterfowl of 3.0% of the dry matter of diet (Ezhkova et al., 2014). Birds of experimental groups 3, 4, and 5 received nanostructured sapropel in the doses of 1.5; 1.0, and 0.5% of the dry matter of diet, respectively. Watering was centralized, with running water. Geese were kept in a brick building with a jointless concrete floor, floor housed, on a bed of sawdust. Ventilation in the building was natural and supply. Clinical and physiological condition of geese and livability of their livestock were taken into account in the course of this experiment. An increase in live weight was determined at the age of 4, 8, 12, and 17 weeks by individual weighing on “Mercury 315” electronic scales (Russia). The contents of copper, zinc, nickel, lead and cadmium compounds in meat were defined in accordance with GOST 30538-97 using Agilent 4210 microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (USA).

3. RESULTS Sapropel is bottom sediment in lakes that contain many biologically active substances, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, mineral components, vitamins, humic and hormone-like compounds, enzymes that activate many functional systems in farm animals and birds (Yakimov and et al., 2002) (Figure 2).

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Figure 2: Sapropel dried deposits of Lake Beloye (Russia). Using sapropel and nanostructured sapropel in different doses for feeding geese resulted in increased live weight gain (Table 1). Table 1: Average daily gain, live weight, and livability of geese livestock (*Р<0.05). Age, weeks 4 8 Average daily gain, g 12 Average daily gain, g 17 Average daily gain, g Absolute gain, g Relative gain, g Livability of livestock, % (birds)

1 1,790.0±11.2 3,770.0±25.3 66.0±2.4 4,710.0±43.6 31.3±1.8 5,670.0±98.2 32.0±3.4 3,880.0±30.2 100.0

2 1,790.0±10.4 3,800.0±22.1 67.0±2.2 4,790.0±51.2 33.0±1.5 5,985.0±80.1 39.8±4.3 4,195.0±28.8 105.5

98.2 (9)

98.6 (7)

Groups of geese (n=50) 3 4 1,810.0±14.1 1,820.0±12.3 3,820.0±20.4 3,860.0±23.7 67.0±1.8 68.0±2.1 4,810.0±40.4 4,900.0±35.2 33.0±1.1 34.6±1.8 6,120.0±74.3 6,300.0±81.0* 43.6±4.1 46.7±4.8 4,310.0±31.4 4,480.0±35.4 107.9 111.1 99.0 (5)

99.2 (4)

5 1,800.0±11.3 3,850.0±19.2 68.3±1.7 4,880.0±28.3 34.3±1.4 6,200.0±94.1* 44.0±3.9 4,400.0±27.1 109.3 99.2 (4)

It was noted that in the period from four to eight weeks of age, average daily live weight gain in geese was the highest: it was 67.0 ± 2.2 ... 68.3 ± 1.7 g in experimental birds and 66.0 ± 2.4 g in control ones. At the age from eight to twelve weeks, the average daily gain was 33.0 ± 1.1 ... 34.6 ± 1.8 and 31.3 ± 1.8 g, respectively. At the age of seventeen weeks (pre-slaughter), these parameters in experimental birds amounted to 39.8 ± 4.3 ... 46.7 ± 4.8 g and significantly exceeded control values of 32.0 ± 3.4 g. Obtained results of average daily gain in experimental geese corresponded to the parameters of genetic growth potential for the birds of this breed and to the periods of their physiological growth and development with a definite advantage over their equals in the age of the control group. It was established that by the period of technological slaughter, the live weight of geese receiving sapropel in the form of feed additive increased by 5.5%, or by 315.0 g per bird in comparison with the values in the control group. The best results were achieved in the group of geese receiving nanostructured sapropel in the dose of 1.0% – the increase amounted to 11.1%, or 630.0 g (P <0.05) per bird in comparison with the values in the control group. Adding nanostructured sapropel to geese feed at the dose of 1.5% and 0.5% of the dry matter of feed contributed to an increase in their live weight by 7.9 and 9.3%, or 450 and 530 g per bird, respectively, in comparison with the control group. It was noted that the highest dose of nanostructured sapropel was less effective in comparison with lesser doses of the additive. *Corresponding author (A.M. Ezhkova). Email: egkova-am@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.286

The technological slaughter of geese was carried out at 17 weeks of age. Parameters of meat productivity of birds depending on forms and doses of sapropel additives are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Meat productivity of geese, g (*Р<0.05) Parameter Pre-slaughter weight Weight of semi-eviscerated carcass Yield of semi-eviscerated carcass,% Weight of eviscerated carcass Yield of eviscerated carcass,%

1 5,670.0±98.2 4,380.6±92.1 77.2±3.2 3,240.2±70.4 57.1±1.1

Groups of geese (n=10) 2 3 4 5 5,985.0±80.1 6,120.0±74.3 6,300.0±81.0* 6,200.0±94.1* 4,680.2±84.2 4,870.5±90.1 5,100.3±93.1* 4,970.4±84.5 78.2±3.4 79.6±4.1 80.9±3.4 80.2±5.0 3,460.3±76.2 3,590.0±82.1 3,754.8±89.7 3,680.8±94.3 57.8±1.3 58.7±1.2 59.6±1.3* 59.3±1.0*

The best values were achieved in the group of geese that received different doses of nanostructured sapropel with feed. The weight of their eviscerated carcasses was 349.8; 514.6 and 440.6 g more than of control ones; this parameter in the sapropel group amounted to 220.1 g. The yield of eviscerated carcasses of geese that received nanostructured sapropel at the doses of 1.0 and 0.5% was significantly higher compared with the control group by 2.5 (P <0.05) and 2.2% (P <0.05). Goose meat was tested for the content of several chemical elements (Table 3). Table 3: Content of chemical elements in the meat of geese, mg/kg (*Р<0.05). Parameters Cadmium Lead Zinc Copper Nickel

Allowable amount no more than 0.05 no more than 0.5 20.0 5.0 no more than 0.5

1 < 0.02 < 0.02 15.98±4.79 5.35±0.21 < 0.02

Groups of geese (n=7) 2 3 4 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 15.23±4.21 13.24±3.97 14.14±4.18 4.94±0.92 3.83±0.17* 4.24±0.12 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02

5 < 0.02 < 0.02 14.90±4.12 4.52±0.14 < 0.02

It was established that the amount of regulated highly dangerous chemical elements, cadmium, and lead, as well as dangerous nickel in goose meat, was less than 0.02 mg/kg of weight what indicates the compliance of meat raw materials with hygienic requirements (SanPiN, 2001). Zinc content in goose meat was within its allowable range for meat raw materials. The copper level exceeded requirements by 1.07 times. It is well known that a complex of biologically active substances makes it possible to correct the content of heavy metals in living organisms and to obtain safe products (Donnik et al., 2019; Poryvaeva et al., 2019; Mikolaychik et al., 2020). Many authors note the unique character of the complex of biologically active substances in sapropel and mention its possibility of sorbing toxins of various nature (Mityukov et al., 2016). Long-term use of natural sapropel reduced zinc content in goose meat by 4.7% in comparison with control animals. In the meat of geese treated with nanostructured sapropel, a more significant decrease in zinc content was found; sorption levels showed a dose-dependent tendency. In the meat of geese which received the highest dose of nano-additive, zinc content was 17.1% lower than in the control samples. In the meat of geese treated with nanostructured sapropel in the dose of 1.0%, the decrease was 11.5%. The smallest dose of nanostructured additive caused a decrease in zinc amount by 6.7% in comparison with the control group. Using sapropel for bird feeding led to a decrease in copper content by 7.7% in comparison with control animals. In the meat of geese treated with nanostructured sapropel, copper content decreased

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

by 28.4; 20.7, and 15.5%, respectively, regarding the experimental groups 3, 4, and 5. The dose-dependent nature of this decline remained. It was noted that even the smallest dose of nanostructured sapropel 0.5% of the dry matter of diet demonstrated comparatively greater sorption properties than natural sapropel.

4. CONCLUSION Using sapropel feed additives for growing geese contributed to an increase in average daily gain in comparison with control animals. By the period of technological slaughtering, the increase in the live weight of geese was 5.5% when using sapropel, and 7.9%, 11.1%, and 9.3% when using nanostructured sapropel in the doses of 1.5%; 1.0%, and 0.5%, respectively. The yield of eviscerated carcasses of geese that received nanostructured sapropel with the diet at the doses of 1.0 and 0.5% was significantly higher by 2.5% and 2.2% in comparison with the control group. Adding sapropel feed additives to the feed of geese led to a decreased level of zinc (by 4.7%) and lead (by 7.7%) compounds in meat in comparison with the control samples. Nanostructured sapropel showed higher sorption properties with an evident dose-dependent nature. A dose of 1.5% resulted in the decrease in zinc by 17.1% and copper by 28.4%; at the dose of 1.0%, the decrease amounted to 11.5% and 20.7%; and at the dose of 0.5%, the decrease in zinc and copper level was 6.7% and 15.5% in comparison with the control values. The best results for increasing the meat productivity of geese and improving the biological value of their meat were achieved with the use of nanostructured sapropel in bird feeding at the dose of 1.0% of the dry matter of diet.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Donnik, I., Bykova, O., Krivonogova, A., Isaeva, A., Loretts, O., Baranova, A., Musikhina, N., and Romanova, A. (2019). Biological safety of cowsâ€™ milk under the conditions of technogenic agricultural ecosphere when using biologically active substances. International Transaction Journal of Engineering Management & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 10(2), 203-209. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.20 Ezhkov, V.O., Yapparov A.Kh., Nefediev E.S., Ezhkova A.M., Yapparov I.A., and Gerasimov, A.P. (2014). Nanostructured minerals: production, chemical and mineral compositions, structure, and physical and chemical properties. Bulletin of Kazan Technological University, 17(11), 41-45. Ezhkov, V.O., Yapparov, A.Kh., Ezhkova, A.M., Yapparov, I.A., Ezhkova, G.O., Faizrakhmanov, R.N., and Motina, T.Y. (2016). Studying the action of different doses of nanostructured sapropel on the morpho-functional state of the contact of the digestive system of white mice. Nanotechnologies in Russia, 11(7-8), 497-505. Ezhkova, A.M. Fayzrakhmanov, R.N., Shakirov, Sh.K., and Fayzrakhmanov-Jr., R.N. (2014). Improving the efficiency of dairy farming and milk quality with the help of natural minerals. Bulletin of Kazan Technological University, 17(10), 149-151.

Ezhkova, A.M., Yapparov, A.Kh., Ezhkov, V.O., Yapparov, I.A., Sharonova, N.L., Degtyareva, I.A., Khisamutdinov, N.Sh., and Bikkinina, L.M.-Kh. (2015). Production of nanoscale bentonite, *Corresponding author (A.M. Ezhkova). Email: egkova-am@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.286

studying its structure and toxic properties, and defining safe doses. Nanotechnologies in Russia, 10(1-2), 120-127. Fisinin, V.I., Royter, Ya.S., Royter, L.M., and Akopyan, A.G. (2017). Decreased import in poultry farming as a potential for increasing competitiveness in the industry. Poultry and Poultry Products, 2, 67-69. Gangadoo, S., Stanley, D., Hughes, R.J., Moore, R.J., and Chapman, J. (2016). Nanoparticles in feed: Progress and prospects in poultry research. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 58, 115-126. Kornienko, I.G. (2018). Results of slaughtering and anatomical dissection of the carcasses of young geese that consumed Levisel SB plus. Bulletin of Altai State Agrarian University, 3(161), 135-141. Lukaszewicz, E., Kowalczyk, A., and Jerysz, A.. (2016). Effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on chemical and fatty acid composition of goose meat and liver. Animal Science Papers and Reports, 34, 181-193. Marshania, I.V. (2019). Bio-Sorb-Selenium feed additive for feeding broiler geese. Bulletin of Kurgan State Agricultural Academy, 1, 35-38. Mikolaychik, I.N., Morozova, L.A., Kahikalo, V.G., Ovchinnikova, L.Yu., Yarmots, L.P., Karmatskikh, Yu.A., and Charykov, V.I. (2020). Microbiological supplements for metabolic rate correction in calves. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 11(2), 11A02S, 1-13. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.39 http://TUENGR.COM/V11/11A02S.pdf Mityukov, A.S., Rumyantsev V.A., Kryukov L.N., and Yaroshevich, G.S. (2016). Sapropel and prospects for its use in the agricultural sector. Society. Environment. Development, 2, 110-114. Oz, F., and Celik, T. (2015). Proximate composition, color and nutritional profile of raw and cooked goose meat with different methods. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 39, 2442-2454. Poryvaeva, A.P., Donnik, I.M., Isaeva, A.G., Krivonogova, A.S., Shkuratova, I.A., Musikhina, N.B., Baranova, A.A., Loretts, O.G., and Petropavlovskiy, M.V. (2019). Correction of oxidative metabolism of animals by means of biologically active complex of antioxidant defence. International Transaction Journal of Engineering Management & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 10(19), 10A19N, 1-7. DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.272 http://TUENGR.COM/V10A/10A19N.pdf SanPiN (2002). Food raw materials and food products. Hygienic requirements for food safety and nutritional value. Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations 2.3.2.1078-01, Approved by the Chief State Sanitary Inspector of the Russian Federation 2001, 272p. Scott, Abdullah, Krishna P. Vadalasetty, AndrĂŠ Chwalibog, and Ewa Sawosz. (2018). Copper nanoparticles as an alternative feed additive in poultry diet: a review. Nanotechnol Rev. 7(1), 69-93. Sobolev, O.I., Gutyj, B.V., Soboleva, S.V., Shaposhnik, V.M., Slyusarenko, A.A., Stoyanovskiy, V.G., Kamratska, O.I., Karkach, P.M., Bilkevych, V.V., Stavetska, R.V., Babenko, O.I., Bushtruk, M.V., Starostenko, I.S., Klopenko, N.I., Korol-Bezpala, L.P., and Bezpaliy, I.F. (2019). Digestibility of nutrients by young geese in the course of using lithium for their feeding. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(1), 1-6. Yakimov, A.V. (2002). Agromineral resources of Tatarstan and prospects for their use. Kazan: Fen, 272p. Yang, Z., Qi, X.M., Yang, H.M., Dai, H., Xu, C.X., and Wang, Z.Y. (2018). Effects of Dietary Copper on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Nutrient Content of Fecal in Growing Goslings from 28 to 70 Days of Age. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 20, 45-52.

E.V. Shatskikh, D.M. Galiev, I.V. Rogozinnikova, A.N. Masliuk

Yapparov, A.Kh., Aliev, Sh.A., Yapparov, I.A., Degtyareva, I.A., Ezhkova, A.M., Ezhkov, V.O., Khisamutdinov, N.Sh., Sharonova, N.L., Bikkinina, L.M.-Kh., Nefediev, E.S., Ezhkova, M.S., Yapparov, D.A., Kovalenko, L.V., Folmanis, G.E., and Fedotov, M.A. (2014). Scientific justification for the production of nanostructured and nanocomposite materials and technology of their use in agriculture. Kazan Publishing House: Center for Innovative Technologies, 304p. Professor Dr. Ezhkova Asiya Mazetdinovna teaches at Department of Physiology and Pathological Physiology of this Academy. She got a Doctor of Biological Sciences from the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and. N.E. Bauman. She was the Winner of the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan in the field of science and technology in 2014. Her research interests encompass the Toxicological Assessment and Biological Safety of Nanomaterials in the Soil-Plant-Animal system.

Professor Dr. Ezhkov Vladimir Olegovich works at the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science "Federal Research Center" Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences ". He holds Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor. from Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Scriabin in 2008. He currently the main researcher, Head of the Department for the Development of Bio- and Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry. The area of scientific interest is the study of the Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles in Living Organisms and their Targeted Delivery. Dr.Fayzrakhmanov Ramil Nailevich is Dean of the Faculty of Biotechnology and Standardization and an Associate Professor at the Department of Animal Husbandry Technology and Animal Hygiene. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences from the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and. N.E. Bauman., His areas of scientific interest are the Development of Feed Additives based on Natural Mineral Raw Materials and Technologies for their use in Animal Husbandry.

Katnov Vladimir Evgenievich is an Associate Professor at the Department of Technology of Coating Materials and Coatings of Kazan National Research Technological University.- He is a Candidate of Chemical Sciences,. He got a Master of Engineering and Technology in Chemical Technology and Biotechnology from the Kazan National Research Technological University. His research interests include Obtaining Nanoparticles, Studying their Physicochemical Properties, Steric and Static Stabilization.

Dr.Larina Yulia Vadimovna graduated from the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman in Veterinary. She received a Ph.D. in biological sciences (Pharmacology and Toxicology). Her research interests include Toxicological Assessment, Biological Safety, and the Structural and Functional State of Animal Organs and Tissues using Nanostructured Materials.

Alimov Ildus Fanisovich is a graduate student at the Department of breeding and veterinary hygiene, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman. He graduated from this Academy with a degree in Veterinary Medicine with honors. He was a Winner of the intra-university competition for youth research grants in 2020.

*Corresponding author (A.M. Ezhkova). Email: egkova-am@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.286

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14T

VOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT OF YOUNG COMPATRIOTS IN AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF SIBERIA: CASE OF STATE POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 1*

S.Y. Jangozyan , K.I. Kolesnikova , O.S. Nevskaya , A.S. Nikitina , 2 2 I.S. Tarbeeva , E.I. Vasileva , T.E. Zerchaninova 2 1

Department of International Relations, Urals Institute of Management – branch of Russian Academy of National Economics and Public Administration, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Regional and Municipal Management, Russian Academy of National Economics and Public Administration, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Human Resource Management, Russian Academy of National Economics and Public Administration, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 30 March 2020 Received in revised form 07 August 2020 Accepted 19 August 2020 Available online 26 August 2020

The article discusses the theoretical, methodological, and empirical aspects of the implementation of the state policy of voluntary resettlement of compatriots in the agricultural regions of Siberia. A review of scientific sources on the studied issues is carried out. The basis of the empirical study is the analysis of statistical data on the state and dynamics of the voluntary resettlement of compatriots in the agricultural regions of Siberia, as well as the analysis of statistical indicators of official reports of state authorities. In conclusion, the authors formulate the main problems in the field of voluntary resettlement of compatriots in the agricultural regions of Siberia and propose measures to address them.

Keywords: Young compatriots; Voluntary resettlement; Agricultural areas; Agriculture settlement; Siberia settlement; Migration direction; Rural settlement.

1 INTRODUCTION The sharp increase in migration activity in the post-Soviet space, the center of which was Russia, required the development of conceptual and methodological foundations of state policy in this area. This led to the inclusion of the policy of reception and accommodation of internally displaced persons and refugees in the competence of the federal center. The Federal Migration Service was designated as the responsible body, although duplication of powers was noted by representatives of state bodies (Balashova, 2009).

*Corresponding author (S.Y.Jangozyan). Email: Jangozyan@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.287

Regulatory formalization of the regions as subjects of a policy to support compatriots (including in the field of migration) should be attributed to the second half of the 1990s. In the federal migration programs 1994, 1996, 1998. The main mechanism of the regional policy was consolidated - regional and interregional migration programs (Anisimova et al., 2019). By 1994, 52 territorial bodies of the migration service had been created, which were responsible for most of the work of receiving migrants (in 1996, they examined 96% of the applications of 431 thousand). Thus, by the mid-1990s, when Russia received the largest number of immigrants, not all subjects had a representation of the FMS in the structure of regional bodies (Filippov, 2010). Also, there was a gap between the activities of federal and regional bodies, as well as the federal and regional regulatory framework. Researchers note that federal legislation established a strict framework that limited the independence of the regions, despite the fact that the operational work on the reception and arrangement of immigrants was to be organized, primarily in the field

2 METHOD The basis of empirical research is the method of analysis of statistical data of voluntary revisions of relevant indicators to Siberia and the analysis of statistical indicators in official reports of public authorities. Besides, the work uses data from independent Russian and foreign consulting and research institutions. These methods allow you to identify the main trends in the field of compatriots, identify possible problems, and propose measures to solve them. As theoretical research methods, methods of deduction and induction, comparison, generalization, data analyzing (2017-2020 years), and data forecasting were used.

3 STUDY DETAIL AND RESULT 3.1 RESULTS OF STATISTICS DATA The federal law â€œOn the state policy of the Russian Federation with regard to compatriots abroadâ€?, which for the first time consolidated the concept of a compatriot at the state level, also became the legislative basis that determined the place of regions in-state activities to support foreign compatriots. First of all, the law determined the powers of the regions, which included participation in the development of the fundamentals of the state policy of the Russian Federation and federal legislation, the formation on its basis of the regional legislation, as well as activities to conduct policies in this area (through the implementation of federal and regional programs). Also, actors have become sources of funding for policies in this area. It is worth noting that the evolution of legislation regarding the role of regions in the implementation of policies to support foreign compatriots is inconsistent (Gimatdinov, 2015). Thus, the federal law of August 22, 2004, excluded the provisions of the Federal Law "On the state policy of the Russian Federation with respect to compatriots abroad" on the powers and obligations of entities in this area, as well as the rights to finance activities to support compatriots from the budget of the entities. In addition, there was talk about the activities of the regions in this direction only within the framework of the delegation of authority by the federal center (first of all, to donor regions, whose budgets allow pursuing a policy in this area without prejudice to other areas). Meanwhile, the position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs testifies to the tendency to broader involvement of Russian regions in the implementation of the policy of supporting foreign compatriots. In 2010, the main provisions of federal law in the field of regional powers were returned (Gerasimova. 2019).

S.Y. Jangozyan, K.I. Kolesnikova, O.S. Nevskaya, A.S. Nikitina, I.S. Tarbeeva, E.I. Vasileva, T.E. Zerchaninova

Thus, the migration direction is one of the main ones in regional activity to support compatriots. As noted above, regional activity in this area is carried out through the implementation of the State program to promote voluntary resettlement to the territory of Russia. It should be noted that in the built-up system of mechanisms for its implementation, the experience of the 1990s was partially taken into account. The regions, which can be designated as the main subjects of activity for the resettlement of compatriots, are developing their own regional programs based on a federal one that is essential of a framework nature. The regional programs should reflect the specifics of the region, its ability to attract and equip compatriots. This document is required to join the Program. Other normative and normative-methodological documents are not binding and are developed by the regions to disclose the contents of the regional program organize its implementation and provide additional information to the resettlers (Gimatdinov, 2015). The leaders were the North Caucasus (242845) and Volga (206690) areas. The regions of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions occupied fifth and ninth places, respectively. Among the ZSR regions, the largest number was registered in the Novosibirsk Region (32529), Altai Territory (31311), Kemerovo Region (27253), and HRV - in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (14625). Researchers note that in the Kemerovo region in 1990-1991. The proportion of migration growth in the total population growth exceeded the proportion of natural growth; in 1994, migration growth compensated for 76.4% of the population loss due to excess fertility over mortality (in 1998 - by 11.8%). Significant migration inflow to Altai Krai in the 1990s allowed to achieve a “temporary demographic balance”, there is also a positive impact on the demographic position in other Siberian regions. Meanwhile, the migration situation of the 1990s became a significant burden for the regions in the absence of the necessary mechanisms for its provision. By the second half of the 1990s, there is a decrease in the share of Russians in the national composition of migrants from countries of the former Soviet republics (from 76% in 1993 to 67% in 1994, 63% in 1995, 60-61% in 1996-1998, 55 -58% thereafter). At the same time, 26.5% of the increase in 2000, 15.8% in 2001, and 17.8% in 2002 were obtained from the titular peoples of the CIS and Baltic countries. In the 2000s this trend continued. This suggests that the refugees of the 1990s (primarily Russian and Russian-speaking) were replaced, first of all, by labor migrants (mainly from Central Asian countries). In these conditions, the adoption of a program to facilitate the resettlement of compatriots to Russia is criticized by the scientific community as a belated measure to attract compatriots that would be relevant in the 1990s. Meanwhile, the growth of demographic problems in many regions makes it necessary to pursue a state policy of resettlement of compatriots as culturally closest to the host society and more capable of rapid adaptation. Based on socio-economic characteristics, the regions of Siberia and the Far East come to the fore when implementing the State Program. The adoption of the program in 2006 was partially regarded as the beginning of the formation of state policy for the repatriation of compatriots. Meanwhile, ideologically, the program was not repatriation. Researchers note the predominance of the “resource approach” associated to use the labor and economic potential of the Russian diaspora to satisfy Russia's internal interests. So, when filling out a questionnaire for participation in the State program, a compatriot indicates his profession and qualification, which is crucial when approving the questionnaires. The fact that the participants of the State Program are exempted from passing the mandatory exam for the Russian language, the history of Russia, and the fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation under conditions of the insufficient specification of the concept of “compatriot” further reduces the repatriation *Corresponding author (S.Y.Jangozyan). Email: Jangozyan@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.287

element and brings the Program closer to attracting labor migrants. The 2013 edition of the program abolished the prerequisite for having a workplace assigned to the migrant, and the program was extended to entrepreneurs and students, addressing the regional needs still remains a priority. Of the twelve regions of the Siberian Federal District, by 2016, 9 regions have entered the program: Altai Territory (2009), Republic of Buryatia (2011), Trans-Baikal Territory (2010), Irkutsk Region (2007), Kemerovo Region (2009), Krasnoyarsk Territory (2007), Novosibirsk Region (2007), Omsk Region (2009), Tomsk Region (2016), Republic of Khakassia (2014). Of these, three regions (Irkutsk and Novosibirsk regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory) became the first “pilot” regions in which a new program began to be implemented (since 2007). 6 5

5.536 4.876 Abroad

From Russia

3.993

4 3 1.959

1.332 1.072 1.031

0.922 0.182

2.105 1.701 1.15 0.448 0.549

0 0.23

0 Central Federal Disctrict

North West Federal Disctrict

South Federal Disctrict

North Kavkaz Federal Disctrict

Volga Federal Disctrict

Ural Federal Disctrict

Siberian Federal Disctrict

Far East Federal Disctrict

Figure 1: The number of resettled citizens under the state program by regions. (up to 2019, unit: thousand people). Early the program participating regions were divided into three categories of settlement, after the introduction of a single category of priority settlement territories from the regions of the Siberian Federal District, it included the Irkutsk Region, Trans-Baikal Territory, and the Republic of Buryatia (the remaining seven regions belong to the Far Eastern Federal District). Table 1: Types of payments and services to participants in the state program of voluntary resettlement. Type of Payments/ Services

Moving on the territory of the category “A” invasion

Type of Payments / Services

Moving on the territory of the category “A” invasion

Compensation for relocation

Upon submission of travel documents (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 150 of 03/10/07)

Compensation for the payment of a fee for the preparation of documents determining the legal status of a migrant Compensation package

Monthly unemployment benefits (no more than 6 months).

upon receipt of documents, within 15 days from the date of application (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 715 of 09.25.08) The provision of services in the field of education, health care, social services, and employment is similar to the citizens of the Russian Federation from the moment of registration at the place of stay (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1 dated 10.01.07) 50% of the living wage until the moment of obtaining It is not paid until the moment of citizenship of the Russian Federation (6 months), obtaining citizenship, then - as a citizen of hereinafter referred to as a citizen of the Russian the Russian Federation in accordance with Federation (Decree of the Government of the Russian applicable law Federation No. 8 of 01/15/07)

S.Y. Jangozyan, K.I. Kolesnikova, O.S. Nevskaya, A.S. Nikitina, I.S. Tarbeeva, E.I. Vasileva, T.E. Zerchaninova

Upon resettlement, the program participant and members of his family receive a state guarantee and social support, in particular, the cost of moving to a permanent place of residence is paid, the cost of paying the state fee is compensated, a lump-sum allowance for accommodation (“lifting”) is paid for the first six months at no other income, a benefit of 50% of the subsistence level in the region is paid (Table 1).

3.2 PROBLEMS OF VOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT OF YOUNG COMPATRIOTS IN AGRICULTURAL REGIONS OF SIBERIA The main problems for most regions of the Siberian Federal District participating in the program (according to regional resettlement programs) are the lack of qualified personnel against the background of a general reduction in the number of able-bodied people (as a result of migration or natural decline). In these conditions, the involvement of compatriots in these regions as individuals with great socio-cultural opportunities for integration into Russian society can be considered as one of the priority options in the migration direction for solving problems. However, it must be borne in mind that the State Program should not be considered as the main solution to the socio-demographic problems of the regions. Compensation for the outflow of skilled workers to the central Russian regions and abroad by migrants seems to be an extensive solution, while the severity of the problems requires intensification of state activity to increase the labor attractiveness of the regions among Russian citizens. Figure 2 shows statistics of voluntarily resettled in rural and urban areas in 2017-2020 years. As can be seen from the figure, the rural locally is the least attractive for citizens during the last 3 years, which is a significant problem. 120 100 80 77.5

60 40 20

78.2

79.3

urban territory rural territory

22.5 29.4

22.5

24.6

25.7

2017

2018

2019

2020

Figure 2: Voluntary resettlement of citizens in rural and urban areas (2017-2020) (thousand people) The reduction in the number of able-bodied people results in the need for the regions of the Siberian Federal District for qualified human resources. Of particular urgency is the need for medical workers, teachers, educators, as well as workers in industrial enterprises, construction, transport (masons, locksmiths, carpenters, drivers, engineers, installers, etc.). Given the growing demand for specific categories of human resources with redundant supply in other areas, mainly mental work (primarily, legal and economical professions), emphasizing the program on the qualifications of immigrants and its compliance with regional needs is also one of the options to reduce the severity of the deficit in personnel and polarization of supply and demand in the labor market.

Meanwhile, the reduction in the repatriation potential of the program associated with this situation, given the growth of low-skilled labor migration, primarily from Central Asian countries, appears as an unresolved problem of prioritization between repatriation and labor migration. Persons who are denied the status of a program participant (one of the main reasons for refusal is the inadequacy of the potential migrantâ€™s qualifications to the needs of the region) often increase the number of those who move to Russia outside the program. So, in 2009, 270594 people resettled from the CIS, Baltic countries, and Georgia outside the program, in 1790662 in 2010 (as part of the state programs as of January 1, 2015, the total number of arrivals was 130, 8 thousand participants, together with family members - 262, 9 thousand). Moreover, according to official data from the competent authorities of the regions of the Siberian Federal District, there is no complete correspondence between the qualifications of the migrants and regional needs, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the full labor supply of the migrants. There are two stages in the implementation of the program related to this issue: 1). As amended by the State Program, valid until 2013, program participants were resettled â€œfor vacant jobs,â€? subject to agreement with the employer and qualifications. At this stage, the problem was related to the fact that the employer was not always ready to wait for the arrival of the immigrant to Russia, and the vacant places turned out to be occupied. In addition, taxation difficulties for employers prior to citizenship made immigrants less attractive applicants. It was noted that employers prefer to post vacancies that remained unoccupied for a long time, which is a consequence of their prestige for the local population. There were cases when in the questionnaires one specialty demanded in the region was indicated, and a job search was carried out independently upon arrival in Russia, as a rule, for other specialties. 2). In the 2013 edition of the State Program, compatriots were given the right to choose the territory of the settlement, without focusing on the available places. In addition, the program was extended to the entire territory of the subject, rather than individual municipalities. This innovation increased the repatriation potential of the program and expanded the categories of potential participants (primarily at the expense of students and entrepreneurs). On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen the responsibility of regional state structures for support in the field of employment. This seems to be most relevant in the period before the migrant acquires citizenship since the employer gives priority to the citizen, and not to the holder of the certificate of the state program participant. The combination of problems in the field of employment entails the potential likelihood of replenishing the number of unemployed at the expense of immigrants. In this regard, it seems necessary to strengthen the support from the regional bodies of the participants of the State program (including those who are looking for work on their own), as well as the formation of an information field not only for migrants but also for potential employers. The greatest shortage of labor resources in the regions of the Siberian Federal District is observed in rural areas. This is primarily due to migration to cities (primarily regional centers) and outside the region. The main mechanisms for stimulating relocation to rural areas are the provision of housing or land for the construction of a residential building and the establishment of an economy (on preferential terms or free of charge when determining the time interval for mandatory permanent work), as well as subsidizing the acquisition of agricultural machinery and products. Meanwhile, both

S.Y. Jangozyan, K.I. Kolesnikova, O.S. Nevskaya, A.S. Nikitina, I.S. Tarbeeva, E.I. Vasileva, T.E. Zerchaninova

in the regional programs and in the State program for the promotion of voluntary resettlement of compatriots, insufficient attention is paid to the conditions of resettlement in urban or rural areas (the most detailed information is presented in the programs of the Republic of Khakassia and the Trans-Baikal Territory). In this regard, in regions with a significant polarization between the urban and rural populations, it seems necessary to pay special attention to the conditions of resettlement in rural areas (for example, as part of a subprogram or resettlement project). This will allow, on the one hand, focusing the attention of potential participants on the possibility of relocation to the countryside, on the other hand, to finance directly this direction, which is most relevant for the regions of the Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts. Regional programs, regulatory legal acts, and information materials in the regions of the Siberian Federal District contain information on compensations for migrants, both guaranteed by the State Program and specific to a specific region. The main point of support for compatriots at the regional level is the housing issue. The state program does not imply the provision of housing for immigrants, which seems natural in the context of the urgency of the housing issue for the local population. The regional authorities provide information support (providing information on housing rental opportunities, temporary accommodation in hotels, soft loans, and mortgages), as well as most regional programs, provide for partial compensation for hiring (usually before the period of obtaining citizenship). Also, regional programs imply some other payments aimed at increasing the attractiveness of the settlement territory for potential migrants. Among them is the payment of a fee for establishing equivalence of documents on education/qualifications, benefits in the absence of income, reimbursement of expenses for translation services of documents from a foreign language, expenses for retraining, etc. Meanwhile, many compensations apply not to the entire subject, but a specific municipal district. So, in the Yenisei district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, compatriots working in agriculture are given a 50% discount on a calf once a year, 2 tons of hay are allocated for those who keep cattle. Regional programs do not provide enough information on such compensation. Such information is partially contained in informational publications for compatriots (for example, in the magazine "Russian Century"), but they are not official regulatory and legal materials. Also, information on the implementation in the regions of programs of social and economic support for the population, in which migrants can take part, seems insufficient. The most widely presented information on programs for large and young families. Although since the start of the implementation of the State program, there has been an increase in the information component, both at the federal level (the creation of information Internet portals of immigrants, periodicals in electronic and paper versions, etc.) and at the regional level (conducting field and online presentations of regional programs, posting information on the websites of the competent authorities, sending information materials to the representative offices of the FMS of Russia abroad, consular posts, and other competent bodies). In this regard, it is necessary to expand the information content of both the State Program and regional programs. For the latter, the most relevant is the inclusion of information on compensation in certain areas of the subject (for example, in the form of an annex to the program) and maximization of information on the programs implemented in the region, of which migrants can become participants. One of the problems in the field of organizational support of the program should be noted the *Corresponding author (S.Y.Jangozyan). Email: Jangozyan@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.287

lack of a single body responsible for its implementation. In the regions of the Siberian Federal District, the competence in the organization of the resettlement of compatriots is also distributed among state bodies. In ten regions of the Siberian Federal District participating in the State Program in 2016, the authorities responsible for implementation are the departments of the Federal Migration Service and the institutions for ensuring and monitoring employment. At the same time, the executors are other regional bodies (in the field of health care, social policy, etc.), for the coordination and control of whose activities interdepartmental commissions for the implementation of programs are created. Also, in some regions, Public Councils are being formed as public advisory bodies. The attribution of the implementation of the resettlement policy of compatriots to migration services and employment institutions once again emphasizes the non-repatriation nature of the state program, aimed primarily at solving the demographic and socio-economic problems of the Russian regions. Even though, on the whole, the interdepartmental approach has significant advantages associated with complexity in implementing the resettlement policy, the absence of a separate competent authority and the attribution of this activity to the competence of the FMS brings the State Program closer both conceptually and organizationally to the policy of attracting labor migrants. Thus, by the mid-1990 s Russian regions are included in the system of state migration policy in the field of involuntary resettlement as its individual entities. At the same time, one cannot talk about the complete independence of the regions, since they did not possess a sufficient amount of resources (primarily financial). The main burden fell on the federal budget, which was executed with a significant deficit, and therefore the funds allocated for the implementation of migration programs did not meet their planned indicators (even though they were underestimated in comparison with the actual migration situation). The main organizational measures were carried out by regional bodies that did not have sufficient experience in their implementation and qualified personnel. The formed system of territorial bodies of the migration service was not fully integrated into the structure of regional bodies, in connection with which it is necessary to note the insufficient level of interagency cooperation, as well as the interaction between the levels of government in the regions. In the absence of sufficient state mechanisms, the main problem should be the absence of a system for the efficient use of the resources of resettlement organizations and coordination of their activities both at the state and regional levels. The resettlement policy of compatriots in the framework of the 2006 State Program was largely based on the principles laid down in the 1990s. The migration direction in the implementation of policies to support compatriots living abroad is the main one for the regions of the Siberian Federal District. This fact is explained by the fact that the State program to promote the voluntary resettlement of compatriots gives priority to the â€œresource approachâ€?, which implies the use of the resources of immigrants (labor, economic and socio-demographic) to solve regional problems. The reduction in the number of able-bodied people is a steady trend for most Siberian regions, and participation in the state program is seen as a way to compensate for its decline. Meanwhile, in the face of the severity of the problem, extensive methods should not replace intensive methods related to state policy to increase the attractiveness of regions for the local population. The most urgent problem is the lack of qualified personnel in rural areas of the Siberian Federal District. In this regard, it is necessary to shift priorities in regional programs to attract migrants to the

S.Y. Jangozyan, K.I. Kolesnikova, O.S. Nevskaya, A.S. Nikitina, I.S. Tarbeeva, E.I. Vasileva, T.E. Zerchaninova

village, for example, through the development of subprograms or resettlement projects. Besides, it seems necessary to increase the role of the federal center in stimulating resettlement in the countryside, since the severity of the problem requires a focused state policy. The competence of the federal center should also include the housing issue and the related problem of registration at the place of residence. Given the impossibility of preferential provision of housing for immigrants given the potential increase in negative attitudes on the part of the local population, a solution to the problem can be the creation of temporary accommodation centers with the possibility of registration in the municipal regions of the regions, but this process is not intensive enough. In this regard, coordination is required on the part of the federal center or the establishment of the presence of the CVR as a prerequisite for participation in the state program.

4 CONCLUSION Thus, Summing up, it should be noted that, despite the constant introduction of changes to the State program, its qualitative improvement in the implementation process (since 2006), there are flaws associated, inter alia, with a low level of coordination of regional activity by the federal center. On the example of the regions of the Siberian Federal District, it was revealed that in regional programs there is a lack of taking into account the specifics of subjects, and also a mechanism has not been developed to inform the local population about the implementation of the program (including employers). Also, some problems arising during the implementation of regional programs require an increase in the role of the federal center in coordinating regional activity to overcome them. In this regard, close interaction between federal and regional government bodies is necessary to create a bilateral information field and bring regional programs with real socio-economic processes in the subjects, as well as the objective needs of the migrants.

5 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-011-00760.

7 REFERENCES Anisimova T.Y., Naliukhin A.N., Khamitova S.M., Avdeev Y.M., Belozerov D.A. (2019). Responses of soil properties and crop productivity to peat - fertilizers in Russia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 8(2), 180-189. (In Russ.) Balashova T.N. (2009). Problems of the implementation of the state policy of the Russian Federation with respect to compatriots abroad. Vestnik RUDN, Series: legal sciences, 1, 5-10. (In Russ.) Filippov V.I. (2010). Formation of the state policy of Russia in relation to compatriots abroad. Power, 12, 46-49. (In Russ.) Gerasimova V.A. (2019). Russian compatriots abroad. Post-Soviet Studies, 2(1), 904-921 (In Russ.) Gimatdinov R.R., Nasyrov I.R. (2015). Interaction with compatriots at the level of Russian regions: the experience of Tatarstan. Bulletin of MGIMO University, 3(42), 94-102. (In Russ.) *Corresponding author (S.Y.Jangozyan). Email: Jangozyan@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.287

PRF. (2006). On measures to facilitate the voluntary resettlement of compatriots living abroad in the Russian Federation (together with the "State program to facilitate the voluntary resettlement of compatriots living abroad in the Russian Federation"). Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (PRF) 2006, No.637. RFL. (1999). On the state policy of the Russian Federation in relation to compatriots abroad. Russia Federal Law (RFL) 1999, No. 99-FZ. Zerchaninova Tatyana Evgenievna is an Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Regional and Municipal Management. She is a Candidate of Sociological Science.

Vasilieva Elena Igorevna is an Associate Professor of the department of regional and municipal administration. She is a candidate of sociological sciences Her research interests include Public Service, Municipal Administration

Dr.Nikitina Alena S. is an Associate Professor of the Department of Human Resources Management at the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. She obtained her PhD in Sociology of Innovation Among Civil Servants. Dr. Nikitina's interests involve Applications of Sociology to Business Communications.

Kolesnikova Ksenia Igorevna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Regional and Municipal Administration. She is a Candidate of Sociological Sciences. the author of 50 scientific and methodological works, of which 1 monograph: “State-confessional relations in Russia: problems of sociological research”. Published 7 articles in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. Research interests: Regional Public Administration; Control and Supervisory Activities of Public Authorities

Tarbeeva Irina Sergeevna is an Assistant at the Department of Regional and Municipal Management. Her research interests are local government, territorial communities.

Jangozyan Stella Yurievna is Head of Department of International Relations, Urals Institute of Management – branch of the Russian Academy of National Economics and Public Administration. a Candidate of Political Science. Her research interests are local government, young policy, international political science.

Nevskaya Olga Sergeevna is an Assistant at the Department of Human Resource Management. Her research interests are State Property Management in the Digital Economy.

S.Y. Jangozyan, K.I. Kolesnikova, O.S. Nevskaya, A.S. Nikitina, I.S. Tarbeeva, E.I. Vasileva, T.E. Zerchaninova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering. Management. & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A14U

INCREASE IN ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF MICE VIA THE DISCHARGE METHOD M.V. Glukhova 1

Department of Morphology, Microbiology, Pharmacology and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise, Vyatka State Agricultural Academy, Kirov, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 30 March 2020 Received in revised form 04 August 2020 Accepted 18 August 2020 Available online 28 August 2020

We studied the resistance of laboratory mice to complete food starvation and the possibility of using the unloading method in breeding laboratory animals. The use of one- and two-day unloading periods positively affected the duration of the reproductive period of starving mice. In mice with two unloading days, reproduction continued with an average for 22.3 months, that is, about two years. This is 5.5 times more than in the control group, where the duration of the reproductive period was only 4 months, that is, less than six months. Positive changes were also obtained in terms of the life expectancy of experimental animals. Individual animals in the group with two hungry days a week lived more than 1050 days and on average 28.9 months. The life expectancy of mice of the control group in females, on average, was 563, and in males 604 days, which is 50% less than the life expectancy of mice in the experimental group. The use of one and two fasting days per week violates the reproductive cycle of females and the insemination ability of males.

Keywords: Food unloading; Life sustainability; Rat adaptation; Hunger mice; Mice reproducibility; Mouse breeding; Mice progeny; Laboratory mice; Zooculture.

1 INTRODUCTION It is known that the food factor is one of the fundamental in living nature. The availability of food resources to a large extent ensures the maintenance of a high number of animals in natural conditions. The resistance of animals to starvation is a reflection of the ecology of the species, its important biological characteristic (Pavlinin, 1951). In food adaptations, all the animal's vital needs for energy and structural nutrients that determine their vital activity are biologically balanced. In the process of the evolutionary development of living organisms, specific adaptations to the natural rhythmic change in the nutritional factor were formed. Wildlife in its evolutionary development has adapted various organisms to the seasonality of natural phenomena and to periodic changes in food conditions (Slonim, 1979; Saraev, 1974; Zabolotskih, 1997; 2000). *Corresponding author (M.V. Glukhova). Email: maryna.gluhova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.288 .

The most important characteristic of the level of ecological plasticity of animals of different species is their adaptability to poor nutrition or the periodic lack of feed. The problem of the resilience of animals of different species to temporary starvation is not only scientific but also practical, as it allows to rationalize the production process, significantly reduce the cost of maintaining and feeding farm animals (Arakeljan, 1973; Saraev, 1974; Zabolotskikh, 1997; 2000). In modern zooculture, the unloading method has been developed and is beginning to be used as a zootechnical technique to maintain factory fatness in the breeding stock. For example, in fur farming, food unloading in the form of one or two "hungry days" per week is quite effective. Besides, taking into account the biological characteristics of animals, to increase reproducibility, it is possible to use periodic, longer food unloadings (Saraev, 1974; Zabolotskih, 1987; 2004). Along with farm animals, a significant place in terms of mass is occupied by various laboratory animals. Today there is a whole industry for growing laboratory mice. In the laboratories of the world, white mice and forms of other colors obtained from a house mouse are most often contained. For many studies, these animals are completely indispensable; keep and breed them is easy. Laboratory mice achieved a high degree of domestication, lost their natural wildness, and were easy to handle. Mice are unpretentious, they are easy to feed, they are small in size (Zapadnjuk, 1983). The mouse is a good model of biological processes in humans and animals. For works that do not require absolutely identical animals, mice that do not belong to clean lines, the so-called "non-linear mice," are raised. The speed of reproduction is one of the many advantages of the mouse as an experimental animal, and obtaining offspring is an integral part of many experiments (Sidorchuk, 2009). The duration of pregnancy in a laboratory mouse is 20-25 days. Muscles are born naked and blind and weigh only 1-2 grams. However, they are developing rapidly. From the ninth day, the mice begin to become woolly, and on the 9-14th day, their eyes already open. The mother feeds the babies with milk for about 20-25 days, but by the end of this time, they eat everything that adult animals eat. At two to three months of age, the mice become quite adults (Zapadnjuk, 1983). The weight of an adult mouse is 20-35 grams. Life expectancy is one and a half to two years. But they breed very quickly: in one litter, on average, there are from 5-8 cubs, and in a year a female can give birth from four to nine times (Zapadnjuk, 1983; Sidorchuk, 2009). Finding experimental animals in the vivarium involves certain costs associated with the care and feeding. Daily feed consumption rates are differentiated by weight and age groups of animals. For example, in young mice weighing from 8-14 grams, the daily rate of consumption of the grain mixture is 4 grams; weighing from 14-22 grams - 5 grams of the mixture; in adults 11 grams of grain mixture. The main thing for the normal existence of animals is the variety of feeds. Feed must be fed to the feeders in small quantities. Otherwise, animals quickly contaminate their cage with surplus feed, which are not used further, because animals get used to using fresh food. Thus, part of the feed is simply thrown away, increasing the cost of maintaining animals (Zapadnjuk, 1983; Glukhova, 2014). It was found that excessive feeding of animals of the maternal herd adversely affects reproduction. Therefore, in recent years, the unloading method in the form of one or two "hungry" days per week has gained increasing relevance (Zabolotskih, 2004; Glukhova, 2014).

2 STUDY DETAILS This research aimed to study the level of resistance of laboratory mice to complete food

M.V. Glukhova .

starvation and the possibility of using the discharge method for breeding laboratory animals. The experiment was conducted in the vivarium of the Vyatka State Agricultural Academy and lasted about three years. The test was carried out on clinically healthy white mice, the same age of 45-50 days, which had not previously been tested. The average mass of males was 20.7 ± 0.58 grams; the average weight of the females is 18.0 ± 0.65 grams. Before the experiment, the animals were quarantined for 10 days (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Animals in quarantine. To identify the effect of fasting days on the reproductive function of white mice, based on analogues, three groups of 10 individuals were formed. Of the males and females, they were not related pairs and were transplanted into separate cells (Figure 2). Mice were fed daily with a mixed-type diet. Drinking water was not limited. The first group was used for control. In the second group, one fasting day per week was arranged for mice, and in the third group, two fasting days per week. On fasting days, the animals did not receive food at all, and the water remained plenty.

Figure 2. Allocation in pairs. The second part of the experiment was to determine the level of resistance of animals to complete starvation. The experiments were carried out on white mice of different sexes and ages in the *Corresponding author (M.V. Glukhova). Email: maryna.gluhova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.288 .

vivarium of the Vyatka State Agricultural Academy. The air temperature in the room was in the range of 20-25Â°C. Of the 40 experimental white mice, two groups of 20 mice each were created. Each group included young animals aged 30-35 days, middle-aged 45-50 days, and adult animals 75-80 days, which were already involved in reproduction. All animals were seated in individual cages. The animals of the first group were completely devoid of food, and access to water was not limited (complete starvation). Animals of the second group were deprived of food and water (absolute starvation).

3 DISCUSSION Mouse-like rodents are multiple-breeding animals that reach puberty early with short, multiple repetition cycles. As you know, the animal reproductive system is very sensitive to various negative factors (Zapadnjuk, 1983; Sidorchuk, 2009). Reproduction of mice in all groups began at one time, one and a half months after the formation of pairs. In the first reproductive cycle in the control group, litter was obtained in only one pair of five. In the first experimental group with one fasting day, the offspring appeared in all couples, and in the group with two fasting days in the first breeding cycle, 75% of the females were born. The number of newborn babies in one litter varied from 5-11 mice per female (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Grown young animals. In all groups of experimental mice, the average body weight at the beginning of the experiment for young females was at the level of 17.5-18.0 grams, for males 19.5-20.0 grams. By the beginning of breeding, the indicator of average body weight in males in all groups increased to 31.5 grams, in females, body weight also increased and was within 30-31 grams. Pregnant females, depending on the number of gestating fetuses and the stage of pregnancy, reached a weight of 45-53 grams. Fasting days changed the rhythmic growth rate of young animals but did not adversely affect the weight and linear parameters of mice that received fasting days once or twice a week. The body length of females

M.V. Glukhova .

and males in all groups averaged 8.6-8.7 cm. One year after the start of the breeding season, the bodyweight of mice increased slightly. The average weight of males in the experimental groups was 34,8 grams, and in the control, the weight of males was 33.7 grams, i.e. 1 gram less. Somewhat large differences in body mass indices in females of different groups. In the experimental groups, adult females, despite the presence of fasting days, weighed, on average, 34 grams, and in females in the control, the average body weight was 3 grams less. Consequently, fasting days did not adversely affect the dimensional performance of experimental animals. On the contrary, there was a positive trend in increasing body mass in both females and males. The number of litters in different females of the control group ranged from 1 to 5 and, on average, was 2.5 litters per female for the entire breeding period. In mice starving 1 day per week, the number of litters ranged from 3-8 and averaged 6.3 litters per female. In mice of the second experimental group, with two fasting days, the reproductive activity of females was the highest. In individual females, the number of litters reached 10-11 and, on average, amounted to 6.8 litters per female. This is 2.4 times more than in the control group (Table 1). Table 1: The results of the propagation of laboratory mice during food unloading Groups animals 1 Unloading day in a week 2 Unloading days in a week The control

Number of pairs in Group

Number litters on average on the female

Number born mice average on the female

Number well-fed mice average on the female

Survivors mice (%) at the age of 1 month

Death mice (%) before weaning

6.3±0.13

37.8±0.61

25.8±0.45

68.2

31.8

6.8±0.70

47.0±0.13

41.0±0.38

87.2

12.8

2.5±0.63

15.0±0.28

7.3±0.46

48.7

During the entire breeding period in the group with one fasting day, the fecundity of mice averaged 6,3 cubs per female. The highest fecundity was in the group with two fasting days. In the first year, an average of 10 mice per female. In the second year of life, the fertility of females of this group decreased slightly and the average fertility for the entire period was 6.9 mice per female. The control group showed the lowest fecundity for the entire breeding period of 5.5 cubs per female. The number of mice born is also significantly different in different groups. So in the experimental group with one day of fasting, 37.8 mice were born per female. Starving people twice a week have 47 mice, which is three times more than in the control group, where, over the entire observation period, on average, only 15 cubs were born per female, of which 7.3 calves survived and were bred the female. Therefore, the departure of young animals in the postembryonic period in the control group amounted to more than 50% (Figure 1). The bodyweight of newborn mice in groups in different reproductive cycles had certain differences. In the first reproductive period, there was a slight excess in body weight in newborns of the control group. The average weight of the newborn was 1.48 grams. In the experimental group with one fasting day, the weight of the newborn mouse was 1.34 grams, and in the group, with two fasting days, this figure was 1.35 grams. The lower body weight in newborn mice in the experimental groups is objectively associated with a large number of offspring in offspring in starving females, and not with embryogenesis pathology. In subsequent reproductive cycles in the experimental groups, the *Corresponding author (M.V. Glukhova). Email: maryna.gluhova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.288 .

average body weight in newborns increased to 1.8 grams in the group with one fasting day and up to 1.5 grams in the group with two fasting days, despite the steadily increased fertility. The body weight in newborn babies in the control group in subsequent reproductive cycles remained unchanged. Indicators of the safety of cubs in the post-embryonic period indicate the usefulness of the young obtained from starving mice. The viability level of mice obtained in different groups had significant differences (Table 1). The mice from the first offspring obtained in the control group had low viability and all died during the lactation period. In the future, the safety of young animals in this group improved significantly and amounted to 48.7%, but remained significantly lower than in the experimental groups. In the first experimental group with one fasting day, 68.2% of the mice that were born were preserved and reared before precipitation. In the group with two days of fasting, 87,2% of the mice of the total number of newborns in this group were raised to deposit. 50 45

the number of litters

numeric values

number of mice born

the number of mice grown

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

1 unloading day 2 unloading days

the control

Figure 1: Results of breeding mice with one and two fasting days per week and in control. The safety of young animals is an indicator not only of the increased viability of young animals obtained from â€œstarvingâ€? females, but also of the high milk production of females. Milkness in female mice of all groups was determined in the first reproductive period. We used the technique used in rabbit breeding (Gogelija, 1966; Zabolotskih, 2005; Nigmatullin, 2011), with a milk ratio of 2. The calculations included only a 20-day period of milk feeding before the use of young vegetable feed. During the lactation period, the fasting days were canceled, and after the young were deposited, they were resumed and carried out weekly according to the previously outlined scheme. According to the calculations made over a twenty-day lactation period in the first experimental group with one fasting day, the milk yield indicator was within 83 grams of milk per female. In the second experimental group, with two days of fasting and fertility of up to 10 calves, the milk yield in mice reached 118 grams of milk per female, which is two times more than in females of the control group, in which milk averaged 58 grams of milk per female. The use of one- and two-day unloading periods had a positive effect on the duration of the reproductive period of starving mice (Table 2).

M.V. Glukhova .

Table 2: Duration of reproductive period and life of laboratory mice with food unloading Groups animals 1 Unloading day in a week 2 Unloading days in a week The control

Number of pairs in Group 5

Duration reproductive period (months) 12.0

Duration all life (months) 23.6

Attitude period breeding mice to duration life in % 50.8

22.3

28.9

77.2

4.0

19.4

20.6

In the group with one fasting day, the reproductive period lasted 12 months, and in mice with two fasting days, reproduction lasted an average of 22.3 months, that is, about two years. This is 5,5 times more than in the control group, where the duration of the reproductive period was only 4 months, that is, less than six months. Positive changes were also obtained in terms of the life expectancy of experimental animals. In the first experimental group with one fasting day, females, on average, lived 733, and males 685 days. An even more significant increase in life expectancy was observed in the group with two fasting days per week. Some animals in this group lived more than 1050 days and on average 28.9 months. The life expectancy of mice of the control group in females averaged 563 days and in males 604 days, which is 21-22% less than in the first experimental group and 50% less compared to the life expectancy of mice in the second experimental group. The observed ratio of life expectancy between females and males in starving mice is in good agreement with the well-known general biological pattern, characterized by increased life stability of females compared to males (Zapadnjuk, 1983; Sidorchuk, 2009). In both experimental groups, the life expectancy of females is 1-1.5 months longer than that of males. In the control group, females lived on average 40 days less than males. Such a mismatch in the ratio of the life expectancy of females and males in the control group can be explained by the imperfection of the technology for keeping and feeding animals adopted in zooculture. A peculiar violation in energy metabolism leads to a decrease in the overall life stability of animals and a decrease in life expectancy. In the complete absence of feed, life expectancy in mice of different sex and age ranged from 2 to 10 days. The most resistant to complete starvation were adult females. Before fasting, the bodyweight of females averaged 31.2 grams. The fatness index (the ratio of body weight to body length) ranged from 3.2-4.5. During the starvation of mice, a gradual decrease in body weight was observed. In individuals, the final weight parameters decreased by 23-53% of the initial weight of the animal. The maximum life expectancy without feed was observed in the female who had the largest body weight (35.6 grams) and the highest fatness index (4.5). But from the results of the experiments, it can be seen that the other female, who had the smallest body mass among adult females and a low fatness index, also lived without food close to the deadline of 9 days. While one of the mice, which had a relatively high fatness index, died without food after three days, that is, a week earlier than the first. Not only body weight and fatness index affect the level of animal resilience to prolonged fasting. Of great importance is the intensity of metabolic processes, which largely determine the rate of weight loss during fasting. For example, in an adult 80-day old female, during the first three days of fasting, body weight decreased by only 18.5%, and in a female who died three days after the start of fasting, the weight loss was 23.3%, i.e. almost 5% more. Probably, in this animal, the adaptation mechanisms turned out to be less perfect, which led to an accelerated consumption of internal energy *Corresponding author (M.V. Glukhova). Email: maryna.gluhova@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.288 .

resources and an intensive decrease in body weight. A similar pattern was observed in starving males. Adult males of white mice were not inferior in size to females. The body length parameters of the males were 0.6 cm, the masses were 6.7 grams more than the females, and the fatness index was 0.6. Males were less resistant to starvation, in contrast to females. However, there are observations when males with a relatively small mass and a low level of fatness lived without food for a long enough time, while others, on the contrary, having a high level of fatness died quickly. The presence or absence of drinking water in white mice did not significantly affect the resistance of males to starvation. Life expectancy at absolute fasting without water in adult males ranged from 3-6 days, and during fasting with water was observed in the range from 2-7 days. Loss of body weight in males, with absolute starvation, ranged from 26-44% and averaged 35%. With complete starvation, male indicators of weight loss were in the range from 22-38%, on average, a decrease in mass occurred by 32% from the initial level. Of great importance in resistance to starvation is the age factor. In adult females, the average life expectancy during complete fasting was almost 8 days, and in adult males about 4.5 days. The decrease in body weight in starving females at the age of 80 days was within 35-41% and in adult males 32.2-35.0%. At the age of 45 days, the average life expectancy in males reached 3.6, and in females up to 3.8 days. The decrease in body weight in males was 33.9%. and in females 34.5%. Males aged 30-35 days, died within 3 days. The average decrease in body weight during the starvation of young males was 24.6%, which is 7-10% less than in adults. In this experiment, the males were not inferior to the females in linear dimensions, and in terms of fatness and body weight were 5-6% superior to females of the same age. Despite this, the life expectancy of males was somewhat less than that of females.

4 CONCLUSION Based on the obtained experimental results, the following conclusions can be drawn: the use of one and two fasting days per week does not violate the reproductive cycle of females and the insemination ability of males; lengthens the reproductive period and the total life expectancy of animals; the use of fasting days increases milk production in lactating females and ensures good viability of young animals; female mice are more resistant to nutritional deficiencies than males; the limits of adaptive capabilities and resistance to starvation in mice significantly depend on age and to a lesser extent on the level of fatness. Food unloading is biologically and scientifically substantiated, it is an important structural link in any biological system, contributing to the realization of the reproductive potential and vitality of animals of different taxonomic groups. The development and use of the discharge method in zooculture are technologically feasible and cost-effective (Kerimbekov 1989; Zabolotskih 2000; 2004; 2005). The unloading method should take its rightful place in progressive zootechnology and, as an innovative element, be more actively used in the national economy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I express my deep gratitude to my colleague and mentor, Yuri Stepanovich, Zabolotsky. His help, support, and extraordinary performance have become decisive in carrying out the work to which this article is devoted.

M.V. Glukhova .

6 AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7 REFERENCES Arakeljan, S.A. (1973). Starvation as a physiological, biochemically useful and radical method for regulating the metabolism of red-headed old birds in order to obtain a new egg-laying cycle and update plumage. Nauka s/h proizvodstvu, Belgorod, 3, 87-90. Glukhova, M.V. (2014). Fasting days in breeding laboratory animals. sbornik statej 65 mezhdunar.nauch-prakt. konf. Aktual'nye problemy nauki v agropromyshlennom komplekse, Kostroma, 94-96. Gogelija, A.N. (1966). Milkness of females and development of rabbits. Krolikovodstvo i zverovodstvo, 6, 24p. Kerimbekov, E. B. (1989). Fasting days. Krolikovodstvo i zverovodstvo, 1, 11p. Nigmatullin, P.M. (2011). Milk content of rabbits of different breeds and factors influencing it. Vestnik Orel GAU, 32(5), 40-44. Pavlinin, V.I., Shvarc S.S..(1951). Experience in environmental assessment of the effects of starvation on animals. Zoologich Zhurnal, 30(6), 620-628. Saraev, V.G. (1974). The role of physiologically active substances of decay in human and animal biology. Uspehi fiziologicheskih nauk, 5(4), 96-129. Sidorchuk, A.A., Glushkov A.A. (2009). Infectious diseases of laboratory animals. SPB.: Lan', 128p. Slonim, A.D. (1979). The doctrine of physiological adaptations. Jekologicheskaja fiziologija zhivotnyh, L.:Nauka, 79-182.

Rukovodstvo po fiziologii:

Zabolotskih, Ju.S. (2005). Agrarnaja nauka Severo-vostoka evropejskoj chasti Rossii v nachale XXI veka. 75-letiju Vjatskoj gosudarstvennoj sel'skohozjajstvennoj akademii.: sbornik nauchnyh trudov. (discharge method as an innovative element of livestock). Kirov, 52-62. Zabolotskih, Ju.S. (1997). Ethology, homeostasis and reproduction of fur animals against alimentary starvation. Sel'skohozjajstvennaja biologija, 2, 48-58. Zabolotskih, Ju.S. (2000). Scientific basis and practice of food unloading in fur farming. Dissertation, Kirov, 211-216. Zabolotskih, Ju.S., Gluhova M.V. (2004). Using the discharge method for breeding small herbivorous animals. Sostojanie i problemy veterinarnoj sanitarii, gigieny i jekologii v zhivotnovodstve mater mezhd. N-prakt konf., Cheboksary, 94-98. Zapadnjuk, I.P., Zaharija E.A. (1983). Laboratory animals. Breeding, maintenance, use in the experiment. Vishha shkola, 383p. Glukhova Marina Valentinovna is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Morphology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise of the Kirov Agricultural Academy. She received a degree of Candidate of Veterinary Sciences from the Scriabin All-Russian Institute of Helminthology in Moscow. She participates in the research topic "Rationalization of Feeding and Breeding of Fur-Bearing Animals in Cages Using Dosed Food Unloading." In particular, it studies Adaptive Capabilities, Biological Reserves, and the Limits of Vitality of Laboratory Animals to Starvation.

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “From Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agriculture” (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020.. *Corresponding author (M.V. Glukhova). Email: maryna.gluhova@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.14 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A14U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A14U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.288 .

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