Issuu

Volume 11 Issue 10 (2020)

(Special Issue: Selected Articles from IDSISA2020 Conference @ RUSSIA)

ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

http://TuEngr.com BEHAVIORAL VETERINARY MEDICINE: A NEW DIRECTION IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN COMPANION ANIMALS EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF DAPS-25K AFTER A SINGLE INTRAGASTIRIC ADMINISTRATION TO MICE AND GUINEA PIGS ANALYSIS OF FOODSHARING IN THE INTERESTS OF SMALL AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER REGIME OF HIGH-POTENTIAL DECORATIVE VARIETIES AND FORMS OF THE GENUS Malus Mill ANALYSES OF TRAITS RELATED TO HIP AND ELBOW DYSPLASIA IN GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS

INCREASING THE OATS (AVENA SATIVA) PRODUCTIVITY WHEN CO-USE OF FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATOR IN CONDITIONS OF THE NONCHERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA MORPHO-BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES ASSESSMENT DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROPONIC THERAPIES OF PURULENT MASTITIS IN CATS TECHNOGENIC ECOSYSTEM AS THE MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING THE IMMUNOBIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF ANIMALS WORKING PLACES NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES FOR MILK PROCESSING INDUSTRY PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF MYCOSES CAUSED BY FUNGI OF THE GENUS MUCOR, ASPERGILLUS, IN MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES MORPHOLOGY AND VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION OF MARAL LIVER FORMATION OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN BROILER CHICKENS WHEN ADDING A BETULIN-BASED PHYTOBIOTIC AND PROBIOTIC INTO THE DIET PHOTOCATALYTIC METHOD OF DISINFECTION OF INDOR AREAS WITH INCREASED MICROBIAL CONTENT

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMB FLEXION ANGLES OF ROADSTER BREEDS IN SHOW RING AND SHOW JUMPING

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF DOMESTIC BEEF CATTLE BREEDING BASED ON SYSTEM-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

INCREASMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY OF FIRST-CALF COWS BY PERFORMING UDDER MASSAGE

ANALYSIS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES IN THE MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS MARKET USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS DIGITALIZATION IN EDUCATION AS AN ENHANCING FACTOR IN TEACHING MATH

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF RABBITS INTERNAL ORGANS AND MEAT DURING STRESS

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

Guest Editor

Guest Editorial Board

Loretts Olga

Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation

Executive Guest Editor

Donnik Irina

Doctor of Biological Sciences Professor, Academician Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation

Guest Editorial Board:

Professor Dr.Sótonyi Péter, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary Professor Dr.Shakhov Vladimir, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Palkovics László, Szent István University, Hungary Professor Dr. Pashtetskiy Vladimir, Crimean Agricultural Research Institute, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Shkuratova Irina, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Ismuratov Sabit, Kostanay Engineering and Economic University named after M. Dulatova, Kazakhstan Professor Dr.Konstantinov Mikhail, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Krivonogova Irina, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Isaeva Albina, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation Professor Dr.Gavrichenko Nikolay, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Republic of Belarus

Guest Scientific and Technical Review Board Committee

Professor Dr. Karpukhin Mikhail, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Koshchaev Andrey, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Tibor Bartha, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Hungary Professor Dr. Bykova Olga, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Jose Luis Lopez Garcia Universidad Poltecnica de Madrid, Spain Dr. Kukhar Viktor, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Nishakant Ojha, Rishihood University, India Dr. Ruchkin Alexey, Ural State Agrarian University, Russian Federation Professor Dr. Vinogradov Sergey, Szent István University, Hungary

:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies

Volume 11 Issue 10 (2020)

ISSN 2228-9860

(Special Issue: Selected Articles from IDSISA2020 Conference @ Russia)

http://TuEngr.com

eISSN 1906-9642

FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

INCREASING THE OATS (AVENA SATIVA) PRODUCTIVITY WHEN CO-USE OF FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATOR IN CONDITIONS OF THE NONCHERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA

11A10A

MORPHO-BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES ASSESSMENT

11A10B

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROPONIC

11A10C

THERAPIES OF PURULENT MASTITIS IN CATS

11A10D

TECHNOGENIC ECOSYSTEM AS THE MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING THE IMMUNOBIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF ANIMALS

11A10E

WORKING PLACES NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES FOR MILK PROCESSING INDUSTRY

11A10F

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF MYCOSES CAUSED BY FUNGI OF THE GENUS MUCOR, ASPERGILLUS, IN MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES

11A10G

MORPHOLOGY AND VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION OF MARAL LIVER

11A10H

FORMATION OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN BROILER CHICKENS WHEN ADDING A BETULIN-BASED PHYTOBIOTIC AND PROBIOTIC INTO THE DIET

11A10I

PHOTOCATALYTIC METHOD OF DISINFECTION OF INDOR AREAS WITH INCREASED MICROBIAL CONTENT

11A10J

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF DOMESTIC BEEF CATTLE BREEDING BASED ON SYSTEM-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

11A10K

ANALYSIS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES IN THE MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS MARKET USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS

11A10L

DIGITALIZATION IN EDUCATION AS AN ENHANCING FACTOR IN TEACHING MATH

11A10M

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF RABBITS INTERNAL ORGANS AND MEAT DURING STRESS

11A10N

BEHAVIORAL VETERINARY MEDICINE: A NEW DIRECTION IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN COMPANION ANIMALS

11A10O

EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF DAPS-25K AFTER A SINGLE INTRAGASTIRIC ADMINISTRATION TO MICE AND GUINEA PIGS

11A10P

ANALYSIS OF FOODSHARING IN THE INTERESTS OF SMALL AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

11A10Q

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER REGIME OF HIGH-POTENTIAL DECORATIVE VARIETIES AND FORMS OF THE GENUS Malus Mill

11A10R

ANALYSES OF TRAITS RELATED TO HIP AND ELBOW DYSPLASIA IN GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS

11A10S

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMB FLEXION ANGLES OF ROADSTER BREEDS IN SHOW RING AND SHOW JUMPING

11A10T

INCREASMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY OF FIRST-CALF COWS BY PERFORMING UDDER MASSAGE

11A10U

Contacts: Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel: +60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my, Editor@TuEngr.com Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Thammasat School of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel: +66-2-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022 DrBoonsap@gmail.com, Editor@TuEngr.com Managing Office TUENGR Group, 88/244 Moo 3, Moo Baan Saransiri, Klong#2, KlongLuang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel/WhatsApp: +66-995535450. P t l P id i MALAYSIA/THAILAND Side image is Thai Hommali Rice (Thai jasmine rice or Thai fragrant rice), the world best rice.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10A

INCREASING THE OATS (AVENA SATIVA) PRODUCTIVITY WHEN CO-USE OF FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATOR IN CONDITIONS OF THE NONCHERNOZEM ZONE OF RUSSIA 1

Dmitry Valerievich Vinogradov , Mariya Yuryevna Stenichkina , 2 Viliana Marinovna Vasileva 1

Faculty of Agronomy and Agrotechnologies, Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev, Ryazan, RUSSIA. 2 Institute of Fodder Crops, Pleven, BULGARIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 24 December 2019 Received in revised form 24 February 2020 Accepted 30 March 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

Recently, growth regulators have been used in agricultural practice as effective, economical and environmentally friendly products that increase the efficiency of growing crops. This article contains research materials for 2016-2018 on the study of the effect of the co-use of mineral fertilizers and the stimulator of growth (Emistim, R) on the growth, development and productive indices of spring oats (Avena sativa), recognized variety Skakun, on the gray forest, heavy loamy soil of Ryazan Oblast, the Russian Federation. As it has been established over the years of research, the yield of oats increases with respect to the control: on average by 31.8%, when introducing a reasonable amount of mineral fertilizers, on average by 17.1% when oats pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha (without fertilizers) and on average by 37.8 % when combining the application of mineral fertilizers and pretreatment of oats grain with elicitor agent, Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha.

Keywords: Oats gray forest soil; Agrotechnical method;

Spring oats (Avena sativa); Yield of oats; Nonchernozem zone of Russia; Emistim, R.; Mineral fertilizers.

1. INTRODUCTION Since the 80s of the last century, oats in world agriculture are increasingly becoming a food crop. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in 2016 Russia occupied the leading place in the world for the production of oats (4,761.365 thousand tons), being ahead of such largest producers like Canada, Poland, Australia and Finland [1]. Oats in the Russian Federation occupy 10-12% in the general structure of acreage, which is less than spring barley. And yet oats in Russia should be considered an important grain-fodder crop, as it grows where other crops grow poorly. The main areas of oats are concentrated in the more humid and *Corresponding author (D.V. Vinogradov) Tel: +7-4912-353516 Email: DVVinogradov@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.184

cold regions of the country. Due to a more powerful root system, oats are less demanding for soils than other grain crops. It can be cultivated on sandy loamy soils and areas with high acidity [2, 3, 4, 23]. The crop can grow on all types of soil, although the most productive ones are black earth and well-fertilized gray forest soils [14, 17]. At present, the genetic potential of grain crops, including oats, has not been completely realized yet, as modern varieties have a sufficiently high potential for productivity [8,10,15,18,19]. The system of agrotechnical methods is one of the main factors leading to the high yield of cereals. In the practice of recent Russian agriculture, the protection of plants from unfavorable weather factors, their growth stimulation and, as a result, an increase in the yield and resistance to diseases happen when modern growth regulators are used in crops growing technology [5, 6]. The action of bio-fertilizers and plant growth regulators is currently a promising direction, both in terms of increasing crop yields and taking into account the production of ecologically safe crop products [9, 16, 20, 22, 24].

2. METHOD This research assesses the impact of the use of mineral fertilizer combinations and growth stimulator Emistim, R on the growth, development and productive indices of spring oats (Avena sativa), recognized variety Skakun, grown on the gray forest, heavy loamy soil of Ryazan Oblast, the Russian Federation. As an object of research was taken Spring oats (Avena sativa), variety Skakun, recognized in Ryazan oblast was taken as an object of the research. To compare the effect of growth regulators used during the pretreatment on stimulating the process of oat seeds germination, we had a laboratory experiment on the most popular preparations in Russia in three replications. Seeds of spring oats (Avena sativa), variety Skakun was used as an object of the laboratory experiment. The greatest stimulating effect in lab experiments was achieved, when soaking oat seeds in a solution of elicitor growth regulator Emistim, R. This is an original preparation with an economical dose of 0.01 g / l containing a balanced complex of phytohormones, amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and micro-elements. It is a natural product of the metabolism of symbiotic fungus Acremonium lichenicolous, isolated from ginseng roots and containing growth substances of cytokinin and gibberellin nature, beta-lactam antibiotics, cyclosporine C, alkaloids with phytoalexin activity and hydroxylated isoprenoids. Studies took place in 2016-2018 on the field of the experimental agrotechnological station of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev. The fertilizer system was calculated based on agrochemical analysis when digging a hole in gray forest heavy loamy soils using the elementary balance method [7]. Fertilizers were applied to the plots in accordance with the following calculation norms in a dose N135P135 K75 . Placing options in plots is systematic. Agrotechnics is common for the Nonchernozem zone of Russia. Sowing of oats was carried out in the third decade of April, the seeding rate was 5 million pieces of germinating seeds/ha. Mineral fertilizers and lime (background) were introduced when pre-sowing cultivation. Pretreatment of oat seeds with growth regulator Emistim, R was carried out in three variants of doses and the dose of 1 ml/ha is recommended by the manufacturer.

D.V. Vinogradov, M.Y.Stenichkina, V.M.Vasileva

The scheme of the field experience included the following options: 1. Control - without applying fertilizers and pretreatment with the stimulator. 2. Mineral fertilizers. 3. Mineral fertilizers+ lime. 4. Pretreatment with Emistim, R in a dose of 1ml/ha (without fertilizers). 5. Pretreatment with Emistim, R in a dose of 0.75ml/ha (without fertilizers). 6. Pretreatment with Emistim, R in a dose of 0.5ml/ha (without fertilizers). 7. Mineral fertilizers + pretreatment with Emistim, R in a dose of 1ml/ha. 8. Mineral fertilizers + lime + pretreatment with Emistim, R in a dose of 1ml/ha.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It is well known that the formation of the oat crop after sowing begins with the provision of high field germination of seeds, the preservation and survival of plants, and the optimal crop density, that is, the developing conditions for growth and development, depending on the agricultural methods. In general, for three years, the field germination of oats was lower in all varieties in 2016, and the highest in 2018. The maximum field germination in three years, equal to 91.6 %, was noted in the seventh variant with the introduction of mineral fertilizers and pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha. In this variant, the decisive role in increasing the field germination was exerted by optimal mineral nutrition of plants in combination with the effect of the growth regulator Emistim, R on the rate of plant growth and development. The use of only mineral fertilizers (variant 2) had the lowest result in field germination (88. 4 %), which is greater than the control variant only by 0.3 %. Table 1: Structural elements of oats depending on the effect of mineral fertilizers, lime and Emistim, R, the average for 2016-2018 #

Variant

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Control Mineral fertilizers Mineral fertilizers + lime Emistim, R, 1 ml/ha Emistim, R, 0.75 ml/ha Emistim, R, 0.5 ml/ha Mineral fertilizers + Emistim, R, 1 ml/ha Mineral fertilizers + lime + Emistim, R, 1 ml/ha

364.8 391.4 394.7 411.2 405.5 400.7 413.8

Productive tilling capacity 1.16 1.38 1.35 1.22 1.22 1.17 1.34

Grains in panicle, pcs 35.6 42.8 41.9 46.0 42.9 42.0 41.0

Mass of 1000 grains, g 28.2 34.1 32.2 31.3 30.6 30.0 33.7

Length of panicle, cm 12.9 15.1 15.4 14.5 14.5 14.0 15.6

Height of plants, cm 85.3 93.9 94.1 86.6 86.4 86.4 93.3

407.5

1.32

42.1

33.3

15.5

93.1

Stems per 1m2, pcs

Plants safety for three years in all variants was lower in 2016, and the highest one in 2017. In general, the safety of oat plants in all variants was higher than that of the control. The seventh variant with mineral fertilizers and pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha had the best plant safety (90.2 %), which was on average 7.6 % higher than the control. Plants safety in the second variant (only with mineral fertilizers) was slightly lower (by 0.2 and 1.4%) than in variants 4 and 5 (only with pretreatment with Emistim, R, respectively in doses of 0.75 and 0.5 ml/ha). When comparing the obtained results of variants 2 and 3, and variants 7 and 8, one can note that the addition of lime as a whole adversely affected the safety of oat plants, although the difference between those variants was *Corresponding author (D.V. Vinogradov) Tel: +7-4912-353516 Email: DVVinogradov@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.184

negligible (up to 1.2 %). Table 1 and Figure 1 show the average data for three years of investigations on the effect of fertilizers and the growth regulator on the structural elements of oats, depending on the variants studied.

The namber, pcs

The number of stems per 1m2, pcs 500 450 400 350

395.6 379.3 319.7

426.3 419.8

415.6 405.3 353.3

443 419.5 413 410.5 384.5 380

338

418.5 413 370.5

431437 373.3

448.3 407.3 366.8

300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Experience variant 2016

2017

2018

Đ?) The number of stems before harvest, pcs / m2 (1-control; 2- mineral fertilizer; 3- mineral fertilizer + lime; 4- Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 5- Emistim, R 0.75 ml/ha; 6- Emistim, R 0.5 ml/ha; 7- mineral fertilizer + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 8 - mineral fertilizer + lime + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha).

The namber, pcs

The number of grains in panicle, pcs 60

54.8 47.8

50 40

40.3

41.5 39

34.3 32.3

46.8 42.3

41.342

36.5

51.3 40 37.3

49.5 39.5 37

46.5 38.3 38.3

45 41.5 39.8

30 20 10 0

Experience variant 2016

2017

2018

B) The number of grains in panicle, pcs (1-control; 2- mineral fertilizer; 3- mineral fertilizer + lime; 4- Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 5- Emistim, R 0.75 ml/ha; 6- Emistim, R 0.5 ml/ha; 7- mineral fertilizer + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 8 - mineral fertilizer + lime + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha)

D.V. Vinogradov, M.Y.Stenichkina, V.M.Vasileva

Weight, g

Weight of 1000 grains, g 45 40 35

39.8 35 28.3

30 25

39.6

33.1

29.5

38.6

30.6 26.3

40.6 36.3 30.1

26.2

35.9

25.3

27.6 23.4

21.4

38.9

33 28.1

26.6

20 15 10 5 0

Experience variant 2016

2017

2018

C) Mass of 1000 grains, g (1-control; 2- mineral fertilizer; 3- mineral fertilizer + lime; 4- Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 5- Emistim, R 0.75 ml/ha; 6- Emistim, R 0.5 ml/ha; 7- mineral fertilizer + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 8 - mineral fertilizer + lime + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha)

The length, cm.

The length of panicle, cm 18 16 14 12

14 13.3

16.5 15.2 13.6

15.8

15.3

13.7

16.3 13.6 13.5

15 13.5 13.4

16.8 15.7 14.4

17 15

14.4

11.5

10 8 6 4 2 0

Experience variant 2016

2017

2018

D) The length of panicle, cm (1 - control; 2 – mineral fertilizer; 3 – mineral fertilizer + lime; 4 Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 5 - Emistim, R 0.75 ml/ha; 6 - Emistim, R 0.5 ml/ha; 7 – mineral fertilizer + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha; 8 – mineral fertilizer + lime + Emistim, R 1 ml/ha) Figure 1: Structural elements of oats by years, depending on the effects of mineral fertilizers, lime and Emistim, R Analysis of the structural elements of oats yield shows that the decisive role in obtaining the yield is given to the crop density, which is determined by the variants used. The variant with mineral *Corresponding author (D.V. Vinogradov) Tel: +7-4912-353516 Email: DVVinogradov@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.184

fertilizers + Emistim, R, at a dose of 1 ml/ha had the highest crop density (413.8 heads per 1 m2), which is on average 13.4 % higher than the control (364.8 heads per 1 m2). The pretreatment with the preparation of Emistim, R in lower doses (variants 5 and 6) has better results in crop density parameter, than variants only with mineral fertilizers (variants 2 and 3). As it follows from the results obtained, oats pretreatment with growth regulator Emistim, R has the greatest influence on increasing the number of stems per 1 m2 for 3 years. Mineral fertilizers increased tilling capacity. The maximum values (1.38) were noted on the variant with the effect of mineral fertilizers without lime and pretreatment with Emistim, R, which was 18.9 % higher than the control one. In general, low indices of tilling capacity were found in variants 4, 5 and 6 with different doses of Emistim, R but without fertilizers. In general, for all the variants of the 3 years’ experiment, the fourth variant (without mineral fertilizers but with pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha) had the largest number of grains in the panicle (46.0 pcs.), which is 29.2 % more than that of the control. The role of mineral fertilizers in this indicator was ambiguous (variants 2 and 3), and its values were even worse than in variants with lower doses of Emistim, R without fertilizers (5 and 6). Moreover, there is a relative decrease in the number of grains in the panicle (up to 12 %) in variants 7 and 8 having the combination of mineral fertilizers and Emistim, R in comparison with variants 4, 5 and 6 without fertilizers. In comparison with the control, the relative weight of 1000 grains in other variants of the field experiment in different years was higher: in 2016 from 9.3 to 31.3 %, in 2017 from 2.3 to 16 % and in 2018 from 2.5 to 20.1 %. Fertilizers as a whole had some positive effect on the mass of grains. The greatest weight, for three years of the research (34.1 g), was noted in the second variant (only with mineral fertilizers without pretreatment with Emistim, R), which was 20.9 % more than in the control variant. In general, in three years, the worst effect on the mass of grains was caused by pretreatment with Emistim, R in different doses (variants 4, 5 and 6) without mineral fertilizers. On average, the combination of mineral fertilizers and pretreatment with Emistim, R had some positive effect on the length of the oats panicle. Thus, the maximum length of the panicle (15.6 cm) was noted in the variant with fertilizers and pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha, which was 20.9 % higher than the control variant. Table 2 shows the data on the effect of fertilizers and the growth regulator on the yield of oats, depending on the variants studied. Table 2: Oats yield, depending on variants. # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Variant

Control Mineral fertilizers Mineral fertilizers + lime Emistim, R, 1 ml/ha Emistim, R, 0.75 ml/ha Emistim, R, 0.5 ml/ha Mineral fertilizers + Emistim, R, 1 ml/ha 8. Mineral fertilizers + lime + Emistim, R, 1 ml/ha НСР05

Yield, t/ha 2018 Average over 3 years 2.75 2.86 3.20 3.77 3.19 3.64 2.96 3.35 2.80 3.13 2.74 2.98 3.28 3.94

2016 2.31 3.34 3.16 2.97 2.68 2.51 3.59

2017 3.51 4.76 4.58 4.12 3.91 3.69 4.95

3.41

4.50

3.21

0.68

0.37

2.52

D.V. Vinogradov, M.Y.Stenichkina, V.M.Vasileva

3.71

Average increase t/ha % 0.91 31.8 0.78 27.3 0.49 17.1 0.27 9.4 0.12 4.2 1.08 37.8 0.85

29.7

Analysis of the data in Table 2 shows that all variants of the experiment had rather high and stable yields, higher than the average one for the region. In general, the differences between the variants of the experiment were small and were within the experimental error. 2017 turned out to be favorable especially on the moisture regime. At the same time, rainfalls at the end of vegetation caused crop lodging and yield decrease.

4. CONCLUSION Our obtained data are well correlated and even exceed the results of studies on the co-use of nitrogen fertilizers and spraying of oats of Skakun variety in the tillering phase with a tank mixture of a herbicide and plant growth regulator (Reasil Universal) conducted by specialists of the Russian State Research Institute of Agriculture of the South-East [12, 13]. As a result, it was found that oats demonstrated the highest responsiveness when combined use of fertilizers, herbicides and a plant growth regulator (yield increase as compared to the control by 0.6-0.77 t/ha). The maximum yield of oats (3.94 t/ha) in our investigations was noted on the variant with fertilizers and pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 1 ml/ha, which is 37.8 % (1.08 t/ha) higher, than the control variant. The variant only with pretreatment with Emistim, R at a dose of 0.5 ml/ha without any fertilizers had the low yield (2.98 t/ha), which is insignificantly (4.2 %) different from the control variant. Thus, preparation Emistim, R increased the viability and field germination of seeds in investigations, revealed the potential of the variety, contributed to accelerated cell division, the development of a more powerful root system, an increase in leaf surface area and chlorophyll content. According to the results of the investigation, we recommend using the variant of the joint action of mineral fertilizers and the growth regulator in agricultural production, taking into account the soil and climatic features of the region.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES [1] Babaev, M.P. (2004). Morphogenetic profiles of soils of Azerbaijan. Baku, Elm Publishing House. 204p. [2] Byshov, N.V. & Verteletskiy, I.A. (2015). Peculiarities of spring rape harvesting in Russian Non-Black Soil Zone. International Student Scientific Multilingual Journal of Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University (ISJICUA), 2, 14-22. [3] Fedotova, М.Yu. (2017). The ecologization of grain production when activating oat seeds with the growth regulator. In the collection: A healthy environment is a basis for the safety of regions. Materials of the first international ecological forum in Ryazan, 277-281 [4] Ilieva, A. & Vasileva V. (2018). Effect of liquid organic humate fertilizer Humustim on the chemical composition of spring forage pea. Banat’s Journal of Biotechnology, IV(7), 74-79. [5] Ilyinskyi A.V. & Dancheev, D.V. (2017). Ecological aspects of environmental protection and environmental management: a training manual. Ryazan, FSBEI HE RSATU. 128p. [6] Khabarova, T.V., Vinogradov, D.V., Kochurov, B.I., Levin, V.I. & Byshov N.V. (2018). Agroecological efficiency of sewage sludge and vermicompost in agrocenoses of cultivated oat. *Corresponding author (D.V. Vinogradov) Tel: +7-4912-353516 Email: DVVinogradov@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.184

South of Russia: ecology, development, 10.18470/1992-1098-2018-2-132-143

13(2),

132-143.

(In

Russian)

DOI:

[7] Korsakov, K.V., Strizhkov, N.I. & Pronko, V.V. (2013). Co-use of fertilizers, herbicides and growth regulators when growing oats and millet in the Volga region. Herald of Altai State Agrarian University, no. 4 (102), Barnaul, Publishing house of Altai State Agrarian University, pp. 16-19. [8] Mineev, V.G. (2004). Agrochemistry: Textbook. 2nd Ed., М., MSU Publishing House, Коlоs, 720p. [9] Muller, S. (2014). Pаrаmeter fur dies N-Dungung der Brаugerste in Abhangig-keit vom аnorgаnischen Stickstoff (Nan) im Boden. Getreidewirtschaft, 18(12), 272-273. [10] Mustafayev M.G. (2008). Influence of soil-climatic conditions of the Mugano-Salyan massif on agricultural production. Tbilisi. News of agrarian science, 3(6), 44-47. [11] Mustafayev, M.G., Mazhaysky, Yu.A. & Vinogradov D.V. (2018). Diagnostic Parameters of Irrigated Meadow-Serozemic and Alluvial-Meadow Soils of the Mugan-Salyany Massif of Azerbaijan. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 44(6), 551–558. DOI: 10.3103/S1068367418060113. [12] Polyakov, A.V. & Kuntsevich, A.A. (2018). Influence of technology of growing on yield and oil chemical composition of linseed in a non-chernozem zone of Russia. Journal of Agricultural Science, 57(3), 135-142. [13] Shchur, А., Valkho, V., Vinogradov, D. & Valko, O. (2016). Influence of biologically active preparations on Cs-137 transition to plants from the soil in the territories contaminated as the result of the Chernobyl accident. Impact of Cesium on Plants and the Environment. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, vol. 51-70, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41525-3 [14] Shchur, A.V., Vinogradov, D.V. & Valckho, V.P. (2016). Effect of different levels of agroecological loads on biochemical characteristics of soil. South of Russia: Ecology Development. 11(4):139-148. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.18470/1992-1098-2016-4-139-148. [15] Smirnov, A.A., Kirasirov, Z.A. & Kuryatnikova, N.A. (2008). Influence of growth regulators on yields of bare-grain oats in the conditions of the steppe forest region. Achievements of science and technology of the agro-industrial complex, 2, 35-36. [16] Sokolov, А.А. & Kryuchkov, М.М. (2015). Influence of barley seeds pretreatment with bio preparations on plant productivity, International Technical and Economic Journal. 5, 93-99 [17] Tanner, L.H., Nivison, M., Arnalds, O. & Svavarsdóttir K. (2015). Soil carbon accumulation and СО2 flux in experimental restoration plots, Southern Iceland: comparing soil treatment strategies. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2015, 205846. [18] Tulu, T. (1990). Estimation of crop coefficients for the compilation of PET. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 8(1), 49-53. [19] Vasileva. V. (2015). Aboveground to root biomass ratios in pea and vetch after treatment with organic fertilizer. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management (GJESM), 1(2), 71-74. [20] Vasileva V. (2007). Effect of Humustim treatment on the sowing qualities and grain yield of spring pea. Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Ecology, 40(4), 55-60. [21] Vinogradov, D.V., Коnkina, V.S. & Kostin, Ya.V. (2018). Developing the regional system of oil crop production management. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 10(7S), 289-302. DOI: 10.4314/jfas.v10i7s.27. [22] Vinogradov, D.V., Lupova, E.I., Khromtsev, D.F. & Vasileva V. (2018). The influence of bio-stimulants on the productivity of coriander in the non-chernozem zone of Russia. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(6), 1078-1084. [23] White, P.J., Broadley, M.R. & Gregory, P.J. (2012). Managing the nutrition of plants and people. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 104826.

D.V. Vinogradov, M.Y.Stenichkina, V.M.Vasileva

[24] Wu Hengan Xu Yojiu (1988). Allocation of incremental irrigation benefits. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 114(4), 664-673. Professor Dr.Dmitry Valerievich Vinogradov is Full Professor and Chair of the Faculty of Agronomy and Agrotechnologies, Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev. He is a member of the Public Council of the basic organization state party of Union of Independent States for environmental education. His research encompasses “Ecological approaches to optimizing the composition of soil microbiocenosis in order to maintain a stable production capacity of agroecosystems” and "Agroecological justification of sustainable production of oilseeds and essential oil crops". Stenickina Mariya Yuryevna is a Postgraduate Student of the Faculty of Agronomy and Agrotechnologies, Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev. Her research is in the field of Agriculture and Plant Growing.

Professor Dr.Vasileva Viliana Marinovna, Doctor of Agricultural Science, is Full Professor of Fodder Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria. She is a member of many Academic Societies such as Bulgarian Association of Forage Production and Grassland, Union of the Scientists in Bulgaria, Union of Inventors of Bulgaria, Temporary Scientific Committee of experts to The Bulgarian National Science Fund, Balkan Academy of Sciences and Culture, Inter-Regional Co-operative Research and Development Network for Pastures and Fodder Crops (FAO/CIHEAM), European Society for Soil Conservation. She was a Fellow of Biotop Organic Waste Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. She has extensive research work on different aspects of Plant Science, especially Forage Crops, like Nodulation in Legumes, Mineral, and Organic Fertilization, Water Deficiency Stress, Mixtures.

*Corresponding author (D.V. Vinogradov) Tel: +7-4912-353516 Email: DVVinogradov@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10A http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10A.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.184

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10B

MORPHO-BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES ASSESSMENT 1

Galina G. Goleva , Tatiana G. Vashchenko , Elena M. Oleynikova , 2 3 4 Aleksandr D. Golev , Valeriy A. Ivannikov , and Tatiana P. Fedulova 1

Department of Plant and Seed Breeding, and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Agricultural Chemistry and Ecology, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Fundamentals of Health and Safety, and Legal Relations, Faculty of Mechanics, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Machinery Production, Maintenance and Operation, Automobile Faculty, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, RUSSIA 4 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, A. Mazlumov All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar, Voronezh Oblast, Ramonsky Raion, VNIIS pos., RUSSIA ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 24 February 2020 Accepted 30 March 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

The work uses the statistical analysis methods for selecting the parent components for winter wheat hybridization. The research was performed in 2005-2016 in the conditions of the Central Chernozem Region. The research object included the varieties of soft winter wheat of various ecological and geographical origins; in different years, with 200-350 varieties. To assess the morpho-biological diversity of genotypes, the authors have tested various methods of statistical data analysis using Statistica®6.1, i.e. cluster analysis (sequential dichotomy, k-means clustering, and hierarchical classification) and neural network data processing (Cohen network). It is found that the k-means method (without limiting the number of groups) provides the most satisfactory results for forming the clusters of genotypes characterized by similar morphological and biological characteristics and used as parent material for selection of soft winter wheat. In this respect, the clustering of varieties is affected by three attributes, i.e., the length of seedling-earing period, plant height, and weight per 1,000 grains. For hybridization crosses, the parent components are selected with the account of their belonging to different clusters. The crossing is performed between the varieties with contrasting characteristics. The k-means method to plan crosses allows obtaining valuable winter wheat hybrids characterized by polymorphism, favorable transgressions, high productivity, winter hardiness, and lodging resistance.

Keywords:

Wheat hybridization; Hybrids genotypes; Cluster analysis; Breeding samples; Winter wheat; Discriminant analysis; Morpho-biological indicators; Selection of parent components for crosses.

Disciplinary: Agricultural Sciences (Crop Science). ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (Galina G. Goleva) Email: golevavetryak@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.185

1. INTRODUCTION At present, there are many methods for selecting the pairs for hybridization (Bondarenko and Artyukh, 1989; Borojevich, 1984; Briggs and Knowles, 1967; Vavilov, 1935, 1987; Girko and Sabadin, 2001; Egortsev, 2003; Zhegalov, 1930). Vyushkov, et al., 2012 have developed the following structure of methods for selecting the parent components for hybridization in self-pollinating crops: 1) methods based on the gene-related principle (the methods of backcrosses, accumulation, and gene stacking); 2) methods based on the trait-related principle (the methods of maximum, minimum, complex stepwise crossing, selection by elements of a complex trait and by combining ability); 3) methods based on the principle of expected transgressions (the methods of ecological and geographical distance, genealogical distance, and genetic distance).

The method of genetic distance includes cluster analysis by the complex of morpho-physiological parameters, biochemical, and molecular markers. The use of the latter two methods of analysis to assess hundreds of breeding samples is currently impossible due to the complexity and high cost of analyses. Therefore, the authors propose to assess the breeding material by morphological and biological indicators. The selection of parent components for crosses is a crucially important stage of breeding work, which largely determines its success (Kadyrov, 2001). Every year parent forms for crosses are selected in breeding nurseries out of hundreds (and sometimes thousands) of studied varieties. Moreover, only some of these varieties are unique, while most of them are characterized by similar traits and properties. Therefore, the authors consider it advisable to combine all the studied samples into groups on the basis of their comprehensive assessment. At the same time, the parent components for crosses should be selected with the account of their belonging to a certain group, which will significantly reduce the amount of work on hybridization, the costs, and terms of the selection process. As a rule, previous studies on the assessment of parent material in field crop selection were based on the fact that a subset of samples was artificially divided into separate classes according to one trait, and samples were then assessed within these classes. However, the authors believe that this approach does not allow taking into account several traits simultaneously. Therefore, there is a need to find a new way to create groups (clusters) of breeding samples that are homogeneous by several traits in order to simplify the selection of parent components for hybridization. The assessment of varieties by several traits can be performed using the methods of multivariate statistics, which have recently become increasingly popular in scientific research, particularly inbreeding. In order to use these methods two main tasks must be solved: 1) a method for grouping the varieties should be chosen; 2) the traits for this grouping should be identified.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The work was performed at Voronezh State Agrarian University in 2005-2016. The crop production practices used in field experiments were conventional for the Central Chernozem Region. The materials included the varieties of soft winter wheat of various ecological and geographical origins; in different years the number of these varieties ranged from 200 to 350. Statistical data analysis was performed using Statistica 6.1 package (Borojevich, 1984; Khalafyan, 2010).

G.G. Goleva, T.G. Vashchenko, E.M. Oleynikova, A.D. Golev, V.A. Ivannikov, T.P. Fedulova

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Several scientists (Nikolaeva and Evstratova, 2005; Smiryaev and Kil’chevsky, 2007; Tishchenko and Chekalin, 2005) believe that the degree of genetic relationship can be expressed through a quantitative parameter. Back in the 1930s, it was proposed to use the Mahalanobis distance as a measure of distance (Rao, 1973). Its special case is the Euclidean distance. At the initial stage of research, the authors grouped the varieties using the sequential dichotomy method with cluster analysis (the k-means method) (Bukhovets, et al., 2006), which was based on sequential dividing of samples into two classes by a set of traits in a multidimensional space with a dichotomous tree being formed. This results in the formation of classes, in which the variability of traits decreases and the homogeneity of genotypes increases. The distinguished classes are characterized by unique combinations of trait values, taking into account the effect of the external environment. As a result of studying of 246 varieties, 32 groups were identified. Some of them contained only one genotype, which indicated their uniqueness. The main disadvantage of this method is the artificial limitation of the number of groups. Therefore, in further studies, the authors used a neural network data processing, i.e. the Cohen network (Excel Neural Package). The input nodes of the neural network are supplied with the data containing the values of the studied traits. The algorithm finds the data and builds two-dimensional matrix maps of multivariate data in geometric hyperspace with minimum possible distortions for each trait. The main disadvantage of neural networks is that they work as a “black box” (it is not always clear why they come to a certain decision). Therefore, in order to determine the genetic divergence of varieties, the authors used cluster analysis, where the Euclidean distance was used as a measure of similarity. The main disadvantage of determining the genetic diversity of varieties using the Euclidean distance is the inability to verify the quality of clustering and the trait value for the quality of clustering. In this regard, the authors propose using the k-means method for clustering of varieties, as it enables an iterative choice of a given number of centers, for which the distance is minimal within the clusters and maximal between the clusters. The adequacy of dividing the entire mass of observations into clusters can be assessed using the analysis of variance. The efficiency of classification is verified using the discriminant analysis (Katsko and Paklin, 2009). The next stage of studies was to search for the traits for “grouping”. Initially, the samples were grouped on the basis of the assessment of 16 traits: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

plant height (PH); spike length (SL); total number of spikelets per spike (TSS); number of productive spikelets per spike (PSS); number of unproductive spikelets per spike (USS); number of grains per spike (GS); plant mass (PM); spike mass (SM); mass of grain per spike (MGS); mass of 10 grains (MG 10); coefficient of economic use (Keu); length of the seedling-earing period (Lse);

*Corresponding author (Galina G. Goleva) Email: golevavetryak@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.185

13) 14) 15) 16)

length of the earing-ripening period (Ler); length of vegetation period (Lv); productive forage density (PFD); yield (Y) (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Tree diagram of Euclidean distances between winter wheat varieties (the calculation includes 16 traits). The calculations have shown that Dominant – Chernozemka 99 and Don 93 – 494J.11 are the most genetically close varieties in terms of all traits, while Nana – Rosinka and Belgorodskiy NIISKh-1 – Ryatza and the most genetically distant varieties. It can be assumed that some of the considered traits duplicate the other ones and give no additional information. Therefore, there is a problem of screening out the excess traits. The authors used cluster analysis with the correlation coefficient as a measure of similarity of traits to build a tree diagram of clusters of traits and identify the groups of closely related traits. At the level of r = 0.9, only two pairs of all considered traits formed clusters, and hence duplicated each other. These were the spike mass/mass of grain per spike and the number of productive spikelets/the total number of spikelets (see Figure 2).

Figure 2: Tree diagram of relationships between the traits of winter wheat varieties

G.G. Goleva, T.G. Vashchenko, E.M. Oleynikova, A.D. Golev, V.A. Ivannikov, T.P. Fedulova

Therefore, the authors have excluded such traits as the mass of grain per spike (as a more labor-intensive trait compared to the spike mass) and the number of spikelets from further calculations. The calculation of Euclidean distances by 14 traits showed that the distance between the varieties remained unchanged. Hence, the excluded traits, provided no additional information (see Figure 3).

Figure 3: Tree diagram of Euclidean distances between winter wheat varieties (the calculation includes 14 traits) Similar calculations were performed to exclude the duplicating traits until the results of the assessment of morpho-biological diversity of varieties matched the original calculations, where 16 traits were used. As a result, only eight traits instead of sixteen were sufficient to assess the morpho-biological similarity of winter wheat varieties. These traits included the winter hardiness, length of vegetation period, yield, plant height, the mass of grain per spike, gluten content in the grain, the mass of 1,000 grains, and the number of grains per spike (Rusanov, et al., 2010). However, the authors took into account the fact that most quantitative traits (such as the yield and number of grains per spike) were strongly affected by the environmental conditions and therefore it would be difficult to use them for assessing the morpho-biological characteristics of varieties, and it would be possible to assess the winter hardiness of varieties only in certain years (Baldzhi, 1976; Batygin, 1993; Vyrikova, 1990; Zadontsev, et al., 1971). In this regard the authors propose to choose the traits of grouping according to the following requirements: 1) the traits must be stable, i.e. it should be possible to assess them annually (Korobeynikov, 1981); 2) the traits should characterize the belonging of genotypes to a certain variety type and ecotype since one of the basic principles for selecting the pairs for crosses is still the eco-geographical principle developed by Vavilov (the founder of scientific selection); 3) the assessment of traits should be as less labor-intensive as possible.

The work with spring wheat can achieve good results if the breeding material is aligned according to the following traits: botanical variety (or at least beardedness), plant height, vegetation period, and drought resistance (Kumakov, 1984). Since there are no reliable objective parameters for defining the drought resistance, this trait was excluded by the authors. *Corresponding author (Galina G. Goleva) Email: golevavetryak@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.185

In order to group the breeding samples, the authors used the traits that characterize the belonging to a particular variety, ripeness group (length of the seedling-earing period), variety type (plant height) and productivity level (spike length, number of spikelets per spike (productive and unproductive), and mass per 1,000 grains). The authors have established the following: despite the fact that the absolute values of these traits in varieties may vary over the years, their belonging to a certain group is constant. The analysis of variance found that all the traits had a significant influence on the results of classification (see Table 1). Table 1: Assessment of the significance of traits for grouping of the varieties Traits Variety Length of seedling-earing period Plant height Spike length Number of unproductive spikelets Number of productive spikelets Mass per 1,000 grains

Between SS 3.6 5335.6 15004.3 6.8 11.1 20.1 2096.5

df 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Within SS 24.9 2268.2 4792.8 89.7 33.4 261.4 5812.3

df 116 116 116 116 116 116 116

F 5.7 91.0 121.1 2.9 12.9 3.0 13.9

p-value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.03 <0.01

The next stage of grouping was to determine the number of clusters. The authors performed clustering by a various number of groups, determined the classification function using the discriminant analysis, and achieved the 100% distribution of objects into groups. The quality of discrimination was assessed using the Wilks’ Lambda indicator. Its value was 0.023, which indicated that the discrimination was successful. The participation of each variable in discrimination was estimated using the Wilks’ Lambda indicator, which is the result of the exclusion of the corresponding variable from the model. When this variable is excluded from the model, a part of the information about the object is lost. Therefore, the worse the consequences of such an exception, the more important the variable in the model is, i.e. the greater the value of the Wilks’ Lambda, the more desirable is the presence of this variable in the discrimination procedure. The value of the partial Wilks’ Lambda characterizes the individual contribution of the corresponding variable to the dichotomous power of the model. The smaller these statistical values, the greater the contribution to overall discrimination is. The larger the F-to-remove value and the smaller the p-level, the greater the contribution of the variable to the discrimination procedure is. The variables with the significance level of greater than 0.05 can be excluded from the model (Khalafyan, 2010). The calculation of these criteria shows that such traits as the spike length and the number of productive spikelets, for which the p-level is greater than 0.05, can be excluded from the model (see Table 2). In Tables 2 and 3, we highlighted the coefficients at the 5% level of significance. Table 2: Results of analysis of discriminant functions Traits Variety Length of seedling-earing period Plant height Spike length Number of unproductive spikelets Number of productive spikelets Mass per 1,000 grains

Wilks’ Lambda 0.031 0.060 0.128 0.028 0.032 0.030 0.040

Partial Lambda 0.901 0.458 0.216 0.973 0.855 0.936 0.695

F-remove (4.109) 2.984 32.234 98.909 0.759 4.624 1.868 11.940

p-level

Toler.

0.022 <0.001 <0.001 0.554 0.002 0.121 <0.001

0.941 0.921 0.878 0.684 0.855 0.708 0.917

G.G. Goleva, T.G. Vashchenko, E.M. Oleynikova, A.D. Golev, V.A. Ivannikov, T.P. Fedulova

1-Toler. (R-Sqr.) 0.059 0.079 0.122 0.316 0.145 0.292 0.083

As a result of clustering, the authors have obtained 19 clusters with 100% distribution of objects. In this respect, the clustering of varieties was affected by only three traits, i.e. the length of seedling-earing period, plant height, and weight per 1,000 grains. The Wilks’ Lambda value of 0.0074 indicates good discrimination (see Table 3). In Table 3 we highlighted the coefficients at the 5% level of significance. Table 3: Results of analysis of discriminant functions Traits

Length of seedling-earing period Plant height Mass per 1,000 grains

Discriminant Function Analysis Summary (Spreadsheet126) No. of vars in the model: 3; Grouping: CLUSTER (19 groups) Wilks’ Lambda: .00074 approx. F (54.289) = 54.881 p < 0.0000 Wilks’ Partial F-remove 1-Toler. p-level Toler. Lambda Lambda (4.109) (R-Sqr.) 0.007 0.110 43.7 <0.001 0.999 0.001 0.017 0.044 115.7 <0.001 0.992 0.008 0.004 0.179 24.6 <0.001 0.992 0.008

According to the importance of classification, these traits can be ranged in the following sequence: plant height, length of seedling-earing period, and mass per 1,000 grains. These traits fully meet the requirements that the authors presented to them. For instance, the plant height is a characteristic of the variety type, the length of the seedling-earing period is a characteristic of the ecotype, and the mass per 1,000 grains is a productivity indicator, the formation of which is less affected by vegetation conditions than the number of grains per spike. Having performed the clustering of varieties by the proposed method, the authors have combined similar varieties into groups. As a result, 17 clusters were obtained. Their characteristics are presented in Table 4. Table 4: Characteristics of clusters of winter wheat varieties Cluster number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Length of seedling-earing period (days) 262.8 262.1 264.2 258.6 262.9 257.9 256.4 255.8 262.0 262.1 256.8 260.1 255.9 265.0 256.6 262.8 264.0

Plant height (cm) 82.6 95.4 87.7 84.1 77.4 91.0 79.4 93.7 90.2 72.8 75.1 66.8 79.6 99.9 100.2 105.7 115.1

Mass per 1,000 grains (g) 43.8 43.9 40.1 38.5 40.6 41.9 45.6 40.5 31.5 45.0 40.7 40.9 34.7 33.5 42.2 43.2 38.0

It should be noted that the number of clusters and their representation varies annually since the assortment understudy is changing. The authors select the parent components for hybridization, taking into account their belonging to clusters and trying to make crosses between contrasting varieties. This approach allowed obtaining the hybrids characterized by high productivity and favorable transgressions (see Table 5). *Corresponding author (Galina G. Goleva) Email: golevavetryak@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.185

Table 5: Characteristics of winter wheat hybrids Combination of hybrids Rosinka × Nana Don 93 × 494J6.11 Odesskaya 200 × Chernozemka 99 Zhatva Altaya × Zihtus Bezenchukskaya 380 × CADET Moskovskaya 56 × Nana

Number of grains per spike (pcs) 34.5 38.0 37.4 45.5 45.8 49.0

Mass of grains (g) per spike per 10 pcs 1.54 0.46 1.73 0.45 1.87 0.53 1.97 0.42 1.91 0.42 2.26 0.46

The authors have tested the method of k-means as a way of assessing the morpho-biological diversity of winter wheat varieties for the selection of parent components for hybridization. It is recommended to use this method for grouping the varieties according to such traits as plant height, length of seedling-earing period, and mass per 1,000 grains. This simplifies the selection of parent components for crosses from the point of view of their distance and allows creating the hybrids, which are characterized by high productivity, winter hardiness, and resistance to adverse environmental factors in the conditions of the Central Chernozem Region.

4. CONCLUSION The authors used the methods of the cluster and discriminant analysis and determined the minimum number of traits for grouping the varieties of winter wheat, i.e. plant height, length of seedling-earing period, and mass per 1,000 grains. These are the criteria for assessing the variety type, ecotype, and productivity of winter wheat genotypes. The tested method of k-means (without limiting the number of groups) can be used as a way of assessing the morpho-biological distance of varieties and allows simplifying the process of planning the crossbreeding schemes for more efficient hybridization work.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Balduzzi, E.N. (1976). Cold Resistance and Morphological Features of Winter Wheat Varieties and Hybrids. Cold Resistance of Winter Crops and Perennial Grasses, 1, 138-143. Batygin, N.F. (1993). On the Issue of Cold Resistance Theory and Variety Model-Building. Increasing Cold Resistance of Winter Crops (Collection of Research Papers). Moscow: Kolos, 14-22. Bondarenko, V.I. and Artyukh, A.D. (1989). Morphological Characteristics and Biological Features of Winter Wheat Varieties, their Relationship with Cold Resistance and Productivity. Plant Breeding, Seed Production and Intensive Technology of Winter Wheat Cultivation. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 177-182. Borojevich, S. (1984). Principles and Methods of Plant Breeding (translated from Serbo-Croatian). Moscow: Kolos, 344 p. Briggs, F.N. and Knowles, P.F. (1967). Introduction to Plant Breeding. Reinhold Books in the Agricultural Sciences. New York, Amsterdam, London: Reinhold Pub. Corp., 426 p. Bukhovets, A.G., Rusanov, I. A., Goleva, G.G., and Pavlyuk, N.T. (2006). Classification Problem of

G.G. Goleva, T.G. Vashchenko, E.M. Oleynikova, A.D. Golev, V.A. Ivannikov, T.P. Fedulova

Breeding Material. Biological Foundations and Methods of Plant Breeding and Seed Production of Agricultural Crops (Collection of Research Papers of Voronezh State Agrarian University). Voronezh: Voronezh State Agrarian University, 35-47. Egortsev, N.A. (2003). Scientific and Methodological Problems of Winter Wheat Breeding in the Middle Volga Region and Ways of Solution (monograph). Kinel: Samara State Agricultural Academy, 354 p. Excel Neural Package [Electronic resource]. Available at: http://www.neurotechlab.ru/software/. Girko, V.S. and Sabadin, N.A. (2001). Morphological Indicators of Productivity and their Use in Winter Wheat Breeding. Reports of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 6, 5-8. Kadyrov, M.A. (2001). Concerning Agriculture, Plant Breeding, and Good Farming Practices. Minsk: Nessi, 160 p. Katsko, I.A., and Paklin, N.B. (2009). Workshop on Data Analysis on a Computer. Moscow: KolosS, 278 p. Khalafyan, A.A. (2010). Statistica 6. Mathematical Statistics with Elements of Probability Theory: textbook. Moscow: Binom, 496 p. Korobeynikov, N.I. (1981). Modification Variability of Productivity Characteristics and Selection in Wheat. Issues of Agriculture on the Altai (Abstracts of the Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists). Barnaul, 73-78. Kumakov, V.A. (1984). Physiological Justification of Models of Wheat Varieties. Moscow: Kolos, 216 p. Nikolaeva, E.V. and Evstratova, L.P. (2005). Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis During Evaluation of Breeding Material in Potatoes. Vestnik of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 6, 56-58. Rao, C.R. (1973). Linear Statistical Inference and its Applications. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 625 p. Rusanov, I.A., Vashchenko, T.G., Pavlyuk, N.T., and Goleva, G.G. (2010). Using Neural Networks for Classifying Winter Wheat Parent Material. Vestnik of Voronezh State Agrarian University, 2(26). 27-31. Smiryaev, A.V., and Kil’chevsky, A.V. (2007). Genetics of Populations and Quantitative Traits. Moscow: KolosS, 272 p. Tishchenko, V.N. and Chekalin, N.M. (2005). Genetic Foundations of Adaptive Breeding of Winter Wheat in the Forest-Steppe zone. Poltava: Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 270 p. Vavilov, N.I. (1935). Scientific Foundations of Wheat Breeding. Moscow-Leningrad: Selkhozgiz, 246 p. Vavilov, N.I. (1987). Theoretical Foundations of Plant Breeding. Moscow: Nauka, 512 p. Vyrikova, N.E. (1990). Assessment of Winter Wheat Varieties for Cold Resistance, Standing Ability and Crop Yielding Capacity. Morphogenetic Indicators of Plant Productivity and their Use in Seed Breeding and Production Process (Collection of Research Papers of Leningrad Agricultural Institute). Leningrad: Leningrad Agricultural Institute, 14-17. Vyushkov, A.A., Mal’chikov, P.N. Syukov, V.V., and Shevchenko, S.N. (2012). Selection and Genetic Improvement of Spring Wheat. Samara: Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 266 p. *Corresponding author (Galina G. Goleva) Email: golevavetryak@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10B http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10B.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.185

Zadontsev, A.I., Bondarenko, V.I., and Khmara, V.V. (1971). Cold Resistance and Productivity of Winter Wheat in the Steppe Zone of the Ukrainian SSR. Selection and Varietal Agrotechnics of Winter Wheat (Collection of Research Papers of VASKhNIL - Lenin All-Union Academy Academy of Agricultural Sciences), 102-114. Zhegalov, S.I. (1930). Introduction to Agricultural Plants Breeding. Moscow: Selkhozgiz, 486p. Professor Dr. Galina G. Goleva is Professor, Head of the Department of Plant and Seed Breeding, and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Agricultural Chemistry and Ecology of Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh, Russia. She holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences degree. Her research encompasses Plant Breeding and Seed Production of Agricultural Crops. Professor Dr. Tatyana G. Vashchenko is Professor of the Department of Plant and Seed Breeding, and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Agricultural Chemistry and Ecology of Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh, Russia. She has a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences degree. Her research is Plant Breeding Technology and Seed Production of Agricultural Crops. Professor Elena M. Oleynikova is Professor of the Department of Plant and Seed Breeding, and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Agricultural Chemistry and Ecology of Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh, Russia. She holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. Her research is Population Biology of Plants and Morphology as a branch of Biology.

Aleksandr D. Golev is an Associate Professor of the Department of Fundamentals of Health and Safety, and Legal Relations, Faculty of Mechanics, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, He is a Candidate of Engineering Sciences.

Dr. Valery A. Ivannikov is an Associate Professor of the Department of Machinery Production, Maintenance and Operation, Automobile Faculty, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov. He got a Doctor of Engineering Sciences.

Dr.Tatyana P. Fedulova is Head of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, A. Mazlumov All-Russian Research Institute of Sugar Beet and Sugar. She earned a Doctor of Biological Sciences. Her research is Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Technology.

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference â€œFrom Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agricultureâ€? (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020.

G.G. Goleva, T.G. Vashchenko, E.M. Oleynikova, A.D. Golev, V.A. Ivannikov, T.P. Fedulova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10C

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL MEANS TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROPONIC 1

G.P. Leshchenko , E.M. Basarygina , S.V. Cherepukhina , 1 4 E.A. Leshchenko , T.A. Putilova 1

Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, South Ural State Agrarian University, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 2 Department of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Energetics, South Ural State Agrarian University, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 3 School of Economics & Management, South Ural State Agrarian University, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. 4 Laboratory, South Ural State humanitarian and pedagogical University, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 09 March 2020 Accepted 30 March 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

Obtaining feed on a hydroponic basis is associated with significant energy costs, and therefore the development of technical means to reduce energy intensity and increase the intensity of hydroponic feed production is an urgent task. In this regard, it is advisable to electro treat germinating seeds, which allows you to increase the susceptibility of seeds to exposure and overcome their biological diversity. For sprouting seeds, a two-phase electrical treatment is proposed, including polarizing and electrifying treatment in permanent electric fields. To implement the proposed two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds, an electrode system consisting of two grounded-plate electrodes and a potential "needle on the plane" electrode was developed. Based on theoretical and experimental research, a fundamentally new plant has been developed that allows continuous processing of germinating seeds in permanent electric fields, the novelty of which is confirmed by a patent. The conducted research has shown the technical and economic efficiency of using two-phase processing of germinating seeds in hydroponic feed production.

Keywords:

Hydroponic feed production; Electric seed treatment; Electrode system; Energy efficiency; Agrobiological experiment.

1. INTRODUCTION Hydroponic fodder production, which does not involve soil resources and contributes to the production of environmentally friendly, rich in vitamins, well digestible feed, is promising in modern conditions. When using hydroponic green fodder, it becomes possible to specialize in field crop production in the intensive production of grain crops, from which you can get highly nutritious, fresh forage all year round. This leads to a sharp reduction in nutrient losses during the storage of the initial *Corresponding author (G.P. Leshchenko) Email: umu@sursau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10C http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.186

biomass and to increase the stability of the animal feed supply. The introduction of hydroponic green biomass in the diet of animals helps to reduce the number of painful phenomena and improve the general condition of animals. Keeping animals on clean feed leads to the elimination of radionuclides from their body, eliminates the accumulation and formation of harmful and dangerous substances that can cause damage to human health (Atmadja, et al., 2018; Basarygina et al., 2019; Kang et al., 2017; Khoneva et al., 2018; Kline et al., 2017). Hydroponic green fodder (HGF) is a “carpet” of young, green sprouts grown from a layer of seeds of grain crops (Kruglyakov, 1991). When using hydroponic production of plant mass, it becomes possible not to use the soil composition of the zone, which makes hydroponic cultivation of biomass the basis for the production of feed in areas with disturbed environmental conditions relevant and of great practical importance. The agrobiological basis for the cultivation of HGF is the process of seed germination, the initial stages of which are characterized by certain physiological and biochemical transformations that occur during the transition of seeds from the resting stage to the normal growth stage (Medvedev, 2013). According to various researchers, on the sixth to the tenth day of cultivation, the chemical composition of seedlings differs significantly from the composition of the original seeds. There is an increase in the content of protein, calcium, and phosphorus, vitamins E and group B, as well as the formation of carotene, vitamins C, PP, to others. A typical technological process of growing HGF contains a number of successive stages: preparation (preliminary germination) of seed material; distribution of seed over the vegetation surface of the germination (sowing); growing green seedlings; harvesting the grown fodder mass and feeding it to farm animals. The end result of the process of functioning of the equipment, determining its effectiveness, is to obtain the necessary amount of gas-cooling equipment (Ku et al., 2018; Lamba et al., 2017; Nay-Htoon et al., 2018; Rouphael et al., 2018; Saha et al., 2018; Zeleňáková et al., 2017; Blednykh et al., 2003). The year-round production of hydroponic green fodder, carried out under controlled conditions (protected ground conditions), is associated with significant costs. In this regard, the development of technical means that intensify hydroponic fodder production is an important task. The realization of the seeds of their potential possibilities depends on the activity of the processes of germination. Currently, various methods have been proposed for activating seed germination: chemical, physiological, physical and combined. Physiological methods, which are based on the influence of natural factors (water and temperature conditions), lead to a reduction in the duration of the hidden germination of seeds, that is, the time interval between the beginning of soaking and hatching. Soaking seeds in solutions of osmotically active substances, the introduction of biologically active substances in the form of suspensions and aerosols are chemical activation methods. The vast majority of the proposed physical effects are divided into three groups: thermal, mechanical and electromagnetic. Moreover, the effects related to the first two groups: seed exposure at low temperatures (scarification), violation of the integrity of the seed coat at low temperatures (stratification) are aimed mainly at reducing the duration of hidden seed germination. Electromagnetic effects, in turn, are divided into electrical, magnetic, optical, and nuclear - according to the application of various sections of the spectrum of electromagnetic fields. The basis of electrical physical influences (PI) is the electrical component of electromagnetic waves. Of this group, the use of constant electric fields is most developed. The analysis of publications revealed that seed treatment in electric fields is promising since it

G.P. Leshchenko, E.M. Basarygina, S.V. Cherepukhina, E.A. Leshchenko, T.A. Putilova

allows you to create the necessary conditions for the seeds to realize their potential. For air-dry seeds in a state of physiological dormancy, activating doses of energy are greater than for seedlings and vegetative plants, and therefore preliminary germination of seeds before electric treatment is advisable, as it allows to increase their susceptibility to exposure, as well as to overcome biological diversity seeds at the time of electric exposure, characteristic of air-dry seeds. The technology of growing hydroponic green fodder allows for the electrical treatment of germinating seeds since it includes the operation of preliminary germination, and growing fodder under controlled environmental conditions contributes to the maximum realization of the positive effect of electrical exposure. For seeds that have entered the germination stage and thereby partially activated, it is advisable to reduce the energy pressure. When using the proposed two-phase electric treatment of germinating seeds, such a reduction is achieved as a result of the use of the polarization treatment in the first phase, and the treatment of seeds in the final phase. In this case, constant electric fields have different intensities: the electrostatic field strength is lower than the corona discharge field strength. To implement the proposed two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds, an electrode system was developed consisting of two grounded plate electrodes and one potential needle on a plane. This electrode system allows you to create a uniform electrostatic field in one interelectrode space, and a corona discharge field in another. When choosing modes of exposure to germinating seeds, the requirement was met according to which the maximum dose from electrophysical exposure should not exceed the values tested in previous studies for air-dried seeds. To this end, the intensity of the electrostatic field was determined and the response of seeds (yield of feed biomass) to the proposed two-phase electric treatment was studied.

2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL As a mathematical model of the response of seeds to the proposed two-phase electric processing, a polynomial of the second degree was adopted n

k −1

Y= ba + ∑ bi X i + ∑ =i 1 =i 1

∑ bij X ij + ∑ bi1 X12

(1),

( j 1 1)

where ba , bi, bij, bil are the coefficients of the polynomial, Xi, Xj - values of the factors given in the coded form. When processing seeds in an electrostatic field, their layer is placed on a dielectric plate between two electrodes. The study of the influence of the relative dielectric constant of seeds on the electric field in their layer is reduced in this case to the determination of the tension in different layers of a flat multilayer capacitor. After the necessary transformations, the expression for the electrostatic field strength in the seed layer (E2, B) is obtained

E2 =

U   d2 d3 d ( X 1ε 2 − X 1 + 1) d1 + + + 4 + d5  ' X 1ε 2 − X 1 + 1 к2ε 32 + к1 ε 4  

(2),

where U is the applied voltage; X1 is the concentration of seeds in the air-seed mixture; ε2 - relative *Corresponding author (G.P. Leshchenko) Email: umu@sursau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10C http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.186

dielectric constant of seeds; ε31, ε32 - relative dielectric constant of air and cellular material, respectively; ε4 is the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric plate; d1 ... d5 - the distance between the plates of the capacitors; к1, к2 - coefficients depending on the area of the replacement capacitors.

3. STUDY DETAILS 3.1 MATHEMATICAL MODEL Upon receipt of the mathematical model (2), the problem associated with the series connection of capacitors was solved. In this case, the space between the plates of the first capacitor is filled with air (C1); the space between the plates of the second capacitor is filled with an air-seed mixture (C2); the cellular tape is represented by a parallel connection of 2 capacitors: between the plates of the first capacitor there is air (C31), the second - dielectric material (C32); the space between the plates of the fourth capacitor is filled with dielectric material (C4); the space between the plates of the fifth capacitor is filled with air (C5). For a series connection of capacitors, the following expressions are valid n 1 1 =∑ С ∑ i =1 С i

(3);

q = const

(4);

i =1

U ∑ = ∑U i = q∑

1 Ci

(5).

When connecting capacitors in series, the formulas are used n

i =1

q ∑ = ∑ qi = U ∑ Ci

(6);

C ∑ = ∑ Ci

(7);

U = const

(8).

i =1

For the case under consideration, the total capacitance of a flat multilayer capacitor is determined by the formula

С=

С1С 2 С 3 С 4 С 5 С 2 С 3 С 4 С 5 + С1С 3 С 4 С 5 + С1С 2 С 4 С 5 + С1С 2 С 3 С 5 + С1С 2 С 3 С 4

(9),

because of the 5 1 1 =∑ С ∑ i =1 С i

(10).

The capacitance of a flat capacitor is calculated by the well-known expression С=

εε 0 S d

(11)Á

where ε0 is the absolute dielectric constant; ε is the relative dielectric constant of the medium; S is the

G.P. Leshchenko, E.M. Basarygina, S.V. Cherepukhina, E.A. Leshchenko, T.A. Putilova

capacitor plate area; d is the distance between the plates. Taking into account the last expression after performing the necessary transformations, the expression is used to determine the total capacity of a flat five-layer capacitor.

ĐĄâˆ‘ =

Îľ 0S d2

d3 d d1 + + + 4 + d5 Îľ 2 Đş1Îľ 31 + Đş2Îľ 32 Îľ 4

(12),

where Îľ2 - relative dielectric constant of seeds; Îľ31, Îľ32 - relative dielectric constant of air and cellular material, respectively; d1 ... d5 - the distance between the plates of the capacitors; Đş1, Đş2 - coefficients depending on the area of the replacement capacitors C31 and C32. The dielectric constant of the seed layer is calculated by the formula of Lichteneker đ?œ€đ?œ€Ń đ?‘šđ?‘š Đş = ĐĽĐ° đ?œ€đ?œ€Đ° Đş + (1 âˆ’ ĐĽĐ° )đ?œ€đ?œ€ Đş đ?‘?đ?‘?

(13),

where Îľ cm is the relative dielectric constant of the mixture; Îľa, Îľb is the relative dielectric constant of seeds and air, respectively; Xa is the concentration of the first component; Đş is a power exponent. The power exponent Đş is determined by the location of the components. When the electric field vector is directed along with the layers (Đş = 1), the Lichteneker equation takes the following form, taking into account the previously accepted notation

Îľ 2 = ĐĽ 1Îľ ' 2 +(1 âˆ’ ĐĽ 1 )Îľ 1 = ĐĽ 1Îľ ' 2 + 1 âˆ’ ĐĽ 1

(14),

where Îľ1, is the relative dielectric constant of the air; Îľ 2 is the relative dielectric constant of seeds. Given the expressions obtained, the total capacitance of a flat multilayer capacitor can be determined by the formula (Leshchenko, 2006; Leshchenko and Sazonov,2011; Leshchenko, et al., 2017; Leshchenko, et al., 2015; Leshchenko, et al., 2014)

ĐĄâˆ‘ =

Îľ 0S d2 d3 d d1 + + + 4 + d5 ' X 1Îľ 2 âˆ’ X 1 + 1 Đş2Îľ 32 + Đş1 Îľ 4

(15).

The charge on the plates of a flat multilayer capacitor is equal to

Îľ 0 SU d3 d d2 d1 + + 4 + d5 + ' X 1Îľ 2 âˆ’ X 1 + 1 Đş2Îľ 32 + Đş1 Îľ 4

(16);

Where U is the applied voltage. The surface charge density Ďƒ is

Ďƒ =

Îľ 0U d d3 d2 d1 + + + 4 + d5 ' X 1Îľ 2 âˆ’ X 1 + 1 Đş2Îľ 32 + Đş1 Îľ 4

(17).

In the general case of a flat multilayer capacitor (n - layers), the expression

Ej =

U n

Îľ jâˆ‘ i =1

(18);

Îľi

*Corresponding author (G.P. Leshchenko) Email: umu@sursau.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10C http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.186

Where Ej is the field strength in the j - dielectric layer (i ≤ j ≤ n), di is the thickness of an individual layer; ε i is the dielectric constant of a single layer. For the case under consideration, the tension in the seed layer will be

E2 =

U   d2 d3 d + + 4 + d5  ( X 1ε 2 − X 1 + 1) d1 + ' X 1ε 2 − X 1 + 1 к2ε 32 + к1 ε 4  

(19).

The voltage drop in the seed layer is

U2 =

Ud 2   d4 d3 d2 + + + ( X 1ε 2 − X 1 + 1) d1 + d  5 X 1ε ' 2 − X 1 + 1 к2ε 32 + к1 ε 4  

(20).

Using the obtained expressions, the values of the total capacitance of a flat multilayer capacitor were calculated; capacitor charge; surface charge density; voltage drop in the seed layer; electric field strength in the seed layer; energy costs for charging the capacitor when changing the moisture content of the seeds and their dielectric constant in the range of 5 ... 100. The relative dielectric constant was adopted: ε1 = ε5 = 1; ε’2 = 5, 25, 50, 75, 100; ε31 = 1; ε32 = 4,2; ε4 = 5. The values of d are taken in accordance with the design parameters of the considered system of electrodes. Based on practical experiments X1 = 0,5. The energy efficiency of hydroponic feed production technologies was estimated using well-known expressions.

3.2 FACTORS To obtain a mathematical model of the response to the proposed two-phase electric seed treatment, experiments were carried out using the active planning technique. The suppressive voltage to the electrodes in Table 1. Table 1: Factors taken to build a three-level plan. Factors are taken to build a three-level plan Levels of variation Name of factors Transition Formula coded real upper lower base t electrical exposure time 2 4 3 t = x2 + 3 x1 x2 U voltage applied to the electrodes 30 20 25 U = 5 x1 + 25

The interelectrode distance for electrodes of the electrostatic field was 25 cm, for electrodes of the corona field — 10 cm. The exposure time for the seeds was distributed as follows. At an exposure time of two seconds, the seeds were 1 second in the electrostatic field (EF) and 1 second in the corona discharge pole (CDP). At an exposure time of three seconds, the seeds were 1 second in the CDP and 2 seconds in the EP. At an exposure time of four seconds, the seeds were two seconds in an electrostatic field and corona discharge.

G.P. Leshchenko, E.M. Basarygina, S.V. Cherepukhina, E.A. Leshchenko, T.A. Putilova

4. RESULT The results to the developed electrode system are presented in Figures 1-3. The design parameters of the corona electrode and the interelectrode distance were adopted based on the results of previous studies: the distance between the needles is 20 mm; the distance between the rows of needles is 35 mm; needle length - 15 mm; the location of the needles is chess; interelectrode distance - 100 mm (for corona discharge). Figure 1 presents the results of determining the response of seeds to the proposed two-phase electrical treatment.

Figure 1: The response of seeds to the proposed two-phase electrical treatment: A - basic level of factors; B - base level of factor X1, lower level of factor X2; C - base level of factor X2 , lower level of factor X1; D is the base level of factor X1, the upper level of factor X2 ; E is the base level of factor X2, the upper level of factor X1. Figure 2 shows the following characteristics of the developed electrode system: the total capacitance of a flat multilayer capacitor; capacitor charge; surface charge density; voltage drop in the seed layer; electric field strength in the seed layer; energy consumption for charging the capacitor when changing the moisture content of the seeds and their dielectric constant in the range of 5 ... 100.

Figure 2: Characteristics of the developed electrode system for treating germinating seeds. A Capacitor capacity; B â€“ Charge; C - Surface charge density; D - The energy spent on charging the capacitor; E - Electrostatic field strength in the seed layer; F - Volt

Figure 3 shows the results of an energy assessment of hydroponic feed production technologies. The proposed technology included two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds. In basic technology, this operation was absent.

G.P. Leshchenko, E.M. Basarygina, S.V. Cherepukhina, E.A. Leshchenko, T.A. Putilova

Figure 3: Energy assessment of the proposed and basic hydroponic forage production technologies: A - total specific energy consumption for the cultivation of agricultural crops, MJ/m2; B - specific energy consumption for the cultivation of agricultural crops, M J/t; energy intensity (energy content) of the obtained products, MJ/m2; energy efficiency coefficient,%.

5. DISCUSSION From the analysis of the obtained mathematical model (Figure 1), it follows that the biomass of the feed obtained by two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds depends on both varied factors, and the second factor (X2 is the voltage supplied to the electrodes) depends to a greater extent. An increase in seed response is observed with a decrease in both the first and second factors in the selected range (Table 1). According to the canonical form of the equation of the mathematical model (y – 30,04 = - 0.81 X12 - 2.06 X22) of the seed response, the appearance of a surface of equal level and a stationary point is determined. The view of surfaces of equal level is an ellipse, the view of a stationary point is a maximum. Therefore, in order to achieve the greatest response of germinating seeds to electric processing, it is necessary to take an exposure time of three seconds: two seconds in an electrostatic field; one second in the corona discharge field. The voltage supplied to the electrodes is 25 kV; electrostatic field strength 1 kV/cm; field strength of the corona discharge 2,5 kV/cm; corona current 7,2 μA; current density 102 x 10-9 A/cm2. In this case, the control level exceeded the yield of hydroponic green fodder biomass by 10-15%. The control level is the absence of two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds. *Corresponding author (G.P. Leshchenko) Email: umu@sursau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10C http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.186

An analysis of the results obtained related to the characterization of the developed electrode system (Figure 2) allows us to conclude that the total capacitance of the capacitor increases with increasing ε within 1.8%. The capacitor charge increases by 1.8%, the surface charge density - by 1.8%, that is, these values change slightly with increasing seed moisture and they are dielectric constant. The energy spent on charging the capacitor increases by 0.0346 mJ (1.8%), that is, the energy costs for processing wet seeds increase slightly compared to air-dried seeds. The electric field strength in the seed layer undergoes significant changes with increasing seed moisture and they are dielectric constant. There is a decrease in the voltage drop and electric field strength in the seed layer by 16.54 times with increasing ε from the minimum to the maximum value by 20 times. A comparative energy assessment of the proposed and basic hydroponic feed production technologies allows us to conclude that the proposed technology, which includes two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds with the help of the developed electrode system, is more efficient (Figure 3) (Zakharova and Cherepukhina, 2007; Cherepukhina, 2012). In the proposed technology, by increasing the biomass yield of feed, the energy content of the resulting product increases by 5.66 MJ/m2, the specific energy consumption decreases by 0.74 MJ/t and the energy efficiency coefficient increases to 93%. Thus, the proposed two-phase electrical treatment of germinating seeds can be realized using the developed electrode system consisting of two grounded plate electrodes and a potential needle on a plane. This electrode system allows you to create a uniform electrostatic field in one interelectrode space, and a negative unipolar corona discharge field in another (Patent RU No. 38262). It was found that when the dielectric constant changes in the range 5≤ε≤100 during seed germination, the electrostatic field decreases by 16-17 times. The optimal mode of electric processing was determined: exposure time 3 seconds (2 seconds in an electrostatic field, 1 second in a corona discharge field); voltage supplied to the electrodes, 25 kV; electrostatic field strength 100 kV/m; field strength of the corona discharge 250 kV/m; corona current 72 mA; corona current density of 0.1 μA/m2. This mode of electrical treatment of germinating seeds increases the biomass yield by 12-15% compared with the basic version, in which there is no electrical processing of germinating seeds. Based on the theoretical and experimental studies, a fundamentally new installation has been developed that allows continuous processing of germinating seeds in constant electric fields, the novelty of which is confirmed by RU patent No. 38262. Studies have shown the feasibility of using two-phase treatment of germinating seeds in hydroponic feed production. In the proposed embodiment, the biomass yield of hydroponic green fodder is increased by 12-15%. Due to this, there is a decrease in the energy intensity of production per unit of output by 0.17-0.19 MJ/t and an increase in energy efficiency by 10-12%.

6. CONCLUSION Based on the materials presented, it can be concluded that, as a result of theoretical and experimental studies, new technical means have been developed: an electrode system and an installation for the electrical treatment of germinating seeds. The use of the developed technical means in hydroponic corporate production is useful because it allows you to increase the yield of the biomass of forage by 12-15%, reduce the energy intensity of production per unit by 0.17-0.19 MJ/t

G.P. Leshchenko, E.M. Basarygina, S.V. Cherepukhina, E.A. Leshchenko, T.A. Putilova

and increase energy efficiency by 10-12%.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors express sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Chelyabinsk Region for their helps and assistances in conducting research.

9. REFERENCES Atmadja, W., Liawatimena, S., Lukas, J., Nata, E.P.L., Alexander, I. (2018). Hydroponic system design with real-time OS based on ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 109(1). Basarygina E.M., Putilova T.A., Barashkov M.V. (2019). Development of the prognostic apparatus in the study of nanobodies. Nanoscience and Nanoengineering Novel Applications. Сер. "Innovations in Chemical Physics and Mesoscopy" Oakville, Waretown, 23-30. Basarygina E.M., Shershnev A.V., Putilova T.A. (2019). Nutrition ecology: ensuring plant product quality. Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Development, 169-175. Blednykh V.V. and others. (2003). Agropromproject: hydroponic technology. M.- Chelyabinsk.- 286s. Cherepukhina S.V. (2012). Features of accounting of fixed funds in budgetary institutions. Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy.V. 61.S. 143-150. Kang, S., Hao, X., Du, T., Tong, L., Su, X., Lu, H., Li, X., Huo, Z., Li, S., Ding, R. (2017). Improving agricultural water productivity to ensure food security in China under a changing environment: From research to practice. Agricultural Water Management, 179, 5-17. Khoneva, M.S., Rudenko, O.V., Usatikov, S.V., Bugayets, N.A., Tamova, M.Y.U., Fedorova, M.A., Mogilny, M.P. (2018). Optimizing the technological process of hydroponic germination of wheat grain by the graphic method. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(2), 381-390. Kline, K.L., Msangi, S., Dale, V.H., Woods, J., Souza, G., Osseweijer, P., Clancy, J.S., Hilbert, J.A., Johnson, F.X., McDonnell, P.C., Mugera, H.K. (2017). Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action. GCB Bioenergy, 9(3), 557-576. Kruglyakov Yu.A. (1991). Equipment for the continuous cultivation of green feed hydroponically. M.: Agropromizdat, 79. Ku, Y.G., Kang, D.H., Lee, C.K., Lee, S.Y., Ryu, C.S., Kim, D.E., Polovka, M., Namieśnik, J., Gorinstein, S. (2018). Influence of different cultivation systems on the bioactivity of asparagus. Food Chemistry, 244, 349-358. Lamba, S., Phogat, V.K., Kumar, N. (2017). Sustainable agriculture for sustaining mankind – a review of international literature. Vegetos, 30(2), 477-481. Leshchenko G.P. (2006). Improving the efficiency of hydroponic green fodder cultivation by treating germinating seeds in constant electric fields. Diss and Tech Sciences, Chelyabinsk. 192p. Leshchenko G.P., Sazonov K.A. (2011). The use of engineering graphics in the construction of the electrical equivalent circuit. Materials of the L international scientific and technical conference "Achievements of science - agricultural production". Part 6. CHGAA, Chelyabinsk, CHGAA, 9-13. Leshchenko G.P., Sazonov K.A., Leshchenko E.A. (2017). Dependence of the intensity of electric influence on the stage of spring of seeds. In the collection: energy - agricultural complex of Russia materials of the international scientific-practical conference. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education; FSBEI HE South Ural State Agrarian University. S. 87-92. *Corresponding author (G.P. Leshchenko) Email: umu@sursau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10C http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10C.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.186

Leshchenko G.P., Sazonov K.A., Torbeev I.G. (2015). Electrode systems for processing bio-objects. In the collection: achievements of science - agricultural production of materials LIV of the international scientific and technical conference; Section 13. Physics, Chemistry and Nanotechnology Section; 14. Mechanics and mathematical methods; Section 15. Life safety and technical operation of vehicles; Section 16. Heat and gas supply for agriculture. Edited by P.G. Svechnikov..S. 28-33. Leshchenko G.P., Sazonov K.A., Torbeev I.G., Poltavsky A.Yu. (2014). Energy-saving technological scheme for hydroponic green food growing. In the collection: Achievements of science - agro-industrial production Materials of the LIII International Scientific and Technical Conference. Edited by P.G. Svechnikov. S. 42-47. Medvedev S.S. (2013). Plant physiology. SPb .: BHV, Petersburg. 512p. Nay-Htoon, B., Xue, W., Lindner, S., Cuntz, M., Ko, J., Tenhunen, J., Werner, C., Dubbert, M. (2018). Quantifying differences in water and carbon cycling between paddy and rainfed rice (Oryza sativa l.) by flux partitioning. PLoS ONE, 13(4) Rouphael, Y., Kyriacou, M.C., Petropoulos, S.A., De Pascale, S., Colla, G. (2018). Improving vegetable quality in controlled environments. Scientia Horticulturae, 234, 275-289. Saha, S., Mandal, A., Dutta, A. (2018). Good Agricultural Practices: Requirement for the Production of Quality Herbal Medicines. Natural Products and Drug Discovery: An Integrated Approach, 607-631. Zakharova E., Cherepukhina S.E. (2007). The efficiency of agricultural production in the Chelyabinsk region of Agribusiness. Economics, Management. 1, 42-45. Zeleňáková, M., Diaconu, D.C., Haarstad, K. Urban (2017) Water Retention Measures. Procedia Engineering, 190, 419-426. Dr.Galina Pavlovna Leshchenko is an Assistant Professor of Applied Mechanics at South Ural State Agrarian University, Russia. She received a Technical Sciences Doctoral Degree. Her research interests are Electrical Equipment and Electrical Technologies in Agriculture especially Electrification of Hydroponic Feed Production Technological Processes.

Dr.Elena Mikhailovna Basarygina received a doctorate in Technical Sciences in Electrical Equipment and Electrical Technologies in Agriculture. She is Head of the Department of Mathematical and Natural Sciences. Her research interests are the Use of Electro-physical Methods in Hydroponic Production Technologies.

Dr.Svetlana Vasilievna Cherepukhina received a degree of Economic Sciences in Economics and Management of the National Economy. She is temporary Rector of the South Ural State Agrarian University. Her research interests are features of Cost Accounting in Agricultural Production.

Dr.Evgenia Anatolyevna Leshchenko received a degree of Technical Sciences in Technologies and Means of Agricultural Mechanization. She is an Assistant Professor of Applied Mechanics. He research interests include Mechanization of Hydroponic Feed Production Technological Processes.

Dr.Tatyana Aleksandrovna Putilova received a degree of Technical Sciences in Electrical Equipment and Electrical Technologies in Agriculture. She is a Methodologist at the South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University. Research interests: Electrification of Hydroponic Feed Production Technological Processes.

G.P. Leshchenko, E.M. Basarygina, S.V. Cherepukhina, E.A. Leshchenko, T.A. Putilova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10D

THERAPIES OF PURULENT MASTITIS IN CATS 1

V.V. Chekrysheva , I.A. Rodin

North-Caucasus Zonal Scientific Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Centre, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Anatomy, Veterinary Obstetrics and Surgery, Kuban State Agrarian University, Krasnodar, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Article history: Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 30 March 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

A comparative analysis of the most common methods of treating mastitis in cats is carried out, and the incidence of mastitis in cats among the entire obstetric and gynecological pathology is studied. Currently, mastitis in cats is an urgent problem, due to the high cost of treatment costs, the possible death of the cat itself, as well as the shortage of litter of nutrients due to the lack of milk in the female. Possible complications after cats are ill with a purulent form of mastitis include a lack of lactation. Thus, the problem of finding rational methods for treating purulent forms of mastitis in cats is relevant not only for veterinarians but also for owners of animals. Mastitis is the most common pathology among cats and makes up 36.5%. In the course of studies, it was revealed that the purulent form of mastitis occurs in 41% of rays among all forms of mastitis in cats. The clinical picture with a purulent form of mastitis is pronounced: the animal is depressed, refuses to eat, body temperature is increased to 40°C, and pulse and respiratory rate are increased. Signs of inflammation in the mammary gland are also pronounced. The mammary gland is enlarged, hot, hyperemic, swollen, soreness pronounced. A secretion of pus is secreted from the nipples with an unpleasant odor of white-yellow color. Also during the operation was investigated for therapeutic efficacy сomplex schemes s treatment using antibiotic Sinuloks and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ainil. The therapeutic efficacy of this regimen reaches 100% within 5 days. A comprehensive treatment regimen using m antibacterial drug Kobactan 2.5% and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Meloxivet 2% is therapeutically effective in 100% of cases for 5 days. The animals of the control group used the antibacterial drug Bicillin 3 twice. Such therapy showed very low therapeutic efficacy (40%).

Keywords:

Sick cats; Female cats; Breast pathology; Mammary gland; Purulent form of mastitis; Ill cats; Hematological parameters; Inflammation.

*Corresponding author (L.A.Rodin) Email: Rodin@kubsau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.187

1. INTRODUCTION Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that develops in response to the action of mechanical, chemical, physical, biological and other factors (Goncharov, 2004; Karlikov, 2006; Chekrysheva et al., 2019). This pathology occupies a leading place among obstetric and gynecological diseases in cats (Zhukov, 2018). Mastitis in cats is often the cause of death due to intoxication and sepsis of the body. Mastitis causes a variety of (adverse effects on the mammary gland of mechanical, thermals is the chemical and biological agents, accompanied by penetration into it is different pathogens) (Arkhipov, 2011; Goncharov, 2004; Polish, 2018). Of great importance in the occurrence of mastitis is a decrease in the overall resistance of the animal organism, as well as breast tissue, which leads to a weakening of the bactericidal activity of milk and the development of microflora in the mammary gland (Oleinik 2006; Safuanova, Suleymanova, 2013). A decrease in the resistance of the body and breast tissue is more often observed with delayed placenta, endometritis, subinvolution of the uterus, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other organs (Kuznetsov and Mayorov, 2001). With untimely treatment, the acute form of mastitis becomes chronic. In this case, the glandular part of the mammary gland is replaced by connective tissue, and even in case of recovery of the animal, the mammary gland tissue is not restored (Baimisheva, 2007). Currently, there are many different treatment regimens, but the mastitis problem remains relevant. The search for new drug combinations to increase economic and therapeutic efficacy is of great interest not only to practicing veterinarians and breeders but also to pet owners (Starchenkov, 2001; Drozd, 2015). In this regard, we set a goal to study the therapeutic efficacy of complex treatment regimens for purulent mastitis in cats. To solve the problem, the following tasks were presented for resolution: 1) 2) 3) 4)

To study the incidence of mastitis in cats among obstetric and gynecological pathologies; Determine the spread of purulent forms of mastitis in cats among all forms of mastitis; Analyze the clinical signs of purulent mastitis in animals; To study the therapeutic efficacy of the proposed integrated treatment regimens.

2. STUDY DETAILS The studies were carried out in state veterinary hospitals of the city of Rostov-on-Don during 2019. The experiment included 30 cats aged 1-8 years with a suspected purulent form of mastitis. All animals were not sterilized. To make a diagnosis, each animal underwent a general clinical study, as well as a special obstetric-gynecological study. In a clinical study of the animal, a thorough medical history was conducted, which took into account the age, breed, physiological condition of the female (exactly how the pregnancy progressed, the course of the birth, during the birth, the postpartum period, the number of days after delivery, the number of kittens in the litter), the time of the disease, who and how it helped, what drugs were used to treat earlier, the general condition of the animal, appetite. Then, each animal was subjected to a general clinical study, and temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory movements were evaluated. When examining the mammary gland in cats, attention was paid to its shape, symmetry, color, and integrity of the skin, and the state of the superficial blood and lymph vessels. With superficial

V.V. Chekrysheva, I.A. Rodin

palpation, the local temperature in the symmetrical areas of the mammary gland was compared. With deep, the presence of pain, foci of compaction or softening, the condition of the lymph nodes: size, texture, mobility, soreness. Nipples were examined by rolling between fingers to detect morphological changes in their wall, channel patency. In addition, test distillation was performed from each milk bag to evaluate the resulting exudate. The secreted secretion was investigated by external signs: by color, smell, consistency, and uniformity. We also used additional laboratory research methods, namely an ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity of sick animals in order to establish a concomitant pathology, a hematological examination of the blood of cats to determine the intensity of the inflammatory process. The diagnosis of a sick animal set comprehensively, taking into account the data of the anamnesis, complete cus-ethnic study of the animal, the total analiza blood. In this case, the severity of the course of the disease was taken into account. After analyzing the results of a clinical obstetric study, we studied the incidence of purulent mastitis in cats among obstetric and gynecological pathologies, as well as the spread of purulent forms among all forms of mastitis in cats. At the second stage of the studies, the clinical signs of a purulent form of mastitis in cats were determined. At the next stage of our studies, we divided the studied animals into 3 groups: 2 experimental and 1 control. Each group included 10 sick cats. The cats of the first experimental group used the antibacterial drug of the penicillin group, Sinuloks for injection, because it has a wide spectrum of bactericidal activity at the rate of 8.75 mg/kg of the animalâ€™s weight intramuscularly for 5 days. Antibacterial therapy was supplemented with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ainil 1%. Ketoprofen, which is part of Ainil 1%, is a derivative of propionic acid, has a pronounced anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect, inhibits platelet aggregation. Ainil 1% was administered intramuscularly at the rate of 3 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight for 3 days. The cats of the second experimental group used a complex antibacterial drug of the cephalosporin series of the 4th generation of systemic action Kobactan 2.5% at the rate of 0.5 ml per 5 kg of animal body weight intramuscularly with an interval of 24 hours for 5 days. Regimen supplemented using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug class oxicams (derivative enolovoy acid) Meloksivet 2%, having a pronounced anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity with antipyretic properties in E. Meloxivet 2% was injected subcutaneously twice according to the following scheme: for the first administration at the rate of 0.2 mg per kg of animal body weight, the second administration should be carried out with an interval of 24 hours at the rate of 0.1 mg per kg of cat's body weight. Cats of the control group were used drug "Bitsillin 3", which relates to antibacterial medication penicillin groups based 20,000 units per kg of animal body weight. The drug was administered 1 time in 3 days twice. Simultaneously with the therapy, in all three groups weaned kittens from sick animals. Sick animals were monitored daily until recovery. To establish a diagnosis of purulent mastitis, as well as evaluating the results of therapy, blood samples were taken from animals for research. A general blood test was performed on an automatic analyzer. Its parameters are eritrotsity, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean hemoglobin in erythrocytes, platelets, myelocytes, and leukocytes. *Corresponding author (L.A.Rodin) Email: Rodin@kubsau.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.187

At the final stage of the studies, the therapeutic efficacy of the proposed treatment regimens for cats with purulent mastitis was evaluated. When assessing therapeutic efficacy, not only the percentage of recovery of animals was taken into account, but also the occurrence of relapses or a transition to a chronic course. The onset of recovery was judged by a change in the general condition of the animal and mammary gland, the nature of the secretion of the udder, and hematological parameters.

3. RESULTS From the data in Table 1 shows that the most common obstetric and gynecological disorders are among cats mastitis (36.5%), the following is the most common pathology of endometriosis (29.5%) also have a large distribution of neoplasm mammary (19,5%) Less commonly recorded pyometra (11%) and mastopathy (3.5%). Table 1: The incidence of mastitis in cats. Nosological unit Mastitis Mastopathy Breast neoplasms Pyrometer Endometritis TOTAL

Number of animals goals % 73 36.5 7 3,5 39 19.5 22 11 59 29.5 200 100

Like wine from Table 2, the body temperature in all cats included in the experiment, in the first day of treatment was significantly higher than normal and reached a 40 0 C, and on the second day - it has dropped to normal. However, in the control group was observed in some cats, and the temperature rise at the 2 and 3 days or treatment. Heart rate before and after treatment was high as a result of stress from transporting animals. The frequency of respiratory movements in the first days of treatment was at a fairly high level and reached 41 respiratory movements per minute. Starting from day 3, the respiratory rate remained within the physiological norm throughout the course of treatment. After analyzing the clinical picture in cats, patients with a purulent form of mastitis concluded that most often purulent mastitis is quite difficult. The animal is significantly depressed, there is no appetite, the cat lies, does not show activity. Affected milk packets are hot to the touch, enlarged, hyperemic, and soreness is pronounced. During the test removal from the affected milk package, a white-yellow secret with an admixture of pus with a fetid odor is released. The body temperature of the animal reaches 40 0 C, breathing and pulse are quickened. Table 2: The Dynamics of the physiological parameters of cats with purulent mastitis Group of animals 1 experienced 2 experienced The control

Temperature, Â°ĐĄ Before After treatment treatment 39,8-40,1 37,9-38,3 39,7-40,1 38,1-38,5 39,6-39,9 38,7-39,1

Pulse beats. / min. Before After treatment treatment 154-159 124-132 142-154 112-134 145-157 123-136

Breath DV ./min. Before After treatment treatment 34-37 22-28 37-41 21-29 32-38 25-30

The results of a study of the effectiveness of complex treatment regimens for a purulent form of mastitis in cats are presented in Table 3.

V.V. Chekrysheva, I.A. Rodin

Table 3 shows the data on the therapeutic effectiveness of complex treatment regimens, so in the first and second experimental groups all animals recovered, the duration of the therapeutic course was on average 5 days. In the control group, 40% of the cats recovered. One cat developed an abscess in one of the milk packets, and the rest, the inflammatory process spread to neighboring milk packets. Table 3: The effectiveness of the complex treatment of cats with a purulent form of mastitis a. Groups

Treated animals

1 Experienced 2 Experienced Control

10 10 10

The number of days of treatment 5 ± 0, 2 5 ± 0.1 6 ± 0.3

Recovered animals % 10 100 10 100 4 40

From the data in Table 4, it can be seen that before the start of treatment, a pronounced inflammatory process took place in cats in the mammary gland, this was expressed in an increased number of leukocytes and a high level of ESR. An increased amount of granulocytes in the blood may indicate purulent inflammation in the body of the animal. A decreased level of lymphocytes indicates the course of a bacterial infection. After the treatment in the experimental groups, all indicators were within acceptable values, namely, the level of leukocytes and ESR decreased, the number of lymphocytes increased, which indicates the phase of recovery. Also, the level of granulocytes decreased to normal values. The levels of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit, and platelets before and after treatment were within acceptable values. Table 4: The Dynamics of hematological parameters in the complex treatment of cats with a purulent form of mastitis a Indicator

The first experimental group

Before treatment Hematocrit (HCT) % 35±6.2 Hemoglobin, g / l (Hgb) 162±16.3 White blood cells (Wbc) 109 /L 24.6±3.8 Red blood cells (RBC), 1012 /L 9.2±1.8 Granulocytes (Gra), 109 /L 17.43±0.9 Lymphocytes (Lym), 109 /L 0.9±0.2 9 Platelets (Plt), 10 /L 201.4±10.3 ESR, mm/h 19.3±2.11

After treatment 42±7.7 1 74±11.7 8.7±2.5 8.9±2.2 6.1±0.85 3.2±0.3 221.4±8.5 3.8±1.15

The second experimental group Before After treatment treatment 31±4.9 40±5.2 173±10.6 158±17.3 26.3±4.3 7.3±2.7 9.7±1.6 9.3±2.4 19.7±1.3 6 .6±0.9 0.7±0.1 3.8±0.1 208.7±5.8 211.9±9 .34 21±1.9 3.4±1.4

Control group Before treatment 38±4.8 167±9.7 26.1±3.9 9.4±1.9 19.34±0.8 0.6±0.2 209.3±7.5 20.6±2 .1

After treatment 34±7.2 152±18.4 17±4.3 9.3±2.4 5.42±1.2 3.6±0.4 217.4±7.85 7.8±1.89

serous mastitis catarrhal mastitis hemorrhagic mastitis fibrinous mastitis purulent mastitis abscess

Figure 1: Forms of mastitis At the next stage of the study, the prevalence of purulent mastitis among all forms of *Corresponding author (L.A.Rodin) Email: Rodin@kubsau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10D http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10D.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.187

inflammation of the mammary gland was analyzed. The results of this analysis are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the catarrhal form of mastitis is the most common (53.7%), the purulent form of mastitis (41%) takes the next place. An abscess of the mammary gland in a cat was found only twice, which is 2.7%. Serous and hemorrhagic forms of mastitis in cats had isolated cases, which is 1.3% of cases.

4. DISCUSSION In this article, a comparative analysis of the most common methods of treating mastitis in cats is carried out, and the incidence of mastitis in cats among the entire obstetric and gynecological pathology is studied. Currently, mastitis in cats is an urgent problem, due to the high cost of treatment costs, the possible death of the cat itself, as well as the shortage of litter of nutrients due to the lack of milk in the female. Possible complications after cats are ill with a purulent form of mastitis include a lack of lactation. In view of this, the problem of finding rational methods for treating purulent forms of mastitis in cats is relevant not only for veterinarians but also for owners of animals. Mastitis is the most common pathology among cats and makes up 36.5%. In the course of studies, it was revealed that the purulent form of mastitis occurs in 41% of rays among all forms of mastitis in cats. The clinical picture with a purulent form of mastitis is pronounced: the animal is depressed, refuses to eat, body temperature is increased to 40Â°C, pulse and respiratory rate are increased. Signs of inflammation in the mammary gland are also pronounced. The mammary gland is enlarged, hot, hyperemic, swollen, soreness pronounced. A secretion of pus is secreted from the nipples with an unpleasant odor of white-yellow color. Also during the operation was investigated for therapeutic efficacy Ń omplex schemes s treatment using antibiotic Sinuloks and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ainil. The therapeutic efficacy of this regimen reaches 100% within 5 days. A comprehensive treatment regimen using m antibacterial drug Kobactan 2.5% and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Meloxivet 2% is therapeutically effective in 100% of cases for 5 days. The animals of the control group used the antibacterial drug Bicillin 3 twice. Such therapy showed very low therapeutic efficacy (40%).

5. CONCLUSION Mastitis is the most common obstetric-gynecological pathology among cats and makes up 36.5%. Purulent form of mastitis in cats occurs in 41% of cases among all forms of mastitis. With a purulent form of mastitis in cats, a significant deterioration in general condition, refusal of feed, an increase in body temperature to 40Â°C, an increase in heart rate and respiratory rate are noted. In the mammary gland, all signs of inflammation are manifested: an increase in size, pain, swelling, hyperemia, a secretion with an unpleasant odor of white-yellow color with an admixture of pus is secreted from the nipples. A comprehensive treatment regimen using the antibacterial drug Sinulox and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Ainil 1% is therapeutically effective in 100% of cases for 5 days. A comprehensive treatment regimen using m antibacterial drug Kobactan 2.5% and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Meloxivet 2% is therapeutically effective in 100% of cases for 5 days.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

V.V. Chekrysheva, I.A. Rodin

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors appreciate the involvement of Rostov Regional Animal Disease Control Station.

8. REFERENCES Arkhipov A.A. Preparations for the prevention and treatment of animals with mastitis. Veterinary medicine. 2011. 9, 13-15. Baimisheva D.Sh. Factors causing the occurrence of mastitis / D.Sh. Baimisheva, L.A. Korosteleva, S.V. Kotenkov // Zootechnics. 2007. 8, 22-24. Goncharov V.P., D.A. Turtle. Obstetrics, gynecology, and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M.: Kolos S, 2004 . 365p. Drozd M.N. Express - diagnosis of the functional and pathological state of the mammary gland in animals. Youth, and Science. 2015. 2, 20. Zhukov V.M. Organopathology of the mammary gland of cats and dogs. Bulletin of the Altai State Agrarian University. 2018. 7(165), 95-99. Karlikov D.V., G.T. Karlikova , A.Z. Kaneev. Veterinary science animals. 2006. 1, 58-63. Kuznetsov, A.A., Mayorov, G.Kh. A.I. Treatment of acute postpartum mastitis Text. Diseases of dogs / A.I. Majors. M .: Kolos, 2001. 472 p. Oleinik A. Dairy and beef cattle odst. 2006. 7, 26-29. Polish S.V., Podlesnykh V.N. Diagnosis and modern therapy of cats with acute catarrhal mastitis // International Academic Bulletin. 2018. 6(26), S.2-9. Safuanova R.R., Suleymanova D.R. Experience in the treatment of cat mastitis // In the collection: Student and agricultural science Materials IX student scientific conference. Bashkir State Agrarian University. 2015. S.133-136. Starchenkov, S.V. Diseases of dogs and cats: Textbook / S.V. Starchenkov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Lan", 2001. 560p. Chekrysheva V.V., Babkina T.N., Gadzaonov R.Kh. / Distribution, etiology and symptoms of mastitis in cats. News of the Gorsky State Agrarian University. 2019. 56(4), 146-150. Victoria Vladimirovna Chekrysheva is with the North-Caucasus Zonal Scientific Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, Federal Rostov Agricultural Research Centre, RUSSIA. She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her practice and research are in the fields of Veterinary Sciences.

Professor Dr.Igor Alekseevich Rodin is Professor at the Department of Anatomy, Veterinary Obstetrics and Surgery, the Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia. He holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences from Kuban Agricultural Institute. His practice and research encompass Obstetrics and Gynecology, General and Private Surgery, Ophthalmology, Biotechnology of Reproduction of Small Pets, General and private Surgery.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10E

TECHNOGENIC ECOSYSTEM AS THE MAIN FACTOR AFFECTING THE IMMUNOBIOCHEMICAL STATUS OF ANIMALS 1

R.R. Fatkullin , A.K. Saken

Department of Feeding, Animal Hygiene, Production Technology and Processing of Agricultural Products, South Ural State Agrarian University, Troitsk, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 01 April 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

The production of food products of animal origin is considered as the dominant producer of the agrarian ecosystem, characterized by their own features of the biotic cycle in agricultural systems of agro landscapes geoecochemistry, thereby influencing living organisms through trophic chains. The modern state of livestock breeding through analysis of blood, feed, and organs from animals in all types of farms confirms that one of the important drivers of low efficiency of the industry is an excess of some vital trace elements in environmentally disadvantaged areas against a background of chronic deficiency of the complex of others, which leads to low reproduction of the uterine livestock and producers. There are significant works based on the analyzes of the study of microbiogenic parts of the trophic chain, however, the problems of the formation of processes associated with metabolic disorders in microelementoses from development to clinical manifestations are still insufficiently studied. Analysis of data on animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, indicators of the immune system, article of clinical status used to diagnose the transformation of the physiological state of animals, laboratory tests of milk, blood, urine, and feces are group methods of research in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals.

Keywords: Agricultural ecosystem contamination; Biochemical characteristics of animals; Clinical and biochemical assessment of processes; Analysis of total protein and protein fractions of blood serum; Lipid metabolism; Mineral metabolism; Blood analysis; Carbohydrate metabolism; Respiratory function of the blood; Oxidoreduction; Carbohydrate decomposition phase.

1. INTRODUCTION Immunobiological and neuroendocrine factors of biological and chemical adaptation are interconnected and genetically determined, they carry out biochemical processes that serve as reactions to the adjusting of individual organs or the whole organism of cows to specific environmental conditions are characteristic of pathological conditions, including stages and periods of ontogenesis (Pauli and Fatkullin, 2018). *Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

In order to establish the characteristics of metabolic processes and to study the peculiarity of adaptation of the animal organism to contamination of ecosystems by toxic elements, an analysis of the biochemical parameters of carbohydrate, protein, mineral and lipid metabolism in animals was performed, since the biochemical feature of the systems makes it possible to recognize nature and pathogenesis. When choosing laboratory methods, the requirements of the clinical and biochemical principles of pathological processes in the body of cows were followed (Fatkullin et al., 2018). To achieve the set goal, in Rassvet LLP there was organized a group of cow breeds according to the following criteria: Kazakh white-headed, age 6-7.5 years, live weight 490-530 kg, gestation period 3-3.5 months (I group). The group of cows corresponding to the biogeochemical situation was organized in Novokatenino LLP (group II).

2. ANALYTICAL RESULT 2.1 ANALYSIS OF CRUDE PROTEIN AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF BLOOD SERUM IN COWS According to the data shown in Table 1, the indices of crude protein in animals of the first group are lower than the norm by 4.2% (P> 0.05), and contains 82.22Âą31 g/L. In cows of the second group, a marked decrease in the level of crude protein was observed, which confirms the inhibition of protein biosynthesis in the body, reaching 79.32Âą0.43 g/L, which is primarily associated with the disturbance of the protein-synthetic function of the liver. Table 1: Content of crude protein and protein fractions of blood serum in cows (gâ‹…l-1; n = 10) Whey protein Parameter Reference đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ quantity đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ 1 % đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ 2 %

85.92Âą0.21

40.32Âą0.24

7.52Âą0.04

8.09Âą0.01

2.42Âą0.04

4.82Âą0.03

Globulins Îą 2macro -+Îł17.11Âą0.02

82.22Âą0.31 -4.20 79.32Âą0.43 -7.70

32.85Âą0.18 -18.52 31.24Âą0.08 -22.51

9.48Âą0.08 +26.05 9.34Âą0.05 +24.20

10.47Âą0.03 +29.29 10.85Âą0.04 +33.99

1.53Âą0.02 -36.36 1.51Âą0.08 -37.19

4.30Âą0.02 -10.59 4.09Âą0.01 -14.94

6.42Âą0.04 -10.72 6.47Âą0.07 -9.02

Crude Prealbumin protein content Albumin (Alb) (Palb)

Transferin (Tf)

Albumin (ĐĄŃ€)

Î˛ 2-

Î˛-Lp Îł29.92Âą0.02

6.06Âą0.07

8.64Âą0.06 -12.81 8.00Âą0.10 -19.25

8.01Âą0.12 +32.01 7.29Âą0.11 +20.13

The content of serum albumin, which has a kind of erudition to regulate their level in the body due to the small molecular weight, and transport physiological metabolites, is reduced. Regarding regulatory requirements, the cows of the first group have them lower by 18.52 and the second by 22.51%, which, firstly, indicates a decrease in the concentration of albumin, which leads to a slowdown in the regeneration of proteins in the cellular structures of the body, and secondly, a slowdown the antitoxic functioning of albumin and the emergence of isolated metabolites in a free biologically active state (Pauli and Fatkullin, 2019). The mentioned situation in the proteinogram is worsened by an increase by 1.26 times in the content of postalbumin in the first group of cows and by 1.24 times in the second one, which can slow down enzymatic catalysis during intensively uninterrupted or pathological proliferative processes. The total protein fractions were 9.02 and 10.72%, which is lower in cows of both groups relatively to the required norms. Îą2 -macroglobulin and haptoglobulin of the Îą2+Îł1 -globulin fraction zone are also endowed with immunosuppressive activity. In our opinion, the low content of the

R.R. Fatkullin, A.K. Saken

α2+γ1 -globulin fraction can be explained by the ability of α2 -macroglobulin to bind and move Ni in the form of nickel plasmin. In humans, the concentration of this protein is on average 43% of the total amount, despite the fact that the physiological function of this metalloprotein is still unknown. The quantity of the iron protein fraction, on the contrary, exceeds the indicated reference quantities by an average of 31.65%, its content is 10.47±0.03 (P <0.001), 10.85±0.04 g/L (P <0.001), relatively to animal groups. In our opinion, this increase, not taking into account the participation of transferrins in hematopoiesis, is associated with the particularity of their structure. It is known that sialic acids are considered to be one of the main elements of the prosthetic group of transferrins, which are a typical barrier to infection before the production of specific antibodies since transferrin-unsaturated iron inhibits the growth of bacteria and viruses (Fatkullin, 2014). It is also obvious that sialic acids represent the acylated derivatives of neuraminic acid, which come as a labile component of glycoproteins. According to the results of studies, the indicators of animal serum neuraminic acid reach 41.95±2.31 (P <0.01) for the 1st and 45.31±1.95 mcmol/L (P <0.001) for the 2nd group of cows. Perhaps the envisaged decrease in neuraminic acid by 20.79% is associated with increased synthesis of its derivatives. The concentration of transferrins in blood serum can be involved as a parameter of pathological processes occurring in the body, which have a positive effect, according to some authors. The content of ceruloplasmin, a transport protein of the α2 -globulin fraction, tends to lower levels in both groups of animals and is 1.53±0.02 (P <0.001) for the 1st and 1.51 ± 0.08 g/L (P <0.01) for the 2nd group (Table 1). In spite of the variety of biological characteristics of ceruloplasmin, a decrease in its indices, in our opinion, is interconnected with a suppression of the antioxidant activity of copper oxidase, due to which lipid autooxidation is activated and toxic radicals of superoxidion, a product of abnormal aerobic metabolism, are accumulated in the organism of animals of the technogenic zone. Our hypothesis about a decrease in the antioxidant functioning of animal blood plasma is justified by a high content of β-lipoproteins, amounting to 8.01±0.12 for the first and 7.29±0.11 g/L (P <0.001) for the second group of cows, exceeding the reference quantities by 20.13 and 32.01% (Table 1). The abrupt change in the protein background in the animal organism was significantly reflected in the performance of protective blood proteins, β2 -globulins. The content of proteins was found to be reduced to 4.30±0.02 and 4.09±0.01 g/L (P <0.001), relatively to the groups of cows, which is primarily associated with the toxic effects of Cd, the content of which in subsequent studies became high in the kidneys, suppressing the reabsorption of β2 -globulins by destructive changes in the proximal renal tubules. According to the analysis of the protein spectrum of the blood of animals, it is clear that a reaction to the prolonged influence of a qualitatively new environmental factor (toxic elements) results in a change in homeostasis that activates adaptation systems through the hypothalamic-pituitary systems of the brain. Through releasing hormones, the hypothalamus embodies the contact of the endocrine system with the nervous system, reconfiguring nerve impulses into humoral ones. At the same time, the functional system is mobilized, which is responsible for the *Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

adaptive function, the generation of cell structures that limit the level of functioning of cells and organs. At the same time, there is a high content of immunosuppressants, which lead to suppression of the immune function by affecting the processes associated with the splitting of immunocompetent cells, as evidenced by our studies with a decrease in the content of gamma-2-globulins in the animal body, which were 8.64±0.06 for the first group and 8.00±0.10 g/L (P <0.01) for the 2nd group relatively, with the averaged normative indicators 9.92±0.056 g/l. The synthesis of gamma-2-globulins, a typical function of immunocompetent cells, shows the well-being of the cellular immune system, indicating the need to study the parameters of cellular immunity (Tairova et al., 2010). Alanine aminotransferase (AlAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT), which exist in two molecular forms — mitochondrial and cytosolic, belong to the group of indicator enzymes that play an important role in determining the nature of specific protein metabolism pathways. Based on our research, the change in the activity of aminotransferases in the blood serum of animals of the first and second groups is approximately similar. In cows of the first group, the level of activity of AsAT is increased by 86.03% and contains 4650.69 ± 45.26 nkat/L (P <0.001), in the second group, respectively, is higher than the norm by 52.61% (3815 , 16-29.72 nkat/L, P <0.001). According to the results of the study, it is clear that an abnormal concentration of trace elements in environmental objects more fruitfully generates ontogenesis of the activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme, indicating pathology of the structure and function of hepatocytes, which contribute to the release and entry into the blood of the cytosolic enzyme. So the activity of alanine aminotransferase in animals of the first group increased by 2.27 times, in the second it increased by 1.73 times, respectively, for aspartate aminotransferase these quantities are 86.03 and 52.61% more. An increase in the de Ritis coefficient (2.49 units; P <0.01 and 2.68 units; P <0.001, relatively to the groups of cows) confirms the appearance of a pathological process in the animal liver, which contributes to an increase in the permeability of cell membranes. Since the biosynthesis of 75-90% of alpha and gamma globulins and all albumin takes place in the liver, in the pathology of the liver, protein and amino acid exchanges are disturbed, due to which the studied metamorphosis of transaminase activity is most likely subject not only to the neuro-humoral regulatory effect through activators and inhibitors, but also inhibition of protein biosynthesis in the affected liver. An increase in the activity of aminotransferases in the blood of cows can also be manifested in the form of an adaptive reaction of the body, one of the protective actions in the process of adaptation to arbitrary stressful effects of negative environmental factors.

2.2 ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN BLOOD OF COWS Considering the location of animals in the conditions of ecosystem pollution by toxic elements, a dozen energy reserves are being requested to adapt to the environment, it is equally important to analyze the condition of carbohydrate metabolism, since carbohydrates, namely glucose, are the main energy resource for body cells. With this aspiration, in the course of the study, we revealed the concentrations of the main metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism: glucose, pyruvic acid, and lactic acid (Table 2). Studies have shown that indicators of total blood sugar in animals of both groups are lower than the reference standards by 13.86-15.83%. A similar concentration of glucose in the blood of animals

R.R. Fatkullin, A.K. Saken

(2.97Âą0.07 ... 3.04Âą0.19 mc mol/L), in our opinion, has a correlation with the total protein and the characteristics of the protein profile of blood serum (table 2) . Apparently, under these conditions, glucose begins to import due to the mechanisms arising as a result of metabolic reactions of amino acids with glyconeogenesis (Khlyupin and Fatkullin, 2016a; 2016b). The shift in the level of blood indices of the studied animals of the main metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism is unidirectional, the parameters found during the study convince of a violation of the proper functioning of the liver, despite the uneven increase in their levels (Table 2). The content of pyruvic acid, an important metabolite of glycolysis and glyconeogenesis, is significantly higher than the reference values by 21.0% - 119.18Âą9.99 and 122.02Âą8.06 mmol/L; therefore, in the experimental groups, a significant increase in the level of the final glycolysis product in the form of lactate (1.97Âą0.02 and 2.23Âą0.07 mmol/L) and exceeds the reference standards by 62.17 and 82.04%, relatively to the groups.

Table 2: Indices of carbohydrate metabolism in the blood of cows (n = 10) Parameter Glucose, mcmol/L Pyruvic acid, mcmol/L Lactic acid, mcmol/L Lactate/Pyruvate, units Fructose bisphosphate aldolase, nka/L Alkaline phosphatase, nkat/L

đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ % đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ % ďż˝ đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ % ďż˝ đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ % đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ % đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ %

1 3.04Âą0.19 -13.86 119.18Âą9.99 +19.16 1.97Âą0.02 +62.17 16.61Âą0.12 +36.16 91.33Âą11.24 -49.21 178.25Âą19.14 -63.10

2 2.97Âą0.07 -15.83 122.02Âą8.06 +22.01 2.23Âą0.07 +82.04 18.20Âą0.09 +49.19 76.63Âą14.4 -57.38 120.13Âą21.15 -75.13

Reference quantity 3.54-4.00 91.20-100.0 1.06-1.22 11.62-12.20 179.87Âą3.23 483.00-2534.0

The lack of oxygen in the cells is due to the transformation of the metabolism of carbohydrates from aerobic to anaerobic, under the conditions of accumulation of lactic acid, D-glucose is modified to anaerobic glycolysis. All of the above, despite the protein and carbohydrate balance in the diet, have signs of a hypoxic profile of sugar metabolism, and participate unidirectionally in the generation of heavy metal hypoxia. Apparently, their high content, in particular, Pb and Cd, becomes the cause of morphological and functional changes in mitochondria and impedes breathing, phosphorylation, and transport processes, which probably reflects the pathological effects of these metals (Kokshanov and Fatkullin, 2019). Oxidoreduction between phosphoglyceric pyruvic acid and aldehyde is considered the main transitional reaction of glycolysis, which is accompanied by the release of energy. According to our research, a change in the activity of fructobisphosphate aldolase proves a decrease in the intensity of the glycolytic phase of the breakdown of carbohydrates. A comparative analysis of the activity of the enzyme in animals with comparative values demonstrates its decrease. Thus, the activity of fructose bisphosphate aldolase in animals is 1.49 and 1.57 times lower than *Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

normal and reaches 91.33±11.24 nkat/L (P <0.01) and 76.63±14.4 nkat/L (P <0.001), which indicates functional disorders of the liver. We think that all of the above descriptions of the transition of carbohydrate metabolism in experimental animals are consistent with the fact that in a given period in the maternal body, deep morphological and physiological shifts are observed associated with the improvement of metabolic processes in animals. These metabolic reactions are aimed at mobilizing intraorgan sources of energy supply to the mother’s body and form embryos on a number of indicators of hypoxia and anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates, as well as plastic functioning for the formation of tissue structures and organs of embryos and confirm metabolic disturbances in the body of pregnant cows living in an unfavorable ecological zone. In our opinion, a decrease in the concentration of carbohydrates in the blood of animals as the main energy provider reveals the occurrence of underdeveloped and stillborn calves, up to miscarriage and abortion. Obviously, blood glucose is supplied due to glycogen in the depot of the body and sugars of food nutrients, which supply the required volume of the respiratory chain, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and glucose phosphate for glycolysis. By suppressing ATP-adrenaline-dependent sources of glycogenolysis, the aggravation of energy sources begins, which ultimately leads to a violation of carbohydrate metabolism. Under the influence of regulatory participation in the metabolic processes of the parasympathetic nervous system, the use of galactose and other feed sugars is deteriorating, and glucose is supplied due to glyconeogenesis reactions. The parasympathetic pathway of metabolic regulation notifies the appearance of hypoglycemic presence and is not corrected by energy deficiency of macroergic compounds (Fatkullin et al., 2016). Therefore, as a result of the activation of the shunt path to metabolism and energy exchange, the amino acid capital of the body gradually decreases over a long period, respectively, making it difficult for the embryos to become and finally develop, as well as the calf gains in weight after calving. Studies of lipid metabolism represent a characteristic enthusiasm because hypoglycemia and anaerobic oxidation of carbohydrates contribute to the growth of lipolysis (Fatkullin et al., 2016).

2.3 ANALYSIS OF LIPID METABOLISM IN THE BLOOD OF COWS The research data (Table 3) indicate that experimental cows show a tendency to increase the level of total lipids, the index of which is 6.16±0.79 for cows of the first group and 6.25±0.33 g/L for the 2nd group, where the data of the 2nd group are reliable with a reference norm of 6.30% (P <0.05). According to table 3, it can be seen that during the study, the content of β-lipoproteins was determined in the animals of the experimental group, taking into account the transportation of exoand endogenous lipids with blood and lymph in the form of water-soluble lipid-protein biocomplexes. Serum antioxidant resistance is decreased, which led to an improvement in the synthesis of low-density lipoproteins (Pauli and Fatkullin, 2018). Studies have shown that the level of β-lipoproteins increases in cows located in the region contaminated with toxic elements, where deviations of the indicators from the required norms are by 20.14 and 32.02%, in addition, a significant synthesis of β-lipoproteins, with a norm of 6.06±0.07 g/L, P <0.001, was observed in the cows of the first group 8.01±0.12 g/L and 7.29±0.11 g/L in the second group.

R.R. Fatkullin, A.K. Saken

Table 3: Indices of lipid metabolism in the blood of cows (n = 10) Parameter

Unit of measurement

Total lipids

g/L

Î˛- lipoproteins

g/L

Cholesterol

millimole/L

Malonic dialdehyde

micromole/L

đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ

1 6.16Âą0.79 +4.78 8.01Âą0.12 +32.02 6.50Âą0.01 +47.9 3.25Âą0.15

Reference quantity

6.25Âą0.33 +6.31 7.29Âą0.11 +20.14 7.13Âą0.06 +62.18 3.44Âą0.21

5.87Âą0.48 6.05Âą0.07 4.39Âą0.34 2.43Âą0.01

According to the data in Table 3, it can be seen that the indices of Î˛-lipoproteins, as well as cholesterol, respectively, are genuinely overestimated from the required norms, amounting to 6.50 Âą 0.01 (P <0.01) and 7.13 Âą 0.06 mmol/L ( P <0.001), respectively, to the groups of cows. The detection of such an increase in cholesterol during the analysis, as one of the most important levers of glyconeogenesis, along with hypoglycemia, must be associated with excessive intake of Mn in animals and with a change in the synthesis and activity of microsomal CoA reductase, which regulates biosynthesis mevalonic acid cholesterol by the negative feedback mechanism (Yakovleva and Fatkullin, 2018). In addition, the indicator of this compound in the blood of cows can be identified by the need for biosynthesis of steroid hormones of the adrenal glands, which are important for the normal course of gluconeogenesis in the body of cows when exposed to stress stimulants (Vasilieva et al., 2018). As a result of lowering glucose indicators, especially its anaerobic oxidation, improving lipolysis in animals, the initial products of lipid peroxidation are intensified. An increase of 1.32 and 1.40 times is stated relatively with reference requirements, the parameters of the content of the initial product of lipid peroxidation - malondialdehyde (MDA). Ceruloplasmin, the most important antioxidant in blood serum, which suppresses and prevents lipid oxidation, is of great importance in the utilization of toxic radicals of superoxidion (Arapova et al., 2018). Obvious protection from mutilation by the superoxidion radical with the help of copper-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD) - an intracellular cell and tissue enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of free radicals to oxygen and peroxide. Inhibition of the level of ceruloplasmin in the experimental groups to 1.52Âą0.07 and 1.54Âą0.02 g / l (P <0.001) and an increase in the level of lipid indices indicate the presence of disorder in the link of lipid peroxidation, amounting to 3.25Âą0.15 and 3.44Âą0.21 mcmol/L (P <0.01), respectively, to the studied groups of cows (Lazarenko et al., 2009).

2.4 ANALYSIS OF MINERAL METABOLISM IN THE BLOOD OF COWS Table 4 results indicate that when studying metabolic processes it is unacceptable to miss the mineral metabolism quantities, because most of the mineral elements in the necessary proportions participate in membrane permeability, the energy supply of the organism, activation of enzymes, while the imbalance of mineral elements results in fluctuations in the metabolic processes. During the study, the Ca content in the blood serum of animals was kept within the upper limit of the species norm, amounting to 2.78Âą0.24 g/L in the first and 2.74Âą0.36 g/L in the second group of experimental cows, which does not disagree with the required regulatory parameters (P> 0.5). *Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

Table 4: Indices of mineral metabolism in the blood of cows (n = 10) Parameter, Âľmol / L đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Ca (mmol/L) % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ P ((mmol/L)) % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Mg ((mmol/L)) % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Fe % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Cu % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Zn % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Mn % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Co % to normal đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Ni % to MRL đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Pb % to MRL đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Cd % to MRL

1 2.78Âą0.24 +1.45 2.26Âą0.13 +7.14 1.43Âą0.02 +23.48 33.29Âą2.18 +68.93 20.21Âą0.18 +28.72 13.04Âą0.08 -34.43 5.47Âą0.20 +20.44 0.35Âą0.002 -31.37 10.35Âą0.21 +20.18 1.90Âą0.02 +34.5 0.57Âą0.001 +12.0

2 2.74Âą0.36 --2.20Âą0.19 +4.28 1.39Âą0.01 +20.0 29.09Âą2.95 +47.61 18.86Âą0.13 +20.14 14.19Âą0.03 -29.65 5.94Âą0.17 +30.77 0.40Âą0.002 -21.56 12.01Âą0.13 +27.84 1.79Âą0.01 +26.76 0.58Âą0.003 +16.0

Reference quantity 2.50-2.75 1.68-1.23 0.83-1.15 16.1-19.7 14.1-15.0 19.9-26.0 2.73-4.55 0.51-0.85 1.72-8.62 1.20-1.42 0.44-0.50

Table 4 also shows the level of P content in the blood serum of the studied groups of cows, where for the first group the indices are 2.26 Âą 0.13 and 1.20Âą0.19 mmol/L in the second cows, reliably exceeding the comparison quantity by 5.71%. The need for the above elements for the growth and development of the fetus is explained by similar direct transformations in their levels. Like other Ca and P minerals, they enter the forming fetus from the femaleâ€™s body, in response to which in the maternal organism the compensatory mechanisms of mobilization of these elements from the skeleton are activated to maintain them at a certain level in the blood (Pavlova et al., 2008). The content of Mg exchanging with Ca creates a fundamental component of the intracellular environment, causing the elasticity of muscle fibers, has a significant effect on the central nervous system, limits blood coagulation, etc. Mg2+ forms a complex with proteins and nucleic acids in cells, and in mitochondria it stimulates oxidative phosphorylation. According to the results of our study, the Mg indices are 1.43Âą00.02 in the 1st group of cows and 1.39Âą0.01 mmol/L (P <0.001) in the 2nd group, therefore exceeding the physiological norm by 1.20 times. According to the results of the study, shown in table 4, it is clear that microelements of the blood of cows are predisposed to significant shifts, the function of which has not been studied enough in the body in excess of the MPC (heavy metals). The indices of the content of Cu, Fe, and Mn in the blood of experimental animals were overestimated, while a greater intensity was observed in the parameters of Fe concentration with indices of 33.29Âą2.18 mcmol/L (P <0.01) for the first and 29.09Âą 2.95 mcmol/L (P <0.01) for the

R.R. Fatkullin, A.K. Saken

second group of cows, consequently exceeding the parameters of the reference norms by 47.61 and 68.93%. There is a correlation between the indicative levels of Fe and cow blood transferrins, which indicates an increased availability of Fe from RES, an increase in the tendency to saturate transferrins with iron and an increase in hematopoiesis, which is consistent with our results for determining the hemoglobin content in groups 128.01±0.22 and 130.43±0.17 g/L, P <0.001 (table 5). As it is known, Cu promotes the incorporation of Fe into the porphyrin ring during heme formation. Cu is an osteogenic trace element that forms many enzymes; 90-95% of blood plasma copper is located in ceruloplasmin, with a small content of which, according to our analysis, an increase in Cu in the blood of cows is observed. According to our research, the concentration of copper in the blood of experimental animals exceeds the reference values by 1.20 and 1.28 times (P <0.01), respectively, to the groups. A high level of Mn in the blood of experimental animals (5.47 ± 0.20 and 5.94 ± 0.17 mcmol/L; P> 0.001, in the 1st and 2nd groups) is probably associated with its oversaturation in the feed (table 4), as well as with its biological significance in the adaptation of the body. Mn owns a characteristic lipotropic effect that promotes the activation of the cycle of di- and tricarboxylic acids, and also improves the process of lipid expenditure in the body, being an activator of kinases, decarboxylases and hydrolases. The recorded relatively insignificant content of Zn and Co in agricultural feed is due to the antagonism of its interaction with such elements as Cu, P and Mg — the inhibition of absorption of each other in the intestine; with Zn in competition for a connection with transferrin in the blood, it affects their level in the blood of cows. Thus, according to the study indices, the level of Zn in the blood is as low as 13.04±0.08 and 14.19±0.03 mcmol/L P <0.01 for both groups of cows, respectively. Most likely, the discrimination of Mn with respect to Zn does not occur during absorption, but in the case of an intermediate metabolism in the blood → liver → bile → intestine system. Under conditions of technogenic tension in the blood of animals, the Co level decreases compared to the norm by 31.37 and 21.56%, which is caused by the effect on the Co concentration of the high Fe levels determined by us in the feed, which are in the body of cows, manifested by competition for substance which is the ions carrier in the intestinal wall (Hlyupin and Fatkullin, 2016). According to the study (Table 4), the concentration of Ni in the blood of experimental cows contains 10.35 and 12.01 mcmol/L with regulatory requirements up to 8.62 mcmol/L, in the same way it is significantly overestimated from the permissible value of Pb and was 1.90±0.02 and 1.79 ±0.01 mcmol/L, P <0.001; respectively. The level of Cd in the blood shows 0.57±0.001 for cows of the 1st and 0.58±0.003 mcmol/L for cows of the 2nd group, which exceeds the permissible concentrations by 12.0 and 16.0%. Thus, the results of a quantitative deermination of the group of chemical elements show the presence of a one-way correlation among Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd in the blood of the studied cows and the concentration of these elements in water, soil and feed of farms (Fatkullin and Gizatulin, 2017). *Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

2.5 ANALYSIS OF THE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION OF BLOOD OF COWS In the body of the studied animals, which causes a systemic load with a complex of heavy metals, the process of stress of hematopoietic functioning takes place (Yakovleva and Fatkullin 2019). As shown in Table 5, besides a decrease in metabolism and energy metabolism, in addition, with a pronounced hypoxic nature of carbohydrate metabolism, a fixed tendency to hematopoiesis is adaptive in nature, therefore, there is a certain tendency to increase the levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hemoglobin in one red blood cell (table 5) (Yakovleva and Fatkullin, 2019). The studied cows in ecologically unfavorable farms appeared to have increased content of the color blood indicator by 12.7% (P <0.001), which leads to an increase in the level of red blood cells. The hematocrit quantity in cows of a similar nature makes changes to lower the oncotic pressure of the blood of animals, improving vascular permeability, and inhibiting the protein synthesizing functions of the liver, reaches 50.01Âą 0.10 (P <0.01) for the 1st and 48.83Âą0.16% for the 2nd group of cows (P <0.001), which indicates high concentrations of Pb, which probably led to a disorder of the heme biosynthesis pathways (Fatkullin and Gizatulin, 2017). Table 5: Indicators of respiratory function of the blood of cows. Parameter Catalase number Red blood cells ESR Hemoglobin in a single red blood cell Color indicator of blood Hematocrit Hemoglobin

Unit of measurement

Reference quantity

mg Đ?2Đž2 Ń…1012/L ml/h pg

5.93-6.34 5.0-7.5 0.5-1.5 16.5-18.5

unit % g/L

1 ďż˝ đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ Âą deviations, % +41.17 8.97Âą0.07 --6.81Âą0.05 +12.0 1.68Âą0.09 +1.73 18.83Âą0.02

0.7-1.1 1.13Âą0.003 35-45 50.01Âą0.10 95.0-125.0 128.01Âą0.22

+2.73 +11.16 +2.4

đ?‘‹đ?‘‹ďż˝ Âą đ?‘†đ?‘†đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ 7.95Âą0.02 6.91Âą0.06 1.78Âą0.4 18.87Âą0.05

2 Âą deviations, % +25.24 --+19.33 +2.0

1.12Âą0.001 48.83Âą0.16 130.43Âą0.17

+2.73 +8.51 +6.0

As a result of an abnormal disorder of the respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, catalase activity increases during inhibition of macroergic compounds synthesis in cells, which reduces the activity of ceruloplasmin, the main blood antioxidant.

3. DISCUSSION The results of the study were compared with reference indices of metabolism in the body of cows. According to the results of the study to determine the concentration of protein fractions and crude protein in the blood serum of the cattle of the experimental group, a slight decrease in the crude protein content was found, causing significant changes in the proteinogram, the reason for which is the effect of adverse environmental factors on the animalâ€™s body, where the protein composition of the blood serum of the cattle inhabiting the technogenic zone undergoes significant transformations in comparison with the reference quantity of proteins. Conclusions regarding changes in the background of protein fractions were carried out according to the results of statistical processing of the obtained data. Therefore, the obtained results (Table 1) of biochemical studies of the blood serum of experimental animals on a number of indicators of protein metabolism in the body and their comparison with reference quantities can suggest that the strong complex effect of environmental pollution of anthropogenic nature provoke the manifestation of pseudo-adaptation of cows,

R.R. Fatkullin, A.K. Saken

temporarily compensating for hidden pathological processes. The results of the study on the content of lactic and pyruvic acids, in particular, on the increasing lactate/pyruvate coefficient in cows of the first group by 36.16% (P <0.01) and 49.19% (P <0.001) in the second group, allow us to conclude that the organism of the studied animals suffers an energy deficiency under the influence of unfavorable ecosystem factors. The catabolism of chylomicrons (Chm) and pre-β-lipoproteins (VLDL) in the role of the final product is obtained by β-lipoproteins, which accumulation in the blood of cows under the conditions of lipid metabolism pathology occurs due to a long half-cycle of 3.3 days of their biological life. Probably, the prevailing rate of catabolism over the rate of chylomicron biosynthesis in the intestine and pre-β-lipoproteins in the liver depresses, initially, it rests on changes in lipid metabolism in general, and, in second place, their own levels of indicators, as well as levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) of albumin zone. In our opinion, lipidemia, and hyper-β-lipoproteinemia arose as a result of the intermediate lipid metabolism disorder, as evidenced by the changes established during the study. The ESR quantity in the blood is 1.68±0.09 mm/g for the 1st and 1.78±0.04 mm/g for the 2nd group of animals, which is caused by inhibition of the albumin fraction, as well as an increase in cholesterol parameters, which led to the transformation of the protein spectrum, inhibition of the charge of red blood cells, as a result of which the rate of their sedimentation increased. The catalase activity in the blood of experimental cows is 8.97±0.07 and 7.95±0.02 mg H2O 2 in animals of both groups; this hydroperoxide destroyer forms molecular oxygen, acting as an additional respiratory enzyme.

4. CONCLUSION The productivity of experimental cows is affected by metabolic disorders in cows that occur against the background of an excess Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni and Cd in the diets of cows, as well as a lack of Co and Zn in biopathogenic areas. Low indices of the level of β- and γ -two-globulins, albumin in the blood, recession, and supply of necessary plastic materials to intensely forming embryos, suppression of their development rate and the physiological underdevelopment of calves is the result of inhibition of the humoral factor of natural resistance of cows already in the first half of pregnancy due to the prolonged impact on the body of cows of unfavorable factors of agroecosystem. In our opinion, the step-by-step transformation of the neurohumoral and immune regulatory mechanisms of the adaptive process, which comes close to a significant expenditure of energy, results from a specific change in the activity of basic enzymes in the form of transaminases responsible for the correct cycle of glyconeogenesis due to the patronage of amino acid metabolism products. All this contributes to the weakening of alkaline phosphatase activity, which occurs against the background of a delay in the biosynthesis of proteins that function as immunobiological resistance in animals, which therefore impairs energy metabolism. Based on the data in Table 2, it can be concluded that a high level of increased activity of blood catalase and a decrease in glucose level confirms the increased involvement of lipids in the metabolism as fundamental sources of energy at the stage of adaptation of cows to abnormal intake of *Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

chemical elements in the body. Analyzing the respiratory function indices of experimental animals, it can be assumed that negative anthropogenic factors that establish the forced metabolism contributed to the high selectivity of the compensatory mechanisms of the organism of experimental animals to increase the likelihood of oxygen supply to both the motherâ€™s body and the forming embryo.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES

Fatkullin R.R., Ermolova E.M., Kosilov V.I., Matrosova Y.V. and Chulichkova S.A. (2018). Biochemical status of animal organism under conditions of technogenic agroecosystem. Advances in Engineering Research, 182-186

Yakovleva S.N., Fatkullin R.R. (2019). Accumulation of heavy metals in melliferous plants in the territory of nagaybaksky district of Chelyabinsk region. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. The proceedings of the conference AgroCON-2019. ĐĄ. 012004. Arapova A.V., Fatkullin R.R., Ermolova E.M. (2018). The correlation between morphological and biochemical blood parameters with the features of the growth of animals amidst the feed additives use. Proceedings of the agricultural science of Tauris, 16 (179), 102-107. Vasilieva O.A., Nekrasova O.E., Fatkullin R.R. (2018). The effect of feed additives on the lipid and mineral metabolism of animals. Actual issues of biotechnology and veterinary medicine: theory and practice. Proceedings of the national scientific conference of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine. Ed. by Yudina M.F., 25-31. Kokshanov E.A., Fatkullin R.R. (2019). Ethological features of young cattle amidst the use of feed protein supplement "BIOVITEL". Feeding livestock animals and fodder production, 11, 16-23. Lazarenko V.N., Pavlova V.I., Fatkullin R.R. (2009). Features of lipid metabolism in the body of Hereford bulls when using the biologically active additive Vitartil. Feeding livestock animals and fodder production, 1, 6-9. Pavlova V.I., Fatkullin P.P., Pilipenko S.M. (2010). Lipid metabolism in the body of Hereford bulls against the background of the use of the biologically active additive Vitartil. Bulletin of South Ural State University. Series: Education, Health Care, Physical Education, 37 (213), 81-82. Pavlova V.I., Fatkullin R.R., Usova N.E. (2008). Features of mineral metabolism in the body of bulls while using the biologically active additive Vitartil. Agricultural Science, 8, 27-28. Pauli A.S., Fatkullin R.R. (2018). Features of the immunobiochemical status of animals in the technogenic biochemical province of the forest-steppe zone of the southern Urals. Scientific support for the safety and quality of livestock products Collection of articles on the materials of the All-Russian (national) scientific-practical conference. Under the general editorship of S.F. Sukhanova, 154-157. Pauli A.S., Fatkullin R.R. (2018). Features of the carbohydrate and lipid status of animals in the technogenic biochemical province of the forest-steppe zone of the southern Urals. Bulletin of the agricultural science of Tauris, 16 (179), 121-127. Pauli A.S., Fatkullin R.R. (2019). Protein metabolism in the body of cows in a technogenic agroecosystem. Genetics and animal breeding, 1, 77-80. Tairova A.R., Lazareva E.V., Meshcheryakova G.V., Fatkullin R.R. A way to increase the adaptive capabilities of calves in the dairy period of growing. Patent for invention RU 2377771 C1, 01/10/2010. Application No. 2008118089/13 dated 05/06/2008. Fatkullin R.R. (2014). The health status of cattle in a technogenic agroecosystem. Troitsk

R.R. Fatkullin, A.K. Saken

Fatkullin R.R., Gizatulina Yu.A. (2017). Assessment of contamination of the trophic chain "soil-plant-bee body - beekeeping products" by heavy metals in the forest-steppe zone of the southern Urals. Bulletin of Orenburg State Agrarian University, 3 (65), 251-253. Fatkullin R.R., Gizatulina Yu.A. (2017). Heavy metals in the trophic chain "soil-plant-body of the bee-bee products" as an indicator of environmental pollution. Bulletin of Orenburg State Agrarian University, 4 (66), 271-273. Fatkullin R.R., Tairova A.R., Mukhamedyarova L.G., Sharifyanova V.R. (2016a). On the issue of evaluating the respiratory function of blood of cows kept under conditions of technogenic agroecosystems. Problems of development of the agricultural sector in the region. V. 25, 1-2 (25), 94-96. Fatkullin R.R., Tairova A.R., Mukhamedyarova L.G., Sharifyanova V.R. (2016b). Features of the functioning of the system "lipid peroxidation - antioxidant protection system" in the body of cows kept in the territories of lead-cadmium pollution. Problems of the development of agribusiness in the region. 25(1-2), 96-99. Khlyupin I.V., Fatkullin R.R. (2016a). Blood indices of calves when using the feed additive supplement "Amigo". Feeding livestock and fodder production, 3, 62-69. Khlyupin I.V., Fatkullin R.R. (2016b). Blood indices of experimental animals when using the food additive "Amigo". Bulletin of Bashkir State Agrarian University, 1 (37), 56-60. Yakovleva S.N., Fatkullin R.R. (2018). The elemental composition of soil ecosystems subject to anthropogenic stress. Bulletin of Orenburg State Agrarian University, 5 (73), 39-40. Yakovleva S.N., Fatkullin R.R. (2019). The content of heavy metals in the soil - honey plant system on the territory of technogenic landscapes. Bulletin of Orenburg State Agrarian University, 1 (75), 20-21. Professor Dr. Rinat Rakhimovich Fatkullin is Professor of the Department of feeding, animal hygiene, production technology and processing of agricultural products of SUSAU in Troitsk. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. In 2006, R.R. Fatkullin received a grand prize, which allowed him to undergo an internship at a research center at the Technical University of Munich (Bavaria, Germany). He developed and implemented recommendations for the use of Biologically Active Additives Vitartil (patent No. 2335122, priority 20.09.2006). His research encompasses Private Livestock Production, Livestock Production Technology. A.K. Saken is a postgraduate student in Biological Sciences, majoring in ecology, SUSAU, Troitsk, Russian Federation. She is also a Teacher at the Department of Biology and Ecology of Kostanai State University named after A. Baitursynov, Kazakhstan. She got a Master’s Degree in Science.

*Corresponding author (A.K. Saken) Email: aika_saken@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10E http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10E.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.188

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10F

WORKING PLACES NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES FOR MILK PROCESSING INDUSTRY 1*

V.S. Shkrabak , A.P. Saveljev , S.A. Enaleeva , R.V. Shkrabak , 1 1 3 Yu.N. Braginec , V.F. Bogatirev , O.G. Loretts 1

Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Production, St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Life Safety, Mordovian State University named after N. P. Ogaryov, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Biotechnology and Food Products, the Ural State Agrarian University, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 01 April 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

Noise levels are exceeded in the workplaces of the dairy industry. For noise reduction, an original insulation construction was developed. Its basis is a honeycomb panel covered with a plate with perforation in the form of triangular holes. A cellular elastic mesh of 2mm-isolon is fixed on the outer side of the perforated plate. The panel is hermetically covered with a thin 50 microns film. Evaluation of noise protection effectiveness measures was carried out according to the influence of increased noise on labor productivity. The annual economic effects of three workshops were estimated by comparing the economic result and the reduced costs of the preparation and implementation of the soundproof structure. With noise protection, working conditions improved, labor productivity increased, and the amount of insurance contributions to the pension fund decreased. The influence of noise on labor productivity was carried out taking into account the actual duration of technological processes with the participation of employees of the milk processing enterprise. The time of natural technological processes was excluded from the time of the work shift. Also, time for sanitary treatment was excluded too. The annual reduced costs included the costs of the preparation and installation of the noise insulation construction. The economic effect of the introduction of insulation construction in the form of a suspended ceiling in three workshops amounted to 1,171.59 thousand rubles with a 0.98-year payback period. This study allows us to recommend the developed sound-absorbing panels for use in similar enterprises.

Keywords: Dairy industry; Working conditions; Noise protection, Noise insulation construction; Sound absorption coefficient;

Sound-absorbing panels.

*Corresponding author (R.V. Shkrabak) Email: v.shkrabak@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.189

1. INTRODUCTION Increased noise has a detrimental effect on the entire human body. Conduct further engineering research to find new effective solutions for noise protection is an important socio-economic task. The assessment of social efficiency in terms of value is not always possible due to the lack of case studies results. The impact of increased industrial noise on workers’ labor productivity seems possible since there are results of case studies on milk processing enterprises.

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS The study discusses soundproofing measures at a milk processing enterprise. It is cellular sound-absorbing structures with sanitary-hygienic design solutions that meet regulatory requirements. Research and methods: o o o

modeling the sound-resonant frequency of a noise insulation structure; a three-factor experiment conducted in a reverberation chamber and in a production environment; the methodology of the technical and economic evaluation of scientific developments.

3. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To reduce the noise level at the workplaces of the dairy processing enterprise, we have developed an original soundproofing construction (Pyatkina et al., 2013; Savel'yev, 2013; Tyurin, 2012), the basis of which is a cellular panel of a certain thickness. The faces of the hollow cells of the cellular panel have holes that ensure the distribution of inertial forces, elasticity, and friction of air masses in its internal space. On the bottom of the cellular panel, a solid plate is mounted, and a perforated plate is attached to the upper part also on a glue base. The geometric shape and area of perforation were determined as a result of theoretical and experimental studies to reduce noise in a given frequency range. An elastic mesh is attached to the outer side of the perforated plate. The prepared panel is hermetically covered with a thin film.

3.1 SOUND-ABSORBING STRUCTURE The operation principle of the sound-absorbing structure is as follows. The propagated direct and reflected sound waves in the room initially pass through a thin film of noise-absorbing structure. The resonant properties of the film and dissipative losses in the cells and air spaces provide maximum absorption of the sound wave energy. The air gap of sound-absorbing structures provide a decrease in sound pressure in the high-frequency range, and cellular cells operate as resonators in the low-frequency range. To ensure maximum sound absorption, the parameters of the noise protection structure were changed as follows. The film thickness (Sf) varied from 50 μm to 150 μm with an interval of 50 μm. The thickness of the isolon (Si) was taken 2 and 4 mm. The type of perforation (Вp ) was chosen in order to ensure the minimum perforation area (triangle) and the maximum one (circle). With various combinations of sound-absorbing structure parameters, four versions of the design were made and investigated according to the plan of the full three-factor experiment. The results of experimental studies of sound-absorbing structures (Enaleeva et al., 2017; Savel'yev, 2017a; 2017b; 2015; Tyurin, 2013) are given in Table 1 and Figures 1-4.

V.S. Shkrabak, A.P. Saveljev, S.A. Enaleeva, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, O.G. Loretts

Table 1: Experimental dependencies of the sound absorption coefficient of the noise protection structure Structure option №1 №2 №3 №4

160 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05

200 0.12 0.11 0.25 0.19

250 0.13 0.12 0.24 0.20

315 0.18 0.15 0.25 0.16

400 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.21

Frequency Hz 630 800 1000 0.35 0.49 0.71 0.42 0.46 0.51 0.25 0.31 0.72 0.23 0.30 0.42

500 0.30 0.33 0.20 0.15

1250 0.55 0.40 0.92 0.47

1600 0.47 0.45 0.77 0.59

2000 0.51 0.34 0.50 0.39

2500 0.29 0.19 0.35 0.22

3150 0.15 0.11 0.20 0.20

4000 0.13 0.10 0.18 0.18

Sound absorption coefficient

0.8 0.71

0.7 0.6

0.55

0.5

0.47

0.4 0.3

0.35

0.3

0.29

0.24

0.2 0.12

0.1 0

0.51

0.49

0.13

0.18 0.15

0.05 160

200

250

315

400

500

630

0.13

800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000

Frequency, Hz

Figure 1: Dependence of the sound absorption coefficient of the cellular noise-protection panel on the sound wave frequency (sound-absorbing structure No 1 – Sf =150 μm, Si = 4 mm, Вp - ∆-shape)

Sound absorption coefficient

0.6 0.51

0.5 0.46 0.42

0.4

0.23

0.2

0.19

0.1 0.05 0

0.4 0.34

0.33

0.3

0.45

160

0.11

200

250

0.12

0.15 0.11

315

400

500

630

0.1

800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000

Frequency, Hz

Figure 2: Dependence of the sound absorption coefficient of the cellular noise-protective panel on the sound wave frequency (sound-absorbing structure No 2 – Sf =150 μm, Si = 4 mm, Вp – о-shape). *Corresponding author (R.V. Shkrabak) Email: v.shkrabak@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.189

Sound absorption coefficient

1 0.92

0.9 0.8

0.77

0.72

0.7 0.6 0.5

0.5

0.4 0.3

0.26 0.25 0.24 0.25

0.2 0.1 0

0.25

0.2

0.35

0.31

0.2

0.18

0.06 160

200

250

315

400

500

630

800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000

Frequency,Hz

Figure 3: Dependence of the sound absorption coefficient of the cellular noise-protection panel on the sound wave frequency (sound-absorbing structure No 3, Sf =50 μm, Si = 2 mm, Вp - ∆-shape)

Sound absorption coefficient

0.7 0.6

0.59

0.5

0.47 0.42

0.4 0.3

0.39

0.3 0.21

0.2

0.19 0.2

0.1

0.16

0.23

0.22 0.2

0.15

0.18

0.05 0

160

200

250

315

400

500

630

800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000

Frequency, Hz

Figure 4: Dependence of the sound absorption coefficient of the cellular noise-protection panel on the sound wave frequency (sound-absorbing structure No 4 – Sf =50 μm, Si = 2mm, Вp - о-shape) The maximum sound absorption of the noise protection structure is observed in sample No. 3, which has a minimum perforation area in the form of triangular holes. The thickness of the isolon was 2 mm, and the film 50 microns. The sound absorption coefficient of the noise protection structure was in averaged 0.81 in the frequency range from 1000-1600 Hz. The use of a sound-absorbing structure allowed to reduce the sound pressure level from 7.85 dB to 8.20 dB depending on the workshop and improve the working conditions from a harmful class to an acceptable one.

V.S. Shkrabak, A.P. Saveljev, S.A. Enaleeva, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, O.G. Loretts

Figure 5: Noise protection panel. General view with a slit: 1 - honeycomb panel; 2 - perforated plate; 3 - a solid plate; 4 - plate holes; 5 - wire mesh; 6 - thin membrane; 7 - holes in the faces of the hollow cells. According to several indicators that evaluate the effectiveness of investments, we have assessed the effectiveness of noise protection measures at the dairy processing enterprise of average capacity in the Mordovia Republic (192 workers) due to annual economic efficiency. Economic indicators in the calculations were taken in thousand rubles and in thousand rubles/year. The annual economic effect Đđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž of introducing sound absorbing structure was determined by the formula (Minakov et al., 2004; Vodyannikov et al., 2015). Đđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž = Đ đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; âˆ’ ĐĄđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž ,

(1),

where Đ đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; â€“ is the annual economic result from introducing sound absorbing structure; ĐĄđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž is an annual reduced cost for the preparation and implementation of sound-absorbing structures.

3.2 ANNUAL ECONOMIC RESULT

When calculating the annual economic result, we proceeded from the actually obtained annual economic result for the three studied shops of the enterprise Đ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž . Increasing the annual economic result is possible after the introduction of sound-absorbing structures by increasing the workers' labor productivity by reducing noise exposure. Due to the specifics of production (naturally occurring technological processes), the time for performing technological operations with the participation of workers takes up only part of the work shift. In this regard, we used the coefficient to increase the actual annual economic result Đšđ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ , which

takes into account the increase in labor productivity while reducing noise during the execution of technological operations involving workers. Also, with improved working conditions, the amount of insurance contributions to the Russian pension fund decrease, which is proposed to be taken into account through the component ĐĄđ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;

Taking into account the above, the expression for determining the annual economic result from the implementation of sound-absorbing structures can be written in the form

*Corresponding author (R.V. Shkrabak) Email: v.shkrabak@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.189

Đ đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; = Đšđ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ Đ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž + ĐĄđ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;,

(2),

where Đšđ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ â€“ is the coefficient of labor productivity increase in the function of the noise level and the execution time of a technological operation involving an employee; Đ đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž â€“ is an actual annual economic result of a separate workshop of an enterprise; ĐĄđ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; â€“ is savings in the payment of insurance premiums to the Pension fund of Russia.

The annual reduced costs for the implementation and operation of sound-absorbing structures ĐĄđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž is determined by (Minakov et al., 2004; Vodyannikov et al., 2015) ĐĄđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž = ĐĄđ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ + Đ•đ?‘ đ?‘ Đšđ?‘˜đ?‘˜đ?‘˜đ?‘˜

(3),

where ĐĄđ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ â€“ is an annual operating cost for sanitary and hygienic maintenance of sound-absorbing structures; Es â€“ is regulatory investment ratio; Đšđ?‘˜đ?‘˜đ?‘˜đ?‘˜ â€“ is capital costs for the manufacture and implementation of sound-absorbing structures.

The economic efficiency of investment in the development and implementation of a sound-absorbing structure was determined by the payback period by (Minakov et al., 2004; Vodyannikov et al., 2015) Đ˘=

Đšđ?‘˜đ?‘˜đ?‘˜đ?‘˜ ďż˝(Đ âˆ’ ĐĄ ) đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘

(4).

The actual annual economic result for the three workshops of the dairy plant for 2016 is as follows: o o o

sour dairy products workshop - 19270; butter workshop - 68442; workshop for fat cheese production - 913.

To determine the quantitative characteristics of the increase coefficient of the actual annual economic result Đšđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??ź in the enterprise, the following source data were used.

The results of studies on the dependence of workersâ€™ labor productivity on level noise in milk processing enterprises are given in Table 2. (Katsnelson, 1986). Table 2: Dependence of workersâ€™ labor productivity of milk processing enterprises on level noise at workplaces. Noise level, dB Workersâ€™ labor productivity of milk processing enterprises

75 100

80 96

85 90

90 80

95 70

The interpolation method made it possible to determine the productivity level for the equivalent level in the three workshops before and after the implementation of sound-absorbing structures. The equivalent sound level (dB) before and after implementation soundproofing structures was 86.9 and 78.7 respectively in the butter workshop. The figures were 84.6 were 78.1 for sour dairy products shop, and 86.4 and 78.3 respectively for fat cheese production shop. The productivity level of dairy processing workers (in %) before and after the introduction of sound-absorbing structures was 86.2 and 96.0 in the butter workshop, 89.6 and 96.0 in sour dairy products workshop, and 86.0 and 96.0 respectively in the workshop for fat cheese production.

The coefficient of increase in workersâ€™ labor productivity of dairy processing enterprise Đšđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??ź for V.S. Shkrabak, A.P. Saveljev, S.A. Enaleeva, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, O.G. Loretts

a full work shift could be 9.80% in butter workshop, 6.44% in sour dairy products workshop, and 9.96% in fat cheese production shop workshop. The time during which natural technological processes are carried out was determined according to the standards of technological operations and is indicated by Tnp . The actual labor productivity coefficient of employees of a dairy processing enterprise Đšđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??ż was determined by Đšđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??ż = Đšđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??źđ??ź

Đ˘đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž

(5),

Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Ž

where Đ˘ap â€“ is the actual duration of the technological operations involving workers, h; Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Ž â€“ is standard working hours, h.

The actual duration of the technological operations with the participation of workers of dairy processing enterprise was determined by Đ˘đ?‘Žđ?‘Ž = Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Ž âˆ’ Đ˘đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘› âˆ’ Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘

(6),

where Đ˘đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘› â€“ is the duration of the working day coming to the natural technological processes;

Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ â€“ is the total time for sanitary and hygienic processing in terms of the duration of the working day, h. The analysis of the technological operations standards and the results of timing made it possible to determine the time for natural technological processes Đ˘đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘› and sanitary-hygienic processing.

Per the approved regulations for the studied company, sanitary and hygienic processing was carried out for one hour daily and three times a month (general cleaning) for three hours with production stopped. Thus, the time for sanitary-hygienic processing amounted to 1.3 hours per working day. Table 3: The value of the coefficient of productivity Đšđ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ for workshops and its components. workshop

butter workshop sour dairy products workshop workshop for fat cheese production

Đ˘đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘› , h 2.0 2.5 3.0

Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ ,h 1.3 1.3 1.3

Đ˘ap,h 8.2 7.7 7.2

Đ˘đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž Đ˘đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ â„Ž 0.68 0.64 0.60

Đšđ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™ ,% 9.80 6.44 9.96

Đšđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??żđ??ż 6.67 4.12 5.98

The development and implementation of sound-absorbing structures in the form of a false ceiling gave the following annual economic result Đ đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; : -

sour dairy products workshop - 1241; workshop for fat cheese production - 55.

The annual economic result in two workshops amounted to 1,296 thousand rubles/year. Due to the increase in purchase prices for milk, the butter workshop worked with losses and it was not taken into account. The annual economic result from the introduction of sound-absorbing structures is the sum of the annual economic result in two workshops was 1,296 thousand rubles/year and savings of the enterprise on the payment of insurance contributions to the Pension fund of Russia was 86.4 thousand *Corresponding author (R.V. Shkrabak) Email: v.shkrabak@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10F http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10F.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.189

rubles, which is total 1382.4 thousand rubles. The operating costs of maintaining sound-absorbing false structures represent the sum of the costs of carrying out sanitary-hygienic processing and the cost of the means used ĐĄŃ ĐłĐž . The actual costs for sanitary-hygienic processing at the dairy processing plant in 2016 were -

sour dairy products workshop â€“ 9.5 thousand rubles; butter workshop â€“ 24.5 thousand rubles; workshop for fat cheese production â€“ 0.6 thousand rubles.

After false ceiling (sound-absorbing structures) installing, the area of sanitary-hygienic treatment increased by 30%, and costs increased by 40%. Operating expenses for the maintenance of sound-absorbing structures ĐĄđ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ were: -

sour dairy products workshop â€“ ĐĄđ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ =9.80; butter workshop â€“ ĐĄđ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ = 3.80; workshop for fat cheese production â€“ ĐĄđ?‘ đ?‘ â„Žđ?‘ đ?‘ = 0.24.

Operating costs for the maintenance of sound-absorbing ceilings for the three workshops amounted to ĐĄshsÎŁ = 13.84 thousand rubles/year. The local estimates for the device of noise-reducing ceilings are made according to the same methodology of the construction industry, which includes territorial estimated standards provided for use in the territory of the Mordovia Republic under the order of the Ministry of Construction of Russia (Table 4). Table 4: Estimated false sound-absorbing ceilings installation cost at dairy processing plant. Code, standard number, resource code

Unit of Cost at basic prices Estimated cost at current Amount measurement (Rubles) prices (Rubles) Activities and expenses, equipment characteristics, weight Number of machine According to Per unit Per unit Total Per unit Total operators project data Section 1. Butter workshop Đ•15-01-053-01 False sound proof ceilings mounting 100 sq.Đź2 1 47 169.28 47 169 170 920.47 170 920 Đ—1-1037 Construction worker of avg grade 3.7 84.98 84.98 8.710 740 164.650 13 992 man-hours Đ—1000-0001 Labor costs of machine operators 0.04 0.04 12.840 1 242..640 10 Elevators with a loading capacity up to Machine hours 0.04 0.04 30.13 1 288.00 12 ĐĽ03-0954 500 kg single-mast, lifting height 45 m 1 12.84 1 242.64 10 ĐĽ13-4041 Screwdriver 1.56 1.56 2.98 5 10.85 17 Machine hours ĐĽ33-0206 Electricdrills 0.42 0.42 2.08 1 7.66 3 ĐĄ101-3149 Plastic dowels with screws 8x40 mm 10 pcs 74,1 74,1 2,61 193 14,69 1 089 Acoustic Ceiling Panels, Ecophon sq.Đź2 103 103 300,03 30 903 1 200,00 123 600 ĐĄ101-4830 Focus E T15 type, 600 * 600 * size, 20 mm ĐĄ201-0840 Still support Connect, 48 mm length pcs. 70 70 7,28 510 23,42 1 639 ĐĄ201-8260 U-profile Connect 263 263 46,01 12 101 82,37 21 663 Đź ĐĄ201-8261 Shadow line trim Connect, white colour 107 107 25,38 2 716 83.23 8 906 Overhead costs 95% 704 80% 11 202 Estimated profit 47% 348 37% 5 181 Total including Overhead costs & 48 221 187 302 Estimated profit Total for section 1 with VAT 47 169 170 920 Cost of construction works 47 169 170 920 Overhead costs (80%) 704 11 202 Estimated profit (37%) 348 5 181 Total cost of construction works 48 221 187 303 Total for section 1 48 221 187 303 Total overhead costs 704 11 202 Total Estimated profit 348 5 181 Estimated Wages 741 14 002 Regulatory complexity 85.02 85.02 Unforeseen work and costs 2 964 2 3 746 Total unforeseen 49 185 191 049 VAT 18 8 853 18 34 389 Total for section 1 with VAT 58 038 225 438

V.S. Shkrabak, A.P. Saveljev, S.A. Enaleeva, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, O.G. Loretts

Similarly, the calculation of estimates for the installation of the sound-absorbing ceiling for sour dairy products workshop and cheese production workshop with an estimated cost of 757.46 thousand rubles and 360.70 thousand rubles respectively has been done. Capital expenditures for the implementation of sound-absorbing structures consist of the cost of mounting elements of false ceiling and the cost of fabricated sound-absorbing panels, the cost of which is three times higher than the cost of the base cellular ones. The cost of the base cellular panel was 0.20 thousand rubles/m2 The cost of capital expenditures K for sound-absorbing ceilings, taking into account their area (S), was: o o o

in butter workshop (S = 100 m2) - 225.44 thousand rubles; sour dairy products workshop (S = 336 m2) - 757.46 thousand rubles; workshop for fat cheese production (S = 160 m2) - 360.70 thousand rubles.

Capital expenditures for the three workshops amounted to 1343.60 thousand rubles. The standard efficiency ratio of capital investments En is assumed to be equal to the bank rate En = 0.1466.

3.3 EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION AND PAYBACK PERIODS To calculate the annual economic effect, the following indicators were obtained: Annual economic result P = 1382.40 thousand rubles/year; Operating costs for sound-absorbing ceiling C = 13.84 thousand rubles/year. Taking into account expressions (1) and (3), the annual economic effect was E=1382.40 – 210.81=1171.59 thousand rubles. Taking into account the expression (4), the economic efficiency of capital investments for sound-absorbing ceilings implementation in the three workshops amounted to Т = 1343.60/(1382.40−13.84)=0.98 years. The economic effect from the introduction of noise-absorbing structures in the form of a false ceiling in three workshops amounted to 1,171.59 thousand rubles with a payback period of 0.98 years. The obtained indicators on the effectiveness of noise protection measures at the workplaces of a dairy processing enterprise allow us to recommend developed sound-absorbing panels for use in similar enterprises. Our rationale for the effectiveness of noise protection measures at a dairy processing plant of average capacity, as noted above, was developed not for the most favorable conditions. Noise protection measures were required for only three workshops, which allowed to improved working conditions for 58 employees (taking into account shift work and auxiliary workers). This accounted for 30% of the total number of employees. With the stabilization of prices for dairy processing products and an increase in the number of employees, needed in working conditions improvement, the effectiveness of noise protection measures is higher.

4. CONCLUSION The rationale for the effectiveness of noise protection measures in the form of suspended ceilings is given by the example of a medium-capacity milk processing enterprise. The protection was implemented by a noise insulation construction in the form of a honeycomb panel covered with a perforated plate in the form of triangular holes. A cellular elastic mesh of 2mm-isolon is fixed on the outer side of the perforated plate. The panel is hermetically covered with a thin 50 microns film. The decrease in sound pressure level was from 7.85-8.20 dB, depending on the workshop. Working conditions improved from harmful levels to an acceptable one. The economic effect amounted to 1171.59 thousand rubles with a 0.98-year payback period.

5. DATA AND MATERIAL AVAILABILITY Information regarding this study is available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Enaleeva S. A., Savel'yev, A. P., Shkrabak, V. S. (2017). The sound absorption evaluation by biresonance construction with improved sanitary and hygienic properties. News of the International Academy of Agrarian Education. 33, 31–34. Katsnelson M. U., Seliverstov, B. A., Tsukernikov, I. E. (1986). Reducing the noise of food processing machines. Agropromizdat, 256p. Minakov I.A., Kulikov N.I., Sokolov O.V. et al. (2004). Economics of the branches of the agroindustrial complex /, ed. by I. A. Minakov. - M.: KolosS, - 464 p. (Textbooks and study guides for students of higher education institutions.) Pyatkina S. A., et al. (2013). Noise protection panel. Patent 2478762 Russian Federation, IPC Е04В, В32В, G10K Savel'yev A. P. (2012). Development of a biresonance construction with improved sanitary and hygienic properties and evaluation of its sound absorption. Theoretical and Practical Journal "Kishovarz" (Farmer), № 4, 45 - 48. Savel'yev A. P. (2015). Engineering solutions to protect workers from increased noise / A. P. Savel'yev, S. A. Enaleeva. Protection and Labor Economics, Scientific and Professional Journal, 3(20), 27-31. Savel'yev A.P., et al. (2017a). Workers’ noise protection in processing industry of agro-industrial complex with cellular structures. Bulletin of Mordovia University, 27(2), 215–223. Savel'yev, A.P. (2017b). Sound protection structures with acceptable sanitary and hygienic properties for workers of agro-industrial complex: Improving ways to prevent production risks, dynamically reducing and eliminating injuries and morbidity of workers in agro-industrial complex. Collection of scientific papers of the International Scientific-practical Conf, 106-116. Tyurin, A.P., Pyatkina, S.A. (2012). Influence of sound sparsity on the sound insulation of vacuumized cellurar structure. Vacuum equipment and technology, 22(4), 235-240. Tyurin, A.P. et al. (2013). Theoretical foundations of noise-protection construction calculation with improved sanitary and hygienic properties. Protection against increased noise and vibration:

V.S. Shkrabak, A.P. Saveljev, S.A. Enaleeva, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, O.G. Loretts

Collection of report of All-Russia scientific-practical conference. Ed. by N.I. Ivanov, The Baltic State Technical University "Voenmech", 623-630. Vodyannikov, V. T. et al. (2015). Agricultural Economics. 543 p. Professor Dr.V.S Shkrabak is Professor, Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Production, Faculty of Technical Systems, Service and Energy, Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Russia. He had a Doctor of Technical Sciences degree. His scientific interests are Dynamic Strategy to Reduce and Eliminate Injuries, Engineering and Technical Methods for the Prevention of Injuries and Accidents in the Agricultural Sector.

Professor Dr.Savelyev is Professor. He had a Doctor of Technical Sciences,. His scientific interests are ensuring Technical and Fire Safety at the Agricultural Facilities.

S.A. Enaleeva is an Assistant Professor. She is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. Her scientific interests are the Substantiation of Standardized Working Conditions for Employees of Dairy Enterprises by Reducing Noise.

R.V. Shkrabak is an Assistant Professor and Head of Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Production. He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. His scientific interests are Innovative Methods and Means of Preventing Injuries and Diseases of Agricultural Workers, Forecasting the Situation and Proactive Preventive Measures.

Yu.N. Braginec is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. His Scientific interests: Labor Conditions and Labor Protection in Dairy Farming of Complexes and Farms of Agricultural Enterprises.

Dr. V.F. Bogatirev is Chairman of the cooperative "Shushary". His scientific interests are Provision of Standardized Working Conditions for Workers in Workshops for Post-Harvest Refinement of Table Root Crops.

Dr.Olga Loretts is an Associate Professor and Rector of Ural State Agrarian University. She got a Doctor of Biological Sciences degree. She also got a degree in Psychology from Ural State Pedagogical University. Her research interests include a scientifically-based system for Increasing Milk Production and Milk Quality in Cows with Industrial Content, taking into account Ecological Zoning.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10G

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE COURSE OF MYCOSES CAUSED BY FUNGI OF THE GENUS MUCOR, ASPERGILLUS, IN MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES 1

L.I. Drozdova , N.I. Zhenikhova , O.V. Badova , E.I. Popkov , V.E. Shakirov

Department of Morphology and Expertise., Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Infectious and Non-communicable Pathology, FSBEI HE Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 02 March 2020 Accepted 06 April 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

The work is devoted to the study of the pathomorphology of mycotic diseases in mammals, birds, and reptiles. The work aims to study the morphology and characteristics of the pathomorphogenesis of mycoses in different animals, the pathological anatomical and histological figures of these diseases. The study analyzes changes in the body of various animal species under the influence of fungal infections caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Mucor. Consideration of the pathomorphological manifestations of mycoses was carried out at the Department of Morphology and Expertise of the Ural State Autonomous Administration. To describe the manifestation of fungal infections, we performed an autopsy, followed by histological examination of pathological material from two camels, one swan, three budgies, a Bengal tiger, seven goats, and 69 reptiles, with a preliminary diagnosis of mycosis, according to generally accepted methods. The study showed that mycotic diseases in reptiles are quite common in the practice of a veterinarian. Analyzing the occurrence of fungal diseases, it found that mycoses caused by fungi of the genus Aspergillus accounted for 52% of cases, Candida 26%, Mucor 16%, and mixed mycoses 6%. In the study of mycoses, we found pathological changes in such organs as the liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, adipose tissue, in the stomachs, pancreas and intestines. These changes were mainly in the nature of a granulomatous process.

Keywords: Mycoses; Pathomorphology; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Mucormycosis; Reptiles; Mammals; Birds.

*Corresponding author (V.E. Shakirov) Email: shakirov-vaycheslav@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.190

1. INTRODUCTION Reptiles, birds, and various species of exotic mammals in recent years have become increasingly popular as companion pets. [4, 15] Many owners, not having sufficient experience, cannot provide adequate conditions for keeping and feeding for their animals. [16] This, in turn, leads to a decrease in the natural resistance of the animal organism, and, as a consequence, to the development of infectious and parasitic diseases, primarily mycoses. [17,18.19] Mycoses are fungal diseases of animals, which are characterized by active parasitization of a pathogenic fungus in a living organism. [2] Almost all species of animals are susceptible to fungal infections. [1] Some of them are dangerous for humans, especially for children. [1] The causative agents of mycosis are classified as lower and higher fungi, as well as actinomycetes. [3] They are widespread in nature. In the body of animals, they can cause a pathological process with localization mainly in the skin, hairline, respiratory organs, digestive tract, genitourinary organs, and even in the brain tissue [4]. Mycoses are observed all year round, but more often in the winter-autumn period. Mostly mycoses affect young animals. The development of the disease depends on the degree of pathogenicity of the pathogen, predisposing factors, the stability of the macroorganism and environmental conditions. Mycoses also occur as secondary diseases in case of damage to the respiratory system, against the background of digestive disorders caused by exposure to antibiotic drugs. [5,6] S. Petrovich (1989) conditionally divides all mycoses of animals into 2 large groups: superficial and deep, or visceral, characterized, as a rule, by damage to internal organs and tissues. [7] Many mycoses are characterized by simultaneous damage to the outer integument and internal organs. [12] However, it should be noted that in some cases superficial mycoses (trichophytosis) can be accompanied by damage to internal organs and deep-lying tissues, and visceral mycoses (candidiasis or aspergillosis) - only damage to the skin. But such cases are atypical and cannot have a significant impact on the fundamental separation of all known mycoses into superficial and deep. [8] In the group of visceral mycoses, it is advisable to distinguish mold mycoses, which usually develop against the background of a decrease in the overall resistance of the body. Mycoses of fish and bees are also considered independent groups. [9] Under suitable conditions, a pathogenic fungus in the form of spores or mycelium is introduced and multiplies in the tissues, giving rise to a mycotic process. [11,13] Diagnosis of these diseases is complicated by the absence of characteristic clinical predictors, the need for a detailed mycological study, and the wide species diversity of pathogen fungi. [20]

2. RESEARCH RESULTS When analyzing the studied results, it found that visceral mycoses Aspergillus, Mucor are found in all animal species and quite often. During the research period, the structure of the ratios of individual visceral mycoses Aspergillus, Candida, Mucor, which were found in our work in various species and age groups of animals, was established. So, Aspergillus accounted for 52% of cases, Candida - 26%, Mucor - 16%, and mixed mycoses - 6%. The data is presented in Diagram 1.

L.I. Drozdova, N.I. Zhenikhova, O.V. Badova, E.I. Popkov, V.E. Shakirov

Diagram 1: The percentage of occurrence of various types of mycoses in the studied animals.

3. PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF ASPERGILLOSIS IN MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES Aspergillosis was recorded in 43 of the 83 studied animals, which indicates a 52% incidence of this disease. Aspergillosis was accompanied by a different nature of lesions of the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, parenchymal organs, and central nervous system organs. Aspergillosis in birds was detected in 3 parrots and 1 swan. Changes in organs during the autopsy were characteristic of aspergillosis. Often attracted attention to single or multiple brownish foci, clearly revealed on the serous membrane of the muscle and glandular stomach and intestines. Around such foci, it was possible to see point hemorrhages, and palpation of these areas indicated a thickening of the wall of the affected organ. In such cases, ulcers could always be seen on the mucous membrane. In the liver, compacted nodular growths up to the size of a pea were found, which protruded above the surface of the organ due to which it was tuberous. The liver was always in a state of dystrophy up to the presence of clearly delimited necrosis. The nodules had a brownish tint, and on their surface there were greenish films densely fused with the nodules. In other cases, multiple superficial or deep necrosis was detected. Almost regular and of the same type were lesions of the valvular apparatus of the heart in the form of small or rather large hematomas up to a millet grain, or spotty hemorrhages, which were localized at the base of the valves. In the brain, the vessels are heavily injected, the dura mater is reddened, and hemorrhages in the white and gray matter. Most often, aspergillosis lesions were observed in parrots and a swan in the lungs. The lung tissue is edematous diffuse red with the presence of grayish lesions and areas of hepatization. In chronic cases, single or multiple white-yellow nodules of caseous consistency of different sizes were found, necrosis and caverns resembling tuberculous lesions were noted. The mucous trachea was often covered with grayish-green films, serous-fibrinous inflammation of the bronchi was noted, which were filled with fibrinous contents with fungal hyphae. A mulunomatous process was observed in the lungs, in parenchymal organs, and on the serous membranes. A gray-white plaque was found on the pericardium. The airbags were also struck. Catarrh was detected in the digestive tract. *Corresponding author (V.E. Shakirov) Email: shakirov-vaycheslav@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.190

Figure 1: Air bags, light. Swan growth Aspergillus fumigatus

Figure 2: The kidney. Swan. Aspergillus granuloma. UV.3X60. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. In a tiger, aspergillosis also occurred with lung damage in the form of granulomatous nodules, foci of tissue compaction, foci of necrosis, emphysema, and damage to the digestive tract and liver. In goats, in addition to lung lesions, the presence of granular or fatty degeneration of the liver was observed. We have identified hemorrhagic heart attacks of a dark red color in the gastrointestinal tract. Hemorrhages were detected in the spleen and kidneys, the spleen was enlarged. During the histological examination of organs from 7 dead Nubian goats, fungal hyphae that were detected in vessels were constantly found in the wall of the abomasum, intestines, and leaflets of the book. Mycotic thrombi caused hemorrhagic heart attacks in the lungs. Lymphadenitis was especially common in the regional lymph nodes of the lungs and the gastrointestinal tract, and in the spleen, there was a weak leukocyte infiltration with a decrease in the number of follicles. A fairly common feature in other organs was vacuole dystrophy. In the intestinal mucosa, desquamations of the epithelium, edema, and hyperemia were detected. A feature of the defeat of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract in goats during aspergillosis was vacuolization of epithelial cells, which was not found with other mycoses. When opening reptiles, the mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities were cyanotic, multiple point and banded hemorrhages were revealed under the epicardium. The surface of the lungs was dotted with solid nodules of the gray-yellow color of different sizes. The lungs were compacted, the tissue was pierced by small dense nodules at the incision, and a cloudy liquid containing fungal hyphae flowed out. Figures 1 and 2 correspond to the stage of red hepatization. About 80% of lung

L.I. Drozdova, N.I. Zhenikhova, O.V. Badova, E.I. Popkov, V.E. Shakirov

tissue was occupied by granulomas. The macroscopic of the affected stomach with mold mycosis caused by aspergillus was characterized by the presence of yellow-brown ulcers and surrounded by a belt of hyperemic and hemorrhagic mucous membrane dotted with hemorrhages. At the bottom of the ulcers, a layer of necrotic tissue was usually observed, in which there were branching and interwoven threads with spherical thickenings at the ends. Tissue necrosis was the result of the toxic effects of the fungus and venous thrombosis with fungal hyphae.

Figure 3: Multiple granulomatous processes in the liver of the Nile crocodile in aspergillosis. In all the studied animals, a histological examination of the affected areas of the lungs revealed a large number of granulomas with colorless hyphae of the fungus, as well as a weak inflammatory reaction with a predominance of proliferation. The fungus was found mainly in unaffected tissue, but in areas of necrosis, it quickly decayed. Mycelium of the fungus, growing radially, formed strongly branching hyphae that invaded the lumen of blood vessels, alveoli, bronchioles. The walls of many bronchioles and blood vessels turned out to be germinated mycelium, which vegetates, penetrating into the underlying tissue in the direction and place in which we see the branching of its terminal parts. In the aspergillus nodules, 3 zones were revealed: the central one with necrotic decay, then the site with serous-fibrinous inflammation and mycelium of the fungus â€” a wide zone of granulation tissue. The peculiarity of the growth of the fungus in the blood vessels is revealed. Having penetrated the adventitial layer, the mycelium grew perpendicular to the vessel wall to the ring muscles, and then along the muscle fibers around the vessel moved towards the lumen. In this case, an accumulation of lymphoid cells, white blood cells, and macrophages was noted around the vessels. Aspergillus was found in tissues in mycelial and drusen-like forms, and phagocytosis was carried out due to macrophages and giant cells. In the spleen, rarefaction of the cellular elements of the white pulp follicles was noted. The follicles were not clearly contoured, but their centers and the pulp cords of the white pulp were clearly colored. In several cases, loosening, edema, and exfoliation of the pia mater from the underlying brain substance were found in the brain. Congestive hyperemia and edema of the brain and meninges, as well as perivascular edema were noted. Seeding from the affected tissue sites gave rise to Aspergillus fumigatus, which confirmed the results of studies on aspergillosis. *Corresponding author (V.E. Shakirov) Email: shakirov-vaycheslav@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.190

4. PATHOMORPHOLOGY OF MUCORMYCOSIS IN MAMMALS, BIRDS AND REPTILES. Mucorosis was recorded in 13 of 83 studied animals, which indicates 16% of the incidence of this disease. The main pathological changes in mucorosis were found in the digestive tract or respiratory system, as well as in adipose tissue. A feature of mucoroses, unlike other deep mycoses, was a rarely observed inflammatory reaction in the affected tissues. If inflammation did occur, it was manifested by weak leukocyte and lymphocytic infiltration with necrotic changes. Abscessing was rare and almost no foci of purulent inflammation were detected. Often found tissue necrosis, which is characteristic of mucous lesions, it is associated with circulatory disorders. Mucous fungi grew into the walls of blood vessels and formed thrombi from the plexus of threads in their lumen, which led to impaired blood circulation, the formation of necrosis and heart attacks. Often, mushroom fungi were found in blood vessels. Mucormycosis proceeded as acute systemic mycosis. At the opening of 2 camels and 11 reptiles, it was noted that the animals were cachexic and dehydrated, the camel's hair was dull, the hair was poorly held in the hair follicle. We have identified granulomas in all organs (heart, liver, spleen, brain, lungs). Fungal hyphae were detected histologically, as a rule, in vessels and foci of heart attacks, as well as in adipose tissue. The main accumulation of fungi was observed in the lesions of the lungs. Describing the nature of pathomorphological changes in mucoroses in the studied animals, pathognomonic Figure 3 was revealed that did not raise doubts about the effect of this particular pathogen. These changes were characterized by bloody contamination of the area of the cloaca of reptiles and anus in camels, as well as swelling of the larynx. At the opening of the camels, a red-yellow, turbid fluid flowed from the abdominal cavity, and the serous membranes were covered with fibrin threads and multiple petechial hemorrhages were noted. The wall of the pancreas, at the same time, was saturated with blood, there were ulcers in the pyloric part. The mucous membrane of the pancreas was blue-violet, torn when touched. Blood clots and ulcerations of the mucous membrane were found in the small intestine. Lymph nodes were enlarged, swollen, with hemorrhages. In the liver, in almost all the studied animals, small necrotic foci were detected.

Figure 4: Camel, fibrinous overlay on the serous membrane and along the blood vessel. Multiple petechial hemorrhages.

L.I. Drozdova, N.I. Zhenikhova, O.V. Badova, E.I. Popkov, V.E. Shakirov

Changes in the form of necrosis and hemorrhagic inflammation were localized in the intestines, abomasum, liver, lymph nodes, lungs. The fungus was also found in blood vessels and beyond. Mucor mushroom hyphae were present only in ulcers or foci of necrosis and were not found in healthy organs. Under the pericardium and on the endocardium of reptiles, there were spot hemorrhages. The contents of the abomasum of camels were dark brown with an admixture of darkened straw, the mucous membrane was covered with grayish-white mucus, and sections of anemia and redness alternated. In addition, multiple, sharply delimited, or merging with each other ulcers of a rounded shape with raised edges of various diameters were detected on the mucous membrane. These ulcers protruded significantly above the surface of the mucous membrane and were covered with a gray-white coating, especially in the center. All parts of the intestines of reptiles were in a state of catarrhal-hemorrhagic inflammation, both from the serous and mucous membranes. The intestinal contents were absent. Attention was drawn to the structural features of heart attacks, which in python and iguanas had a ring-shaped shape and clearly differed even from the side of the serous membrane of the stomach. In a pathomorphological study, changes were noted in the kidneys, which in all cases contained large abscesses, as a result of which the organ itself on the capsule side had a tuberous surface. In addition, necrosis occurred in the liver and spleen. Histologically, the fungus was detected in the entire thickness of the wall of the stomach and in the blood vessels. Extensive foci of heart attacks and necrosis, proceeding according to the type of karyorexis with the decay of cell nuclei, were revealed. The fungus was rare in these areas and was almost completely destroyed. Its greatest accumulation was noted at the border of the affected and healthy tissue, as well as in adipose tissue. The morphology of the fungus in the tissues was noteworthy. In the thickness of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, the fungus vegetated strongly, which indicated its active reproduction; it was detected in the form of fragments of threads with swelling at the tips of hyphae and along their length. During the histological examination of the kidneys, we revealed pronounced granular dystrophy of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules and multiple infiltrates from lymphoid cells located between the tubules or penetrating the entire kidney tissue, especially along the nephrons. Many glomeruli and convoluted tubules were necrotic and contained a wide, non-septated mycelium of the fungus. In most areas of the kidney tissue, hemorrhages and edema of their own capsule were noted. In the liver, interlobular connective tissue grows, along the veins we found pronounced lymphoid-leukocyte infiltrates. Extensive changes took place in the spleen: the red pulp was heavily infiltrated by lymphoid cells, the edematous follicles, with hemorrhages, foci of necrosis, in which a significant amount of broad filament of the fungus was also found.

*Corresponding author (V.E. Shakirov) Email: shakirov-vaycheslav@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10G http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10G.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.190

Figure 5: Adipose tissue of a camel. Mucoric growths in the lumen of the fat cell. Uv. 360X. Hematoxylin and eosin stain. The lung tissue was hyperemic, edematous, many alveoli were filled with serous exudate, often revealed The interalveolar septa and peribronchial connective tissue are infiltrated by lymphoid cells and white blood cells, bronchial lumens contained exudate. Focal leukocyte infiltrates containing a large amount of mycelium of the fungus, swelling of the nuclei of myofibrils, perivascular edema, and hemorrhages in the myocardium were often noted in the thickness of the heart muscle. In skeletal muscle, the disappearance of transverse striation and granular dystrophy were observed. Histologically, the Mucor fungus forms a wide, non-septated mycelium in the tissues, along which there are many short outgrowths. Mycologically, a fungal culture of Mucor pusillus was isolated from the studied reptiles. A pathological fungus from the genus Mucor was isolated from camelids by a mycological study from foci of necrosis, as well as from fodder masses of the rumen and from fed hay.

5. CONCLUSION Mycoses deserve special attention because the localization sites of mycotic lesions can be very different, it can be difficult to detect and diagnose them, so the intravital diagnosis of mycoses is rather difficult based on this, often the outcome of mycoses is fatal, which indicates the relevance of this issue. Conducting our study, we came to the conclusion that pathomorphological changes in mycoses caused by a certain type of fungus are similar in different animal species. For example, in aspergillosis in birds, mammals and reptiles, the main changes will be detected in the lungs and will have a granulomatous process with a mild inflammatory response. Visceral mycoses should be considered as one of the fundamental causes of the death of animals, therefore, timely attention to the diagnosis of these diseases should be given special attention. 1. Pathomorphologically, aspergillosis, mucorosis and mixed mycoses are manifested by structural and functional lesions, primarily of the respiratory, digestive, immune and nervous systems. 2. In the differential pathomorphological diagnosis of visceral mycoses of animals it is established:

L.I. Drozdova, N.I. Zhenikhova, O.V. Badova, E.I. Popkov, V.E. Shakirov

in patients with aspergillosis, ulcers are observed in the gastrointestinal tract with ridged raised edges and a pinkish rim, necrosis is noted against the background of circulatory disorders. Granulomas of white-gray color, of various sizes are found in the lungs, and in the bronchi there is a fibrinous-hemorrhagic exudate with fungal mycelium, the fungal mycelium is septate, has a spherical appearance; contains a large number of pseudomycelia; with mucorosis, ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract, hemorrhagic heart attacks in the wall of the digestive tube, and sometimes fibrinous-hemorrhagic inflammation are observed. Foci of heart attacks are noticeable from the side of the serous membrane of the intestine, having the shape of a ring, hyphae of the fungus branching unpetuated; with mixed mycoses, changes in the organs combine the signs characteristic of the fungi that caused the disease.

6. REFERENCES [1] Agoltsov V.A. Localization of lesions and tissue reaction in experimental mycoses. Tomsk, 2015, 195, 15-18. [2] Vasiliev D.I. 2016. Veterinary herpetology. Aquarium-Print, Moscow, 420p. [3] Gosmanov, R.G. Workshop on Veterinary Microbiology and Mycology. The electron Dan SPb. 2015, 384p. http://e.lanbook.com/book/45680 [4] Drobyshevsky S.V., Sidorova K.A. 2017. Mycotoxins as a source of animal poisoning. Young Scientist. 2(S), 249-251. http://moluch.ru/archive/136/37319. [5] Domnitsky I.Yu. Pathomorphological diagnosis of visceral mycoses. Dissertation. Saratov, 2009. 43s

Doctor of Vet. Sciences

[6] Zharov A.V., Adamushkina L.N., Loseva T.V., Strelnikov A.P. 2019. Pathological physiology and pathological anatomy of animals. Lan Publishing. 5th Ed., Sr. 2019 416 Art. [7] Zhenikhova N.I., Drozdova L.I. 2018. Pathomorphology of polymycoses in small cattle. Actual Problems of Veterinary Medicine: International Scientific-practical Conference dedicated to the 90th birthday of Professor V.A. Kirshin. Publisher: Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety. Kazan. [8] Kuznetsov A.F. 2016. Veterinary Mycology. Moscow, Ser. 11 Universities of Russia. 2nd Ed. [9] Popkov EI, Nikitin AP, Zhenikhova NI. 2015. Aspergillosis of waterfowl. IX International Scientific and Practical Conference "Modern Concepts of Scientific Research." December 27-30, Ch.8.. 133-136. [10] Sakhno N.V., Timokhin O.V., Vatnikov Yu.A., Kulikov E.V., Strizhakov A.A., Gnezdilova L.A. 2017. “On the technique of inoculation of infected and pathological material to laboratory animals”. Vestnik KrasGAU. 7. [11] Tarasov K.L., Alexandrova E.N. 2015. Mycelial fungi - pathogens of crayfish mycoses and their modern toxemia. Mycology and phytopathology. 49(6), 366-373. [12] Ivanov NP, Sattarova R. 2015. Ethiological structure of the curators of mykosis agricultural animals in kazakhstan methods of fight against them. In the collection: I Eurasian Scientific and Practical Conference "Innovative Agrobiotechnology in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine" Executive Editor I.Ya. Us. S. 45-48. [13] Chkhenkeli V.A. 2014. Veterinary Mycology (Educational Aid). International Journal of Experimental Education. 11, 104-105. [14]

Elad, D. 2018. Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals. J Fungi (Basel). 4(4): 120.

[15] Daniel Elad1 and Esther Segal Front. 2018. Diagnostic Aspects of Veterinary and Human Aspergillosis, Microbiol. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01303 [16] Paré, J.A., Sigler, L. 2016. An Overview of Reptile Fungal Pathogens in the Genera Nannizziopsis, Paranannizziopsis, and Ophidiomyces. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 26(1-2), 46-53. [17] Kimberly L Rainwater, et al. 2019. Novel Paranannizziopsis species in a Wagler's viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri), tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum), and a rhinoceros snake (Rhynchophis boulengeri) in a zoological collection. Medical Mycology 825-832. [18] Huckabone, S.E., et al. 2015. Coccidioidomycosis and other systemic mycoses of marine mammals stranding along the central California, USA coast: 1998–2012. Journal of Wildlife Diseases: 2015, 51(2), 295-308. [19] Seyedmousavi, S., et al., 2018. An Martel, Bernard Mignon...Show more Fungal infections in animals: a patchwork of different situations. Medical Mycology, 56, S165–187. [20] Haerin Rhim and Jae-Ik Han. (2019) Nannizziopsis chlamydospora associated necrotizing dermatomycosis in a bearded dragon (pogona vitticeps). Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. Professor Dr.Drozdova Lyudmila Ivanovna is Professor and Head of the Department of Morphology and Expertise. She holds a Doctor of Veterinary Sciences. Her research interests include the study of the Morphology of Histohematological Barriers and their Permeability for various Pathogens in the Mother-Placenta-Fetus system in various Technogenic Zones

Dr.Zhenikhova Natalya Ivanovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Morphology and Expertise. Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her research interests are Oncology, morphology, histology, pathomorphology, pathological anatomy, mammals, birds, reptiles

Dr.Badova Olga Viktorovna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Infectious and Non-communicable Pathology. She is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. Her research interests are Non-communicable Internal Diseases, Therapy, Histology, Morphology.

Popkov Egor Ivanovich is a Teacher of the Department of Morphology and Expertise. His research interests: Pathomorphology, Therapy of Small and Exotic Animals, Herpetology.

Shakirov Vyacheslav Evgenievich is a Graduate Student and a Teacher of the Department of Morphology and Expertise. His research interests are Pathological Anatomy, Pathomorphology, Histology, Forensic Veterinary Examination.

L.I. Drozdova, N.I. Zhenikhova, O.V. Badova, E.I. Popkov, V.E. Shakirov

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10H

MORPHOLOGY AND VETERINARY AND SANITARY EXAMINATION OF MARAL LIVER 1

N.T. Silantieva , O.S.Mishina , O.V. Kronevald , 1* 2 1 N.A. Lunyova , L.V. Medvedeva , N.A. Malygina 1

Department of Anatomy and Hystology, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Altai State Agricultural University”, Barnaul, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Altai State Agricultural University”, Barnaul, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 01 April 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

Velvet antler maral breeding is a profitable branch of animal husbandry in the Altai Republic. Marals provide valuable raw materials for medical purposes. Velvet antler products are in great demand in the world market. Further development of this branch of animal husbandry requires deep knowledge of the morphophysiology of maral body. Issues of veterinary and sanitary and forensic examination, abdominal surgery encourage scientists to study the features of the digestive system of these animals and, in particular, of the liver, pancreas, etc. The liver being a digestive gland is of particular interest. It is a fairly large parenchymal organ that can be edible. This article describes the study of morphology and pathology of maral liver. This topic is quite relevant and has practical value because, in addition to velvet antler products, one can use maral slaughter products what, in turn, will make this industry even more profitable. This study results demonstrated that the maral liver has morphological features similar to these of domestic ruminants. Maral liver can be affected by diseases of different etiologies. Non-infectious diseases are the least common. Tuberculosis is the most common infectious disease of marals. Parasitoses of gastrointestinal tract are absolutely the most widespread diseases. The studied results can contribute to taking therapeutic and preventive measures by veterinary specialists of maral breeding farms.

Keywords: Mycotic diseases; Mycoses; Pathomorphology; Aspergillosis; Candidiasis; Mucormycosis; Pathological changes.

1. INTRODUCTION Velvet antler industry is a highly profitable livestock industry in the Altai Republic, piedmont *Corresponding author (N.A. Lunyova) Email: lunyovan@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.191

farms of the Altai Territory, the Republic of Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, and other countries (Ershova, 2019). The profitability of maral breeding reaches 160%. Marals (Cervus Canadensis) belong to the subfamily of Old World deer (Malofeev et al., 2019). Cervinae provides raw material which is very valuable for the medical industry. Pantocrine and pantohematogen are obtained from the blood of these animals. These medications stimulate vital processes in the human body. Velvet antler products are in great demand in the world market and are exported to the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia (Silantyeva, 1999). Further growth and development of this livestock industry require in-depth morphophysiological knowledge of maral organisms and improvement of veterinary service for this industry which was developed for protecting animals and humans from zoonotic diseases (Tishkov, 2007). Maral meat and slaughter products have high eating qualities and are dietary. Issues of veterinary and sanitary and forensic examination, therapy, abdominal surgery, and rational use of feed for marals encourage scientists to closely study the morphophysiology of their digestive system. Issues regarding pathologies of marals are no less important since there is a possibility of getting zoonotic diseases through the consumption of maral products (Lunitsyn, 1998, 1999, 2000). Besides, pathological processes reduce the quality of products obtained (Kopylov and Lunitsyn, 2000). Marals are highly likely to have infectious and invasive diseases, since they are registered in domestic ruminants of this region (Ponamarev and Lunyova, 2018, 2019). The liver is the largest digestive gland in the maral body of particular interest. It performs many vital functions, and an animal cannot live without it. Maral liver is a valuable food product, but at the same time, it can become a source of infecting the consumer with zoonoses (Silantieva, 1999). The aim is to study the morphophysiological features and pathologies of maral liver in the Altai Republic.

2. MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS The object of this study was the liver obtained from apparently healthy marals aged five to ten years. Keeping and feeding of marals in farms corresponded to zootechnical standards. The material was taken from the farms of the Ust-Koksinsky and Ust-Kansky districts of the Altai Republic during planned slaughter and shooting of animals. The material was collected for research by seasons: winter, spring, summer. To determine the topography of the liver, a part of the abdominal wall was removed, organ location in relation to the costal wall, and other abdominal was determined. To characterize the intraorgan vascular bed of the liver, a corrosion method was used (Bolgov and Butakov, 1975) using plastics such as AKP-7, Acronil-01, and Redont. Structures were filled with substances of different colors. Tissue maceration was carried out in a 50% hydrochloric acid solution, and then the cast was removed and washed in running water. Measurement of blood vessels and the biliary system was performed on dry casts. For histological examination, pieces of tissue 10x10 mm in size were taken and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Preparations were embedded in paraffin. Slices were obtained using a sliding microtome. Histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin according to Bemer, Van Gieson, Mollory, and resorcinol-fuchsin according to Weigert (Romeys, 1953). In order to define the characteristics of the maral liver, its morphology was correlated with

N.T. Silantieva, O.S.Mishina, O.V. Kronevald, N.A. Lunyova, L.V. Medvedeva, N.A. Malygina

morphological data of already studied ruminants (Aleksandrovskaya et al. 1987; Bobrik et al. 1991; Volkova and Eletsky, 1996; Sotnikov, 1992). Department of Anatomy and Histology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Altai State Agricultural University developed a technique for making corrosion preparations of the vascular system using Makroflex foam. Before filling with mounting foam, a studied organ was kept for about one hour in warm water (37-39°С). The next step was washing vessels with a warm 3% ammonia solution to remove blood residues. Then, using Janet’s syringe, we injected the solution into vessels through previously fixed in them plastic cannulas, until a colorless liquid started to flow out of large vessels. If the solution flowed out from smaller vessels, we ligated them or used hemostatic forceps, so that later there would be no leakage of mounting foam. An organ was left on the table until mounting foam hardened, and then it was examined (Malofeev et al., 2000). Veterinary and sanitary examination of maral liver was carried out according to a special technique (Lunitsyn et al., 1999). For the diagnosis of non-infectious diseases, methods of examination, palpation, and pathoanatomical research were used (Lunitsyn, 1990, 2002). Infectious diseases were diagnosed using clinical and laboratory methods (Lunitsyn, 1999, 2002). Postmortem diagnosis was carried out by the method of complete helminthological autopsy according to K.I. Skryabin (Kotelnikov, 1984). The study results were processed statistically (Korostelyova et al., 2009).

3. RESULTS Maral liver (hepar) is a compact flat organ, of dark red color and moderately dense consistency. Two surfaces are defined in the liver: diaphragmatic (convex and smooth) and visceral (concave and lobed); and also two edges: dull dorsal and sharp ventral. A deep trough for caudal vena cava runs along the dorsal edge, a light esophageal indentation is also visible here. On the visceral liver surface, there is liver hilum where the portal vein and hepatic artery run through. Extraorganic common hepatic duct formed by the fusion of left and right intraorganic hepatic ducts runs out of liver hilum. Hepatic duct is 10-16 cm long, connects to a pancreatic duct, opens with a common papilla into the duodenum at the distance 14.5-18.6 cm from abomasum pylorus. Marals have no gallbladder. The caudate lobe is located at the liver hilum and has a caudate process, and there is a renal indentation for the right kidney on it. The ventral edge of the liver has a deep notch of a round ligament lying in the plane of 8-9 intercostal space. It separates the left lobe from the square lobe of the liver. The middle part of the liver is divided by hilum into square and caudate lobes. The liver is outside covered with a serous membrane that, in the form of an omentum, covers also duodenum and stomach. In adult marals, the liver is located in the plane of the general body center of gravity, in the right hypochondrium, directly behind the diaphragm. The liver is oblong. The left lobe reaches the lower end of the 6th rib, and the right lobe reaches the vertebral end of the 14th rib. The liver extends beyond the caudal edge of the last rib only with its dorsal end. Sharp edge does not lie below the costal arch. Absolute liver weight in maral males varies from 1,300-3,800 g, and in females 1,100-3,000 g. *Corresponding author (N.A. Lunyova) Email: lunyovan@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.191

Relative liver weight in maral males is 1.15-1.52 % and in females 1-2%. Distance between its right and left edges is 31-46 cm, Width in the area of the liver hilum is 18-29 cm, and thickness in this area is 2.7-3.4 cm. The liver surface of mature maral is covered with a fibrous connective tissue membrane (Glisson’s capsule) of uneven thickness (115.2-140.9 μm). This capsule consists mainly of collagen fibers, with the presence of elastic ones (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Microscopic photo: Liver acinus of a maral, age 5 years (magnification 140x)

The liver has parenchyma and stroma. Parenchyma is represented by hepatocyte cells and stroma, by connective tissue. Thin layers of connective tissue 3.4-11.5 μm extend from the capsule and divide the organ into separate segments of a five- or hexagonal shape. In the center of the liver acinus, there is a central vein, round in cross-section. A large number of elastic fibers was found in its wall. Central vein wall thickness is 20-30.2 μm. Hepatic cords consisting of two rows of hepatocytes are clearly visible inside the acinus. Cells of liver parenchyma, hepatocytes, are arranged in irregular rows that branch and run radially from the periphery of the acinus and converge to its central vein. There are thin layers of connective tissue between them, with a thickness of 0.52-0.86 μm. Hepatocytes are usually round-shaped, with diameter 9.8-11.3 μm; they have one or two nuclei with one clearly visible nucleolus, less often with two (Figure 1). Between the irregular rows of hepatocytes, there are light slit-like spaces – hepatic sinusoids. Sinusoids run through the parenchyma of acinus from the periphery to its center and flow into the central vein of the acinus. Between the rows of hepatocytes inside liver trabecules, there are capillaries that form a continuous system starting from any point in liver acinus to the portal tract and secreting into the bile duct. The Portal triad is characterized by the presence of a hepatic artery of predominantly round shape, with the wide lumen and wall thickness 11.2-15.1 μm. The inner layer (intima) is covered with flattened endotheliocytes. The middle layer (media) is formed by a single layer of circularly located smooth muscle tissue. Nuclei of myocytes are large, rod-shaped. The outer layer (adventitia) is formed by a thin layer of loose connective tissue (Figure 2)

N.T. Silantieva, O.S.Mishina, O.V. Kronevald, N.A. Lunyova, L.V. Medvedeva, N.A. Malygina

Figure 2: Microscopic photo: Portal tract of maral liver, age 7 years (magnification 70x) Branches of the portal vein are large, cochleiform. Walls of veins have all three layers: inner, middle, and outer. Flat epithelial cells with significant nuclei are clearly visible in the intima of veins. The subendothelial layer formed by loose connective tissue is well developed. The media consists of smooth muscle tissue. The muscle layer thickness ranges 2.5-3.1 μm. Adventitia is formed by loose connective tissue. The lumen of the venous vessel is wide, its wall is thin, 8-10 μm; it belongs to the vessels of muscle type (Figure 2). Bile ducts of the triad are of elongated, rounded or oval shape. The Wall of the bile duct is lined with a single-layer cuboidal epithelium. Lumen is narrow, its thickness is 10-13.2 μm. From the outer, the bile duct is surrounded by a layer of loose connective tissue with numerous elastic and collagen fibers (Figure 2). Maral liver has a unique blood supply, as arterial and venous blood is brought to it. Venous blood runs from the entire gastrointestinal tract and enters liver hilum, and arterial blood is delivered through the hepatic artery.

Figure 3: Macroscopic photo: Corrosion liver preparation. Injection of portal triad elements, doe maral, age 5 years (scale 1: 2.3) Venous blood flows off through hepatic veins. Thus, the portal vein and hepatic artery enter liver hilum, and bile duct and lymphatic vessels run out of it (Figure 3). In the area of liver hilum, there *Corresponding author (N.A. Lunyova) Email: lunyovan@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.191

are so-called “own” hepatic lymph nodes. Also, from our studies, lymphatic vessels can flow into the pancreas, stomach, and even into the thoracic lymphatic duct. Hepatic lymph 6-10 nodes (Figure 3) are located near the common hepatic artery in the area of the liver hilum. The size of the lymph nodes is 11-62 μm. There are also small lymph nodes of different localization. Hepatic (portal) lymph nodes are of rounded, bean-like, and oblong shape that allows studying this organ well (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Macroscopic photo: Visceral surface of the liver with lymph nodes, maral, age 6 years The tissue of these nodes is brown-gray. Portal lymph nodes collect lymph from liver, pancreas, and duodenum, abomasum lymph nodes. Excretory ducts of these nodes flow into lymphatic collecting vessels into the celiac trunk. Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels and is removed through the liver hilum. To study hepatic lymph nodes, we used a special technique. Lymph nodes of maral liver were fixed in 10% formalin solution and stained with hematoxylin-eosin according to Van Gieson. Also, we used polyurethane foam to study and define lymphatic afferent and efferent vessels (in an amount of 8-14) (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Macroscopic photo: Corrosion preparation. Injecting of maral liver lymph node with Makroflex mounting foam Histological sections of a lymph node showed that it was covered with a capsule from whereof the trabeculae run which penetrate cortical substance and are a kind of skeleton for a lymph node.

N.T. Silantieva, O.S.Mishina, O.V. Kronevald, N.A. Lunyova, L.V. Medvedeva, N.A. Malygina

Nodes are of reticular tissue, it can be either loose or dense. Between the trabeculae, there are follicles and a network of reticulin fibers that merge into one structure-forming cord. Lymphatic sinuses are also well visible in the form of thin spaces. Marginal sinus is located in the cortical substance of the lymph node, and central sinus is between the cords. For studying the above morphophysiological parameters of the maral liver, organs with no pathological changes were used. However, in several cases during slaughter, it revealed that even apparently healthy animals had pathological processes of internal organs that involved the liver. Therefore, in this article, we also describe the pathologies found during our research. To identify a pathological process, a veterinary and sanitary examination of a carcass and other maral slaughter products was first carried out. During the veterinary and sanitary examination, the liver was examined and palpated from the diaphragmatic and visceral sides. If the adhesion of diaphragm to the liver was found, then it was separated and examined for pathological changes. Then hepatic lymph nodes were cut and examined. After that, two non-through incisions were made from the visceral side along bile ducts in order to find parasites. If there were pathological signs of pathognomonic infectious diseases, then laboratory tests were performed. As a result of research, we found that maral liver can be affected by diseases of various etiologies. Marals in the Altai Republic are least likely to have liver diseases of non-infectious etiology (cirrhosis, capillary ectasia, etc.). With postmortem examination, we diagnose atrophic cirrhosis with the following symptoms: the liver is enlarged, solid, usually of light, or dark yellow color. With hypertrophic cirrhosis, the liver is significantly enlarged, twofold on average. It has a dense consistency, with a lot of connective tissue. With capillary ectasia on the surface and in the parenchyma, there are bluish-red or dark-purple foci of different sizes. Under the liver capsule, there are clearly visible indentations. Sanitary assessment of changes caused by non-infectious diseases includes evaluation of the severity of pathological changes. With non-infectious inflammation, severe cirrhosis, degeneration and other pathological changes in the parenchyma, the liver is subject to disposal. With single lesions, parts of the liver are removed. Part of the liver without lesions is used without restriction. The most common infectious disease in marals is tuberculosis. Tuberculous lesions are most often located in hepatic lymph nodes. Pathological changes are different; they can be of productive or exudative nature. With a productive form, there are nodules with the size of millet grain which are subsequently most often calcified. With an exudative form, there is diffuse, serous-fibrinous inflammation with no calcification or formation of connective tissue capsules, although caseous degeneration areas can occur. The bacteriological test reveals tuberculosis bacilli in liver pieces. Nodules of various sizes and growth of loose connective tissue of gray-yellow color are clearly visible on serous membranes. The liver should be disposed of regardless of the form of tuberculosis. Echinococcosis, fascioliasis, and dicroceliosis are the most common parasitoses. Echinococcosis was diagnosed by finding cyst-like formations filled with fluid. When a cyst was opened, multiple brood capsules with scolexes were found. In studies, child and grandchild cysts were often found. In marals, echinococcosis cysts were more often found in the liver than in other organs. Atrophy and growth of connective tissue were developed in the affected liver. Maral liver with echinococcosis was disposed of. *Corresponding author (N.A. Lunyova) Email: lunyovan@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.191

With fascioliasis, lesion of bile ducts was detected. They looked like dense white tubes, and catarrhal inflammation was clearly visible on their mucous membrane. At a high grade of invasion, the walls of bile ducts were thickened and had a tuberous shape. There were often found calcareous formations with the remains of decaying parasites. Lymph nodes of maral liver with fascioliasis are enlarged, and the brown pigment is visible in their sections. Maral liver with found fasciolas was disposed of. Dicrocelias were also often found in the maral liver. They are quite easily palpated if you hold your hand along the incision along the bile ducts of the liver. There is a brown-black fluid in bile ducts. Organ with such lesions and a high grade of invasion during dicroceliosis were disposed of.

4. DISCUSSION Analyzing the results of our research on the features of the anatomical structure of the maral liver, we should note that it is of a flat, oblong shape. Two surfaces are defined in the liver: diaphragmatic (convex and smooth) and visceral (concave and lobed); and also two edges: dull dorsal and sharp ventral. The liver hilum is located on the visceral surface; portal vein, hepatic artery and nerves run into it, and hepatic duct runs out of it. A distinctive feature in the structure of maral liver from domestic ruminants is the absence of gall bladder. Our data are consistent with studies performed by other authors (Chebakov, 1998; Ryadinskaya, 1999). After liver hilum, the common hepatic duct goes to the duodenum. Its length is from 10 to 16 cm. The main pancreatic duct flows into the middle part of the common hepatic duct. When connected, they open together with a common papilla into the duodenum at a distance 14.5-18.6 cm from pylorus and from 52 to 64 cm from the jejunum. In contrast to this, according to published data, this duct in large ruminants opens into duodenum separately from the pancreatic duct. We agree with the views of Z.S. Bruveris (1972) that the liver is divided into left, right and middle lobes; the latter is subdivided by hilum into a square and caudate lobes. But they are ill-defined in marals, furrows between lobes are absent or not clearly visible. Caudate lobe has a hardly defined mastoid process. The round ligament is sometimes absent in marals, and the coronary ligament is short. Our data on liver topography coincide with those on reindeer (Akaevsky, 1939). The oblong-shaped liver is located in right hypochondrium, directly behind the diaphragm. The left lobe reaches the lower end of the 6th rib, and the right lobe reaches the vertebral end of the 14th rib. The liver extends beyond the caudal edge of the last rib only with its dorsal end. Sharp edge does not lie below the costal arch. The microstructure of liver tissue is mainly similar to that of ruminants, especially large cattle and reindeer (Bruveris, 1972; Akaevsky and Lebedev, 1971). The liver of a sexually mature deer is covered with a fibro-connective tissue membrane from the surface. The capsule is formed by collagen fibers with the presence of elastic fibers. Nuclei are visible between fibers. Thin layers of connective tissue running from capsules divide the organ into separate acini. In the center of the liver acinus, there is a central vein. Inside acini, liver plates are clearly visible consisting of hepatocytes inside liver trabecules followed by bile capillaries. In interlobular connective tissue, we note a liver tetrad which includes hepatic artery, vein, bile duct, and lymphatic vessel (Figure 2). Knowing morphophysiological features and possible pathologies facilitate the veterinary and sanitary examination of maral liver. Because this organ can

N.T. Silantieva, O.S.Mishina, O.V. Kronevald, N.A. Lunyova, L.V. Medvedeva, N.A. Malygina

become a source of human infection with zoonoses, it is important to study and monitor the epizootic situation in the region, as well as to perform a thorough veterinary and sanitary examination and mandatory identification of all found pathological processes. Marals being wild animals are very often infected with infectious and invasive diseases. Moreover, it is important to note that parasites could be found in both individual species and their associations. For example, during our research, echinococcosis, dicroceliosis, and fascioliasis were found both separately, in the form of mono-invasion, and all together, in the form of mixed invasion. A fairly large part of marals in the Altai Republic is affected by tuberculosis; therefore, it is important to carry out mass health and preventive measures in maral breeding farms of the region. A small percentage of non-infectious diseases was, in our opinion, due to optimal conditions for feeding and keeping animals, in comparison with industrial complexes where farm animals are bred.

5. CONCLUSION Lymph nodes of maral liver are extra-organic and include afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. The number of regional lymph nodes of the liver decreases with age, this, in our opinion, is associated with merging of lymph nodes with each other. Distinctive morphological features of maral liver are the absence of gall bladder, more flattened form organ with ill-defined grooves and the joint flow of hepatic and pancreatic ducts into the duodenum. The difference in the weight of the maral liver directly depends on its function and the intensity of using energy resources, what, in turn, depends on the sex and live weight of an animal. The liver of marals of the Republic of Altai can be affected by diseases of various etiologies; the largest extensiveness and intensity of infection belong to parasitoses; non-infectious liver diseases are found less often than other pathologies.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL All relevant data are already included in this article.

7. REFERENCES Akaevsky, A.I. (1939). Reindeer anatomy: Textbook, 68-69. Akaevsky, A.I., Lebedev, M.I. (1971). Anatomy of pets. Blood and lymph circulation system: textbook, 427-430. Bobrik I.I., Shevchenko E.A., Cherkasov V.G. (1991). Development of blood and lymph vessels: textbook, 69-72. Bolgov A.A., Butakov V.A. (1975). A new technique for making anatomical preparations. Abstracts to the scientific conference of young scientists, 168. Bruveris Z.A. (1972). Morphology and histochemistry of cattle liver in ontogenesis: Extended abstract of Doct. of Biol. Sci. dissertation, 12-14. Chebakov, S.N. (1998). Morphology and blood supply of the small intestine of marals in postanal ontogenesis: Extended abstract of Cand. of Biol. Sci. dissertation, 16-18. *Corresponding author (N.A. Lunyova) Email: lunyovan@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.191

Ershova, L.V. (2019) Velvet antler deer husbandry as a leader in the growth of agricultural production in the Republic of Altai. Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law, 9 (1), 42-51. Kopylov, O.A., Lunitsyn, V.G. (2000). Bacteriological tests of maral production for tuberculosis. Studies performed by Altay scientific-research veterinary centre, 21-25. Kotelnikov, G.A. (1984). Helminthological studies of regional animals: reference textbook, 9-142. Lunitsyn, V.G. (1990). Pathological and anatomical changes in deer with tuberculosis: // Collection of the studies of Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Siberia and the Far East, 76-78. Lunitsyn, V.G. (1998.). State of velvet antler deer breeding farms in the Altai Territory concerning tuberculosis. Studies by Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Altai State Agricultural University, 174-175. Lunitsyn, V.G. (1999). Prevention of infectious and invasive diseases of velvet antler deer. Materials of international conference of Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine of Siberia and the Far East, 225-226. Lunitsyn, V.G. (2002a). Prevention of infectious diseases of deer. Veterinary Medicine, 18-21. Lunitsyn, V.G. (2002b). Pathological aspects of maral tuberculosis. Studies by Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Altai State Agricultural University, 67-69. Lunitsyn, V.G. et al. (2000). Infectious diseases of velvet antler deer and rational schemes for their prevention and therapy: recommendations, 65 p. Lunitsyn, V.G., Kopylov, O.A., Terentyev, V.I. (1999). Veterinary requirements and rules for the procurement of velvet antler deer products. Veterinary and sanitary examination of slaughtered deer and sika deer products: Recommendations, 23 p. Lunyova, N.A., Ponamarev, N.M. (2019). Epizootological monitoring of parasitic zoonoses of cattle in the Altai Territory. Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University, 152â€“155. Malofeev, Yu.M. et al. (2019). Atlas of maral anatomy: training manual, 148 p. Malofeev, Yu.M., Chebakov, S.N., Mishina, O.S. (2000). A technique of preparing blood vessels for research. Bulletin of Altai State Agricultural University, 37-39. Ponamarev, N.M., Lunyova, N.A. (2018). Temporal changes of cattle invasion in Altai Krai. Bulletin of the Altai State Agricultural University, 128â€“132. Ryadinskaya, N.I. (1999). Anatomical and histological features and vascularization of the pancreas of marals and cattle of black-motley genetic hybrids in postanal ontogenesis: Extended abstract of Cand. of Biol. Sci. Dissertation, 15-18. Silantieva, N.T. (1999). Macro and micromorphology and seasonal features of maral liver: dissertation for Cand. of Vet. Sci., 47-52. Sotnikov, A.A. (1992). Structural features of the sphincter of Oddi with different types of joining of common bile duct and pancreatic duct with duodenum. Materials of the 11th congress of anatomists, histologists and embryologists, 230.

N.T. Silantieva, O.S.Mishina, O.V. Kronevald, N.A. Lunyova, L.V. Medvedeva, N.A. Malygina

Tishkov, M.Yu. (2007). Epizootological monitoring of infectious diseases of marals, calculation methodology and evaluation of economic efficiency of anti-epizootic measures: Dissertation for Cand. of Vet. Sci., 4-5. Dr.Nadezhda T. Silantieva is an Associate Professor at the Department of Anatomy and Hystology, Altai State Agricultural University, Russia. She graduated from the Altai Agricultural Institute, specialty – Veterinary Medicine. She received a degree of Candidate of Veterinary Sciences at Altai State Agricultural University. Her research focuses on the Maral Liver in the Embryonic Period of Development.

Dr.Olga S. Mishina is an Associate Professor at Altai State Agricultural University. She graduated from the Altai Agricultural Institute, specializing in Veterinary Medicine. She received the degree of Candidate of Veterinary Sciences at Altai State Agricultural University. Her scientific interests belong to studying the circulatory and lymphatic system of maral lungs.

Dr.Olga V. Kronevald is an Associate Professor, Altai State Agricultural University. She graduated from the Altai Agricultural Institute, specializing in Veterinary Medicine. She received a degree of Candidate of Veterinary Sciences from Altai State Agricultural University. The sphere of her interests includes studying veterinary and sanitary examination of products and raw materials of animal and plant origin.

Dr.Nadezhda A. Lunyova is a Senior Lecturer, Altai State Agricultural University. She graduated with honors from Altai State Agricultural University, specialty –Veterinary Medicine. She received a degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences from Skryabin All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants (Moscow). Her scientific interests are animal parasitoses of the Altai Territory.

Dr.Larissa V. Medvedeva is Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Head of the Department of Surgery and Obstetrics of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Altai State Agricultural University”. She got a Doctoral degree in Diagnostics of diseases and treatment of animals, pathology, oncology and morphology of animals, and Veterinary surgery. Her areas of research are related to the development of new and improvement of existing methods for treating surgical diseases in domestic animals. Dr.Nataliya A. Malygina is an Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Altai State Agricultural University”. She received a degree of Candidate of Veterinary Sciences from Altai State Agricultural University. Her research interests are associated with the finding of Infertility in Cows and the Development of New Methods of Treatment for Gynecological Diseases and Diseases of the Mammary Gland.

*Corresponding author (N.A. Lunyova) Email: lunyovan@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10H http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10H.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.191

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10I

FORMATION OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN BROILER CHICKENS WHEN ADDING A BETULIN-BASED PHYTOBIOTIC AND PROBIOTIC INTO THE DIET 1

U.I. Kundryukova , M.V. Novikova

, L.I. Drozdova , I.A. Lebedeva , A.V. Buhler

Department of Morphology and Expertise, Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA. Industrial Poultry Department, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 06 March 2020 Accepted 30 March 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

This scientific study presents the introduction of a feed additive based on betulin in various concentrations and together with a probiotic-based on Bacillis subtilis bacteria into the diet of broiler chickens. The introduction of natural-like technologies with the use of new-generation phytobiotics into the technological cycle of broiler Keywords: cultivation is very important for science and practice. Production tests Ross cross chicken; were carried out on cross-308 broiler chickens. The positive effect of Botulin additive; Broiler betulin-based supplements on the growth of body weight due to muscle roosters; Amino acid, fiber, and not due to fat deposition, was obtained. The indicators of the Bark of birch; Structure of chicken muscle tissue; biological value of meat products and their technological properties have Chicken protein; Chicken also improved. Detailed studies of the chest and leg muscles under a microscope were performed. Histological studies of muscle fiber samples ash; Fat in chicken, Chicken live weight; Bio revealed significant differences between the control group and the value; Quality of chicken; experimental groups. In the samples of experimental groups, where a Tryptophan-oxyproline phytobiotic based on betulin was used, the muscle tissue was more ratio. compact, with the completed process of maturation of the tissue and slightly formed fine-drop fat. In contrast to the control group samples, where the process of formation and maturation of muscle tissue (in the thoracic and femoral muscle groups) tended to incomplete maturation with large-drop obesity, which is confirmed by production indicators for the set of live weight with high indicators for fat deposition in the carcass. The use of betulin-based phytobiotics obtained by extraction from birch bark, which have a wide range of effects on the body, makes it possible for the poultry industry to abandon several feed antibiotics and introduce feed additives of domestic production for farm animals and birds. Disciplinary: Biological Science, Poultry Science, Animal Nutrition, Food Science, Biotechnology. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (M.V.Novikova) Email: mvnovicova@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.192

1. INTRODUCTION Nowadays various ways to maintain health in the population of farm animals and birds are becoming increasingly important. People are looking for ways to prevent metabolic pathologies, stabilize the immune system and reduce the load from technological and feed stresses. The most common way to solve this problem is to use feed additives â€“ adaptogens: probiotics, enzymes and antioxidants. In recent years there has been an active search for tools that would correct the negative effects of intensive technologies and at the same time would be biological elements of the natural environment, or as they are called â€“ nature-like technologies (Byuler, 2017). These products include probiotics, natural sorbents and phytobiotics (betulin). The use of such tools does not violate the established technological processes and operations, fits well into the technological cycle and generally has a biological and economic effect (Motovilov, 2016; Kislitsyn, 1994). Betulin can be found quite widely in nature, in the bark of birch (Betula is "birch" in Latin); betulin belongs to the group of triterpene alcohols. Considering the multi-sided and high activity of betulin and its derivatives, the ability to transform into compounds involved in many major biochemical processes, it was found that betulin has several properties that can be effective in preventive and therapeutic veterinary measures (Byuler, 2017; Zadorozhnaya, 2011; Novikova, 2018). Betulin has antiseptic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties in inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract (anti-ulcer activity). The choleretic and hepatoprotective activity of betulin makes it very popular for the prevention of liver diseases associated with alimentary factors (Lysko, 2010). Hepatoses are quite common in broilers and adult hens. The hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic activity of betulin and its compounds allows it to be used for the normalization of lipid metabolism (Byuler, 2019). It is believed that some viral diseases of farm animals and birds are similar to cancer in their nature. Betulin and its derivatives have anti-tumor and anti-cancer properties. Betulinic acid is a selective inhibitor of cancer cell growth against a wide range of malignancies (Ignatiev, 2016; Byuler, 2017). An interesting fact is that betulin has been described as having antibacterial activity against some streptococcal bacteria, but the antibacterial activity is low relative to the Bacillis subtilis bacteria. This fact suggests that betulin and its derivatives can be used together with probiotic drugs and probiotic feed additives containing Bacillis subtilis in their composition (Motovilov K., 2016, Byuler, 2017). The purpose of this work is to study the effect of feed additives based on betulin and Bacillis subtilis on the live weight of broiler chickens of the Ross cross and on the process of muscle fiber formation.

2. RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental studies on the effect of betulin on the productivity and quality of meat were carried out on broiler roosters of the "Ross-308" cross. Groups were formed based on analogues (the control group and 1, 2, 3, 4 experimental groups). Dry betulin was added into the feed from 21-35 days of growth. A probiotic based on Bacillus subtilis together with betulin was given to broiler chickens of the four experimental groups. Other feeding and maintenance conditions were the same in all groups (Table 1).

U.I. Kundryukova, M.V. Novikova, L.I. Drozdova, I.A. Lebedeva, A.V. Buhler

Table 1: Research Scheme. Group

Diet

Control 1 2 3 4

Basic diet (BD) BD+Betulin BD+Betulin BD+Betulin BD + Betulin+Probiotic

Dosage of Betulin, mg/kg of live weight 2.5 25 250 25

Probiotic dosages, kg/ton of feed 2

3. RESEARCH RESULTS At the beginning and the end of the experiment, birds were weighed. The results for live weight and preservation are presented in Table 2. Table 2: Live weight of chickens before and after the experiment (grams). Age. days 21 35 Weight gain

Control groups Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 520.0±18.6 522.8±26.3 518.00±27.65 519.60±12.14 1924.8±44.9 1942.80±57.70 1911.40±38.10 1834.60±41.40 1404.8 1420.0 1393.4 1315.0 * The difference with the control group is significant (P≤0.01).

Group 4 521.80±20.94 1767.60±36.75* 1246.8

The regularity of reducing live weight from the amount of betulin input was established: the more betulin there is, the less is the live weight. This is explained by its hepatoprotective properties. The live weight at the level of control values was noted in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups. However, a significant difference in live weight was found in the 4th experimental group, where a probiotic was given along with betulin, which increases the effect and reduces the deposition of fat in the body. Livestock conservation indicators in all groups were at the level of 100%. At the end of the experiment, a controlled slaughter of broiler chickens of 5 heads from each group was carried out by random sampling (following the recommendations of all-Russian research and Technological Institute of Poultry Farming, 2010) and samples of pectoral muscles were selected for the study of biological value, chemical analysis (Table 3) and histological studies. Table 3: Biological value and chemical composition of the pectoral muscle. Group

Tryptophan

Oxyproline

The tryptophan/oxyproline

Control

0.281±0.048

0.369±0.066

0.762

0.276±0.047

0.368±0.066

0.750

0.285±0.049

0.384±0.069

0.742

0.314±0.053

0.426±0.077

0.737

0.283±0.05

0.379±0.068

0.746

Protein 22.88 nitrogen 3.66 21.38 nitrogen 3.42 22.81 nitrogen 3.65 22.94 nitrogen 3.67 22.62 nitrogen 3.62

Ash 1.08±0.16 1.86±0.25 1.22±0.17 1.26±0.18 1.09±0.16

Analysis of the results obtained a direct correlation revealed: increasing the amount of betulin in the diet led to an increase in the content of tryptophan and oxyproline, where tryptophan characterizes the level of essential amino acids, and oxyproline characterizes the level of connective tissue. In terms of protein content, a positive trend was also detected when increasing the dosage of betulin: the *Corresponding author (M.V.Novikova) Email: mvnovicova@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.192

protein content increases, which is an important technological indicator of its value. The content of ash and protein in meat characterizes the number of macronutrients and nutrients, thus, betulin contributed to a greater accumulation of useful components compared to the control group. It should also be noted that the more fat accumulates between the muscle fibers, the lower the "ash" index is, which is confirmed by histological studies (Figure 1). The muscle cells of the pectoral muscles are united in separate groups with a clearly defined pattern of striated striation, and the longitudinal musculature is clearly expressed. Between groups of muscle cells, groups of adipose tissue with blood vessels are well expressed.

Figure 1: Pectoral muscles. Control group. Between groups of muscle cells, there are well-defined accumulations of fat (630X).

Figure 2: Compact formed bundles of muscle fibers of the femoral broiler muscle group with single immature muscle fibers. Experimental group. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. (100X).

U.I. Kundryukova, M.V. Novikova, L.I. Drozdova, I.A. Lebedeva, A.V. Buhler

Histological studies of muscle fibers revealed significant differences between the control group and the experimental groups. The structure of the muscle tissue and interstitial connective tissue of chickens from the experimental groups, in contrast to the control group, was represented by a compact, with almost absolutely completed maturation process, muscle tissue, with small-drop fat, located perivascular (Figure 2). While in the control group, the process of formation and maturation of muscle tissue, both in the pectoral and femoral muscle groups, tended to incomplete maturation (Figure 3) with large-drop obesity of the interstitial connective tissue (Figure 4).

Figure 3: The femoral muscle group of a broiler chicken with a significant amount of immature muscle fibers with the breakdown of some of them. Control group. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. (400X).

Figure 4: Large-drop obesity of the connective tissue of the pectoral muscle group of the broiler. Control group. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. (200X). *Corresponding author (M.V.Novikova) Email: mvnovicova@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.192

It should also be noted that given betulin had a positive effect on the moisture-retaining capacity of the muscle fibers of the pectoral muscles, as an important technological indicator. When betulin was added to the diet, the water retention capacity increased by 5.1%, 7.4%, 8.6%, and 5.5% in relation to the control group.

4. CONCLUSION As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that when the dose of betulin (phytobiotic) increases, there is a tendency to reduction of body weight due to less deposition of subcutaneous and abdominal fat (hepatoprotective properties). Also, this study found incensement of the biological value of meat by increasing the content of tryptophan, oxyproline, protein and ash elements. Botulin also helps to improve the technological properties of meat by increasing the moisture-retaining capacity of muscle fiber and the accumulation of proteins and minerals in the meat. It was found beneficial effects of betulin on the formation and maturation of the muscle fiber of broiler chickens.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL All relevant data are already included in this article.

6. REFERENCES Byuler A., Ignatiev, V., Lebedeva, I., Novikova, M. (2017). Effect of an adaptogenic feed additive based on emulsified betulin on the structure and chemical composition of the liver of broiler chickens. Modern trends of scientific support in the development of agriculture: basic and applied research. The international scientific-practical conference of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Siberian Research Institute of Poultry". 116-119. Byuler A., Ignatiev, V., Lebedeva, I., Novikova, M. (2017). Changes in the structure and chemical composition of muscles of broiler chickens under the influence of betulin-based adaptogen. Modern trends of scientific support in the development of agriculture: basic and applied research. The international scientific-practical conference of Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Siberian Research Institute of Poultry". 120-122. Byuler A., Novikova, M., Lebedeva, I. (2019). Stimulation of follicle maturation in the parent flock of hens. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 54(S3), 116. Ignatiev V., Lebedeva, I., Novikova, M. (2016). Influence of betulin on immunohematological parameters, mineral metabolism and productive indicators of broiler chickens of the ROSS cross. Questions of normative-legal regulation in veterinary medicine, 3, 137-139. Kislitsyn A. (1994). Birch bark extractives: selection, composition, application. Chemistry of wood, 3, 3-28. Lysko S. Krasikov, A., Zadorozhnaya, M. (2010). Influence of betulin on natural and specific resistance of birds. Latest trends in the development of agricultural science in the works of young scientists: The IV International Scientific Conference of young scientists, devoted to the 40th anniversary of the Russian Agricultural Academy (April 22-23, 2010, Krasnoobsk), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Branch of Sib. Region, Edited by V. Kalichkin: Part 1, 591-593. Motovilov K. (2016). Nanobiotechnology in the production of poultry products with increased environmental safety. Monograph â€“ Novosibirsk: Research Center "Golden Compass". 315p. Novikova M., Lebedeva, I. (2018). Improvement of reproductive potential of chicken hens from parent broiler flock by means of the use of supplements based on triterpene spirits. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 53(S2), 174.

U.I. Kundryukova, M.V. Novikova, L.I. Drozdova, I.A. Lebedeva, A.V. Buhler

Zadorozhnaya M. (2011). Effect of betulin on the immune system of chickens during vaccinations. Poultry Farming, 4, 61. Zadorozhnaya M., Lysko, S., Krasikov, A. (2012). Efficiency of betulin in poultry farming. Veterinarian, 5, 34-36. Novikova Maria Vladimirovna is a senior researcher at the industrial poultry department. She is a candidate of biological sciences. Her research interests are Veterinary Genetics, Biology, Virology, Laboratory Diagnostics.

Dr.Lebedeva Irina Anatolyevna is an Associate Professor and Head of the Industrial Poultry Division. She holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. Her research interests are Veterinary Genetics, Biology, Virology, Laboratory Diagnostics.

Kundryukova Ulyana Ivanovna is an associate professor at the Department of Morphology and Expertise. She is a candidate of veterinary sciences. Her research interests include Veterinary Sanitary Examination.

Professor Dr. Drozdova Lyudmila Ivanovna is Professor and Head of the Department of Morphology and Expertise. Her research interests include a study of the Morphology of Histohematological Barriers and their Permeability for Various Pathogens in the Mother-Placenta-Fetus System in Various Technogenic Zones.

Buhler Alexey Vladimirovich is a Candidate of Chemical Sciences. His research interests include Veterinary Genetics, Biology, Chemistry, Virology, Laboratory Diagnostics.

*Corresponding author (M.V.Novikova) Email: mvnovicova@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10I http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10I.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.192

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10J

PHOTOCATALYTIC METHOD OF DISINFECTION OF INDOR AREAS WITH INCREASED MICROBIAL CONTENT 1

V.S. Shkrabak , E.I. Gavrikova , R.V. Shkrabak , Yu.N. Braginec , 1 3 4 V.F. Bogatirev , A.P. Savelyev , O.A. Bykova 1

Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Production, St.Petersburg State Agrarian University, RUSSIA. 2 Department of Feeding, Orel State Agrarian University named after N.V. Parakhin, RUSSIA. 3 Department of Feeding, National research Mordovian State University. N. P. Ogareva, RUSSIA. 4 Department of Feeding, Ural State Agrarian University, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 01 April 2020 Available online 16 April 2020

The great attention is paid to health protection of agricultural laborers specified with peculiarities of the social-economic level; the labor losses degree as well as determined with morbidity with a temporary disability, technical capacities availability, financial soundness, and some other factors. Sustained employment of agricultural laborers workplaces Keywords: is with the increased microbial content induces the disease growth. It Agro-industrial complex; Microbial content; Indoor requires some measures on their health protection and promotion. In the capacity of the active substance for pathogenic microorganisms area disinfection; inactivation, we examined reactive oxygen species which generate Photocatalytic photosensitizers at the photodynamic effect. Antimicrobial photodynamic disinfection; Piezoelectric ceramic disinfection is a relatively new direction in workplace air sanitation of the element; Ultra-violet agro-industrial complex, but on its background, considering the research radiation. load devoted to this problem the effective disinfection methods can be developed. As a germicide, we used the composition based on furocoumarin and the exposure was carried out with near-UV radiation (UV radiation with wavelength 320-400 nm). The spraying and radiation were performed for 5-10 minutes per day within 15 days using the developed photocatalytic air cleaner. Before disinfection, we determined common microbial air impurity according to the original method, using the empirical graph dependence of electric conductivity of the thermostate solution of the nutrient medium with microorganisms from microorganisms number. From the experiment results, the decrease of general microbial content at the average of by four times was observed. Disciplinary: Microbiological Environmental Hygiene, Health Sciences. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (Shkrabak) Email: Shkrabak @spbgau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.193

1. INTRODUCTION The potential development of common and professional diseases of the agro-industrial complex laborers resulting in temporal as well as sustainable losses of their work capacity is in direct relationship to harmful labor conditions, particularly, to negative parameters of workplaces microclimate [1]. The hot topic in the sphere of labor protection is the application of innovations of modern science and technology specially directed search for active compounds and substances to struggle with microbial content [2], provided with the increase of pathogen strains resistibility to antibiotics of different action spectrum and formation, reluctant to eliminations of biofilms from bacterial colonies [3]. One of the solutions to this problem is the possibility to use single oxygen obtained in the photocatalysis process, as bactericide agents, and in correspondence with it, search and synthesis of new compounds –photosensitizers and study of their antibacterial properties. The result of microorganisms' adaptation to the ambient conditions is the absence of facilities use effect for their disinfection. The bacteria resistance to antimicrobial agents led to the indication of the fundamental up to date problem – the search for the alternative means and methods of protection from bacterial infection, in relation to which bacteria during the long period will not be able to acquire resistance. Everywhere applied for the last hundred years often without obvious necessity, antibiotics practically lost their efficiency. In this regard, the necessity in the combined approaches application the pathogenic microorganisms elimination increases. Photocatalytic air disinfection is an application of photosensitizers, excited with the light of the definite wavelength. During the excitement the waves transfer the energy to molecular oxygen, after this the formation of active oxygen intermediates takes place, in particular single oxygen, which is able to abolish bacteria, oxidizing their intracellular structures, necessary for their life activity support [4-5]. Antimicrobial photocatalysis is one of the comparatively new trends of protection from bacterial contamination; however, it has already demonstrated the variety of advantages in comparison with other methods of deactivation of pathogen microorganisms: considerable activity relatively gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [6]; capacity to influence locally with radiation on the necessary area or object. Photosensitizers are not toxic substances by themselves. When getting into the organism to start photochemical reactions with a cell-target they need light, herewith all substances have their own «absorption peak» - a short range of wavelength, where the performance of photoreactions considerably increases. The variety of advantages of antimicrobial photocatalytic air disinfection in comparison with the conventional disinfection methods is determined: - the minimum time for disinfection; - the detected efficiency is not in the direct relationship to resistance to the well-known antibiotics; - the unmarked resistance to photosensitizers after the repeated processing; - the target-microorganisms variety [7]. At the end of the last century as a result, of the numerous investigations, it was stressed that susceptibility to photo influence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is different.

V.S. Shkrabak, E.I. Gavrikova, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, A.P. Savelyev, O.A. Bykova

Gram-positive bacteria form connections with neutral, anionic and cationic photosensitizer molecules and gram-negative bacteria – with neutral or cationic ones in combination with the substances damaging cell membranes [8]. According to some scientists’ opinion, the usage of special devices helps to increase the outer membrane penetration of gram-negative bacteria for photosensitizers inside bacteria [9]. The heterogeneous sensitivity of bacteria to photosensitizers is determined with some difference in their structure. Since peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid form the sponge structure of the cell wall of the cytoplasmic membrane of gram-positive bacteria, photosensitizers easily establish the connection with it. Gram-negative bacteria possess doubled shells out of outer cytoplasmic membranes, which provides them with an increased penetration barrier. The outer membrane is the main barrier for penetration of the variety of substances into a cell. Chitin and beta-glucan form a considerable layer in the cell walls of pathogen fungi. Within this context, their penetration value is intermediate between the penetration of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The negative charge of outer membranes of pathogen bacteria and fungi explains the fact that positively charged molecules will be for antimicrobial treatment with the general photosensitizers of the multifaceted action spectrum. In this regard, many papers devoted to the investigation of the germicidal efficiency of the substances of different nature in relation to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for the purpose of their usage for antimicrobial photocatalytic treatment are published [8].

2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We took air samples to determine its bacterial contamination before and after photocatalytic air disinfection, herewith we determined general microbial contamination by the original method [11]. We used as the nutrient medium for inoculation 1% sterile solution of glucose based on 0.9% saline. The nutrient medium was introduced into the Zaytsev absorbent with aspirator «Briz-1». The aspirator was switched on for 15 min in the working range of the indoor area. Penetrating through glucose solution the air bacterial flora stuck in the solution, which was placed into the vial and was maintained at the temperature of 37°С for two hours. At the preset temperature mode, bacteria digested glucose and evolved acid metabolic byproducts, resulting in solution conductivity change. Then, we measured the solution conductivity by sensor KDS-1038. The number of microorganisms in the working range is determined according to the graph of the empirical dependence of the solution conductivity from bacteria number, plotted by the values, available from experiments. The duration of the suggested method of the air microorganisms determination is 4 hours 20 min, which is significantly less the time spent as a result of the application of the standard method. For disinfecting treatment of the air working range in the indoor areas at the potential presence of people, we suggested the method of the photocatalytic air disinfection. The following methods of air sanitation were examined as analogs at the suggested method development. The solution of the extract of steroidal saponins, sodium benzoate, and zedoary oil was sprayed in the air of the working range of the stock building [12]. However, this method disadvantage is the *Corresponding author (Shkrabak) Email: Shkrabak @spbgau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.193

usage of sodium benzoate (Е 211), applied in the aerosol form. The results of the carried out experiments proved that systematic breathing in of sodium benzoate (Е 211) in the aerosol form leads to anemia development, blood abnormality, at which point, to acute exacerbation of chronic disease [13]. It is known from the literature about such property of sodium benzoate as producing the cumulative effect with the delayed negative effect of the influence on the tested person organism as a whole. It is known, that coumarine is used for growth inhibition of microbiocenosis – biofilms [14]. The notorious method disadvantage is its underperformance at indoor area disinfection. Also, the method of disinfection and air cleaning, which includes the spraying of the bactericide 20-30% freshly prepared water extract of coniferous trees was studied, herewith the sprayed preparation was exposed to UV-irradiation (the RF patent №2068706) [15]. The notorious method disadvantage is the necessity to use freshly prepared water extract of coniferous trees. For simplicity and intensification of the process of disinfecting air treatment of indoor areas, it was necessary to increase the antimicrobial activity of the reactant during light exposure, in which spectral range corresponds to the electronic absorption spectrum of the reactant, at the treatment time reduction. As the bactericide, we used the composition containing by weight from 0.0001 to 100% of the photosensitizer – furocoumarine or its derivatives, the rest were the neutral components or other substances, intensifying activity of the given composition. The exposure was performed with UV-irradiation with the wavelength of 320-400 nm; the spraying and irradiation were carried out for 5-10 min. per day for 15 days. Furocoumarines (furanocoumarines = coumarone-α-pyrone) are natural organic oxygen-containing compounds, in which the furan ring is condensed with coumarine (benzol and pyrone rings). These structural class representatives are substances with high reactivity: angelicine, psoralen, etc. As the main reactant, furanocoumarines are typical for the representatives of the umbellifer family plants and the citrus subfamily, at that according to the phytochemical testing, roots, fruit and seeds contain a considerably greater number of phenolic group compounds, than leaves and stems. The peucedanum derivatives – vegetative furocoumarine, extracted from Peucedanum Morisoni (perennial herbaceous plant of the umbellifer family), possess antimicrobial activity. As a result of the investigations [16], it was proved, that the inhibitive influence of the furocoumarines, extracted from grapefruit juice, on the process of formation of biofilms Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The method was realized in the following way. Furocoumarine water mixture (preparation «Ammifurin») at a concentration of 0,00226 М was sprayed in the air of the indoor area using the photocatalytic air cleaner developed by us. Figure 1 presents the scheme of the device developed by us; Figure 2 presents the electric scheme of power source; Figure 3 –- the electric scheme of the working fluid level warning device with the UV-source.

V.S. Shkrabak, E.I. Gavrikova, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, A.P. Savelyev, O.A. Bykova

Figure 1: device scheme. 1 – electric oscillation generator, 2 – power source, 3 - clips, 4 – sonic transmitter (piezoelectric element), 5 – working fluid level warning device.

Figure 2: Electric scheme of power source. 2 - power source, 6 – inductive-capacitive power supply filter, 7 – rectifier bridge, 8 – power key, 9 –storage capacitor, 10 – current stabilizer, 11, 16 transistors, 12, 13 - diodes, 14,15, 19, 20, 21 resistors, 17, 18 – stabilitrons.

Figure 3: Electric scheme of the working fluid level warning device with the UV-source. 5 - working fluid level warning device, 22, 23, 24 - transistor, 25 – UV-light emitting diode, 26, 27, 28, 29 - resistors. Photocatalytic air cleaner (Figure 2) contains generator 1 of electric oscillations, power supply source 2, clips 3, hermetically sealed sonic transmitter 4 (piezoceramic element), working fluid level warning device 5, connected according to the composite transistor scheme. Power supply source 2 (Figure 3) contains inductive-capacitive power supply filter 6, rectifier bridge 7, power key 8, storage capacitor 9, current stabilizer 10 (connected on transistor 11, diodes 12, 13, resistors 14, 15), transistor 16, stabilitrons 17, 18, resistors 19, 20, 21. Stabilitron 18 is intended for voltage limitation on the lock-source junction of transistor 8. *Corresponding author (Shkrabak) Email: Shkrabak @spbgau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.193

Working fluid level warning device 5 (Figure 4) contains working fluid level gauges (not presented in Figure 4), transistors 22, 23, 24, UV-light emitting diode 25, resistors 26, 27, 28, 29. Resistors 26, 27 are intended to generate the bias voltage based on transistor 22, necessary to provide steady operation of warning device. Resistor 28 is necessary to limit the current flowing via transistors 23, 24; resistor 29 is necessary to limit the current flowing via light-emitting diode 25. The photocatalytic air cleaner operates in a flowing way. Sonic transmitter 4 is plunged into the with working fluid container, connected with an electric power supply source 2, which clips 3 are connected to any current source. Piezoelement deformation is performed under the influence of high-frequency signals and results in aerosol formation. When the sensors are plunged into working fluid, the resistance on base-collector of transistor 22 is low, the potential on its base is high, and this results in its opening. Correspondingly transistors 23 and 24, therefor switching on UV-light emitting diode 25. At a decrease of the working fluid level, resistance on the transition base-collector of transistor 22 increases, effectively the positive potential on its base increases, resulting in the closing of transistor 22 and correspondingly transistors 23 and 24. UV-light emitting diode 25 switches off. Therefore, in the presence of the working fluid, it is subjected to the UV-radiation, and in the absence of it, the UV-light emitting diode switching off indicates the necessity to replenish the container with the solution. Air bacterial content is recorded before and after disinfection. During the process of photocatalytic treatment, the decrease of common microbial content was registered (Table 1). Table 1: Air bacterial content at using the photocatalytic disinfection (Total Microbial Count, CFU/m3) Case Control Test

Before treatment 380 380

Sampling interval in 1 day on the 8th day 382 385 320 210

on the 15th day 370 135

According to the test results, the decrease of common microbial content at the average of by 4 times is registered.

3. CONCLUSION Optimized conventional stages and methods of the microbial practice, such as the aspirating air sampling method, thermostatic control with the observance of optimal conditions and selection of nutrient media, recording of the obtained colonies, provided the basis for the developed methodology of determination of microorganisms number in the working range of the indoor area. It permitted to reduce considerably the time of obtaining results. The suggested model of the photocatalytic air cleaner gives the opportunity for simultaneous UV-treatment and expenditure control of working fluid and preparations. The investigation results testified that after the application of the suggested method of photocatalytic air disinfection the level of the microbial content of the treated indoor areas decreased considerably. Thus, successively carried out experiment stages to provide well-timed control of microorganisms concentration in the working range air and fulfill the necessary disinfection efficiently.

V.S. Shkrabak, E.I. Gavrikova, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, A.P. Savelyev, O.A. Bykova

4. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

5. REFERENCES Shkrabak R.V., Shkrabak V.S., Frolova N.N., Davlyatshin R.Kh., Shkrabak А.V. Socio-economic aspects of safety problems of life activity and the effective ways of their solution / R.V. Shkrabak, V.S. Shkrabak, N.N. Frolova, R.Kh. Davlyatshin, А.V. Shkrabak // Protection and labor economics. 2017. 3(28), 12-19. Gavrikova Е.I. Development of the disinfection devices, intended for washing and sanitation of protective over garment / Е.I. Gavrikova. Bulletin of Saratov State Agro University named after N.I. Vavilov. 2013. 4, 59-62. Romanova Yu.М., Smirnova Т.А., Andreev А.L., Ilyina Т.S., Didenko L.V., Gintsburg А.L. Biofilms formation – an example of «social» bacteria behavior / Yu.М. Romanova, Т.А. Smirnova, А.L. Andreev, Т.S. Ilyina, L.V. Didenko, А.L. Gintsburg // Microbiology. 2006, 75(4), 1-6. Mroz, P., Hamblin, MR. Advances in photodynamic therapy: basic, translational and clinical. Artech House; Norwood: 2008. Liyi H., Yi X., Yuichiro K., Zhiyentayev T., Masamitsu T., Hamblin M.R. Type I and Type II Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: An In Vitro Study on Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria // Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2012, 44, 490–499. Xavier R.D., Ruiz-Gonzalez R.S., Dai T. Cationic Porphycenes as Potential Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 7796–7803 Musetti С., Spagnul С., Mion G., Ros S., Gianferrara T., Sissi C. DNA Targeting by Cationic Porphyrin–Ruthenium(II) Conjugates. ChemPlusChem, Jan. 2015, 80, 158–168. Lauro FM., Pretto P., Covolo L., Jori G., Bertoloni G., Photoinactivation of bacterial strains involved in periodontal diseases sensitized by porphycene-polylysine conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002, 1, 468–470. Bertoloni G., Rossi F., Valduga G., Jori G., van Lier J., Photosensitizing activity of water-and lipidsoluble phthalocyanines on Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990, 59, 149–155. Patent № 2493258 the Russian Federation, IPC C12Q 1/02, G01N 27/06 Determination method of air microorganisms number / Laktionov К.S., Gavrikova Е.I.; patent applicant and patent holder Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training Orel State Agrarian University. № 2012111034, published 2013, Bull. № 26. Patent № 2407547 the Russian Federation, IPC A61L 9/013, A61L 9/14 A means of disinfection and air sanitation / Reznik I. R., Ishchenko P. S., Spektr М. I.; patent holder Reznik I. R. - № 2008143151; 2010, Bull. № 36. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26, Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2000, 18. Patent № 2616237 the Russian Federation, IPC A61K 31/37, A61P 31/04 Application of coumarine and its derivatives as an inhibitor of the system "quorum of sensing" LuxI/LuxR type in bacteria / Deryabin D. G., Tolmacheva А. А., Inchagova К. S.; patent applicant and patent holder Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Orel State University. № 2015151822, published 2017, Bull. № 11. Patent № 2068706 the Russian Federation, IPC A61L 9/014 Method of disinfection and air cleaning / *Corresponding author (Shkrabak) Email: Shkrabak @spbgau.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10J http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10J.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.193

Priyman R. E., Visnapuu L. Yu., Pyarnaste E. E., Zakomyrdin А. А. patent applicant and patent holder All-Union Scientific Research Institute of veterinary sanitation, hygiene and ecology. № 914923913, published 1991 Girennavar В., Cepeda M.L., Soni K.A., Vikram A., Jesudhasan P., Jayaprakasha G.K., Pillai S.D., Patil B.S. Grapefruit juice and its furocoumarins inhibits autoinducer signaling and biofilm formation in bacteria. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2008, 125, 204-208. Professor Dr.V.S Shkrabak is Professor, Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Production, Faculty of Technical Systems, Service and Energy, Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Russia. He had a Doctor of Technical Sciences degree. His scientific interests are Dynamic Strategy to Reduce and Eliminate Injuries, Engineering and Technical Methods for the Prevention of Injuries and Accidents in the Agricultural Sector.

E.I. Gavrikova, is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Her scientific interests are Investigation the Causes of Temporary Disability of Workers of Agro-industrial Complex; Monitor Conditions and Safety; Microbial Contamination and Disinfection of Premises; Environmental Safety.

R.V. Shkrabak, an Assistant Professor, is Head Department of Safety of Technological Processes and Production. He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. His scientific interests are Innovative Methods and Means of Preventing Injuries and Diseases of Agricultural Workers, Forecasting the Situation and Proactive Preventive Measures.

Yu.N. Braginec is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. His Scientific interests: Labor Conditions and Labor Protection in Dairy Farming of Complexes and Farms of Agricultural Enterprises.

V.F. Bogatirev is Chairman of the cooperative "Shushary". Scientific interests: provision of standardized working conditions for workers in workshops for Post-Harvest Refinement of Table Root Crops.

Professor Dr.Savelyev is Professor. He had a Doctor of Technical Sciences,. His scientific interests are ensuring Technical and Fire Safety at the Agricultural Facilities.

Bykova O.A. holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. Her Scientific interests: sound-absorbing constructions at Food Industry Enterprises, Vehicle Control, Microflora of Food Production, Active Compounds for Fighting Microorganisms.

V.S. Shkrabak, E.I. Gavrikova, R.V. Shkrabak, Yu.N. Braginec, V.F. Bogatirev, A.P. Savelyev, O.A. Bykova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10K

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF DOMESTIC BEEF CATTLE BREEDING BASED ON SYSTEM-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS A. Sayfetdinov 1

Department of Production and Innovation Activity Organization, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 03 April 2020 Available online 17 April 2020

The decomposition of the system of organization of production, processing and marketing of meat cattle products was performed, which allowed us to justify the priority directions of its innovative development and the factors that primarily determine the efficiency of its operation. The high technological dependence of domestic producers on foreign breeding material, feed additives, veterinary drugs, as well as machinery and equipment for equipping reproductive and feed farms and complexes has been established, and its overcome measures have been justified. The role of the transfer of breeding-genetic and technical-technological innovations for commercialization in production as an important element in the formation of the scientific and technical potential for the development of the sub-industry is determined. It has been established that in order to implement an import substitution program with filling the domestic market with competitively priced beef of own production, it is necessary to ensure a multiple increase in the number of livestock of specialized meat and cross breeds obtained as a result of artificial insemination of dairy cows with semen of high-value meat bulls. The economic efficiency of organizing a separate production cycle in beef cattle breeding during its restoration and development in regions with a large share of the area of pastures for cattle grazing during the warm season is justified. The priorities of state support for the sub-sector are justified.

Keywords: Beef breeding; Innovation development priorities; Innovation transfer; Organization of the production cycle; Livestock development; State support.

Disciplinary: Agricultural Management Science.

Economics

(Animal

Economics),

1. INTRODUCTION In the last 15-20 years, domestic animal husbandry has developed mainly due to poultry and pig farming, which differ in economic and biological features of functioning with high asset turnover and *Corresponding author (A.Sayfetdinov) Email: saifet@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.194

profitability, which in turn led to a noticeable imbalance in the structure of meat production and consumption in the country (Tikhomirov, 2018). Thus, in Russia, the number of livestock and production volumes of cattle meat (cattle) are still continuously decreasing, which in 2018 amounted to 2.8 million tons in live weight, or only 38% of the level of 1990, while the share of beef consumption in the structure of diets is decreasing in favor of cheaper pork and poultry meat. The development of beef cattle breeding in Russia is currently complicated by the large unprofitability of the sub-sector and the high share of imported beef in the commodity resources of the market, which limits the food security and independence of the country, with noticeable positive results in import substitution of other types of meat. To ensure the rapid recovery of domestic beef cattle in these difficult conditions is possible only on the basis of innovation, providing for the increase of cattle specialized meat breeds and overcoming technical and technological backwardness due to the development in the production of breeding and genetic, technological, organizational, managerial, infrastructural and other innovations. When economic justification of innovative development priorities is used, the processes of restoration and functioning of beef cattle breeding should be thoroughly studied, structurally ordered, and maximally adapted to the existing resource, scientific, technical, and natural-climatic potential of agriculture in each specific region of the country. Beef cattle breeding is a complex production and economic system, the decomposition of which into groups of elements and connections will form a solid scientific basis for solving the tasks set for the restoration and innovative development of this sub-sector of animal husbandry in Russia.

2. SYSTEM-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Figure 1 shows the author's diagram of the system of organization of production, processing and sale of cattle meat to the final consumer at the market, which highlights the elements of state regulation, scientific, technical and resource support for the recovery, development and functioning of the sub-sector, as well as all the links of value creation in the chain of reproductive and fattening enterprises, meat processing plants, wholesale and retail trade organizations. The generalization of the results of the conducted research allowed to determine the specialized beef cattle as a complex natural-biological and organizational-production system in livestock, providing the basis for reproduction and fattening of cattle for meat and mixed breeds, having advantages over dairy breeds in terms of productivity, feed conversion and product quality, meat processing enterprises with the raw material for the production of high quality beef in amounts that meet the existing capacity of the domestic market requirements of food security doctrine and practice of healthy nutrition of the population, and processes of the organization and functioning of which should be adapted to climatic and resource potential of the region's accommodation facilities through the development of breeding and genetic, technical-technological and organizational-managerial innovations, which in turn will allow the agricultural producers to overcome the current most unfavorable production gain of live weight of cattle and to ensure the expanded reproduction of the sub-sectors. The scientific and technical potential for the development of domestic beef cattle breeding, realized in practice mainly in the form of selection-genetic and technical and technological innovations mastered in production, is presented in Figure 1 by the institutes of industrial science, as

A. Sayfetdinov

well as pedigree cattle breeding enterprises, which, on the one hand, use in their activities the advanced achievements of science and technology in the field of genomic selection and molecular genetic research with the development of innovations in agricultural biotechnology (Tikhomirov, 2016), and on the other hand - must provide on this basis reproductive and fattening enterprises, as well as centers of artificial insemination of cattle breeding with high-tech breeding products of highly productive meat breeds, which, unfortunately, is currently not fully implemented in the country.

Figure 1: Scheme of the organization of production, processing and distribution of cattle meat The subsystem for the production of sub-industry products in Figure 1 is represented by reproductive and fattening enterprises, fodder production and services for artificial insemination of cattle. Domestic beef cattle breeding is organized mainly on the basis of fattening animals of dairy breeds, while in countries with developed livestock manufacturers use specialized meat breeds of cattle that have great competitive advantages over dairy breeds in terms of productivity, feed conversion and meat quality (Ceyhan and Hazneci, 2010; Otieno et al., 2012; Rakipova et al., 2003). In Russia, in order to implement an import substitution program with filling the domestic market with competitively priced beef of own production, it is also necessary to ensure an increase in the number of livestock of specialized meat breeds and to bring its share in the total cattle stock to the level of developed countries in the medium term (more than 50%). The subsystem of processing and sale of meat cattle products to end consumers is represented at *Corresponding author (A.Sayfetdinov) Email: saifet@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.194

the market by meat processing enterprises, as well as wholesale and retail trade organizations. To ensure effective interaction with fair pricing in the value chain of beef cattle products in the country, the development and functioning of adequate economic mechanisms for the integration and cooperation of producers who organized cattle fattening, processing and trade enterprises, as well as purchasing and logistics companies are necessary. The market subsystem in Figure 1 is represented by elements of markets for meat cattle products, mainly beef of various kinds and price segments, basic production resources, as well as breeding animals and semen material with critically large proportions of imported products. The subsystem of the state support is represented by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, regional ministries and departments of agrarian profile, existing Federal and regional strategies and programmes for the development of domestic beef cattle, mainly determining the direction, shape, size, and targeting of state support of development of sub-sector under tight government budget restrictions.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The system-structural analysis of the elements and relationships of the scheme in Figure 1 allowed us to identify, systematize and rank the factors that primarily determine the economic efficiency of specialized beef cattle breeding, and identify the main problems currently holding back its recovery and development in the country (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Classification of factors determining the effectiveness of specialized beef cattle breeding. The group of economic factors includes the price situation on the cattle meat market, the effective demand of the population, the investment attractiveness of the sub-sector, as well as the level of state support for producers. In the group of natural-biological factors soil and climatic conditions of the area, species composition of livestock, largely determining the biological productivity potential and availability of pastures, which is an important element in the forage of beef cattle, are distinguished. The group of organizational and technological factors includes zonal placement, level of concentration and specialization of production, innovative technologies for reproduction of livestock, as well as the organization of the production cycle.

3.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BEEF CATTLE BREEDING When choosing cattle meat to increase the number of animals in domestic herds of domestic beef cattle breeding, it is important to take into account the research results available in pedigree plants and reproducers in the direction of increasing the productivity and adaptability of individual breeds to

A. Sayfetdinov

the local climatic conditions of specific breeding regions. The analysis showed that the breeding base of domestic beef cattle breeding is mainly formed by animals of the Kalmyk, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus and Kazakh white-headed breeds, which make up about 98% of its structure (Fedorenko et al., 2019). Unfortunately, during the reforms of the agricultural sector of the economy in the 1990s-2000s, the system of forming and replenishing breeding herds of commodity farms and complexes in the domestic livestock industry was destroyed. Therefore, at present, when organizing the functioning of new production facilities in meat cattle breeding, producers use mainly breeding animals imported from the world's leading breeding centers and often have advantages over existing domestic breeds in terms of productivity potential, feed conversion and the quality of the final product. Therefore, for the sustainable development of domestic beef cattle breeding, it is necessary, along with the acquisition of expensive breeding stock of western breeding livestock, to restore domestic sectoral science and increase the genetic potential of the existing herd's productivity in the country by improving genetic resources, developing and expanding the breeding base (Bershitsky et al., 2018) of breeds of domestic selection with high biological productivity potential, good resistance and adaptability to the natural and climatic conditions of a specific breeding region, which will allow in the future to overcome partially the large technological import dependence of the sub-sector and thereby reduce foreign economic risks and threats of a political, biological and financial nature and increase the efficiency of its functioning. State support for breeding livestock should be aimed at compensating part of the costs of keeping breeding cattle in existing breeding plants and reproducers, as well as co-financing the construction and organization of functioning in the leading agricultural regions of the country of modern selection and genetic centers for meat cattle breeding, providing the sub-sector with high-quality breeding products, including embryos with a high degree of survival from outstanding parents in the breed (Chinarov et al., 2017). A certain increase in volumes and production efficiency of cattle meat is also possible due to the formation of a large number of cross-breeding calf bulls, obtained as a result of artificial insemination of the share of dairy cows kept in dairy farms and households, divided by the semen of elite meat breeds by sex that will ensure high growth rates of cattle for fattening while minimizing investment in the purchase of expensive breeding stock of animals. At the same time, the size of this share of cows requires scientific justification and should not limit the possibility of expanded reproduction in domestic dairy cattle breeding. 3.2

TECHNOLOGY & INFRASTRUCTURE

In our country, the technology of artificial insemination of cows with gender-separated calf bull semen has not yet become widespread, which is explained by the lack of necessary production and infrastructure facilities, the lack of highly qualified personnel able to work with these innovative technologies, as well as high prices for imported seed material with often low quality, which forces producers to use up to 4-5 doses for successful artificial insemination of one cow. It is therefore necessary in parallel with the creation of its own infrastructure for the production and use of separated by sex of semen and embryos with a high degree of survival, to provide improval of staffing, and technologies to enhance the safety qualities of multiplication of the seed after separation, freezing and thawing. *Corresponding author (A.Sayfetdinov) Email: saifet@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.194

The research has shown that improving the efficiency of specialized beef cattle breeding can be achieved by dividing the production cycle in the sub-sector into two stages. The first stage, related to the maintenance of the breeding stock of cattle, obtaining the offspring and growing it until the final fattening, should be organized in areas with sufficient areas of pasture for keeping and feeding animals in the warm season, which will allow producers to reduce the cost of feeding livestock by almost a half. The second stage of the production cycle in specialized beef cattle breeding includes the organization of the final fattening of calf bulls using concentrated diets and should be organized with the placement of feedlots in areas with the most favorable soil and climatic conditions for the effective production of concentrated feed. At the same time, we note that in this case it is important to ensure balance equality of capacities of existing and created reproductive and fattening enterprises, meat processing plants and transport logistics organizations that provide cost-effective and most comfortable movement of animals between the main production facilities with minimal stress of livestock and risks of spreading infectious diseases. With the development of intra-industry territorial specialization in beef cattle breeding, which provides for separate processes of reproduction and fattening of cattle, it is important to justify fair price boundaries in the product chain of reproductive, fattening farms and complexes, processing enterprises, as well as wholesale and retail organizations. 3.3 MARKETING OF CATTLE MEAT Currently, in this chain of product movement in the domestic market of cattle meat, unfair pricing has developed, in which an unreasonably large part of the income remains with processors and trade enterprises, and the established purchase prices for live weight cattle often do not even provide a return on the cost of reproduction, cultivation and fattening of animals at reproductive and fattening enterprises and do not allow for expanded reproduction in the sub-sector. Price imbalances in this chain can be eliminated as a result of the development of mutually beneficial integration and cooperation processes between all its participants, as well as improving the system of state regulation of the sub-sector. When organizing domestic specialized meat cattle breeding, it is necessary to include in this chain, as a result of creating an effective organizational and economic mechanism for cooperation, households that have a large resource base of cows for reproduction of domestic bulls and currently do not have access to innovative technologies and progressive forms of production organization, processing and distribution of products. The studies conducted also showed that the current pricing of various breeds of cattle on the domestic market does not fully take into account the large differences in the quality and marbling of meat, and the additional income generated by these differences in the form of price premiums for the sale of marbled beef remains with processors and wholesale and retail organizations, which reduces the profit potential of agricultural producers who organized the reproduction and fattening of cattle of elite meat breeds. 3.4 MECHANISM & STATE SUPPORTS The development of domestic beef cattle breeding is currently constrained by the lack of domestic machinery and equipment for livestock breeding, effective and safe feed additives and veterinary preparations, which forces producers to purchase imported analogues, the prices of which are growing at a faster pace during years of sharp fluctuations in the national currency, which leads to a forced increase in capital and current costs during the construction and organization of the operation

A. Sayfetdinov

of production facilities and as a result reducing their effectiveness. To solve this problem as soon as possible, high material, financial and intellectual resources will be required in the scientific and technical sector of the agro-industrial complex with the organization of an effective mechanism for the transfer of technical and technological innovations created in it for subsequent commercialization in production, an important element of which is the information support of innovative processes currently carried out mainly through the organization of information and consulting services, specialized fairs and exhibitions.

3.5 DIRECTIONS OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT The performed research shows that the existing sizes and directions of state support for beef cattle breeding do not fully provide the solution of the tasks set for the restoration and development of the sub-sector (Trubilin et al. (2018). With this in mind, as priorities of state support for domestic specialized beef cattle breeding at the first stages of its development, it is recommended to subsidize part of the interest rate on investment and short-term loans from commercial banks directed to the construction of new and modernization of existing breeding and fattening enterprises, as well as partial reimbursement of the cost of purchasing breeding animals of elite meat breeds for completing their breeding stock (Bershitsky, Sayfetdinov, 2017). At the same time, the system of state support for domestic beef cattle breeding should be expanded to domestic producers of machinery and equipment for livestock breeding, feed additives and veterinary preparations, for which there is the greatest deficit in the market, and include the formation of favorable taxation regimes, the creation of effective concessional lending mechanisms and targeted distribution of direct subsidies from the federal budget, stimulating accelerated import substitution of the most important means and labor sub-sectors at the domestic market.

4. CONCLUSION 1. The generalization of the results of the conducted research allowed to determine the specialized beef cattle as a complex natural-biological and organizational-production system in livestock, providing the basis for reproduction and fattening of cattle for meat and mixed breed, having advantages over dairy breeds in terms of productivity, feed conversion and product quality, meat processing enterprises, the raw material for the production of high quality beef in amounts that meet the existing capacity of the domestic market requirements of food security doctrine and practice of healthy nutrition of the population, and processes of the organization and functioning of which should be adapted to climatic and resource potential of the region's accommodation facilities through the development of breeding and genetic, technical-technological and organizational-managerial innovations, which in turn will allow the agricultural producers to overcome the current most unfavorable production gain of live weight of cattle and to ensure the expanded reproduction of the sub-sectors. 2. Currently, the development of domestic beef cattle is constrained by unduly low proportion of cattle specialized meat breeds in the total livestock with low use of innovative industrial technologies, adapted to the conditions of the locations of production facilities; the accumulated problems in the selection and breeding work are not able to provide reproduction and fattening enterprises fully with breeding cattle of meat breeds of domestic selection, competitive with elite *Corresponding author (A.Sayfetdinov) Email: saifet@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.194

foreign breeds, and the lack of an effective system of acquisition of breeding stock commodity herds; lack of effective economic mechanisms of pricing regulation in the chain of product movement of beef cattle from agricultural producers to final consumers in which currently there is a very unequal distribution of income with the formation of the greater part of the processing and trade enterprises; low level of state support for the sector. 3. For the effective restoration and development of domestic beef cattle breeding in each particular region, it is important to take into account factors of the natural biological, organizational, technological and economic groups, including the availability of pedigree resources of beef cattle adapted to the climatic conditions of the breeding site, the possibility of organizing a separate production cycle with concentration breeding stock with calves in reproductive farms located in areas with a high proportion of pastures, and further on fodder of young cattle at enterprises in areas with economically developed production of concentrated feed, as well as the prevailing pricing environment in the cattle meat market and the presence of effective demand from the population.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information of this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The research was carried out with the financial support of the RFBR and the Krasnodar region in the framework of the scientific project No. 19-410-233007.

7. REFERENCES Bershitsky Yu.I., Sayfetdinov A.R. (2017). Directions for improving the efficiency of beef cattle breeding in the Krasnodar region. Russian agricultural economy, 5, 54-59. Bershitsky Yu.I., Sayfetdinov A.R., Tereshchenko G.A. (2018). Directions and priorities for the implementation of the import substitution program in the domestic meat market. Russian agricultural economy, 1, 84-90. Tikhomirov, A.I. (2016). Current state of import dependence and competitiveness of livestock breeding. Russian agricultural economy, 8, 47-53. Tikhomirov, A.I. (2018). Economic efficiency of development of sub-sectors of animal husbandry. Russian agricultural economy, 1, 76-84. Trubilin A.I., Epstein D.B, Kurtiss Ya. [et al.]. (2018). Agricultural economy of Russia: problems and development vectors: monograph, 342. Fedorenko V.F., Mishurov N.P., Kuzmina T.N., Tikhomirov A.I. (2019). Analysis of the state and prospects for improving the genetic potential of cattle of specialized meat breeds of domestic selection: science analyt. review, 80. Chinarov V.I., Strekozov N.I., Chinarov A.V. (2017). Problems of expanded reproduction in dairy and meat cattle breeding and their organizational and economic solutions. Dairy and meat cattle breeding, 7, 16-19. Ceyhan V., Hazneci K. (2010). Economic efficiency of cattle-fattening farms in Amasya Province, Turkey. Journal of animal and veterinary advances, 9, 60â€“69.

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Otieno D.J., Hubbard L., Ruto E. (2011). Technical efficiency and technology gaps in beef cattle production systems in Kenya: A stochastic metafrontier analysis. The 85th annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society (AES), 18-20 April 2011, University of Warwick, UK. Rakipova A.N., Gillespie J.M., Franke D.E. (2003). Determinants of technical efficiency in Louisiana beef cattle production, Journal of the ASFMRA, 99–107. Dr.Alexander Rafailovich Sayfetdinov is an Associate Professor, Department of Organization of Production and Innovation, Kuban State Agrarian University, Russia. He holds a PhD in Economics. His research interests include the Application of Economic and Mathematical Methods in the study of Agricultural Production Systems, the Innovative Development of the Agroeconomics/Agricultural Complex.

*Corresponding author (A.Sayfetdinov) Email: saifet@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10K http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10K.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.194

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10L

ANALYSIS OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES IN THE MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS MARKET USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS 1

V.S. Konkina , A.B. Martynushkin

Department of Marketing and Merchandizing, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev", Ryazan, RUSSIA 2 Department of Economics and Management, "Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev", Ryazan, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 03 January 2020 Received in revised form 14 March 2020 Accepted 10 April 2020 Available online 21 April 2020

The priority task for domestic agribusiness is to ensure conditions for stable economic growth. To meet international standards, Russian farmers need to maximize production efficiency and increase the level of profitability of agricultural products. Positive economic dynamics in the agricultural sector can be achieved by attracting both extensive and Keywords: intensive factors of production. Having an ambiguous agro-industrial Agri-food market; there is a serious differentiation of the food market sectors in complex, agricultural policy; clusters; own production; terms of sufficiency, and on the other hand, there is a decrease in food import; food export; demand due to declining population real incomes. To assess the level of population incomes; food import substitution, a cluster analysis was carried out. The taxonomy of consumption. regional statistics divided the regions into two groups. Cluster No. 1 (Moscow Region, Tatarstan, Krasnodar and Altai Territories, Bashkortostan, Voronezh Region, etc.) demonstrates serious success in organizing the dairy industry from the perspective of import substitution, since its own production satisfies not only domestic needs, but also ensures the export flow. Cluster No. 2 (Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Omsk regions, Udmurtia, the Republic of Dagestan, etc.) is polar to cluster No. 1 in terms of technical and economic indicators characterizing the development of the dairy industry. To improve the sustainability of the industry and intensify the processes of import substitution, it is necessary to improve the system of state regulation. The set of necessary measures includes: physical and economic accessibility of loans, review of the regulatory framework in the field of modernization of the rural economy, stimulating the efficiency of agricultural production and using the green box tools (in particular, the food card program). Disciplinary: Agricultural Economics (Dairy Economics), Management Science. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (V.S. Konkina) Email: VSKonkina@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.195

1. INTRODUCTION

Domestic agricultural policy is characterized by a system of prohibitive measures in the field of food. The evolution of their actions makes it possible to formulate intermediate conclusions on the intensity of import substitution processes in the agri-food sector (Belova, 2019a). The process of import substitution is influenced by a whole set of factors. To intensify and increase the efficiency of domestic agricultural production, identification of a systematic combination of determinants is required (Krylatykh, 2011). To do this, a multidimensional grouping of subjects of the Russian Federation will be done according to the level of development of import substitution processes to determine the most rational parameters that provide the highest level of food independence (Zavgorodnyaya et al., 2018). Russian agricultural policy, intensified in August 2014 under the pressure of sanctions, has delivered benefits in recent years (Martynushkin, 2014). Food production has increased, grain has become an important export item along with oil and gas, critical points of food independence have been reached in almost all types of products. Together with direct state support, the introduction of an embargo on food imports from some countries, that is, a protectionist policy, played a significant role in the success of the Russian agribusiness. But reaching the threshold values of the Doctrine of Food Security in terms of domestic food production has not made food more accessible (Krylatykh and Fedorov, 2013) For 2013-2018 the agro-food policy of the state made it possible to increase milk production in all categories of farms by 1.1%, including that in agricultural organizations by 11.6% (Konkina et al., 2019). However, the achieved results could not fundamentally change the existing negative trend in the dairy market. Despite a decrease in the share of dairy imports in the product balance by 4.6% to 18.2%, the domestic market remains dependent on foreign producers and processors of milk, and the share of own resources in the dairy market does not reach the level of 90% established as a threshold indicator of the Food Security Doctrine (Kostrova and Martynushkin, 2019). The globalization of food markets forces milk producers to ensure a steady increase in the competitiveness of the national industry. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to structure production so that milk and dairy products are provided to consumers in the most efficient way possible. The elemental composition of this definition includes low price, high quality, and/or best consumer properties (Kostrova et al., 2019). At the same time, the pace of development of specialized markets is very different. Therefore, for their more correct comparison and formation of visual structures for organizing import substitution processes, it is advisable to conduct a taxonomy based on cluster analysis (Martynushkin, 2012). As a rule, a geographical feature is used, as well as established specialization in various types of activities, when clustering economic tasks in the agro-industrial complex. However, the criterion of algorithmization may be broader. Therefore, when assessing the processes of import substitution based on cluster analysis, it is necessary to systematize the factors that determine it in such a way as to evaluate its effectiveness on the one hand and, on the other hand, to determine further development guidelines for the future (Konkinaa, 2019). Until 2014, when borders were opened and free trade was carried out, imports of meat and dairy products to Russia had systematically increased. The year 2013 was characterized by peak import values. It amounted to 6,724.2 million US dollars for meat products and 4,312.2 million US dollars for dairy products. At the same time, it should be noted that the share of imports in food resources has

V.S. Konkina, A.B. Martynushkin

steadily increased, while exports have remained at a minimum level. In 2018, imports of meat and meat products amounted to 1.49 billion US dollars (22.04% of the 2013 level), and imports of milk and dairy products amounted to 1.69 billion US dollars (38.06% of the 2013 level) (Konkinab, 2019). Import dependence on meat and meat products in 2013 reached 20.9% of the volume of resources. However, with an increase in domestic production by 1.24 times by 2018, this indicator fell to the level of 6.5% and came close to the threshold value of the Food Security Doctrine (Figure 1). Export figures also increased. However, the main changes occurred due to the export of poultry meat (56% of the total volume of meat and meat products in 2018) (Belova and Konkina, 2019).

Figure 1. Dynamics and structure of meat and meat products, 2013-2018 Source: [12]. Authors' calculations. The opposite situation is developing in the milk and dairy products market. In 2018, domestic producers received 30,639.9 thousand tons, which is almost equal to the level of 2013 (only 0.36% more than in 2013). At the same time, the volume of imports decreased, which negatively affected the total volume of dairy resources (Figure 2) (Belova and Konkina 2019). Milk and dairy products 9,445 thousand tons were imported (in terms of milk) in 2013 and only 5,687.9 thousand tons were imported in 2018. At the same time, the process of reducing dependence on imported milk and dairy products was ongoing. If in 2013 import dependence was 22.5%, then in 2018 it was already 15.0%. However, this situation can hardly be viewed as positive. There is a decrease in food availability with declining real incomes (Konkina and Martynushkin, 2019). According to the official information of Rosstat, the real disposable cash income of the population in 2015 amounted to 96.8%, it was 94.2% in 2016, 98.3% in 2017, and 99.9% in 2018 (in comparison to the previous year). In our opinion, real statistics are far from a genuine "picture of the world." An indirect confirmation of this fact is that credit card holders have become more active in buying products on the installment plan. Another confirmation of the earlier statement is the dynamics of the physical volume index of food retail. It amounted to 9% in 2015, 95% in 2016, 101.1% in 2017 and 101.7% in 2018. Consequently, the level of 2014 in terms of food consumption by the population has not been reached yet (Konkina, 2019c). *Corresponding author (V.S. Konkina) Email: VSKonkina@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.195

Figure 2: Dynamics and structure of milk and dairy products, 2013-2018 (Source: [12]. Authors' calculations). The key supplier of dairy products to Russia is the Republic of Belarus. In 2018, its share in total imports of dairy products in the Russian Federation ranged from 71% to 94.7% for different categories of dairy products. In 2018, the Russian government also imposed restrictions on the import of certain categories of dairy products from the Republic of Belarus. Such a situation in the medium term can create favorable conditions for increasing its domestic production (Konkina and Martynushkin, 2018, Namyatova, 2019). The exports of dairy products from Russia are much lower than their import. So, in 2017 they amounted to 163.3 thousand tons, which is 9.0% (16.1 thousand tons) less than in 2016. The main markets for Russian dairy products are the countries of the Customs Union and some other countries of the former Soviet Union (Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia). In small volumes, deliveries are made to China and the USA (Konkina and Martynushkin, 2019). The consumer price index for food products for 2013-2018 amounted to 138.7%. At the same time, significant fluctuations in the price level were distinguished, which significantly correlated with the state of the sectors of the national economy. As an example, the retail price of butter rose by 79.02% over the earlier designated period, hard and soft rennet cheese by 63.74%, beef by 35.19%, pork by 28.52%, chilled and frozen by 41.33% and chicken eggs by 23.14%.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive analysis of import substitution processes in the food market involves the consistent solution of four types of applied tasks, including: o o o o

classification of clustering objects; variance analysis of grouping the clustering objects; development of scientific hypotheses; validation of scientific hypotheses.

The above tasks are solved in parallel since they complement and mutually determine each other. The proximity is considered the mathematical basis of cluster analysis, as a result of which, using this research method, a space transformation is observed, proceeding from the idea that points of one

V.S. Konkina, A.B. Martynushkin

set are slightly different from each other, and points of differentiated sets are distant from each other at a certain distance. Using the Ward method, the objects under study are grouped into clusters, which in the calculations show the smallest increment in the value of Vr. In other words, dispersion is minimized within the clusters. As a rule, the Ward method forms clusters of approximately equal sizes having a hyperspherical shape. The advantage of this method is the ability to adjust the results. The general rule is to select measures and unifying rules for substantial interpretation (Konkina, 2015aa). In addition to hierarchical cluster analysis (Joining tree clustering), which is often the first step to assess the possible number of clusters, the k-means clustering method is also used. The k-means method allows iterative selection of k-centers for clusters for which the distances inside them are minimal, and the ones between them are maximum. The significance of the classification can be evaluated using discriminant analysis. Linear discriminant analysis (Fisher) is based on the assumption that the data being analyzed obeys the multidimensional normal law. Two problems are considered in the framework of discriminant analysis: 1) the rule is determined to assign the investigated object to the cluster. To do this, it is advisable to use a linear function. 2) new objects are grouped by classification functions, that is, they are related to the ith class if the value of the classification function Si is the largest. The significance of objects' grouping should be assessed using variance analysis. Also, a special characteristic is considered. This is a function of canonical roots, Wilkes Îť-statistics. The smaller it is, the better the separation of classes is (Konkina, 2014). Indicators of the balance of resources were selected as the factors of clustering. This is because they determine the efficiency and intensity of import substitution processes in the dairy market: o o o o o

own production; product export; product import; losses; personal consumption.

3. RESULTS

Taking into account the above indicators determined for 82 subjects of Russia, which are located in seven federal districts and have a differentiated degree of development of dairy cattle breeding, first, a hierarchical classification was carried out using the Euclidean measure and the Ward consolidation rule (Figure 3). Analyzing the data of Figure 3, one can conclude that the studied subjects of Russia form two main clusters, which are subsequently divided into small components. First, the differentiation of Russian regions into two classes using the k-means method should be analyzed. The first class consisted of 48 subjects of the country and the second one included 34 subjects. From the data of variance analysis, it follows that all these variables significantly (statistically) influence the results of clustering.

*Corresponding author (V.S. Konkina) Email: VSKonkina@mail.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.195

Table 1: The results of the variance analysis of Russian subjects according to the degree of development of import substitution processes in the field of dairy cattle breeding when forming 2 clusters Factors for the effectiveness of dairy farming own production, thousand tons export of products, thousand tons import of products, thousand tons losses, thousand tons personal consumption, thousand tons

Between SS (sum of squares) 75,887

Cc (degrees of freedom) 1

19,229,010

Estimated value Inside SS Ń Ń

10,831,540

F (Estimated Fisher-Snedecor Value) 0.5605

2,037,491

755.0073

1,414

224,064

0.5050

0.1910

1,686,780

1,890,925

71.3632

Figure 3: Dendrogram describing 82 subjects of the Russian Federation Analysis of the information obtained allows drawing the conclusions Table 2. Table 2: Variables when creating two clusters in the field of dairy cattle breeding in Russia (average values) Factors for the effectiveness of dairy farming own production, thousand tons export of products, thousand tons import of products, thousand tons losses, thousand tons personal consumption, thousand tons

Average value Cluster 1 Cluster 2 219.000 381.0380 2,720.367 141.0114 17.267 39.3886 0.167 0.3835 887.233 123.2886

Cluster No. 1 is characterized by an export orientation. Exports of milk and dairy products almost double personal consumption. This taxon is formed by entities with a traditionally developed dairy industry - Moscow Region, Tatarstan, Krasnodar and Altai Territories, Bashkortostan, Voronezh Region, etc. The above-mentioned regions are characterized by favorable opportunities for ensuring

V.S. Konkina, A.B. Martynushkin

accelerated growth of the industry. These areas have a competitive advantage in terms of feed conversion and average annual milk yield. Cluster No. 1 is characterized by good material and technical base and the presence of large investment projects. Generous state support allows not only increase the production of raw milk, but also its successful processing. Excess milk is exported to other regions of the Russian Federation and abroad. The import substitution processes in cluster No. 1 are sustainable. This taxon accounts for 76% of the production of raw milk. The average annual increase in own production is 4.5%. Cluster No. 2 includes such constituent entities of the Russian Federation as Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Omsk regions, Udmurtia, the Republic of Dagestan, and others. From technical and economic indicators for the dairy industry development, this entity is polar to Cluster No. 1. Own production is focused primarily on meeting domestic needs. Milk exports are negligible. Serious investment is necessary to intensify import substitution processes.

4. DISCUSSION

Changes in the political context, serious fluctuations in agrarian policy in the continuum of protectionism, and national-conservative management policies were reflected in the dairy industry, depriving it of stability (Table 3). The pricing of milk and dairy products in the Russian market is influenced not only by internal factors but also by global trends. Table 3: SWOT analysis of the dairy industry in the context of import substitution processes Internal factors Strengths: high quality; production from natural raw materials; commodity patriotism; advanced modern equipment and technologies in large agricultural holdings; state support for the industry.

Weaknesses: the imperfection of the current legislation on the regulation of milk imports; adverse agro-climatic conditions in most of the territory of the Russian Federation; lack of domestic raw materials; monopolism of processors; the disparity in prices for crop and livestock products; rising prices for material and technical resources; unsatisfactory technical and technological conditions of most agricultural organizations.

External factors Opportunities: expansion of the product range; increase in the number of consumers; reduction in production costs and circulation; high growth in demand for products; with the growth of household incomes, consumption volumes increase; expansion of sales network; opportunities to increase milk production due to potential market capacity. Dangerous points: drop in demand due to lower incomes; high competition in the industry; unfair competition due to price dumping; seasonal fluctuations in demand; risk of product spoilage; aging human resources.

The agrarian lobby is trying to “catch the wave” of sanctions and effectively use the moment, which inevitably leads to the pressure of short-term strategies and focus on quick-pay projects. This approach contradicts the very essence of the dairy industry, which is the inertial sector of the agricultural sector. Therefore, the illusion of rapid growth should be abandoned due to the low investment attractiveness of the dairy industry, its high capital intensity, and price disparity (Konkina, 2012). However, the dairy industry has changed dramatically in recent years. The problem of food security is not as acute as in 2014. However, the pace of import substitution processes lags. The process of import substitution in the food market in general and the milk and dairy products *Corresponding author (V.S. Konkina) Email: VSKonkina@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10L http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10L.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.195

market, in particular, is accompanied by rising prices, a decrease in consumer demand, and per capita consumption (Table 4). Table 4: The dynamics of changes in factors affecting milk consumption Year

Milk production, thousand tons

Import, thousand tons

Export, thousand tons

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

32,874.0 33,462.0 33,316.0 31,861.0 30,826.0 31,097.0 31,983.9 32,226.0 32,315.6 31,507.3 31,204.5 31,197.0 29,865.1 29,995.1 29,887.5 29,787.5 29,787.3 30,185.0

4,884.0 4,989.0 5,617.0 6,304.0 7,115.0 7,293.0 7,133.9 7,315.3 7,004.9 8,159.4 7,955.1 8,524.8 9,455.1 9,157.9 7,951.3 7,578.6 6,996.9 6,493.0

605.0 460.0 481.0 479.0 493.0 532.0 582.6 612.3 519.8 459.8 614.6 645.1 628.3 628.9 606.0 644.8 607.6 576.3

Market volume, thousand tons 37,153.0 37,991.0 38,452.0 37,686.0 37,448.0 37,858.0 38,535.2 38,929.0 38,800.7 39,206.9 38,545.0 39,076.7 38,691.9 38,524.1 37,232.8 36,721.3 36,176.6 36,101.7

Milk consumption per capita, kg 219.0 227.0 231.0 232.0 234.0 237.0 240.0 21.0 243.0 245.0 243.0 246.0 245.0 239.0 233.0 231.0 230.0 225.2

The price of milk in the consumer market, rubles/l 11.4 12.0 13.5 15.5 17.4 18.8 25.4 28.1 26.8 32.0 32.5 33.9 38.6 43.8 47.6 51.4 49.0 49.6

Import price, US dol/t 213.0 289.0 276.0 287.0 292.0 337.0 492.0 793.0 528.0 759.0 848.0 826.0 1,040.0 1,006.0 691.0 638.0 1,406.2 1,38.6

Source: [12]. Authors' calculations.

5. CONCLUSION

The analysis made it possible to determine that further prospects for the development of the dairy industry will be related, first of all, with an increased intensification of production, introduction of innovations at all stages of the product life cycle, and expansion of the product range. Restrictions on the import of dairy products from several foreign countries and weakening of the national currency will continue to have a positive impact on market development. It should be kept in mind that at present the sanctioning effect is almost completely exhausted. Among negatively affecting factors, one can single out the decreasing effective demand of the population of the Russian Federation, the prevailing effect of grocery chains and large retailers on the pricing process for milk and dairy products, as well as the desire of milk processors to replace natural dairy raw materials with components of vegetable or artificial origin (Konkina, 2015b). When determining the direction of economic interventions to create sustainable supply chains of dairy products in Russia, it is important to keep in mind that: - at present, world prices for raw milk have stabilized at the level of prices in 2014 and do not tend to increase; - raw milk production costs in Russia have a pronounced upward trend and this growth will continue in years to come; - if the food embargo is abolished, Russian milk producers will have worse competitive conditions (first of all, due to lower retail prices for imported dairy products and, respectively, raw milk) compared to those that were before the embargo and they wonâ€™t be able to compete with foreign suppliers on equal terms; (Belova, 2019b). - a decrease in the share of raw milk producers in the final price of products (after the introduction of the food embargo in Russia) indicates a continuing trend of redistribution of added value in the value chain of dairy products is not in their favor (Belova, 2019a). At the moment, the milk and dairy products market is entering a new stage of development and

V.S. Konkina, A.B. Martynushkin

should be aimed at solving such urgent problems as an increase in production efficiency, cost reduction and competitiveness at all stages, as well as export development and, what is most important, stimulating the domestic consumption of dairy products. In this situation and the ongoing decline in the real disposable income of citizens, public authorities need to increase the responsibility by developing a comprehensive program, aimed at increasing the physical and economic availability of milk and dairy products for socially disadvantaged groups. As a mechanism for providing such assistance, international experience in issuing special product cards can be used. They contribute to an increase in the consumption of high-quality food products by these categories of citizens and guarantee the formation of paid demand for products of domestic agricultural producers.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

Information about this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7. REFERENCES

Belova T.N. (2019a) Processes of import substitution in the agro-food sector. Economy of the region, 15, 1: 285-297. Belova T.N. (2019b) The situation at the food market: new signals and old problems. ECO, 1 (535): 131-152. Belova T.N. and Konkina V.S. (2019a) Import substitution processes in the market of meat and dairy products in the context of economic policy. Russian Economic Journal, 3: 60-74. Belova T.N. and Konkina V.S. (2019b) Import substitution processes in the market of meat and dairy products in the context of economic policy. Russian Economic Journal, 3: 60-74. Konkina V.S. (2012) Fundamentals of the formation of a cost management system at agricultural enterprises. Herald of Altai State Agrarian University, 4 (90): 99-104.

Konkina V.S. (2014) The formation of information flows for forecasting costs at agricultural enterprises. Scientific support for the innovative development of the agricultural sector: theory, practice, prospects. Proceedings of the 65th International Scientific and Practical Conference, Ryazan, RSATU: 196-200. Konkina V.S. (2015a). The main trends in the formation of costs and cost value of milk. Herald of Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev, 1(25): 89-94. Konkina V.S. (2015b) Cost Analysis for Dairy Production. Young Scientists Research for Agricultural Production. Online Conference Materials dedicated to the Day of Russian Science, Association of Agricultural Universities of the Central Federal District: 159-163. Konkina V.S. (2019a) Import substitution and implementation of export potential in the dairy market. Agrarian Bulletin of the Upper Volga, 1 (26): 103-112. Konkina V.S. (2019b) Problems of development of the dairy cattle breeding industry as a threat to the country's food security. Consumer market: quality and safety of goods and services. Materials of the national scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, RSATU: 109-115. Konkina V.S. (2019c) Modeling of import substitution processes in the food market. Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises, 10: 37-41. Konkina V.S. and Martynushkin A.B. (2018) Problems of import substitution in the dairy cattle industry. Innovative scientific and educational support for the agro-industrial complex. Materials of the 69th International Scientific and Practical Conference, Ryazan, RSATU: 337-340.

Konkina V.S. and Martynushkin A.B. (2019) Features of the formation of the domestic market of milk and dairy products in the context of ensuring food safety. Consumer market: quality and safety of goods and services. Materials of the national scientific and practical conference, Ryazan, RSATU: 100-104. Konkina V., Shemyakin A. and Babkin I. (2019) Information and software of managing the industry cluster of the region. Proceedings of the 33rd International Business Information Management Association Conference. IBIMA 2019: Education Excellence and Innovation Management through Vision 2020: 8632-8637. Kostrova Yu.B., Lyaschuk Yu.O. and Martynushkin A.B. (2019) Improving milk quality control procedures as a factor in ensuring food security. Theoretical and applied problems of the agro-industrial complex, 1 (39): 45-49. Kostrova Yu.B. and Martynushkin A.B. (2019) Market analysis of milk and dairy products in Russia and current trends in its development. Theoretical and applied problems of the agricultural sector, 4 (42): 69-72. Krylatykh E.N. (2011) Multifunctionality of the agro-food sector: theoretical concept, practical implementation. Economics of the region, 4 (28): 21-35. Krylatykh E.N. and Fedorov V.P. (2013) Food Security in the Context of Integration: Trends, Achievements, Threats. Modern Europe, 2 (54): 138-142. Martynushkin A.B. (2014) Agricultural Economics of Russia: Results of Accession to the WTO. Research and Development, Materials of the X International Scientific and Practical Conference. Sofia, "Byal GRAD-BG" Ltd.: 33-36. Martynushkin A.B. (2012) State support measures as an integral element of the restoration of production potential and the agricultural economy of Russia. Bulletin of Orenburg Agrarian University, 3, 35-1: 202-205. Namyatova, L.E. (2019). Import Substitution Process in the Russian Economy in the Context of International Sanctions: Issues of Theory and Practice. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. 10(9), 10A09E: 1-13. Zavgorodnyaya A.S., Shashkova I.G., Konkina V.S., Romanova L.V., Mashkova E.I. and Pikushina M.Yu. (2018) Adaptive Management of the Agricultural Enterprise in the Conditions of Environmental Uncertainty. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 7 (Special Issue): 2022-2031. Dr.Vera Sergeevna Konkina is an Associate Professor and the Head of the Department of Marketing and Merchandizing at Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev. She is a Candidate of Economic Science. She graduated with honors from the Faculty of Economics at Ryazan State Agricultural Academy Named after Professor P.A. Kostychev. She defended her thesis at Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N.I. Lobachevsky. Her research interests include Cost Management, Financial Management and Investment Analysis. Dr.Alexey Borisovich Martynushkin is an Associate Professor, the Department of Economics and Management at Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ryazan State Agrotechnological University Named after P.A. Kostychev. He is a Candidate of Economic Science. He graduated with Honors from the Faculty of Economics of Ryazan State Agricultural Academy Named after Professor P.A. Kostychev. He defended his thesis at the All-Russian Institute of Agrarian Problems and Informatics Named after A.A. Nikonov (Moscow). His research interests include Risk Management, Agro-Industrial Complex Economics and Road Transport Economics.

V.S. Konkina, A.B. Martynushkin

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10M

DIGITALIZATION IN EDUCATION AS AN ENHANCING FACTOR IN TEACHING MATH M.V. Vinogradova 1* , L. I. Iakobiuk 1

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University, Tyumen, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 05 January 2020 Received in revised form 23 February 2020 Accepted 07 April 2020 Available online 21 April 2020

The development of digitalization and digital technologies in Russia happens rapidly, changing the usual course of human life. The professional education system responds to current changes by adjusting to the required format, changing its goals, tasks, and learning process. This article discusses the implementation of digitization elements on the Keywords: example of teaching mathematics. By introducing students to the Continuing education; Innovative development; evaluation of the relationship between random variables that underlies Educational environment; the study of "Big data", the authors believe that using innovative teaching methods, there is a positive dynamics to the formation of a Professional education; stable cognitive interest in the subject. Students are introduced to the Digital agriculture; Big data; Competencies concept of Big data, they begin to realize that when studying various development. random variables, their values can be infinite arrays of data, processing of which is not possible manually. Disciplinary: Education Science (Mathematics Education). ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION In order to reduce the lag in labor productivity, productivity and other indicators from countries with traditionally developed agriculture in the Russian Federation, more and more attention is paid to the development of government support measures in terms of stimulating the development of digital technologies in the agricultural sector. Currently, to meet the agricultural needs in the field of seed production and agricultural plants, the federal state information system FSIS "Seed Production" has been developed, but to address all the tasks and issues of the agro-industrial complex, a single focused service is not enough. The Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation is proposing a departmental project «Digital Agriculture», within the framework of which a set of measures is foreseen for the introduction of digital technologies and platform solutions in the agro-industrial complex. This project involves the creation and development of the national platform for digital state agricultural *Corresponding author (M.V. Vinogradova) Tel: +79-199262825 vinmarvlad@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.196

management «Digital Agriculture», the module «Agro Decisions», the industrial electronic educational environment «Land of Knowledge». In addition to creating the listed software products, the project involves the simultaneous work on training specialists of agricultural enterprises in order to build their competencies in the field of digital economy.

2. STUDY DETAILS It should be noted that agricultural production in our country has a huge development potential, based on increasing the efficiency of land, labor and biological resources. In order to fully utilize these resources, it is necessary to improve production technologies and develop a management system based on high-level information systems. A fundamental feature of these systems is the processing of large volumes of quantitative information, the analysis of which allows to increase the efficiency of production activities, improve technological solutions and the material base of production, develop systems for processing, storage, sale, delivery of finished products to consumers (Akmarov et al., 2019). According to experts, Russia has a significant reserve for increasing the efficiency of agricultural production (3-5 times) and the growth potential of the industry’s turnover through the introduction of digital processes and technologies in crop and livestock production, increasing labor productivity and making full use of the capabilities of modern digital platforms for managing all levels of production (Akmarov et al., 2019). Digitalization involves the accelerated development of advanced business areas, Internet trading in professional computer equipment and accessories, new working specialties, services and training functions on the use of intelligent systems in animal husbandry. We can distinguish a number of factors, both direct and indirect effects, affecting the implementation and use of digital technologies in the agricultural sector. Among the key factors affecting the development of digitalization in agriculture, we note the following: o o o o o o o

trade globalization; changing of the climate; the growth of urbanization; population growth; change in consumer preferences; development of technologies in agriculture (bio- and nano-); the transition from a product model to a service model and others (Volkova, 2020).

The project "Digital agriculture" would be appropriate for implementation in the Tyumen region, as it is one of the largest producers of agricultural products in the Ural Federal district. Today, Tyumen oblast is of great scientific and technological potential in various sectors of agribusiness. But still, the main driving force of social development becomes knowledge, which ensure the formation of innovative production, which involves the creation and use of new, highly efficient technological energy saving resources: machines, equipment, materials, highly efficient selection achievements, production automation on cattle-breeding complexes and farms, in processing industries APK (Ebzeev et al., 2015). And so, one of the most important factors of increase of competitiveness of development of a particular agricultural industry of the Tyumen region, as well as improving the quality of life of the population is creating conditions for innovative development of Agroindustrial complex through the introduction of digital automated technology.

M.V. Vinogradova, L.I. Iakobiuk

The concept of innovation system and developing the fundamental mechanisms of innovation activity can be attributed to the mid 80-ies of the twentieth century. First, this term began to use such scholars as K. Freeman, B. A. Lundvall and R. Nielsen. In L. I. Abalkin, A. I. Dergunova, A. N. Illarionov, G. D. Kovaleva, Yu. p. Morozova, Yu. V. Yakovets and others addressed problems of innovative development of Russia. Innovation consider innovative activities that have received implementation in the form of new or improved products sold in the market used in the production and processing of products. In other words, it is a vital necessity for enterprises, as their competitiveness depends on innovative development. If we consider innovation in the agricultural environment, it is a use of new technologies for the production of livestock, crops, processing of agricultural products. Innovative products increase competitiveness, make business more attractive to customers and yield high returns (Litvinenko et al., 2017). At the present stage of development of the Russian innovation system have increased requirements for professional skills of employees of all industries (Malchukova et al., 2017). Innovation in enterprises have one important feature: to make their implementation successful and profitable, it is necessary to act strategically. The innovation process should not be disposable, it needs to be focused on the future (Epifantseva, 2019). Innovative development of agriculture in the region requires the effective use of scientific and technical potential, integration of science, education and production, technological modernization of the economy based on innovative technologies. The solution to this complex task requires creating the right conditions: appropriate infrastructure for innovative activities or the combination of material, technical, legislative and other means, providing information, expertise, marketing, financial, personnel and other services innovation (Litvinenko, et al., 2017). To date, such large agro-food complexes in Tyumen region as CJSC "Agrokompleks Mayak, or "Agrofirm "Kolos", or OJSC "Sovkhoz chervishevskiy used voluntary robotic milking system. This installation has allowed to increase milk production, improve milk quality, reduce the content of somatic cells in milk, and also free up professionals from the heavy manual labor. One of the innovative solutions implemented in the Tyumen region on the basis of "Agrofirma Kolos Ishimsky district is Herd Navigator â€“ an innovative solution for herd management that automatically takes milk samples, analyses them and presents the results, allowing specialists dairy enterprise to determine the state of health of each individual cow and to make the right decision (Dronova et al., 2016). In dairy farms of the Tyumen region in 2012 in the reproduction of the herds used sexed semen. This technology allows to eliminate the problem of reduction of pedigree livestock, get healthy, highly productive Chicks, can be used as an alternative to import of heifers (update genotype) (Kayugina, 2018). Modern society is characterized as informational, where information technology is penetrating all spheres of human life. The labour market dictates the demand for specialists, having knowledge, having experience with computer technologies (Kulikova, 2018). Currently, Informatization of society and education is a period of improvement and mass propagation of modern information and communication technologies (Otekina, 2017). Reality and at the same time, the challenge of the modern world is the digitalization. Over the last 20 years improving the quality of education and level of teaching was the main mission of the *Corresponding author (M.V. Vinogradova) Tel: +79-199262825 vinmarvlad@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.196

Bologna process and the main goal of structural reforms in higher education of our country. Continuing education is becoming increasingly important for society, the economy and welfare of our citizens.The desire for digitalization of production within the framework of innovative development necessitated a change in training requirements. Education is an important element of culture, which consists in a personâ€™s desire for self-development and leadership development, the ability to receive and process information, and independently make decisions in unusual situations (Nazarova, 2018). Education is a field of activity whose results are heavily reflected in the future. Education is a long process, which, according to the classifier of education levels under the Law of the Russian Federation on Education, includes pre-school, primary general, basic general, secondary general, primary vocational, secondary vocational, higher vocational, postgraduate vocational, vocational training, additional education (Iakobiuk, 2014). Vocational education as a priority field of study requires certain changes, which reflect all advanced trends in the sphere of production, anticipating the development of a particular industry. At a time when there is a digital transformation of all industries, including agriculture, before the faculty gets difficult task: to adapt the educational environment so as to ensure the diversity and flexibility of lifelong learning, to develop competencies required in their future profession, information skills, and to eliminate barriers to the creation of open digital education. In the digital transformation of agricultural education and economy of the agricultural sector it is necessary to introduce modern software solutions. Need a new strategy, infrastructure in the training of students of the agrarian University, management and organization of the educational process. This should be implemented in the system of higher professional agricultural education are in demand in production and business modern information technologies on their basis to develop new educational programs and training standards, control mechanisms of the system of higher agricultural education (Lemeshko, et. al., 2019). A University graduate should possess digital literacy. Digital literacy is the ability to create and use content using digital technologies, including the skills of computer programming, searching and sharing information, communication with other people (Kayugina, 2019). The main purpose of study at the University in the framework of the competence approach is the formation and development of students together practice-oriented competences, personal qualities, and skills they need in their future professional activities. In this regard, they must have formed a level of basic training, which is necessary for solving professional problems; when studying the subsequent special disciplines profile (Biryukova, 2019). In accordance with the requirements of new educational standards, all agricultural universities of the country in varying degrees, are implementing into the educational process the elements of digitalization. The students of the agrarian University will implement this approach during a visit to the practical and laboratory classes and during teaching practice, production, and undergraduate research. For example, in an experimental platform for research at a leading agricultural University â€“ Timiryazev Academy is considered a digital University campus, experimental fields, Michurinsky garden, vegetable and fruit station, Timiryazevsky Park and other facilities. In their work, the students of Timiryazevka are trying to use modern information technologies for the collection, analysis and interpretation of data obtained: geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), sensors, drones, software package ArcGIS. Current technologies of remote sensing and GIS are

M.V. Vinogradova, L.I. Iakobiuk

appropriate and effectively used in educational and research practices to prepare scientists, agronomists in Russian state agrarian University-MTAA named after K. A. Timiryazev (Tsarapkina et.al., 2018). The students of the State agrarian University of Northern Zauralye elements of digitalization is implemented by using o o o o o o

satellite navigation systems in innovative technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops; systems three-dimensional design; numerical programmed control; GIS software products; conducting hematological and biochemical investigations, using automatic analyzer "Medonic Ca 620" and a semi-automatic analyzer "Clima MC 15"; the use of such databases as "SELEKS", "Feed rations", ICP-FOREST, etc.

Acquaintance of students to the University of Northern Zauralye with elements of digitization begins with the first course. The implementation of the educational process takes place in a variety of disciplines, including the discipline "Mathematics". In the study of this discipline is considered the section "Correlation analysis". This section familiarizes students with the assessment of the relationship between random variables, which lies at the basis of the study of "Big data" - the designation of structured and unstructured data of enormous volume and significant variety, effectively processed horizontally scalable software tools. In the process of studying this section, students carry out design work, the purpose of which is to impart skills of analyzing the relationship between two random variables. The main stages are: 1. To provide the raw data in the form of correlation tables. 2. Calculate by definition, using the "analysis ToolPak" in Excel: is the sample coefficient of linear correlation, set its value at significance level of 0.01, the strength and tightness; - calculate the linear regression coefficients to write the regression equation. 3. To give a meaningful and graphical interpretation of correlation and regression analysis. Here is an example of the tasks proposed for calculations trainees. As random variables consider X is the proportion of fat in carcass (%) and Y - specific weight of pig carcasses (%), the values of which are given in Table 1. Table 1: Random X and Y Values X 84 110 98 121 64 70 52 86 92 102

Y 20 24 19 23 18 14 16 21 17 22

X 76 72 60 62 52 98 88 78 90 80

Y 19 15 14 16 14 22 17 16 21 20

X 100 63 75 56 84 81 94 93 118 59

Y 22 16 17 14 20 20 19 20 23 15

X 60 63 85 74 72 71 56 58 80 82

Y 16 17 17 16 16 15 15 15 20 21

Based on the initial data, a correlation table was compiled (Table 2), in which the values of the characteristic X are presented in steps of 10, and the values of the characteristic Y are presented in steps of 2. *Corresponding author (M.V. Vinogradova) Tel: +79-199262825 vinmarvlad@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.196

Table 2: Correlation Table y

x 15 17 19 21 21 nx

55 8

65 2 2

75 6 1 3

1 4 3

4 2

105

115

125

1 1 2

1 1

ny 16 4 11 6 3 40

Determining the required values in the first way, that is, by definition, students receive rather cumbersome calculations. The sample linear correlation coefficient R is calculated R=

xâ‹… y âˆ’ xâ‹… y Ďƒ x â‹…Ďƒ y

(1),

where the numerator of the fraction contains the average values of the average values and the average value of their product, and the denominator contains the average square deviations of random variables. Get the value of R=0,83, therefore, correlation between the percentage of fat in carcass (%) and specific gravity of pig carcasses (%) is high. The sign of R is positive, therefore, direct communication, that is, an increase in the proportion of fat in carcasses, the proportion of pig carcasses also increases. Install the significance of the correlation coefficient. For this we use a student t-test. For its application, we calculate the observed and tabular (critical) value of the criterion. Get tobserved=9.2 and tcritical=2.7. Compare tĐ˝Đ°ĐąĐť and tĐşŃ€Đ¸Ń‚. As of 9.2 >2.7, then the calculated value correlation coefficient is different from zero significantly and, therefore, with a probability of 0.99 it can be argued that the studied random variables are linearly correlated. After performing the necessary intermediate calculations we obtained the following linear regression coefficients đ?œŒđ?œŒđ?‘Śđ?‘Śďż˝ = 0.17 and đ?œŒđ?œŒđ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľďż˝đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś = 4.08. Then the linear regression equations will đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ

ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś = 4.08đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś + 6.87 have the form ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝ đ?‘Śđ?‘Śđ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ = 0.17đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ + 4.24- linear regression equation Y on X and đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ

linear regression equation X on Y will produce a meaningful interpretation of the results of the correlation analysis. Between the percentage of fat and a specific gravity of pig carcasses there is a strong direct linear correlation (R=0.83). It is possible to assert with a probability of 0.99. ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ = 0.17đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ + 4.24 characterizes how the average specific weight of a pig carcass Equation đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś depends on the proportion of fat. Linear regression coefficient (đ?œŒđ?œŒđ?‘Śđ?‘Śďż˝ = 0.17) it suggests that if the đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ

proportion of fat is increased by an average of 1%, the specific weight of the pig carcass will increase by an average of 0.17%. ďż˝ďż˝ďż˝đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś = 4.08đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś + 6.87 characterizes how the average proportion of fat depends on the Equation đ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľ specific weight of pig carcasses. If the specific weight of pork carcasses is increased by 1%, the proportion of fat will increase by an average of 4.08% ( đ?œŒđ?œŒđ?‘Ľđ?‘Ľďż˝đ?‘Śđ?‘Ś = 4.08).

Performing the task using the "analysis ToolPak" in Excel, the learner enough to bring to table cells in the source data, and use the function "Regression". In the result, we get all values required to perform the tasks, namely: the correlation coefficient (R=0.85), the parameters of the equation of linear regression Y on X (Table 3). Next, you need to record the interpretation of the results.

M.V. Vinogradova, L.I. Iakobiuk

Table 3: Regression analysis Regression statistics Multiple R 0.854 R- square 0.729 Normalized Rsquare 0.722 Standard error 1.535 Observations 40 Analysis of variance df Regression 1 Remains 38 Subtotal 39

Y- intersection Variable X 1

Coefficients 6.999 0.139

SS 240.39 89.51 329.9 Standard error 1.120 0.0139

MS 240.39 2.36

F 102.048

Importance F 2.57E-12

t- statistics 6.247 10.102

p-value 2.61E-07 2.57E-12

Lower 95% 4.732 0.112

Top 95% 9.268 0.168

Lower 95.0% 4.732 0.112

Top 95.0% 9.268 0.168

3. DISCUSSION Solving the task in two ways, according to the definitions and using the "analysis ToolPak" in Excel, students come to the conclusion that when processing a large sample volume results differ slightly, but the conclusions remain unchanged. But the second solution allows to save large amounts of time. Each of these ways has its advantages. Solving the problem of the first method, the trainees from the "inside" understand its essence, it helps to build their skills with different random variables. The second method only automatiseret process. The presence of features such as "seek"; "finding solutions"; "correlation" and "regression" allows the use of standard Excel spreadsheets for workflow agronomists and other agricultural specialists (Eremina, 2017). Considering such tasks, the trainees are acquainted with the concept of "Big data" (Big data), they begin to realize that the study of various random variables, their values can be infinite amounts of data, processing of which is manually not possible. Speaking in simple words, big data is a common name for large data arrays and methods of their processing. Such data are efficiently processed with the help of scalable software tools that appeared at the end of 2000-ies became the alternative to traditional databases and Business Intelligence solutions. Big data Analytics is carried out in order to obtain new, previously unknown information. Such an opening is called insight, which means inspiration, a hunch, a sudden understanding . Table 4: Difference in approaches Traditional Analytics Step-by-step analysis of small data packets Editing and sorting data before processing Starting with a hypothesis and testing it against data Data is collected, processed, stored, and then analyzed

Big data analytics Processing the entire array of available data at once Data is processed in its original form Search for correlations across all data before getting the desired information Real-time analysis and processing of big data, as it becomes available

The concept of Big data plays an important role in the process of digitalization of the economy. The main technological content of digital technology are such "advanced" and well-known approaches, such as big data and artificial intelligence technology (AI) â€“ in connection with necessity of application of AI for big data throughout their lifecycle, and in terms of management systems and decision-making. *Corresponding author (M.V. Vinogradova) Tel: +79-199262825 vinmarvlad@yandex.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.196

Practically, it can be argued that today's big data technologies and related AI technologies not only form the core of becoming a digital economy, but also determine its main features at least in the medium term. It is important that these technologies are not socially neutral: they simultaneously offer the society new possibilities and solutions, but also are a source of grave social risk that is well understood in strategic planning. While opportunities and risks are closely intertwined. For example, big data is considered as the digital footprint of a person, provide us with ample opportunities address client satisfaction in the here and now, possibilities emergency and personalized medical care outside of geolocation, and more. At the same time, this is a serious challenge to modern society professing the principles of privacy of the individual as an integral element of freedom (Zhulego et. al., 2019).

4. CONCLUSION According to many scientists, and in our opinion, the use of innovative teaching methods provides a positive motivation of students to learning, promotes the formation of stable cognitive interest in the subject, improving knowledge, creates pedagogical conditions for development of abilities of students (Vinogradova et.al., 2018). All this leads to changes in the training of competitive specialists in various fields of knowledge, including the agricultural sector, and is reflected in the new educational standards of higher education.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information of this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Akmarov P.B., Abramova O.V., Knyazeva O. P. (2019). Investments in the digital economy as a factor of labor productivity growth in agriculture. Scientific works of the Free economic society of Russia, 218(4), 564-572. Akmarov P.B., Gorbushina N.V., Knyazeva O. P. (2019). Features of digital transformation in the agricultural sector of the economy. Agrarian education and science, 2, 1-3. Biryukova N.V. (2019). Opportunities for contextual learning for the formation and development of personal meanings of learning among University students. Mir nauki, Kultury, obrazovaniya, 2(75), 99-101. Dronova M.V., Sorokina T.I. (2016). Current state and prospects of development of dairy production in the Tyumen region. Scientific almanac, 4-2(18), 120-123. Ebzeev H.M.I., Suyumbayeva R.A., Laipanova D.B. (2015). Institutional factors of innovative development of the agricultural sector of the regional economic system. Fundamental research, 11-5, 1039-1042. Epifantseva D.D. (2019). Innovative development of Russian enterprises. Young scientist, 1, 85-87. Eremina D.V. (2017). Applied Informatics for specialists of the agricultural sector. Đ?gro-Food policy of Russia, 9(69), 98-103. Iakobiuk L.I. (2014). Competence approach as a way to improve the quality of education. In the collection: Problems of forming value orientations in the education of rural youth Collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference, 139-142. Kayugina S.M. (2018). Innovative development of dairy farming. Vector of the economy, 8(26), 19.

M.V. Vinogradova, L.I. Iakobiuk

Kayugina S.M. (2019). Higher professional education in a digital economy. In Proceeding: modern trends of development of science in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine international scientific-practical conference. 278-281. Kulikova S.V., Malchukova N.N., Shemyakina I.E. (2018). An Example of using electronic educational resources in a practical lesson in mathematics when teaching students. In the collection: Collection of articles of the II all-Russian (national) scientific and practical conference "Modern scientific and practical solutions in agriculture" State agrarian University of the Northern Urals, 315-318. Lemeshko T.B., Tsarapkina Yu.M., Kireycheva A.M., Mironov A.G., Tsyplakova S.A. (2019). Digital transformation of higher professional agricultural education based on 1C solutions. In the collection: New information technologies in education Collection of scientific papers, the 19th international scientific and practical conference. General editorship of D. V. Chistov, 135-137. Litvinenko I.L., Kiyanova L.D. (2012). Ensuring innovative development of regional agricultural enterprises: problems and solutions. Regional economy and management: electronic scientific journal. 2(50), 5012. Malchukova N.N., Kulikova S.V. (2017) Formation of professional self-determination in the perspective of professional dynasties. Agro-Food policy of Russia, 12 (72), 174-178 Nazarova S.I. (2018) Training of qualified professional personnel in the conditions of development of modern technologies. Electronic scientific and educational Bulletin health and education in the XXI century, 20 (7), 64-69. Otekina N.E. (2017). Development of information technologies in the field of education. In the collection: Information and communication technologies in psychology and pedagogy collection of articles of the International scientific and practical conference, 81-83. Tsarapkina Yu., Lemeshko T.B., Mironov A.G (2018). Digital technologies in the training of students of the agrarian University. Problems of modern pedagogical education, 61-3, 331-334. Vinogradova M.V., Iakobiuk L.I. (2018). The Introduction of interactive forms in the teaching of mathematics in the University of Agriculture. The World of science, culture and education, 5(72), 147-149. Volkova A.A. (2020). Digitalization as a way to activate innovative activity in agriculture. Young scientist, 2, 244-246. Zhulego V.G., balyakin A.A., Nurbina M.V., Taranenko S.B. (2019). Digitalization of society: new challenges in the social sphere. Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and law, 9-2, 36-43. Dr.Vinogradova Marina Vladimirovna is an Associate Professor at NORTHERN TRANS-URAL STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY. She is a Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences in the field of Theory and Methodology of Professional Education.

Dr.Iakobiuk Liubov Ilinichna is an Associate Professor at NORTHERN TRANS-URAL STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY. She is a Candidate of pedagogical Sciences in the field of Theory and Methodology of Professional Education.

*Corresponding author (M.V. Vinogradova) Tel: +79-199262825 vinmarvlad@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10M http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10M.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.196

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10N

BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF RABBITS INTERNAL ORGANS AND MEAT DURING STRESS 1

E.A. Azhmuldinov , M.G. Titov , M.A. Kizaev , V.N. Nikulin , 3 4 5 I.A. Babicheva , N.V. Soboleva , V.V. Khokhlov 1

Department of Technology of Beef Cattle Breeding and Beef Production, Federal Research Center for Biological Systems and Agricultural Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, RUSSIA. 2 Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Management, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Orenburg, RUSSIA. 3 Chemistry Department, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Orenburg, RUSSIA. 4 Department of Production Technology and Processing of Livestock Products, Orenburg State Agrarian University, Orenburg, RUSSIA. 5 Department of Zootechnics, Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Perm, RUSSIA. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 05 January 2020 Received in revised form 09 March 2020 Accepted 31 March 2020 Available online 21 April 2020

Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) into extraintestinal sites, such as mesenteric lymph nodes complex, liver, spleen, kidneys, meat, and bloodstream. This article describes the studies’ results of the contamination of internal organs and meat. To study the effect of heat stress on intestinal permeability in rabbits, a study was conducted under standard vivarium conditions using six male rabbits. All animals were exposed to high temperatures. Animals of the experimental group received an intramuscular injection of emulsion with ultrafine silver particles (USP) at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg, to reduce intestinal permeability, seven days before exposure to stress. The translocation of bacteria to the liver, lungs, and spleen was enterobacteria from 2.1 to 6.6 lg CFU, enterococci from 18.3 to 19.3 lg CFU; and to blood 8.6 and 13.2 lg CFU, respectively. Injection of USP at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg body weight led to a sharp decrease in translocation of bacteria to internal organs. Evaluation of meat productivity showed the superiority of the rabbits of the experimental group in terms of hot carcass weight by 7.8% (p ≤ 0.05), slaughter weight by 6.2% (p ≤ 0.05), slaughter yield by 0.5%. No enterococci or enterobacteria were found in the meat of rabbits that received USP injection.

Keywords: Intramuscular injection; Organ contamination; Bacterial translocation; USP; Intestines; High temperatures stress; Rabbit internal organs; Microflora; Enterobacteria; Enterococci.

*Corresponding author (M.G. Titov). Email: titow.ru@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.197

1. INTRODUCTION

Heat stress is a serious problem causing negative effects on animals, especially during the hot season (Altan et al., 2003). High temperature affects physiological parameters of animals causing numerous disorders of the immune system, as well as endocrine and electrolyte disorders which lead to decreased productivity (Quinteiro-Filho et al., 2012, Abdelqader and Al-Fataftah, 2014). Heat stress has a negative impact on the development and functions of the intestine (Abdelqader et al., 2017), especially on the integrity of intestinal epithelium (Pearce et al., 2013). Intestinal epithelium plays an important role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and acts as a barrier between the internal and external environment. The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to a large load of antigenic molecules from digested food and microorganisms, resident, and invasive bacteria and viruses (Keita and Soderholm, 2010). The integrity of the intestinal barrier is essential for maintaining the health state and vital functions of living organisms. Stressors in animals cause colonization of intestinal pathogens which pass into the blood, lymph nodes, meat, and therefore impair the quality of the resulting animal products (Keita and Soderholm, 2010, Burkholder et al., 2008, Abdelqader and Al-Fataftah, 2016). Moreover, a stress-induced non-integrity of intestinal epithelium reduces the effectiveness of innate defense mechanisms in animals and may increase the possibility of intestinal inflammation (Burkholder et al., 2008). Thus, studying the effects of heat stress on the translocation of microorganisms from the intestine to internal organs, blood, and meat in animals is of certain scientific and practical interest. This research aimed at studying the translocation of the intestinal microbiota of rabbits under the influence of heat stress. There were the following tasks: to determine the contamination of blood, meat, and internal organs during stress and to define the method of its reduction in rabbits under the influence of high temperature.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS.

The object of research: Alaska rabbits which were purchased at a rabbit farm in the village of Chashkan, Sol-Iletsky district, Orenburg Region. Animal keeping and experimental studies were performed in accordance with the instructions and recommendations of Russian Regulations, 1987 (Order of the USSR Ministry of Health No.755 as of December 08, 1977) and â€œGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Academy Press Washington, DC 1996)â€?. In the course of study, best efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of test subjects. Experiment design: Studies were performed using 6 male rabbits under standard vivarium conditions. Within 14 days, animals adapted to new conditions. After the preparation period, they were divided into two groups: control and experimental, 3 animal in each. Heat stress was created using a forced-air heater. Exposure duration was 3 hours at the temperature of +42Â°C and the humidity of 75%. All rabbits were exposed to high temperatures, and the experimental group received intramuscular injections of emulsion with USP at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg seven days before the start of heat stress to reduce intestinal permeability. Research material included the samples of meat, blood, liver, lungs, and spleen of animals. All manipulations were carried out in compliance with sterility rules. Pure bacteria cultures were obtained by plating 0.1 mL of undiluted and diluted 10, 100, and

E.A. Azhmuldinov, M.G. Titov, M.A. Kizaev, V.N. Nikulin, I.A. Babicheva, N.V. Soboleva, V.V. Khokhlov

1,000 times fractions or homogenate in solid media: starvation agar, blood agar, 1.5% beef extract agar, bismuth sulfite agar, Endo agar, and Ploskirev medium. After 48-72 h of cultivation at the temperature of 25°С, grown colonies were transferred to nutrient agar slant and identified. Species identification of isolated strains was carried out using indicators (Berkeley et.al., 1994, Weyant et.al., 1996) and based on morphological, cultural and biochemical criteria in accordance with the recommendations (Abbott et.al., 2003, Buller, 2004). Morphological features of isolated strains were studied in two-day and seven-day cultures using transmission electron microscopy. In this regard, bacterial colonies were fixed with a 2.5% solution of glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer (pH 7.2) for 1-2 days, then additionally fixed with a 2% solution of osmium tetroxide for 1 hr. using the same buffer, dehydrated in alcohols and acetone, then the material was embedded into Araldite-epon mixture. Equipment and tools: For studying microbiota, Petri dishes, microbial loop, and Mikromed 3 Lum luminescent microscope (Russia, St. Petersburg, OOO “Nablyudatelnye pribory”) were used. Pathogenicity of isolated microbial cultures was determined by making a biological test on white mice by intraperitoneal infection with a suspension of daily culture in physiological saline at the dose of 0.5 mL and at the concentration of 1 billion microbial cells in 1 mL of studied culture. Observation was carried out for 10 days (Muradova, 2007; Muruyev, 1994; Netrusov, 2009; Sidorov, 1995). For defining quantitative characteristics of beneficial, conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, colonies of each type were counted on plate media according to the formula: M=10xNx10n where: M - the number of living microbial cells in 1 g of preparation; N - conversion factor when plating 0.1 mL of bacterial suspension; 10n - dilution from which this type of microbe was isolated. USP was up to 100 nm in size (chemical and phase composition – 99.99% metallic silver, up to 0.01% of adsorbed gases – CH 4, CO2 , Ar, N2 , obtaining method – electrical explosion in the argon atmosphere, specific surface – Ssp = 6.5 m2/g). For preparing an injection suspension in the laboratory for nanotechnologies in agriculture, USP was mixed with the catholyte obtained in the AkvaLife device and then dispersed in UZDN-2T ultrasonic disperser in the mode of 0.5 A and 44 kHz. The experimental group received intramuscular injections of emulsion (pH 9.5, redox potential Eh = -450 mV, according to Dvornikov, 2004) with USP at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg of live weight, once a day, within seven days before the start of exposure to stress factor [Azhmuldinov, 2019]. Statistical processing. Material obtained during this study was processed using Statistica 10.0 software package (Stat Soft Inc., USA); reliability was determined using Student’s test.

3. RESULTS

Exposure to the stress factor results in developing bacterial translocation which is defined as the passage of viable opportunistic microorganisms through gastrointestinal mucosa into the bloodstream, liver, spleen, lungs, and meat (Table 1). In rabbits of the control group exposed to heat stress, translocation of bacteria to liver, lungs and spleen was the following: Enterobacter cloacae from 2.1-6.6 lg CFU, and Enterococcus faecalis 18.3-19.3 lg CFU; their amount in blood was 8 6 lg CFU and 13.2 lg CFU, in meat 1.7 and 2.3 lg CFU, respectively. *Corresponding author (M.G. Titov). Email: titow.ru@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.197

Table 1: Bacterial translocation caused by heat stress (lg CFU). Microorganisms Enterobacter cloacae Enterococcus faecalis Microorganisms Enterobacter cloacae Enterococcus faecalis

Liver

Lungs Control 6.6±0.25 4.0±0.26 18.3±0.24 19.1±0.31 Experimental Liver Lungs 2.1±0.18 1.3±0.20 3.0±0.21 2.2±0.19

Spleen

Blood

Meat

2.1±0.28 8.6±0.25 1.7±0.23 19.3±0.33 13.2±0.26 2.3±0.25 Spleen 1.0±0.22 2.2±0.19

Blood 2.3±0.20 1.1±0.22

Meat -----

In animals of the experimental group which received USP injections at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg 7 days before exposure to the stress factor, there was a sharp decrease in translocation of these bacterial cultures to internal organs: Enterobacter cloacae from 1.0 to 2.3 lg CFU, and Enterococcus faecalis – from 1.1 to 3.0 lg CFU. No enterococci or enterobacteria were found in the meat of rabbits received USP. This reaction occurred due to the antibacterial properties of silver that contributed to the destruction of pathogenic microflora and reduced the effects of stress on the animal organism. Analysis of rabbit carcasses obtained after slaughter revealed good bleeding in all animals. After aging, a dry crust of a pale pink color was formed on the surface of carcasses. Fat had a yellowish-white color. Muscles were pale pink, dense, elastic, and when pressed with a finger, the resulting depression was quickly recovered. Rabbits with intramuscular injections of USP showed better values of meat productivity (Table 2). Rabbits of the experimental group showed superiority in the terms of hot carcass weight by 7.8% (p ≤ 0.05), slaughter weight by 6.2% (p ≤ 0.05), slaughter yield y 0.5%. Thus, injections of USP antioxidants to rabbits under stress had a positive effect on the bacteriological parameters of slaughter products. Table 2: Results of control slaughter of test animals (g). Group Control Experimental Preslaughter weight 3,990±1.94 4,198±2.02* Hot carcass weight 2,087±1.52 2,250±1.67* Internal fat weight 238.0±0.27 218.3±0.31* Slaughter weight 2,325.0±1.42 2,468.3±1.61* Slaughter yield, % 58.27 58.80 Note: * p ≤ 0.05 in relation to the control group Parameter

4. DISCUSSION

Exposure to high ambient temperatures can pose significant health problems for humans and animals, and the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main organs that is first of all subject to this negative effect (Tavares et. al., 2012). In addition to the absorption of nutrients, intestine serves as a barrier to the spread of bacteria and endotoxins in systemic organs and tissues. Bacterial translocation is the migration of bacteria or bacterial products from the intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes or other extraintestinal organs and sites. (Magnotti and Deitch, 2005, Wiest and Garcia-Tsao, 2005, Balzan et. al., 2007). Factors contributing to bacterial translocation include different types of stress, excessive growth of gram-negative Escherichia coli, impaired immune defense of the organism, and damage to intestinal mucosa leading to increased intestinal permeability (Assimakopoulos SF et. al., 2005). These mechanisms can work together and contribute to synergistical systemic spread of indigenous bacteria that cause sepsis.

E.A. Azhmuldinov, M.G. Titov, M.A. Kizaev, V.N. Nikulin, I.A. Babicheva, N.V. Soboleva, V.V. Khokhlov

In our study of animals exposed to heat stress, the translocation of bacteria to liver, lungs and spleen was the following: enterobacteria – from 2.1 to 6.6 lg CFU, enterococci – from 13.2 to 19.3 lg CFU; their amount in blood was 8.6 lg CFU, and 13.2 lg CFU, respectively. USP is the most well-known particles that are given special attention as antimicrobial agents that are effective in treating certain infectious diseases, burns, chronic ulcers, open wounds and inhibit the growth of bacteria, mold and harmful spores. USP can enter the organism with water, food, drugs and various additives (Atiyeh et. al., 2007). Some researchers have shown that silver ions released from consumed foods into the blood can accumulate in the body and have toxic effects, especially in the liver and kidneys. However, acute oral or transdermal doses of USP (2,000 mg/kg of body weight) in rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits did not lead to significant clinical signs, mortality, acute irritation or any irritation affecting eyes or skin (Sardari et. al., 2012). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of USP on intestinal permeability in animals under stress. As we mentioned earlier, the physical barrier function of the mucous membrane seems to be of prime importance for preventing or limiting bacterial translocation, especially in animals with normal intestinal flora, while the immune system has a secondary or supporting role for the intestinal mucosa barrier (Magnotti, 2005). Injection of USP effectively inhibits the process of translocation of pathogenic microflora to internal organs (Assimakopoulos et. al., 2005). Since normal functioning of the immune system is another important factor for good intestinal barrier function (Magnotti LJ, Deitch EA., 2005), USP can reduce bacterial translocation due to their antimicrobial activity and modulating effect on immunocompetent cells (Abuharfeil et. al., 1999, Watanabe et. al., 1998).

5. CONCLUSION

From this experimental study in rabbits, it has found that using intramuscular injection of USP at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg of body weight not only helps to reduce the stress state of animals but is also useful for lowering bacterial translocation.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

Information of this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

These studies were carried out in accordance with the research plan for 2019-2021. Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center for Biological Systems and Agricultural Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (No. 0761-2019-0006).

8. REFERENCES

Abdelqader A., Al-Fataftah A. (2016). Effect of dietary butyric acid on performance, intestinal morphology, microflora composition and intestinal recovery of heat-stressed broilers Livest. Sci., 183, pp. 78-83 Abdelqader A., Abuajamieh M., Hammad H., Al-Fataftah A. (2017). Effects of dietary butyrate supplementation on intestinal integrity of heat-stressed cockerels J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 10.1111/jpn.12622. Abuharfeil N, Al-Oran R, Abo-Shehada M. (1999).The Effect of Bee Honey on the Proliferative Activity of Human B-and T-Lymphocytes and the Activity of Phagocytes. Food and Agricultural Immunology.;11:169–177. *Corresponding author (M.G. Titov). Email: titow.ru@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.197

Altan O., Pabuccuoglu A., Altan A., Konyalioglu S., H. Bayraktar (2003). Effect of heat stress on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and some stress parameters in broilers Br. Poult. Sci., 44, pp. 545-550. Al-Fataftah A., Abdelqader A. (2014). Effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis on heat-stressed broilers performance, intestinal morphology and microflora composition Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 198, 279-285 Assimakopoulos S.F., Vagianos C.E., Charonis A., Nikolopoulou V.N., Scopa C.D. (2005). Intestinal failure in obstructive jaundice. World J Gastroenterol; 11: 3806-3807. Assimakopoulos S.F., Scopa C.D., Zervoudakis G., Mylonas P.G., Georgiou C., Nikolopoulou V., Vagianos C.E. (2005). Bombesin and neurotensin reduce endotoxemia, intestinal oxidative stress, and apoptosis in experimental obstructive jaundice. Ann Surg. 241: 159–167. Atiyeh B.S., Costagliola M., Hayek S.N., Dipo S.A. (2007). Effect of silver on burn wound infection control and healing: review of the literature. Burns. 33:139-148. Azhmuldinov, E.A., Titov, M.G., Kizaev, M.A., Babicheva, I.A., Soboleva, N.V. (2019). The role of silver nanoparticles in technological stresses of bulls. Livestock and feed production. 102 (3): 8-18. Balzan S, de Almeida Quadros C, de Cleva R, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I. (2007). Bacterial translocation: overview of mechanisms and clinical impact. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 22:464–471. Braydich-Stolle L., Hussain S., Schlager J.J., Hofmann M.C. (2005). In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells. Toxicol Sci. 88:412–419. Burkholder K.M., Thompson K.L., M.E. Einstein, Applegate T.J., Patterson. (2008). Influence of stressors on normal intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broilers Poult. Sci., 87, 1734-1741. Dvornikov, V.M. (2002). Stabilizer of aqueous solution and water-containing raw materials with spontaneously changing redox properties: pat. 2234945 of the Russian federation. Appl., Bul. No. 24 Garriga, C. Hunter R.R., Amat C., Planas J.M., Mitchell M.A., M. Moreto (2006). Heat stress increases apical glucose transport in the chicken jejunum Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 290, R195-R201 Keita, A.V. Soderholm J.D. (2010). The intestinal barrier and its regulation by neuroimmune factors Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 22, 718-733. Kim JS, Song KS, Sung TH, et al. (2013). Genotoxicity, acute oral and dermal eye and dermal irritation and corrosion and skin sensitization evaluation of silver nanoparticles. Nantoxicology. 7:953–960. Magnotti LJ, Deitch EA. (2005). Burns, bacterial translocation, gut barrier function, and failure. J Burn Care Rehabil. 26:383-391. Muruyeva, G.B., Batomunkueva, R.D., Tsydypov, B.B. (1994). Identification of microorganisms of Enterobacteriaceae family: Proceedings of Buryat Agricultural Institute. Ulan-Ude; 37: 52-54. Muradova, E.O., Tkachenko, K.V. Microbiology (2007). :Moscow: Eksmo; 336 p. Nepoklonov, E.A. (2004). Isolation and identification of bacteria of gastrointestinal tract in animals: guidelines. No. 13-5-02/1043. Moscow, 37 p. Netrusov, A.I., Kotov, I.B. (2009) Microbiology: a textbook for students of universities. 3rd edition, revised. M.: “Akademiya” publishing center; 352p. Quinteiro-Filho W.M., Gomes A.V., Pinheiro M.L., Ribeiro A., Ferraz-de-Paula V., Astolfi-Ferreira C.S., Ferreira A.J., Palermo-Neto J. (2012). Heat stress impairs performance and induces intestinal inflammation in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis Avian Pathol., 41, 421-427. Park E, Bae E. (2010). Repeated-dose toxicity and inflammatory responses in mice by oral administration of silver nanoparticles. Environ Toxicol Pharm. 30:162-168. Park HJ, Kim JY, Kim J et al (2009) Silver-ion-mediated reactive oxygen species generation affecting bactericidal activity. Water Res 43:1027-1032. Sardari RR, Zarchi SR, Talebi A, et al. (2012).Toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles in rats. Afr J Microbiol Res. 6:5587-5593.

E.A. Azhmuldinov, M.G. Titov, M.A. Kizaev, V.N. Nikulin, I.A. Babicheva, N.V. Soboleva, V.V. Khokhlov

Sidorov, M.A., Skorodumov, D.I., Fedotov, V.B. (1995). Indicator of zoopathogenic microorganisms: guidelines. Moscow: Kolos; 319p. Tang J. (2008). Status of biological evaluation on silver nanoparticles. J Biomed Eng. 25:958–961. Tavares P, Balbinot F, de Olivera HM, et al. (2012). Evaluation of genotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in vitro and in vivo. J Nanopart Res.14: 791. Tiwari DK, Jin T, Behari J. (2011). Dose-dependent in-vivo toxicity assessment of silver nanoparticle in Wistar rats. Toxicol Mech Methods. 21:13-24. Watanabe K, Shinmoto H, Kobori M, Tsushida T, Shinohara K, Kanaeda J, Yonekura M. (1998). Stimulation of cell growth in the U-937 human myeloid cell line by honey royal jelly protein. Cytotechnology. 26: 23-27. Wiest R, Garcia-Tsao G. (2005). Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 41: 422-433. Professor Dr.Elemes A. Azhmuldinov is Professor and Chief Researcher of the Department of Technology of Beef Cattle Breeding and Beef Production. He holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. His areas of research are Technologies of Beef Cattle Breeding and Beef Production on an industrial basis, Influence of Technological Stresses on Animal Organism and using Anti-stress Drugs.

Maxim G. Titov is a Senior Researcher at the Department of Technology of Beef Cattle Breeding and Beef Production. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. His research involves Technologies of Beef Cattle Breeding and Beef Production on an Industrial Basis, Influence of Technological Stresses on Animal Organism and using Anti-Stress Drugs.

Professor Dr.Vladimir N. Nikulin is Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Management. He holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. His research is pertinent to Physiology, Biochemistry and Feeding of Farm Animals, Development of New Probiotic Preparations for use in Animal Husbandry.

Mikhail A. Kizaev is a Scientific Secretary. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. His research is technologies of Beef Cattle Breeding and Beef Production on an industrial basis, Influence of Technological Stresses on Animal Organism and using Anti-Stress Drugs.

Dr.Irina A. Babicheva is an Associate Professor and Head of Chemistry Department. She got a Doctor of Biological Sciences. Her research encompasses Beef Production on an industrial basis, the Influence of Technological Stresses on Animal Organism and using anti-Stress Drugs.

Natalya V. Soboleva is an Associate Professor of the Department of Production Technology and Processing of Livestock Products. She is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research areas are Production Technology and Processing of Livestock Products.

Vladimir V. Khokhlov is a Senior Lecturer, Department of Zootechnics. He is interested in Feeding Farm Animals and Feed Additives.

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “From Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agriculture” (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020. *Corresponding author (M.G. Titov). Email: titow.ru@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10N http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10N.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.197

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10O

BEHAVIORAL VETERINARY MEDICINE: A NEW DIRECTION IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS IN COMPANION ANIMALS A.A. Ksenofontova 1

, O.A. Voinova , A.A. Ivanov , D.A. Ksenofontov

Department of Animal Physiology, Ethology and Biochemistry, Russian State Agrarian University, Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 09 January 2020 Received in revised form 05 March 2020 Accepted 25 March 2020 Available online 24 April 2020

The substantiation of the relevance of a new direction in veterinary medicine - “Behavioral Veterinary Medicine” is given to conduct a thorough analysis of the causes, consequences, as well as methods of prevention, diagnosis, therapy and correction of behavioral disorders in cats and dogs, to raise their level of welfare. Among domestic animals, cats and dogs are the most popular species, since in the modern world communication with them increases the emotional comfort of a person, positively affects his state of health. In this regard, in many countries, there has been an increase in the number of companion animals. At the same time, undesirable forms of animal behavior violate the harmonious relationship between owners and pets, being one of the main reasons for which they are transferred to another owner or shelters, thrown away or subjected to euthanasia. Unwanted forms of behavior include various types of aggression, fears, phobias, anxiety, neurosis, depression, stereotyping, hypertensions, unscrupulous behavior, reproductive behavior disorders, as well as other behavioral problems (hyperactivity, destructive behavior, stalking cars, barking outsiders, excessive vocalization, etc.). The most common and dangerous form of deviant behavior in cats and dogs is aggression. There are many causes of abnormalities in animal behavior. This includes pathophysiological disorders of various etiologies, hereditary factors, and adverse environmental conditions that do not allow satisfying the dominant need, which ultimately leads to the development of chronic stress and a decrease in the level of animal welfare. Specialists in behavioral veterinary medicine developed questionnaires for collecting a behavioral history, methods for diagnosing disorders in the behavior of cats and dogs of various etiologies, and developed algorithms for treating behavioral disorders. The effectiveness of these protocols will depend on the skill of the veterinarian in the field of behavioral veterinary medicine.

Keywords: Companion pets; Unwanted behaviors, Animal welfare, Animal’s needs, Behavior correction; Pet’s behavioral disorders Dog’s aggressive behavior; Aggressive cat.

Disciplinary: Veterinary Medicine. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. *Corresponding author (A.A.Ksenofontova). Email: tmetre@rgau-msha.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.198

1. INTRODUCTION For millennia, pets have been an integral part of most societies. In recent years, people's attitudes toward pets, in particular cats and dogs have changed from a utilitarian to a more emotional one. Numerous studies indicate that communication with pets is of great benefit to human health and, as a result, owners of cats and dogs are less likely to see a doctor and do not need long-term medication (Anderson, 1996). In this regard, the number of these animals in many countries of the world is regularly increasing. Worldwide, the number of owner dogs is about 400 million individuals (Coppinger, et al., 2002). In Russia, according to the data for 2018, the number of domestic cats and dogs is about 33 million and 19 million animals, respectively, which puts it in third place in the world in the number of cats and fifth in the number of dogs. More than half of the households in our country have cats or dogs, and 15% of them have both a cat and a dog. In the United States of America and countries of Western Europe, up to 40% of families keep dogs; in Australia, 53% of families have dogs or cats (Burghardt, 1991).

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR OF CATS AND DOGS Although the presence of an animal in the house gives certain advantages, it often creates several problems. Often cats and dogs exhibit behaviors that disrupt the relationship between humans and animals. Unwanted animal behavior can pose a threat to human health and life. For example, in the US, the number of dog bites causing injuries exceeds 2 million per year. Problems with animal behavior are some of the most common reasons they are given to another owner or shelter, thrown away, or euthanized. Every year, millions of cats and dogs are handed over to shelters all over the world, and in 89% of cases, this is caused by disturbances in animal behavior (Australian Companion Animal Council, 2009). In the United States, for example, 15 to 20 million dogs and cats are euthanized every year in animal shelters. Most of these animals end up in shelters due to unacceptable behavior. 30% of dog owners and 18% of cat owners consider euthanizing their pets due to behavioral abnormalities. Almost 100% of the dogs brought to the Behavioral Clinic were previously recommended by someone to euthanize. One year after going to the clinic, less than 10% of dogs and less than 1% of cats were euthanized. In Scotland, 39% of euthanasia cases of physically healthy dogs are associated with behavioral disorders (Overroll, 2005). Thus, most companion animals in the world, regardless of age, do not die a natural death, and behavioral problems are currently considered one of the many causes of euthanasia in domestic animals. At the same time, these problems are one of the most common causes of death of pets in the first year of life. So, all over the world, the average age of dogs is only 3.5 years (Burghardt, 1991). Today, the veterinarians do not pay enough attention to behavioral problems, not only because of a lack of time but also because most of them have a poor understanding of the treatment of these disorders. Perhaps, for this reason, dog owners with problematic behaviors of their pets are contacting training specialists. In some cases, behavioral abnormalities are associated with the general state of the animalâ€™s health, for example, with the first signs of an undiagnosed disease. So training methods may be ineffective. Unscrupulous behavior can be caused by both insufficient locomotion and other violations of care, and polyuria, characteristic of diabetes mellitus, diseases of the kidneys or urinary tract. The causes of increased aggressiveness are sometimes in chronic or acute pain, hyperthyroidism in cats, and hypothyroidism in dogs. Also, some neurological diseases (brain damage, epilepsy) and heart disease significantly affect normal behavior, causing corresponding changes.

A.A. Ksenofontova, O.A. Voinova, A.A. Ivanov, D.A. Ksenofontov

Unfortunately, at present, about half of the owners of dogs and cats report signs of deviant behavior in their pets, the manifestation of which does not suit them for any reason. Such behavior includes various types of aggression, fears, phobias, anxiety, neurosis, depression, stereotyping, hypertension, unscrupulous behavior, reproductive behavior disorders, as well as other behavioral problems (hyperactivity, destructive behavior, car harassment, barking outsiders, excessive vocalization, etc.), see Figure 1.

Figure 1: Relative incidence of major behavioral problems in (a) dogs and (b) cats (after Borchelt and Voith, 1982) Moreover, some of these forms of undesirable behavior are characteristic only of young animals and pass with age, some of them appear sporadically, but they are often a cause for serious concern (Horwitz, et al., 2005). Specialists in the field of behavioral veterinary medicine consider aggression in dogs as the most common form of deviant behavior, and in cats it takes the second place after unscrupulous behavior. With the close interaction of different species, the inevitable occurrence of conflict situations and accidents is manifested in the form of aggression and attack of an animal on a person (Makenova M.T., et al., 2013). Aggressive behavior of cats and dogs is a very serious threat to human health and life, as well as to the animal itself (Patronek et al., 2006). Potentially, any animal in a certain situation can show aggression towards humans and harm their health (Presutti, 2001). According to some authors, at least one dog out of 20 bites a person once in the course of his life (Griego et al., 1995). Aggressive behavior of dogs aimed at children and adolescents is also one of the reasons for the development of serious psychological disorders in *Corresponding author (A.A.Ksenofontova). Email: tmetre@rgau-msha.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.198

victims (Schalamon, et al., 2006). Table 1 show a record example of dog biting human. According to studies conducted in one of the major cities of Russia for 2006-2010, 11,849 dog bites were recorded, which averaged over 2,900 bites per year. In 99% of cases, according to the victims, the owners' dogs showed aggression, and in 66% of cases, they were animals known to the victims. In most episodes, aggression was provoked by a game or petting of a dog, interference in the conflict of fighting animals, deliberate provocation, as well as if the victims accidentally stepped on the tail, or paw of the animal, bothered while eating, tried to pick it up, on a leash, etc. (Beck et al., 1975). Table 1: The relative frequency of manifestations of various types of aggression in the behaviour of dogs (Nikolskaya, 2011) Types of aggression Protective Dominant Game Redirected Interspecific Parent Idiopathic

The number of bitten Human % 141 37 136 35 66 17 23 6 1 0.25 2 0.5 17 4.25

According to epidemiological data of dog bites in the US, more than 1 million people are attacked annually, 10 of them die, and 50% of the injured remain scars (Overroll, 2005). Nether the less serious problems are noted in cases of manifestation of aggression by cats, the frequency of occurrence of which among other behavioral deviations are quite high and amounts to 25%. The manifestation of aggression in cats has a specificity, in addition to bites, scratching leads to no less serious consequences, which causes a fairly common and serious disease - cat scratch disease. Annually, 22,000 cases of this disease are recorded in the United States, with 10% of the victims being hospitalized (Overroll, 2005).

3. ETIOLOGY OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN COMPANION ANIMALS There are many reasons that cause various kinds of deviations in the behavior of animals. These include problems indicating pathophysiological disorders (organic CNS lesions; toxicosis; cardiovascular diseases; infectious diseases; inflammatory diseases; injuries; metabolic disorders; parasitic diseases, etc.) and hereditary abnormalities, effectiveness diagnosis and treatment of which largely depends on the knowledge of the veterinarian about the behavior of different species of animals. Also among the reasons can be attributed to a lack of personal experience (social deprivation (isolation) in the first months of life); adverse environmental conditions or stressful situations; exposure to strong aversive external irritants (causing hostility, disgust, perceived as punishment fireworks, small noisy children, unwanted stroking and squeezing, cruel punishments, attack of other dogs and cats, etc.); excessive praise (encouragement) on the part of the owner (unintentional â€œtamingâ€? of undesirable behavior, for example, asking for food, attracting attention, aggressive reaction to strangers and other dogs), as well as problems caused by species-typical behavior (strongly pronounced hunting instinct, cats scratching furniture, dog aggression towards each other, high need for movement, digging in normal breeds of dogs, marking territory, desire to dominate family members) (Askew, 1999). Thus, ignoring the internal life of the animal, the lack of training in the basic signals of

A.A. Ksenofontova, O.A. Voinova, A.A. Ivanov, D.A. Ksenofontov

obedience, and appropriate veterinary care increases the risk that it will form unwanted behavior and it will end up in a shelter or be euthanized (Landsberg et al., 2003). Along with this, owners of cats and dogs exacerbate the problem by the improper choice of the animal, unjustified expectations, and possibly underestimating or not knowing how much time, money, and effort it will take to ensure the animal a high level of comfort throughout life. Most behavioral disorders in cats and dogs arise due to the lack of competence of owners in the field of keeping, feeding and behavior of their pets, which does not make it possible to fully satisfy many basic needs of animals (needs for novelty, movement, game, diversity of habitat, social contacts, etc.). Behavior is a complex adaptive activity of an animal, including processes due to which it senses the external world and the internal state of its body, adequately responds to incentives that arise. It plays an important role in the preservation and self-development of the individual and the species as a whole. The basis of modern ideas about the physiological mechanisms of purposeful behavior is the triad "need - motivation - emotion." The first stage in the organization of purposeful behavior is the dominant need, reflecting the body's need for something. Need is the main driving force of behavior that connects the animalâ€™s body with the outside world and encourages it to act. The need for an active state is expressed in mental activity in the form of emotions and becomes a motivation for a particular behavior. The value of needs is that they form motivations that stimulate the activity of the body. The need grows into motivation when the internal mechanisms of maintaining constants become insufficient, that is when the need reaches a threshold level. The state of the environment can increase or decrease this limit value. Unlike needs, an individual is not able to ignore motivation. Motivation or motivation for action arises based on the activation of brain structures that encourage higher animals and humans to perform actions aimed at satisfying their needs. Biochemical shifts in the internal environment of the body and the action of external stimuli are transformed through central chemoreceptors into an excitation process that activates special motivational centers of the hypothalamus (food, drinking, fear motivation). Hence, motivational arousal extends gradually, depending on the severity of the initial need, to the limbic and reticular formations up to the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, and leads to targeted search behavior. Motivational arousal helps to extract engrams of memory from the brain, changes the endocrine status of the body, increases the discriminatory ability of analyzers, activates the emotional structures of the brain, which leads to a subjective feeling of the corresponding needs. Motivational arousal plays a leading, pacemaker role in the holistic activity of the body. The state of the body during motivation is characterized by several common features: activation of the motor cortex occurs; the tone of the sympathetic nervous system rises; activation of sensory systems is observed; there is an increase in search activity; a memory of previous experience occurs; emotions arise that mobilize the body's resources. Motivational arousal, inducing the body to purposeful behavior, is stable and persists for a long time until the need that caused it is satisfied (Ivanov, 2007) Unmet needs lead to the formation of chronic negative emotions (Nikolskaya, 2011), and as a result of frustration, which contributes to the formation of a focus of stagnant arousal, depletion of the central nervous system and, as a result, stress. The stress response system is designed so that the animal can effectively respond to the stress *Corresponding author (A.A.Ksenofontova). Email: tmetre@rgau-msha.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.198

factor, using appropriate behavioral patterns and thereby get rid of discomfort. Thus, stress is essentially a normal adaptive response that allows the animal to survive in a diverse and variable environment. If the animal cannot avoid the influence of the stress factor, since it cannot control the situation using the appropriate behavioral reaction, the stress response leads to negative consequences for the body. At the same time, a negative emotional reaction persists and the generation of a neuroendocrine response continues, resulting in a decrease in immunity, depletion of compensatory mechanisms, and the development of various somatic disorders. According to the fundamental principles of the doctrine of the dominant of Ukhtomsky (1966), the theory of functional systems (Anokhin,1970) and the biological theory of emotions of Anokhin (1964), without achieving the final useful result in one or another functional system of the body, appear the prerequisites for the development of pathological processes of endogenous origin under the influence of a stressor (Salekhov, 2014; 2015).

4. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AS A REFLECTION OF THEIR WELL-BEING The physical and mental health of the animal is an indicator of its welfare. The welfare of animals is the state of an individual, which indicates the ability of animals to cope with the external environment, adapt to it, and make an emotional assessment of the result of adaptation. Welfare depends on how much effort (energy) the animal spends on adapting to environmental conditions and how long it takes these efforts. Animals that are under stress for a long time have a low level of well-being. In most countries of the European Union and the United States, animal welfare is given great attention, where control over the level of animal welfare is fixed legislatively. The pet welfare assessment system was developed in the UK by the Farm Animal Welfare Council in 1977. It is based on the rule of five freedoms: 1) Freedom from hunger and thirst. Animals on any farm should have constant access to water and feed to maintain good health and welfare. 2) Freedom from discomfort. Animals should be in an environment that implies the availability of shelter from adverse environmental and climatic factors and a place of comfortable rest. 3) Freedom from bodily harm, pain, and illness. The system for keeping animals should include mechanisms for urgent diagnosis and treatment of animals. 4) Freedom to display normal behavior. This freedom is guaranteed by sufficient space, a variety of environments, and the ability to contact their fellow tribesmen. 5) Freedom from fear and stressful shocks. Animal conditions should exclude mental discomfort and animal suffering.

To assess the well-being of different types of productive animals, methods have been developed that allow a comprehensive assessment of the condition of animals according to four principles: feeding, keeping, health and behavior (Ivanov A.A., et al., 2013). However, there are no clear rules for assessing the well-being of pets, in particular cats and dogs. All responsibility for their condition lies with the owners, whose level of knowledge in this area is often quite low.

5. CORRECTION OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF CATS AND DOGS Veterinary medicine specialists have a wide range of tools and services for treating pets from many infectious, non-infectious, and parasitic diseases. However, behavioral abnormalities in cats and dogs in our country are not given due attention, due to the lack of systematic knowledge among specialists in the field of veterinary medicine about the treatment of these disorders. But before

A.A. Ksenofontova, O.A. Voinova, A.A. Ivanov, D.A. Ksenofontov

talking about deviant behavior, it is necessary to define the concept of a norm that will serve as a standard for diagnosing any behavioral anomalies. Until recently, even in Western countries, veterinary medicine did not recognize clinical behavioral medicine. This is a new field of science in which there is still much unknown. The first attempt to legitimize this discipline in the United States was made by the Society for the Study of Animal Behavior, which developed the requirements for certification of specialists in this field. In the United States, behavioral medicine became licensed only in 1995, thanks to the efforts of Bonnie Beaver, Ph.D. in veterinary medicine at the University of Texas School of Veterinary Medicine. From that moment, this discipline was included in the curricula of veterinary schools, and clear curricula were developed. According to 2005 data, in the USA and Canada, there were 9 veterinary schools where courses on correcting the behavior of domestic animals were taught, in 4 schools there was a system for training graduate students and residents in behavioral medicine. Specialists from the UK, USA, Canada, Belgium, France, and Australia in the field of behavioral veterinary medicine have developed algorithms and protocols that allow for effective differential diagnosis of various types of disorders in the behavior of cats and dogs. With their help, the causes of these disorders are also identified, which ultimately help to prescribe effective treatment and correction of the revealed deviations (Horwitz et al., 2005). Behavioral veterinary medicine is designed to solve the problems of the prevention and treatment of behavioral disorders in animals. Informing future owners about the biological and social needs of pets will prevent them from developing behavioral abnormalities. These measures include recommendations for choosing an animal, attending training and socialization courses for puppies and kittens; training owners on the rules of restricting the freedom of movement of the animal; methods of teaching pets how to behave in a home to prevent unscrupulous, destructive, and aggressive behavior. To correct the undesirable behavior of animals, various methods are used, which include: the formation of the desired behavior (education); eliminating the possibility of committing unwanted behavior; punishment or negative reinforcement when used properly; quenching unwanted behavior; the formation of incompatible behavior; the relationship of behavior with a specific signal; reinforcement of the absence of unwanted behavior; elimination of motivation; training and veterinary measures (castration, the use of tranquilizers that reduce anxiety, which should be used as part of a comprehensive therapeutic program). Unfortunately, increasingly, problems with the behavior of animals in the modern industrial world are causing them to abandon or prematurely die. Prevention and treatment of behavioral disorders in companion animals is not an easy task, however, veterinarians with a qualified and rational approach to this problem can really help maintain the health and improve the quality of life of their patients and their owners. Deviations in the behavior of animals can be one of the indicators of their health and well-being. In the field of veterinary medicine over the past decades, knowledge in the field of physiology, biology, pathology and therapy has risen to a whole new level. But only in recent years have been identified the causes of many behavioral disorders of animals, sometimes representing manifestations of severe pathological conditions and requiring qualified assistance from veterinarians. To help the animal, specialists in the field of behavioral veterinary medicine must be able to competently change behaviors taking into account the cognitive needs of cats and dogs. And the prudent use of drugs that affect behavior can play an important role in this process. As a result, the *Corresponding author (A.A.Ksenofontova). Email: tmetre@rgau-msha.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.198

integration of all these methods in modern veterinary medicine should be the main approach to solving behavioral problems that can bring real benefits both to the patient and his owner, as well as to the doctor himself.

6. СONCLUSION The role of animal - companions in the life of a modern person has changed significantly since the intense pace of life causes emotional stress and due to the presence of pets, this condition is leveled. In this regard, the population of domestic cats and dogs is steadily increasing, but at the same time, cases of occurrence of undesirable forms of behavior that cause discomfort in the relationship between man and animal. And it has become more frequent. Unfortunately, behavioral disorders in companion animals have recently become one of the main reasons why animals find themselves in the street, in shelters, or undergo euthanasia. Veterinarians are required to provide comprehensive assistance to their patients, including assessing deviations from normal behavior, as well as suggest ways to solve problems before they become too dangerous. To do this, veterinarians must learn to distinguish deviant from normal behavior and anticipate or diagnose cases when a deviation from the norm occurs. “Behavioral veterinary medicine”, as a new direction in veterinary medicine, allows providing companion animals a high level of welfare due to qualified prevention, diagnosis, and comprehensive treatment of behavioral abnormalities in cats and dogs.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information of this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

8. REFERENCES Anderson W.P. (1996). Medicine and the community, the benefits of pet ownership. Medical Journal of Australia, 164, 441-442. Anokhin P.K. (1979). Theory of functional systems. Successes fisiol. Sciences, T.1. N. 1. 19-54. Anokhin P.K. (1964). Emotions. Big Medical Encyclopedia. M.:T. 35. 339 p. Askew G.R. (1999). Problems in the behavior of dogs and cats. M .: Aquarium. 622 p. Beck A.M., Loring H., Lockwood R. (1975). The ecology of dog bite injury in St. Louis, Missouri. Public Health Reports, 90 (3), 262-267. Borchelt, P.L., and Voith, V.L. (1982): Diagnosis and treatment of dominance aggression in dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 12, 655-664. Burghardt WF Jr. (1991). Behavioral medicine as a part of a comprehensive small animal medical program. In: Marder, AR, Voith V (Eds.), Advances in companion animal behavior, Veterinary Clinics of North America, 21, 343-352. Coppinger R., Coppinger L. (2002). Dogs: A new understanding of canine origin, behavior, and evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 352 p. Griego R., Rosen T., Orengo I., Wolf J. (1995). Dog, cat, and human bites: A review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol, 33, 1019-29. Horwitz D., Mills D., Heath C. (2005). Guidelines for the behavioral medicine of dogs and cats. M.: Sofia. 365 p. Ivanov A.A. (2007). Ethology with the basics of zoopsychology. St. Petersburg. 623p. Ivanov A.A., Ksenofontova A.A., Voinova O.A. (2013). Workshop on ethology with the basics of zoopsychology. - St. Petersburg. 480p.

A.A. Ksenofontova, O.A. Voinova, A.A. Ivanov, D.A. Ksenofontov

Landsberg G, Hunthausen W, Ackerman L. (2003). Handbook of behaviour problems of the dog and cat. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 211p. Makenova M.T., Mikhailova O.A. (2013). Dog bites: a general description. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Biology 1. - No. 6. - 32-43. Nikolskaya A.V. (2011), Zoopsychology. - M .: Eksmo. 352p. Overroll K. (2005). Clinical methods for correcting the behavior of dogs and cats. M.: Sofia. 641p. Patronek GJ, Glickman LT, Beck AM, et al. (1996). Risk factors for relinquishment of dogs to an animal shelter. J Vet Med Assoc; 209. 572-581. Power of pets. (2009) Australian Companion Animal Council. 2. Presutti R.G. (2001). Prevention and treatment of dog bites. Am. Fam. Physician.; 63: 1567-72. Salekhov S.A. (2014)/ The psycho-emotional information and energy theory of obesity. V.Novgorod Almaty. 180p. Salekhov S.A., Gordeev M.N., Salekhova Y.S., Korabelnik-ova I. A. (2015). Influence of emotional and informational factors in implementation of coping strategies in psychological stress. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science. 11(31). 147-154. Schalamon J., Ainoedhofer H., Singer G., Petnehazy Th., Mayr J., Kiss K., Höllwarth M.E. (2006). Analysis of dog bites in children who are younger than 17 years. Pediatrics.; 117(3). 374-379. Ukhtomsky A.A. (1966). Dominant. M.-L.: Nauka. 273p. Ksenofontova Angelika Aleksandrovna is an Associate Professor at the Department of Physiology, Ethology and Biochemistry of Animals of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. She graduated from the Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. Her research interests are Behavioral Veterinary Medicine, Bioethics, Animal Behavior and Welfare, as well as the Introduction of Welfare Technologies in Modern Animal Husbandry.

Voinova Olga Aleksandrovna is an Associate Professor at the Department of Physiology, Ethology and Biochemistry of Animals of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. She graduated from the Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. Her research interests are in the physiology of metabolism, behavioral veterinary medicine, animal behavior, well-being, and the Introduction of Welfare Technologies in Modern Animal Husbandry. Professor Dr. Ivanov Aleksey Alekseevich is Professor and Head of the Department of Physiology, Ethology and Biochemistry of Animals. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. He graduated from the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. His research interests are in the Physiology of Metabolism and Digestion, the Physiology of Cold-Blooded Aquatic Organisms, Welfare Technologies in Animal Husbandry, and Behavioral Veterinary Medicine.

Ksenofontov Dmitry Anatolyevich is an Associate Professor of the Department of Physiology, Ethology and Biochemistry of Animals of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. He is a Candidate of Biological Sciences He graduated from the Russian State Agrarian University Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. His research interests are in the Physiology of Metabolism and Digestion, Bioethics, Behavioral Veterinary Medicine.

*Corresponding author (A.A.Ksenofontova). Email: tmetre@rgau-msha.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10O http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10O.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.198

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10P

EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF DAPS-25K AFTER A SINGLE INTRAGASTIRIC ADMINISTRATION TO MICE AND GUINEA PIGS 1*

R.O. Vasiliev , E.I. Troshin , S.A. Brevnova , N. Yu. Yugatova , 2 3 3 A.V. Shishkin , I.L. Vasilyeva , A. N. Kulikov 1

Department of Veterinary Radiobiology and BZHCHS, St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, St. Petersburg, RUSSIAN FEDERATION 2 Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, Izhevsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION 3 Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Radiobiology, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, Izhevsk, RUSSIAN FEDERATION. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 03 January 2020 Received in revised form 09 March 2020 Accepted 30 March 2020 Available online 24 April 2020

Lack of selenium in food chains contributes to the development of about 40 diseases in animals. In conditions of acute selenium deficiency in agroecosystems, enrichment of plant feed for animals with selenium with the help of food additives is becoming increasingly important. However, inorganic forms of selenium are highly toxic and their use requires strict veterinary control. Therefore, feed additives containing organoselenium compounds are of the greatest interest. One of these additives is DAPS-25k, a new generation organoselenium preparation synthesized by domestic scientists. Thus, this work aimed to determine the parameters of acute toxicity of DAPS-25k after a single intragastric administration to mice and guinea pigs. It was found that high doses (25-50 mg/kg) of DAPS-25k after a single intragastric administration cause a decrease in general body temperature and live weight accompanied with depression and pulmonary edema. Guinea pigs were more sensitive to DAPS-25k, and LD50 in them was 15.8 ± 3.45 mg/kg, and in mice 19.6 ± 4.452 mg/kg.

Keywords: Autopsy of dead animals; Diacetophenonyl selenide; DAPS-25k; Acute toxicity; Experiment mice; Guinea pigs; Intragastric administration; Organic forms of selenium.

1. INTRODUCTION The great biological importance of selenium (Se) and its essentiality for humans and animals determine the priority of assessing selenium status of territories for many countries in the world. Mapping of territories by selenium level in the soil is becoming increasingly important and is fundamental in defining environmental risks and developing effective measures to optimize selenium status (Berdnikov & Dyachenko, 2013; Golubkina et al., 2012; Stoffaneller & Morse, 2015). *Corresponding author (R.O. Vasiliev). Email: veterenar4ik@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.199

Compared with other regions of the world, Russia has not only a vast territory but a significant variety of geochemical characteristics of soil which is the main source of trace elements in the â€œsoil-plant-animalsâ€? food chain (Ermakov & Vorontsova, 2010; Korobova et al., 2011). A significant part of the territory of Russia belongs to the biogeochemical provinces due to the insufficient content of this element in soil, water, feed, and products what makes veterinarian specialists constantly prevent hyposelenosis in animals using selenium-containing preparations and feed additives. Perm, Chelyabinsk, Novgorod, Pskov, and Leningrad Regions are among the most selenium-deficient ones (Skalny & Kiselev, 2010). Selenium content in soil is mainly determined by source and underlying rocks, climatic characteristics of the region, as well as the conditions of their cultivation (increasing the content of nutrients, humus, and improvement of environmental response). It is known that the trace element selenium is the part of most hormones and enzymes that reveals its active role in metabolism (Stepanov, 2012). In 1980, WHO ranked selenium as an indispensable nutritional factor. In particular, it is involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, since it is a component of deiodinases involved in the conversion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine (Vorobyev et al., 2014; Gromova, 2010). Se deficiency results in inhibition of deiodinase activity, increasing T4 in peripheral tissues, and decreasing T3, thus exacerbating iodine deficiency if any. In this case, the isolated reverse of Se deficiency without stopping iodine deficiency leads to decreased thyroid function (Stekolnikov et al., 2015; Fordyce, 2012). Selenium has antioxidant and adaptogenic properties, as it regulates immunogenetic through the process of lipid peroxidation and has a stimulating effect on the immune system (Combs, 2015). This trace element is included in the active center of glutathione peroxidase which is found in red blood cells and platelets and protects cells from the accumulation of peroxidation products, thereby preventing damage to its nuclear and protein-synthesizing apparatus. Besides, it takes an active part in the synthesis of such vital enzymes and cofactors as glycine reductase and coenzymes A and Q. Metabolism of selenium which is a synergist of vitamin E is closely related to its metabolism, polyunsaturated fatty acids and other components of the antioxidant system of the body (Vtorushina et al., 2009). Among other issues concerning the lack of essential elements, there is the fact that hypoelementoses often occur in a latent form, up to the development of irreversible pathological changes. We should consider the fact that blood morphological composition is sensitive to all changes in an animalâ€™s body under the influence of external and internal factors, even these in the latent form (Glotova & Vtorushina, 2010). Lack of selenium leads to the development of an endemic disease which is based on metabolic disorders; thus leading to a decreased productivity of farm animals, impaired fetal development, and increased morbidity in the postpartum period (Aleksandrova & Sotnikov, 2014). Insufficient intake of selenium with feeding causes disorders in the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and contributes to the development of the white-muscle disease, liver necrosis, exudative diathesis, anemia, erythrocyte hemolysis, ovarian degeneration, decreased resistance and light perception. Growing and young animals are especially affected by selenium deficiency. Many authors noted that in areas with insufficient selenium intake there is an increase in the number of oncological diseases (Shakirov et al., 2012). Currently, there is a wide range of modern organoselenium preparations and feed additives (Davis et al., 2012). Using various drugs with selenium in their content for animal husbandry is of scientific and practical interest (Budulov et al., 2014; Tolmachev & Kilmetova, 2011). In the course

R.O. Vasiliev, E.I. Troshin, S.A. Brevnova, N. Yu. Yugatova, A.V. Shishkin, I.L. Vasilyeva, A. N. Kulikov

of conducting research, the emphasis is placed on finding forms of trace elements that contribute to increasing the productivity of animals while improving the quality of products (Troshina et al., 2007). However, it is known that therapeutic application, especially of inorganic forms of selenium to animals, is limited and requires constant toxicological monitoring of using existing pharmacological agents and additives (Merzlyakova, 2008; Chugay et al., 2009). At the same time, much lesser toxicity and greater bioavailability of selenium from organic preparations are proved in comparison with commonly used sodium selenite. However, not all properties of organoselenium compounds are experimentally tested by now, and physiological mechanisms of transformations of these substances in animals are far from completely revealed (Davis et al., 2017). Over recent years, formulations for parenteral and enteral administration of DAPS-25k to animals have been developed as a pharmacological agent for the prevention and treatment of hypomelanosis (Troshina et al., 2007). This preparation affects the animal’s body similar to that of vitamin E: it participates in the processes of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, acts as an inhibitor for certain enzyme systems, has antitoxic properties, and also prevents oxidation of fatty acids and accumulation of toxic substances in the body, as well as contributes to increased activity of glutathione peroxidase that normalizes metabolism. Despite the evidence of comparatively lower toxicological properties of organic forms of selenium in comparison with inorganic ones, the issue of dosing selenium-containing preparations remains relevant for subsequent scientific research (Fordyce, 2012). Thus, this experiment aimed to define the parameters of acute toxicity of DAPS-25k after a single intragastric administration to mice and rats.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study of parameters of acute toxicity of DAPS-25k feed additive (OOO Sulfate, Saratov, Russia) was carried out on white outbred mice with a weight of 25-27 grams and guinea pigs with a weight of 378-648 grams. Animals were brought from Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Rappolovo Bank of Laboratory Animals” which is safe in the sense of infectious and invasive diseases (village of Rappolovo, Leningrad Region, Russia). The quarantine took 15 days, adaptation 7 days. Groups were formed according to the principle of pairs of analogs. Animals were kept in cages, 6 animals per cage, with watering ad libitum and feeding once a day with compound feed following GOST R 50258-92. Animals had an automatic 12-hour regime for light and darkness. Fine wood shavings were used as bedding, its thickness was 5-7 cm. DAPS-25k is a feed additive for animals that contains diacetophenonyl selenide at least 95%, with a mass fraction of selenium in diacetophenonyl selenide of 25%, sodium sulfite and sodium chloride no more than 1%, preformed water no more than 4%. To prepare the working solution, vegetable oil heated to the temperature of 70°C was used as a solvent. Obtained data were subjected to statistical processing using the Statistica 10 program. Results were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences were considered significant at p≤0.05. Data are presented as median (M) and quartile range from 25% to 75% ([Q25; Q75]). LD50, LD16, LD84, and LD99 values were found by the method of probit analysis according to Finney. *Corresponding author (R.O. Vasiliev). Email: veterenar4ik@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.199

2.1 WHITE MICE EXPERIMENT SIMULATION To experiment, animals were divided into several groups, each of 6 males: intact mice, control animals, and 4 experimental groups. False intragastric administration was performed for intact mice, i.e. they were fixed by an assistant. The operator introduced a metal probe with olive at its end into the esophagus, but no solution was injected. Mice of the control group were once intragastrically injected with 0.5 mL/animal of vegetable oil on an empty stomach. Experimental animals received intragastrically, on an empty stomach, once, a total volume of 0.5 mL/animal of DAPS-25k oil solution at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg, 10.0 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, for the first, second, third and fourth experimental groups. To prepare 100 mL of solution with a working concentration of 2.6 mg/mL, we took 0.26 g of DAPS-25k and dissolved in vegetable oil using a magnetic stirrer with the function of maintaining a given temperature. This solution was a mother liquor that was used for preparing working oil solutions by the method of proportional dilutions. The observation period was 14 days after the start. During the experiment, the clinical condition of animals, changes in general body temperature, and live weight were evaluated and deaths were registered. The experiment for survived animals was stopped through an overdose (80 mg/kg) of general anesthesia (Zoletil®, Virbac, France) followed by cervical dislocation.

2.2 GUINEA PIG EXPERIMENT SIMULATION Animals were divided into 5 experimental groups, 6 male guinea pigs in each. For the control group, 3 mL/animal of vegetable oil was introduced intragastrically, once, on an empty stomach. For the first, second, third, and fourth experimental groups, a total volume of 3 mL/animal of DAPS-25k oil solution was introduced intragastrically, once, on an empty stomach, in the dose of 5.0, 10.0, 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. To prepare 100 mL of mother liquor with a concentration of 10 mg/mL, 1 gram of DAPS-25k was taken and dissolved in vegetable oil heated to 70°C. Working oil solutions were prepared from the mother liquor by the method of proportional dilutions for use in animals. The observation period was 14 days after the start. During the experiment, the clinical condition of animals, changes in general body temperature, and live weight were evaluated and deaths were registered. Experiment for survived animals was stopped through an overdose (120 mg/kg) of general anesthesia (Zoletil®, Virbac, France) followed by decapitation on the guillotine.

3. RESULTS 3.1 CLINICAL OBSERVATION OF MICE AFTER INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION OF DAPS-25K IN THE DOSE RANGE Immediately after the intragastric administration of solutions to control and experimental animals, we noted increased motor activity, ruffled fur, frequent rubbing of the face with forepaws, frequent and shallow thoracic breathing due to stress reaction to manipulation performed. These signs disappeared in all animals in 10-15 minutes. In mice that received DAPS-25k at the dose of 50 mg/kg, after 3 h, signs of depression were observed, i.e. decreased motor activity, decreased response to external stimuli, and lack of appetite and thirst. After 6 hours, animals developed signs of shortness of breath of a mixed type, cyanosis of the nose. All animals died in the range of 10-12 hours after the start. Before death, animals were in a state of significant depression, reaction even to very strong external stimuli was sharply reduced, mice were on their stomach, respiratory movements were irregular.

R.O. Vasiliev, E.I. Troshin, S.A. Brevnova, N. Yu. Yugatova, A.V. Shishkin, I.L. Vasilyeva, A. N. Kulikov

The general condition of the mice of the first, second, and third experimental groups 6 hours after the start was characterized as satisfactory, and food activity remained. However, by day 1, all mice of the second and third experimental groups received 10.0 and 25.0 mg/kg of DAPS-25k, respectively, showed signs of depression, decreased appetite, ruffled fur, reduced motor activity compared to control and intact animals. 36 h after drug instillation, 4 mice taken 25 mg/kg of DAPS-25k showed signs of dyspnea of a mixed type, nasal skin cyanosis, physical inactivity, decreased response to external stimuli, lack of appetite and thirst, and ruffled fur; after 48 h, 4 of 6 mice in the third experimental group died. By day 3, the general condition of all survived animals differs not much from that of intact and control mice, food activity remained, response to external stimuli was adequate, fur was smooth and shiny. Figure 1 shows changes in the general body temperature of studied animals after the intragastric administration of DAPS-25k in the dose range, from the start to Day 3. Figure 1 shows a progressive decrease in the general temperature of mice of the fourth experimental group during 1-8 hrs by 1.2-2.4°C (p≤0.01) in comparison with control values. When using DAPS-25k at the dose of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg, general body temperature was significantly reduced by 0.7°C (p≤0.01) in comparison with control values. By 6 hrs, body temperature values in mice of the first, second and third experimental groups were 37.9 (p≤0.01), 37.2 (p≤0.01) and 37.3 (p≤0.01) оС versus 38.4°C in control animals and 38.6°C in healthy mice. A similar trend persisted at 8 hours and 1 day after drug administration. By day 2 and 3, total body temperature in mice while using DAPS-25k at the dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg rose to 38.0 and 38.3°C but remained significantly lower than control values.

Figure 1. Change in body temperature of mice after intragastric administration of DAPS-25k feed additive between the start of experiment and day 3 (n = 6).

# – р≤0,01 – significance of differences between control and experimental groups in comparison with the values in intact animals (Mann-Whitney U-test); * – р≤0,01 – the significance of differences between experimental groups in comparison with the values in control animals (Mann-Whitney U-test).

*Corresponding author (R.O. Vasiliev). Email: veterenar4ik@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.199

Changes in the values of general body temperature in studied animals with the intragastric administration of DAPS-25k in the dose range are shown in Table 1, from Day 4-14. Table 1: Changes in general body temperature in °C in mice after intragastric administration of DAPS-25k, from day 4-14, M [Q25; Q75], (n = 6). Baseline Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 14

Intact

Control (oil)

38.6 [38.5;38.8] 38.6 [38.5;38.6] 38.7 [38.6;38.7] 38.7 [38.5;38.9] 38.6 [38.5;38.8] 38.7 [38.4;38.8]

38.6 [38.4;38.8] 38.6 [38.4;38.6] 38.6 [38.5;38.6] 38.6 [38.4;38.7] 38.4 [38.4;38.7] 38.6 [38.4;38.7]

DAPS 5 mg/kg 38.6 [38.4;38.7] 38.3 [38.3;38.4] 38.6 [38.5;38.8] 38.6 [38.4;38.6] 38.4 [38.3;38.6] 38.5 [38.3;38.6]

DAPS 10 mg/kg 38.6 [38.4;38.6] 38.5 [38.3;38.6] 38.6 [38.4;38.6] 38.5 [38.2;38.7] 38.7 [38.5;38.8] 38.6 [38.5;38.8]

DAPS 25 mg/kg 38.6 [38.4;38.7] 37.5 [37.4;37.6] 38.0 [37.8;38.2] 38.3 [38.1;38.4] 38.3 [38.2;38.4] 38.4 [38.2;38.5]

According to Table 1, values of general body temperature in all survived animals of the first, second, third experimental groups and control animals from Day 4-14 were at the level of healthy animals at the same time of observation. Changes in body weight in mice after intragastric administration of DAPS-25k for the period from the start of the experiment to Day 14 is shown in Figures 2 and 3.

Figure 2: Changes in body temperature in mice after intragastric administration of a DAPS-25k feed supplement at the dose of 10 mg/kg between the start of the experiment and day 14 (n = 6).

^ – р≤0,05 – the significance of differences according to the criterion of signed ranks according to Wilcoxon within the group in comparison with baseline values; # – р≤0,01 – the significance of differences according to the Mann-Whitney U-test between the experimental and control groups in comparison with intact animals.

According to the plot (Figure 2.), a significant increase in live weight in healthy mice was obvious, from Day 4 to 14 days to 27.6 g (p≤0.05) in comparison with baseline values. A similar trend was observed in control animals from Day 10-14. However, during Day 1-3, the live weight of mice that received vegetable oil significantly decreased in comparison with the baseline value. Live weight of mice treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 10 mg/kg up to 11 days was in the range of 25.2-26.0 (p≤0.05) grams what is significantly lower than the baseline value and the same value for intact animals, however by 13-14 days, it was restored to the level of control values. Changes in the live weight in mice with using DAPS-25k at the dose of 5 mg/kg (Figure 3.)

R.O. Vasiliev, E.I. Troshin, S.A. Brevnova, N. Yu. Yugatova, A.V. Shishkin, I.L. Vasilyeva, A. N. Kulikov

correlate with control values but are characterized by a tendency to a more progressive decrease in Days 1-2 and a slower recovery in comparison with control animals.

Figure 3: Changes in body temperature of mice after intragastric administration of a DAPS-25k feed additive at the dose of 5 mg/kg between the start of the experiment and day 14 (n = 6). ^ - p≤0.05 - the significance of differences according to the criterion of signed ranks according to Wilcoxon within the group in comparison with baseline;

Animal mortality rates and acute toxicity parameters of DAPS-25k feed supplement in mice, after a single intragastric administration, are shown in Table 2. Table 2: Mortality and acute toxicity parameters of DAPS-25k feed supplement in six mice, after a single intragastric administration (n = 6) Group of animals Intact animals Control animals (vegetable oil) Experimental group 1 (5.0 mg/kg DAPS-25к) Experimental group 2 (10.0 mg/kg DAPS-25к) Experimental group 3 (25.0 mg/kg DAPS Experimental group 4 (50.0 mg/kg DAPS LD50, mg/kg (Mean±SD) LD16, mg/kg LD84, mg/kg LD99, mg/kg

12 hrs 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 6/6

Day 1 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 6/6

Observation Day 2 Day 3 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 4/6 4/6 6/6 6/6 19.6±4.452 13.4 33.6 40.7

Day 7 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 4/6 6/6

Day 14 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 4/6 6/6

According to Table 2, 100% of animals that intragastrically received DAPS-25k at the dose of 50.0 mg/kg died in 12 hr; when the drug was used at the dose of 25.0 mg/kg, mortality by day 2 was 67%. The semi-lethal dose of DAPS-25k feed additive was 19.6 ± 4.452 mg/kg, and the absolute lethal dose was 40.7 mg/kg. Pathological changes in the internal organs of dead mice were characterized by blood congestion in pulmonary and systemic circulation and liver congestion. Lungs were filled with blood and red color; blood ran out of incisions, a white foamy fluid ran out from bronchi. Edges of the lower lobes of lungs were with the foci of emphysema. The heart was a triangular shape, of dense consistency; the *Corresponding author (R.O. Vasiliev). Email: veterenar4ik@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.199

myocardium was pale pink, injected with coronary vessels. Heart cavities were filled with blood. The liver was of a pasty consistency, of dark cherry color, its boundaries were smooth, scraping from incision surface was large. The gallbladder was filled with light green bile.

3.2 CLINICAL OBSERVATION OF GUINEA PIGS AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF DAPS-25K IN A DOSE RANGE

INTRAGASTRIC

During the first 15-20 minutes after the introduction of oil and DAPS-25k oil solution, anxiety, tachycardia, and tachypnea were observed in animals of all groups. After this time, the state of animals in all groups, except group 1, returned to the baseline. In animals of the first group treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 50 mg/kg, anxiety was replaced by depression in the first hour after administration. There was also a decrease in appetite, then a complete rejection of food and water, severe depression, and decreased reaction to external stimuli. It was noted that 67% of the animals in this group died in 2-3 hrs, other 33% in 8-12 hrs after the administration of the solution. In pigs of the second group treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 25 mg/kg, a decrease in appetite and depression were observed after 2 hours from the time of administration. Animal fur was ruffled, mucous membranes and skin without fur were cyanotic. 50% of animals died in 8-14 hrs; shortly before the death, deep depression was noted. One out of 6 survived; her appetite recovered in 3 days after drug administration. In animals of the third group treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 10 mg/kg, appetite was slightly reduced, general condition was assessed as satisfactory. The death of one animal was registered on the fifth day. The animals 50% in this group survived. In animals of 4th group treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 5 mg/kg, mild depression was observed in 6 hrs. after drug administration, but the state of animals returned to baseline in one day after administration. Their appetite remained, mucous membranes and skin were light pinks in color. The state of the animals of the control group immediately after drug administration and throughout the experiment can be described as satisfactory. Table 3 shows data on changes in body weight in guinea pigs of experimental groups on the baseline of the intragastric administration of DAPS-25k in the dose range. Table 3: Changes in body weight of guinea pigs in grams, after intragastric administration of DAPS-25k feed additive, from 1 hour to 7 days, M [Q25; Q75], (n = 6). DAPS 5 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 25 mg/kg 50 mg/kg Baseline 610.0 [604.6;622.9] 600.4 [581.5;601.6] 560.8 [545.0;565.5] 611.3 [601.6;625.2] 618.6 [580.6;641.7] 1 h 606.8 [603.8;620.3]* 596.1 [580.9;597.7]* 556.3 [540.3;561.5]* 594.2 [585.2;603.0]*# 598.5 [566.5;622.1]* 3 h 599.6 [597.6;619.6]* 590.2 [579.4;593.1]* 550.2 [531.2;556.0]* 578.4 [567.2;591.6]*# 579.3 [418.1;450.9] 6 h 599.6 [587.3;617;5]* 584.3 [578.9;588.8]* 542.5 [520.6;549.3]* 561.9 [555.3;582.0]*# 560.8 [399.2;442.0] 8 h 599.3 [577.6;615.3]* 578.9 [575.3;584.2]* 535.3 [512.9;543.1]* 555.6 [547.5;575.8]*# 556.8 [398.6;436.6] Day 1 609.0 [602.9;622.6] 575.5 [572.3;580.1]* 529.5 [506.2;542.4]*# 545.6 [536.2;554.8]*# – Day 2 612.2 [606.2;623.7] 570.4 [567.2;580.7]* 524.7 [497.1;534.2]*# 545.9 [534.2;575.4] – Day 3 611.9 [604.8;626.0] 566.6 [563.1;573;9]* 523.0 [489.3;532.1]*# 552.4 [399.4;573.1] – Day 4 612.7 [604.7;627.8] 563.0 [557.7;573;7]* 522.1 [471.1;543.2] 556.3 [399.7;578.6] – Day 5 613.7 [604.1;628.0] 564.5 [553.4;573.3] 504.4 [479.5;549.8] 555.7 [397.7;579;8] – Day 6 613.2 [605.3;629.1] 567.6 [549.3;572.9] 502.6 [472.5;547.9] 582.4 [291.2;581.8] – Day 7 615.9 [605.8;629.0]* 570.9 [549.9;577.7] 502.4 [463.2;550.0] 584.5 [292.3;582.9] – # - p≤0.05 – the significance of differences between the values in experimental groups in comparison with these of control animals (Mann-Whitney U-test); * - p≤0.05 – the significance of differences according to the criterion of signed ranks according to Wilcoxon within the group in comparison with baseline values. Control (oil)

R.O. Vasiliev, E.I. Troshin, S.A. Brevnova, N. Yu. Yugatova, A.V. Shishkin, I.L. Vasilyeva, A. N. Kulikov

According to the data in Table 3, a significant decrease in body weight was observed in animals of all groups already in the first hour after the administration of DAPS-25k. In the group of animals treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 25 mg/kg, a significant decrease in body weight by 2-10% (p≤0.05) was observed in comparison with the control group, from the moment of administration and up to Day 1. Guinea pigs treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 10 mg/kg demonstrated a decrease in live weight in comparison to the control group by 13-14.5% (p≤0.05) in Day 1-3. A decrease in body weight in comparison to baseline values in control animals was registered in the period from 1 to 8 hours; on Day 7, an increase in body weight was noted (p≤0.05). In animals of the fourth group, parameters of live weight were significantly lower than in control ones up to Day 4. Animals of the third group showed a progressive decrease in body weight in comparison with baseline values (p≤0.05) and parameters of control animals (p≤0.05) from the moment of drug administration and up to Day 3. In the second group of animals, bodyweight parameters were significantly lower than baseline values and data of the control group from the moment of administration and up to Day 1.

Figure 4: Changes in body temperature in guinea pigs after intragastric administration of DAPS-25k feed additive between the start of experiment and day 7 (n = 6).

* - p≤0.05 – the significance of differences according to the criterion of signed ranks according to Wilcoxon within the group in comparison to baseline values; # - p≤0.05 – the significance of differences according to the Mann-Whitney U-test between experimental and control groups.

According to the data in Figure 4, animals treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 50 mg/kg demonstrated a significant decrease in temperature by 5% in comparison to the control group, already in the first hour after drug administration. In animals treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 25 mg/kg, body temperature decrease by 2-5% (p≤0.01) in comparison to the control group was observed from 1 to 8 hours. The Group of animals received DAPS-25k at the dose of 10 mg/kg showed a significant *Corresponding author (R.O. Vasiliev). Email: veterenar4ik@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.199

decrease in body temperature by 1-4% in 1 h to day 3, in comparison to the control group (p≤0.05). A similar trend was observed among guinea pigs treated with DAPS-25k at the dose of 5 mg/kg: their body temperature decreased by 1-2% in comparison to the control group in the period from 6 hours to Day 2 (p≤0.05). Body temperature in animals of experimental groups 4 and 3 was significantly lower than baseline values in the period from 8 and 6 hrs up to day 3 after drug administration. Animals of experimental groups 3 and 2 demonstrated a progressive decrease in body temperature from the moment of drug solution administration to days 3 and 8 hours, respectively. Parameters of animal mortality and of the acute toxicity of DAPS-25k feed additive in guinea pigs after a single intragastric administration are shown in Table 4. Table 4: Parameters of mortality and acute toxicity of DAPS-25k feed additive in guinea pigs, after a single intragastric administration (n = 6). Observation Group of animals Control animals (vegetable oil) Experimental group 4 (5.0 mg/kg DAPS-25) Experimental group 3 (10.0 mg/kg DAPS-25) Experimental group 2 (25.0 mg/kg DAPS-25) Experimental group 1 (50.0 mg/kg DAPS-25) LD50, mg/kg (M±m) LD16, mg/kg LD84, mg/kg LD99, mg/kg

12 hours 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 6/6

Day 1 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 6/6

Day 2

Day 3

0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 0/6 3/6 4/6 6/6 6/6 15.8±3.45 8.7 28.8 35.3

Day 7

Day 14

0/6 0/6 1/6 5/6 6/6

Autopsy of dead animals revealed cyanosis of the mucous membranes of mouth and eyes. Lungs were unevenly colored, with areas of deep dark red color, with foamy light pink liquid flowing out of incision surface on pressure; when immersed in water, most of the lung is beneath the water surface. The heart was cone-shaped, of dense consistency, heart cavities were equally filled with uncoagulated blood of dark cherry color, and heart vessels were injected. The myocardium of pale pink color, of dense consistency. The liver is hyperemic, dark red with a touch of violet, of floppy consistency, edges are sharp, no approximation of incision edges. The gall bladder is expanded, filled with a greenish, opalescent, clear fluid.

4. DISCUSSION Despite the pronounced antioxidant properties of the element when using in therapeutic doses, selenium is metabolized to free radicals, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which can cause oxidative damage, especially in energy-intensive tissues such as the myocardium. In macro- and microscopic studies of organs and tissues of animals that died as a result of selenium poisoning, there were multifocal foci of pale color in myocardium what is the sign of cardiac muscle necrosis; also there was dilatation of ventricles, pulmonary edema, fatty liver. Histologically, multifocal pale foci of myocytes with different degrees of swelling, sarcoplasma fragmentation, nuclear pycnosis, and karyorrhexis were found in the myocardium. Similar changes were revealed in skeletal muscles. The heart is a critical organ in comparison with selenium toxicosis; this is clinically manifested by the development of signs of acute and subacute heart failure and causes secondary lesions, including

R.O. Vasiliev, E.I. Troshin, S.A. Brevnova, N. Yu. Yugatova, A.V. Shishkin, I.L. Vasilyeva, A. N. Kulikov

pulmonary edema, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium. Clinical signs of selenium poisoning described in mice, such as significant general depression, shortness of breath, nasal skin cyanosis, correspond to scientific literature data (Merzlyakova, 2008; Davis et al., 2017; McKenzie, 2017). The decrease in general body temperature in animals is associated with the development of general intoxication due to impaired cardiac and respiratory failure with underlying selenium poisoning.

5. CONCLUSION From the experimental results, we could establish that high doses (25-50 mg/kg) of DAPS-25k in a single intragastric administration to mice in the form of oil solution have a pronounced toxic effect on mice with the following signs: decrease in general body temperature, severe depression, pulmonary edema. Based on the data obtained, probit analysis according to Finney revealed a semi-lethal dose of DAPS-25k 19.6 ± 4.452 mg/kg and found LD16, LD84, and LD99 which amounted to 13.4 mg/kg, 33.6 mg/kg, and 40.7 mg/kg, respectively. Guinea pigs appeared to be more sensitive to DAPS-25k with single intragastric use in the dose range. Thus, according to Finney probit analysis, LD50 was 15.8 ± 3.45 mg/kg, LD16 was 8.7 mg/kg, LD84 was 28.8 mg/kg, and LD99 was 35.3 mg/kg. Obtained results allow conducting further pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of the components of DAPS-25k with the subsequent addition and clarification of the physiological mechanisms of diacetophenonyl selenide conversion in animals.

6. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information about this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

7. REFERENCES Aleksandrova, S.S., Sotnikov, I.V. (2014). Influence of mineral and organic forms of selenium on the productivity of cows and quality parameters of milk during milking season in the Northern Trans-Urals. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals. 6 (124), 43-45 Berdnikov, P.P., Dyachenko, Yu.A. (2013). Correction of youth health in a selenium-deficient region: Monograph. Blagoveshchensk: Far East State Agrarian University, 117p. Budulov, K.V., Bytova, K.S., Sanshokova, M.K. (2014). A study of the effect of DAPS-25 organoselenic preparation on the regeneration of skin epithelial cells of white outbred mice. / Bulletin of medical Internet conferences, 4(3), 208. Chugay, B.L., Krasnoslobodtseva, A.S., Krysin, M.P., Frolov, A.I. (2009). Organoselenium preparations DAPS-25 and selenoline in animal husbandry. Bulletin of Tomsk State University, 14(1). Golubkina, N.A., Sindireva, A.V., Zayko, O.A. (2012). Alftan G. Selenium status of the Omsk Region. Siberian Journal of Ecology. 3, 389-396. Combs, G.F. (2015). Biomarkers of selenium status. Nutrients. 7(4), 2209-2236. DOI: 10.3390/nu7042209. Davis T.Z., Stegelmeier B.L., Panter K.E. et. All (2012). Toxicokinetics and pathology of plant-associated acute selenium toxicosis in steers // J Vet Diagn Invest. 24, 319-327. Davis T.Z., Tiwary A.K., Stegelmeier B.L. et. All (2017). Comparative oral dose toxicokinetics of *Corresponding author (R.O. Vasiliev). Email: veterenar4ik@mail.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10P http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10P.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.199

sodium selenite and selenomethionine. 10.1002/jat.3350.

J Appl Toxicol. 7(2), 231-238. DOI:

Ermakov, V.V., Vorontsova, O.V. (2010). Biogeochemistry of selenium in soils // Materials of VI-XII Biogeochemical Conference in memory of V.V. Kovalskiy M. –GEOCHI. 268-287. Fordyce F.M. (2012). Selenium deficiency and toxicity in the environment. Essentials of Medical Geology., pp. 375-416. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_16 Glotova, I.A., Vtorushina, I.V. (2010). Justification of possible using immobilization preparations of selenium as a means of preventing seven deficiency in food forms. International Journal of Applied and Basic Research. 5, 17-19 Gromova, O.A. (2010). Selenium: impressive results and prospects of application/ O.A. Gromova, I.V. Gogoleva. Medicine of emergency conditions. 6(31), 124-128. Korobova, E.M., Berezkin, V.Yu., Danilova, V.N., Khushvakhtova, S.D. (2011). Estimation of selenium content in drinking water, soils and pasture yield of the Bryansk Region. The VII Biochemical Conference on Fundamental and Innovative Aspects of Biogeochemistry, Moscow, 54-57. McKenzie, C.M. (2017). Accidental selenium toxicosis in lambs / C.M. McKenzie, A.N. Al-Dissi // Can Vet J. 58(10), 1110–1112. Merzlyakova, E.A. (2008). Changes in liver microarchitectonics of large cattle with parenteral administration of DAPS-25. Morphology Bulletin. 1-2, 193-194. Schrader T. 1999. Expression еt selenoproteins in monocycles and macrophages -implications for the immune system. Mod. Klin. 94(3), 29-34. Shakirov, Sh., Partnov, D., Volkov, A. (2012). Efficiency of feeding different forms of selenium to cows to obtain milk with high selenium content. Kazan, 25 p. Skalny, A.V., Kiselev, M.F. (2010). Elemental status of Russian population. St. Petersburg: Medkniga “ElBi-SPb” 416 p. Stekolnikov A.A., Karpenko L.Yu., Andreeva A.B., Bakhta A.A. (2015). Features of the metabolism of thyroid hormones in horses with underlying iodine and selenium deficiency. Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology, 2(14), 96-100. Stepanov, Yu.M. (2012). Selenium as a trace element: characteristics and significance for humans. Modern Gastroenterology, 3(65), 91-96. Stoffaneller R., Morse N.L. (2015). A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients. 7, 1494-1537. DOI: 10.3390/nu7031494 Tiwary, A.K., Stegelmeier, B.L., Panter, K.E. (2006). Comparative toxicosis of sodium selenite and selenomethionine in lambs. J Vet Diagn Invest, 18(1),61-70. DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800108 Tolmachev, P.V., Kilmetova, I.R. (2011). Results of a study of the antiulcer activity of DAPS-25 + polysone in a model of acute ulcer caused by indomethacin [experiments on white rats]. Bulletin of Bashkir State Agrarian University. Ufa. 2 (18), 39-41. Troshina T.A., Vakilov R.F., Berestov D.S., Merzlyakova E.A. (2007). DAPS-25 a new generation organoselenium preparation for the treatment and prevention of hyposelenosis in animals and fur animals: guidelines. Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. 39p. Vorobyev, V.I., Vorobyev, D.V., Kazunina, E.T. (2014). Searching for scientifically based criteria for the deficiency of trace elements in animal body. Natural Sciences. 3(48), 80-85.

R.O. Vasiliev, E.I. Troshin, S.A. Brevnova, N. Yu. Yugatova, A.V. Shishkin, I.L. Vasilyeva, A. N. Kulikov

Vtorushina, I.V., Zemlyanukhina, Yu.A., Kostina, E.N., Glotova, I.A. (2009). Comparative evaluation of bioprotective properties and biological activity of selenium sources for enrichment of food systems. Modern High Technologies. 4, 59-60. Roman Olegovich Vasiliev an Associate Professor of the Department of veterinary radiobiology and BZHCHS, the St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine (St. Petersburg). He is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. He graduated with Honors from the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy in veterinary medicine. His research interests are Radiobiology, Anti-Radiation Protection of Animals, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Iodine and Selenium Compounds, Radioecology, Biochemistry, Hematology, Histology, Internal Non-Infectious Diseases.

Professor Dr.Troshin Yevgeny Ivanovich is Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Radiobiology and BZHCHS, the St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. He holds a Doctor of Biological Sciences. His research interests include Radiobiology, Anti-Radiation Protection Of Animals, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Iodine and Selenium Compounds, Radioecology, Hematology, Histology, Reproduction.

Sofia Andreyevna Brevnova is a Postgraduate Student at the Department of veterinary radiobiology and BICS. She graduated from the St. Petersburg State Academy Of Veterinary Medicine Research interests: radiobiology, veterinary laboratory diagnostics, Microbiology, Hematology.

Yugatova Natalya Yuryevna is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Veterinary Radiobiology and BZhChS.. she graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the Belgorod Agricultural Academy and Voronezh State Agrarian University. Her scientific interests are Influences of Anthropogenic Factors on Livestock Production, in particular, the Effect of Ultraviolet and Ionizing Radiation. She involves in Toxicology of Iodine and Selenium Preparations.

Dr.Shishkin Alexander Valentinovich is Professor at Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy (Izhevsk). He holds a Doctor of Medical Sciences. His research interests are Development of Systems for Immune Analysis, Development of Medical and Veterinary Equipment, Biochemistry, Cytology, Pathological Physiology, Hematology.

Vasilyeva Irina Lvovna is an assistant at the Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Radiobiology of the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy (Izhevsk). She graduated from the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy (Izhevsk). Her research interests are Pharmacology and Toxicology of Selenium Preparations, Radiobiology, Veterinary and Sanitary Examination.

Kulikov Andrey Nikolaevich is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Veterinary Sanitary Expertise and Radiobiology of the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy (Izhevsk). He studied at the Graduate School of the Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy (Izhevsk) and St. Petersburg State Academy of Veterinary Medicine (St. Petersburg). He is a Candidate of Veterinary Sciences. His research interests encompass Veterinary Pharmacology with Toxicology, Biochemistry.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10Q

ANALYSIS OF FOODSHARING IN THE INTERESTS OF SMALL AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT 1

A.A. Alekseev , T.I. Kruzhkova , E.M. Kot , V.N. Lavrov , 2

O.A. Ruschitskaya , O.E. Ruschitskaya , A.V. Ruchkin 1 2

Department of Management and Economic Theory, Surgut State University, Surgut, RUSSIA. Department of Management and Economic Theory, Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 03 January 2020 Received in revised form 02 March 2020 Accepted 28 March 2020 Available online 29 April 2020

Thanks to the development of the digital economy, a new economic model, the economy of shared consumption, is becoming more widespread. It is part of online foodsharing, a little-known phenomenon that combines elements of business, charity, digital economy, and shared agriculture. This online sharing is of the online social network. Foodsharing is closely linked to agriculture and has an impact on it. Foodsharing involves certain risks for small businesses in agriculture. Therefore, there is a problem with state regulation in order to eliminate these risks.

Keywords: Shared agriculture products; small business; Government regulation; Economy of collaborative consumption; Digital economy; Shared economy.

1. INTRODUCTION In this article, foodsharing refers to the activities of individuals and legal entities to redistribute food from people who do not need them to people who need them. By sharing, the authors mean providing something for shared use at no cost or at a price lower than the normal price. The greatest scientific interest is caused by the organizations of the agro-industrial complex in the form of small businesses that are willing to transfer their products for free for some reason. This study focuses on organizations of the agro-industrial complex in the form of small businesses that sell agricultural products and participate in food-sharing using the opportunities of the digital economy. The object of research is the mechanism of state regulation of food processing. The choice of the research object was determined by several factors. The General problems of regulating the sharing economy are studied by various authors, while the problems of regulating the actual foodsharing have not been disclosed. The phenomenon of foodsharing itself is not positive or negative, it has both advantages and disadvantages. Foodsharing is developing dynamically all over *Corresponding author (A.V. Ruchkin) Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.200

the world, but its development is uncontrolled and unregulated. As a result of the uncontrolled development of food-processing, small entrepreneurs may leave the agricultural market and lose their income due to a drop in demand for their products. The development of the digital economy can only accelerate and strengthen this process. The factor in choosing the research object is the long-term work on the problems of state regulation of agriculture, socio-economic problems of creating and functioning of small businesses in the agro-industrial complex. The following tasks were set and implemented, determining the logic and structure of the study: - identify the relationship between the development of the digital economy and the growing popularity of foodsharing; - evaluate the prospects of foodsharing in comparison with other sectors of the economy of joint consumption; - describe the advantages and disadvantages of foodsharing that are important for justifying the choice of forms and methods of regulation; - determine why small businesses are most actively involved in foodsharing; - to establish the fundamental possibility of state regulation of activity of participants furthering the development of agribusiness organizations in the form of a small business engaged in the marketing of agricultural products.

2. LITERATURE The concept of "foodsharing" has entered scientific circulation recently. The economic theory considers the phenomenon of foodsharing as a public good, a non-profit way to redistribute food and reduce the cost of disposing of unused food. Political scientists, sociologists, and environmentalists are also engaged in the study of foodsharing. There are publications about foodsharing in the context of media science, application programming, and others. Note that foodsharing is an element of a new economic model â€“ the economy of shared consumption. The object of research is most often media services, car-sharing, and co-working. In scientific literature, the problem of regulating foodsharing has not been sufficiently studied. In the report of the Association for electronic communications, state regulation of food-processing "related to the determination of the status of food-processing products and their taxation" is considered as a prerequisite for realizing the potential of food-processing in Russia (Foodsharing in Russia). Prof. Shor (2016) studied the existing models of the sharing economy, concluded that it is necessary to regulate it, noting that commercial platforms do not oppose state regulation and coordination of activities to the extent that does not interfere with their natural development (Schor. Ayusheeva (2019) notes the absence of mandatory norms of civil legislation in the field of carsharing, which illustrates the lack of development of the legal mechanism for regulating the sharing economy. Karolina Zurek (2016) emphasizes the need for a "balanced approach to the management of foodsharing in the European Union", taking into account the potential risks of foodsharing itself and the risks arising from the intervention of regulatory authorities. Currently, there is no legal regulation of foodsharing. In some cases, foodsharing is legally equivalent to distributing food to the homeless. So, the laws of Pasadena, California, require that "hot meals that will be provided to the homeless must be prepared in verified locations" (Kim). As a result,

A.A. Alekseev, T.I. Kruzhkova, E.M. Kot, V.N. Lavrov, O.A. Ruschitskaya, O.E. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin

many organizations and individuals are unable to share hot food with those in need. Extending this rule to foodsharing means that volunteers and organizations that might be engaged in foodsharing will not be able to do so (CEF, 2014) The legislation of St. Louis, Missouri, requires individuals and organizations to pay for permission to distribute products. A temporary permit costs $ 50 per event, and the annual fee can range from $150-300 (Wicentowski). Without permission, only packaged food can be distributed. It is believed that such a measure can also scare off activists (CEF, 2014). Legislation in most US States requires that agricultural products sold to the public be processed on an industrial basis. Separate exceptions exist for baking, muesli, and some other "potentially non-dangerous" products. In the state of California, the retail food code explicitly lists home cooking as a place where commercial processing of agricultural products is not possible. Most researchers described foodsharing treat it as part of the economy of shared consumption, without identifying the fundamental features of foodsharing (Zhidkov, 2017). Some authors see foodsharing as a solution to environmental problems (Michelinia et al., 2018; Corbo & Fraticelli, 2015; Harveya et al., 2019). Most often, the emergence and development of foddering described as an obvious result of the combination of several factors - the development of the digital economy, lower standard of living of the population, mainstreaming environmental issues, the general trend in the economy. The value of each of these factors was not evaluated separately by researchers of the shared consumption economy. Since foodsharing as a phenomenon is gaining popularity in society, and its quantitative characteristics are steadily increasing (Sarti et al., 2017), there is an objective need to study the possibility of state regulation of foodsharing to ensure the economic, environmental and food security of all its participants.

3. METHOD Theoretical analysis has shown the heterogeneity of approaches to the definition of foodsharing. Comparison as a method of cognition allowed us to identify similar branches of the sharing economy to foodsharing. The method consisted of transferring the existing mechanisms of regulation of certain elements of the sharing economy to foodsharing. A systematic approach was used to establish the relationship between the development of the digital economy and foodsharing. The method of scientific abstraction allowed us to determine the most logical results of the development of a small business enterprise, depending on its participation or non-participation in food-processing. The principle of combining the historical and logical in their unity allowed us to look at the development of the sharing economy as a long process, the development of which will continue in the future, and the logic of which indicates the need for intervention in this process at the state level. Theoretical involves economic theory, state regulation of the economy, scientific publications of Russian and foreign scientists on issues of digital transformation and development of the sharing economy, the statistical data obtained as a result of these studies.

4. ANALYSIS 4.1 FOOD SHARING ECONOMY Foodsharing is a part of the economy of shared consumption, along with car sharing, the *Corresponding author (A.V. Ruchkin) Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.200

provision of real estate, multimedia files (movies, TV series, music), and other elements. There is no fixed definition of foodsharing, see Figure 1 for a general idea. subcultural movement environmental foundation

charity

food sharing

digital economy

sharing economy

Figure 1: Understanding of foodsharing in science and society. The economy of shared consumption has a long history. First of all, libraries (sharing books without purchasing them), charity shops (receiving goods for free and distributing them to the needy or selling them not for profit, but to finance their own existence), dormitories, second-hand shops, etc.were subjects of the economy of shared consumption (Holweg & Lienbacher, 2011). These entities are still functioning and will continue to exist for some time. The question arises as to why and how the sharing economy became popular. In our opinion, the answer to this question should be found in the history of the world economy. In the second half of the twentieth century, after overcoming the consequences of the Second world war, the world economy grew rapidly. Along with it, the incomes and living standards of the population in developed countries grew. The growth of the world economy has resulted in benefits that were previously inaccessible to the majority of the population: individual ownership of the real estate, vehicles and computers, global tourism, and free access to a huge amount of information. After the global financial crisis, income growth slowed, and the benefits to which the population had already become accustomed became partially or completely inaccessible. The current economic model does not offer a solution to this problem. After the fall of the "iron curtain" and as a result of the general trend towards globalization in the psychology of people, individualism began to be replaced by multiculturalism. In our opinion, these factors have led to a shift in priorities from private ownership to shared consumption. The scientific problem is the justification for the existence of a relationship between the development of the digital economy and the growing popularity of foodsharing, explained by several factors. In contrast to the sharing of industrial goods, the subject of foodsharing is agricultural products. Regardless of the level of processing, these products, firstly, have a short shelf life, and, secondly, are completely consumed by those who use them. For the sharing of food products to become possible in volumes that are important for the national economy, it was necessary to speed up the sharing procedure that the product would not get deteriorated and preserve consumer qualities. Traditional media were not suitable for this task. By the end of the XX century, a new phenomenon appeared â€“ online sharing, that is, the appearance of movies, music, images, books, and other content in open access on local networks or the Internet. Increasing the popularity of online sharing has

A.A. Alekseev, T.I. Kruzhkova, E.M. Kot, V.N. Lavrov, O.A. Ruschitskaya, O.E. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin

contributed to the increase in data transfer speed and the growth of the number of users of personal computers around the world. The key moment of the emergence of foodsharing in the modern sense was the interpenetration of online and offline sharing. In the library business, this phenomenon has contributed to the development of bookcrossing, replacing video rental (rental of videotapes and disks) came media services (online cinemas, digital music libraries, streaming services, etc.). Thus, the priority for foodsharing is to increase people's engagement in social networks (Facebook, Vkontakte, Odnoklassniki, etc.). There are large communities of people who are purposefully engaged in foodsharing, and not only the recipients of products. What is the significance of foodsharing for the development of the digital economy and agriculture? Obstacles to the digitalization of agriculture have been studied and ways to overcome them have been established (Voronin et al., 2019). The spread of foodsharing means not only an increase in the number of activists. The producer and consumer have a positive collaboration. If a consumer purchases products from an entrepreneur who is engaged in food processing, then the effect is similar to that of organic products. The consumer sees this seller as a more socially and environmentally responsible entrepreneur and, all other things being equal, gives priority to this supplier. Therefore, foodsharing has a competitive advantage and you must meet some conditions, including the use of online platforms, involvement in social networks, the use of non-cash payments via the Internet, and the availability of feedback. These are the same conditions that all participants in the digital economy must meet. An activist who does not initially expect to interact in the digital economy gets all the necessary skills for this and gets the ability to participate in other digital projects. As these skills improve, it can evolve from digital consumption to creating its own project in the digital economy. Thus, the development of foodsharing, although not included in the Digital economy project (The Digital economyâ€Ś), creates three positive effects for the digital economy: - involving more people in the digital economy; - formation of people's necessary competencies for active participation in the digital economy; - creating prerequisites for the emergence of new digital projects.

4.2 RISK OF FOOD SHARING Foodsharing, having several positive qualities, still needs to be regulated by the state. In our opinion, the need for state regulation of food processing is explained by the existence of potential opportunities for harming consumers and bona fide sellers of agricultural products. These risks include the following Risk of the negative perception of innovations. The case of entrepreneurs Yana Gurova and Artak Hakobyan showed that free distribution of food by individual entrepreneurs is perceived by citizens not as charity, but as a duty (Fedotova, 2018). Free products are taken not only by those who really need them but by those who can pay for them. This implies a different risk. Risk of falling revenue. Let's look at a specific example. The farmer sells his products through the integrated social network service "Goods" and is engaged in foodsharing of his products through the same social network. But unscrupulous customers can place an order from a fake account and then cancel it. Due to the loss of time and expiration date, the farmer will transfer this product from the goods section to the food shipping section. And the same unscrupulous buyer will order it from their official page and get it for free. His need will be met, and the farmer will lose profit. The risk of destruction of the business. Let's continue the example with the farmer. Farm *Corresponding author (A.V. Ruchkin) Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.200

products are of higher quality and more expensive than those sold in large retail chains (Voronin et al., 2016). But due to the small volume of production and sales, the price of products is quite high and maintained at the level of market equilibrium. If the sales volume decreases, the farmer will have to either increase the price or reduce the quality of the product. Both can lead to the farmer's ruin or the business reorientation from organic production to mass production. The risk of health from bad products. Unscrupulous entrepreneurs can use foodsharing to get rid of expired or damaged products to reduce the cost of its disposal. Manufacturers can thus get rid of low-quality products. As a result, not only the health of consumers may suffer, but also the reputation of the foodservice itself in the eyes of the population. Sanitary and epidemiological risks. The production and sale of food products are strictly controlled by the state. The mechanism of legal regulation has been worked out and is functioning, but foodsharing does not fall under its scope. Image risks. For some customers, the possibility of encountering a homeless person or beggar in a store or pick-up point may be the reason why they will refuse to buy. The positive effect of the "natural" and "organic" brands can thus be reset to zero.

4.3 RUSSIAN FEDERAL LAW The rating system usually used by sharing services to verify suppliers and consumers also contains several threats. The profile with personal data is subject to the regulation of the Federal law of the Russian Federation No. 152-FL (FL152, 2006), according to which" persons who have access to personal data are obliged not to disclose or distribute personal data to third parties without the consent of the personal data subject (FL152, 2006). The second risk is related to unfair competition. The market for agricultural products is highly competitive, and unfair marketing tricks can be used, such as leaving negative reviews and setting low ratings. Thus, foodsharing has both advantages and disadvantages. Comparing the theoretical results of the study and Russian business practice, we concluded that this duality makes foodsharing attractive for small businesses. For large agricultural holdings, the fate of a single piece of cheese or meat is not of interest, given the scale of production, amounting to thousands of tons. For specialized retail chains (medium-sized businesses) that sell agricultural products of the same brand or from the same region, foodsharing is another unnecessary business process that does not generate profits but creates additional costs. And only for small agricultural producers, foodsharing is an expansion of the customer base (as a result of using the opportunities of the digital economy), a guarantee of product consumption (which is important when the manufacturer and seller are combined in one person), participation in charity (previously available only to representatives of medium and large businesses). At the macro level, the improvement of food processing contributes to the solution of economic, social, and environmental problems, the solution of which is one of the strategic tasks of the state.

5. DISCUSSION As a result of our research, we have obtained a model of the activity of participants in foodsharing. A subject is an organization of an agro-industrial complex in the form of a small business that produces and supplies its agricultural products (food) to the free market using digital infrastructure (Internet, social networks, online banking). There is a time limit on the sale of products due to the short shelf life of products. Some products remain unsold and must be disposed of in

A.A. Alekseev, T.I. Kruzhkova, E.M. Kot, V.N. Lavrov, O.A. Ruschitskaya, O.E. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin

accordance with current legislation. The subject is under stress as a result of lost profits and the need to destroy the fruits of their labor. Thanks to the opportunities of the digital economy, the subject can partially compensate for these losses by participating in foodsharing. The model consists of a free transfer by the subject of a part of the product that he would have to destroy or sell in violation of the law because of the expiration date of the product. As a result, the entity partially compensates for its costs by refusing to recycle. Also, some consumers can evaluate the products and buy them for money the next time. Thanks to the technological capabilities of the digital economy, the act of foodsharing can take only a few days or even hours. Thanks to foodsharing, the hungry will get food, and nature will not be burdened with additional garbage.

5.1 FOODSHARING SCHEME The causal relationships that arise as a result of the participation or non-participation of subjects in foodsharing are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Foodsharing scheme. This scheme is essentially optimized as a result of the application of regulatory influence from the state. Distortions in the model are explained by the risks previously described in our work. Therefore, we need such forms and methods of regulating foodsharing that can eliminate these distortions. According to the authors, the concept of regulating foodsharing should be reduced to preserving market mechanisms for pricing agricultural products, stimulating the use of digital tools by the population, and restoring the tradition of charity among entrepreneurs. Before offering specific forms and methods of regulation, we will establish the principles for regulating foodsharing: - first of all, the regulatory impact must lead to a reduction in costs, otherwise the meaning of the regulation itself and the object of the regulation (foodsharing); - the second principle of regulation - stimulating demand-complements the first principle, and in combination with it creates prerequisites for the development of small businesses; - the principle of equality of small, medium, and large businesses means that measures that encourage the development of small businesses should not infringe on the rights of medium and large businesses. The Director of a single store of a large retail chain who wants to engage in foodsharing *Corresponding author (A.V. Ruchkin) Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.200

must be equal to the farmer or cooperative; - regulation of the economy of shared consumption should be implemented simultaneously with the regulation of the digital economy (without dividing into online and offline services); - the effectiveness of regulation is largely determined by the compliance of measures taken with the needs of the digital economy, the efficiency of processing "big data", taking into account the interests of consumers. It should be noted that the authors ' principled position on restricting the food-sharing activities of large retail chains does not indicate the need for strict command measures in the economy. The solution to the problem of recycling the remains of unsold food retail products is to optimize the purchasing process, more accurate calculation of the volume of goods deliveries, and improve logistics. Avoiding the very fact of the presence of unrealized products contributes more to the preservation of the environment than any, even the most high-tech mechanism for their disposal.

5.2 OPTIMIZED FOOD SHARING MODEL As a result of studying the built scheme, many actions were established aimed at optimizing the model and developing foodsharing in general based on the above principles and taking into account potential risks: - increasing the number of subjects of food-sharing activities by legalizing them. The more foodsharing participants, the higher the quantitative results of their activities, and the more public attention they attract. Together, this increases the likelihood of those problems, the existence of which is caused by the appearance of foodsharing; - improvement of the legal framework, clarification of the legal status of subjects. Citizens should clearly understand and have a reliable source of knowledge about what foodsharing is, who can engage in it and under what conditions, what security guarantees exist for all participants in the process, who can complain about violations, and so on.; - digital recording of all actions, including the procedure for transferring products. Digitalization of the economy means not only its legalization but also an increase in the openness of information to citizens, including researchers. In a narrow sense, digital fixation is an opportunity to check whether the product offered by a food saver is usable; - stimulation of food-sharing activities of organizations of the agro-industrial complex in the form of small businesses, including through subsidies. In this case, subsidies are not aimed at directly supporting agricultural producers, but at preserving the environment and implementing the digital economy's capabilities; - the popularization of foodsharing among users of digital resources. The information component is very important, and there are tools for communicating it. First of all, this is targeted advertising in social networks; - forming an array of "big data" for foodsharing. The importance of "big data" for managers, researchers, and government officials is well known and has been studied in detail.

5.3 FOOD SHARING: GRAY ECONOMY The problems of foodsharing cannot be eliminated by prohibitive (administrative) measures since foodsharing itself actually belongs not to the legal “white economy,” but to the shadow “gray economy.” Therefore, regulatory measures should be aimed not only at developing foodsharing "from scratch", but also at legalizing existing foodsharing activities. This should be taken into

A.A. Alekseev, T.I. Kruzhkova, E.M. Kot, V.N. Lavrov, O.A. Ruschitskaya, O.E. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin

account when determining the main areas of regulation. In our opinion, these areas of regulation include support for small businesses, implementation of antitrust policy, creation of a legal framework for foodsharing, production of public goods, and development of digital infrastructure. Specific regulatory methods should be used in these areas: - creation of a state register of food-processing entities with specific criteria, free participation and open access to the register data for all interested parties; - monitoring feedback on the activities of food-processing entities and conducting checks on violations; - ban on conducting food-sharing activities for large retail chains, if such activities lead to the disappearance of small businesses; - compensation of expenses for food-processing activities provided that these activities are performed within the digital sector. This can be compensated for Internet access costs, information hosting costs, targeted advertising, etc.; - assistance in the creation of self-regulatory food-processing entities that prepare proposals for improving the legal framework, dissemination of information about food-processing, accounting, and analysis of "big data" on food-processing. To do this, we can use the capabilities of existing business incubators.

5.4 SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS OF FOOD SHARING In general, the problems associated with foodsharing and ways to resolve them are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Solutions to problems of foodsharing. These regulatory methods will allow us to bring foodsharing to a qualitatively new level, thereby creating additional advantages for organizations of the agro-industrial complex in the form of small businesses and contributing to the solution of a number of economic, social and environmental problems.

6. CONCLUSION Many aspects of digital food sharing have been discussed including the advantages, participation *Corresponding author (A.V. Ruchkin) Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.200

process involving the online social network. The involved regulatory organizations must quickly adjust the relevant and appropriate laws to facilitate this digital food sharing scheme to benefit all the stakeholders.

7. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information about this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

8. REFERENCES Ayusheeva I.Z. (2019) Civil law regulation of relations on the joint use of vehicles on the example of carsharing". Bulletin of the O. E. Kutafin University, No. 2 (54), 2019, p. 25-32. (In Russ.) Christina Holweg, Eva Lienbacher. (2011). Social Marketing Innovation: New Thinking in Retailing. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 23(4), 307-326 DOI: 10.1080/10495142.2011.623548. Corbo C., Fraticelli F. (2015) The use of web-based technology as an emerging option for food waste reduction. Conference Proceedings. Envisioning a future without food waste and food poverty. Societal challenges, 133-142, DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-820-9_15. FL152. (2006). Federal law of 27.07.2006 No. 152-FL "On personal data". (In Russ.) Fedotova V. (2018). The response of the poor to charity is paradoxical. Business newspaper "Vzglyad". URL: http://vz.ru/society/2018/1/15/903603.html [accessed Nov 2019] (In Russ.) Foodsharing in Russia: a way to save up to 1 million tons of food annually(2019). URL: http://raec.ru/live/raec-news/11271 [accessed Dec 2019] (In Russ.) Foodsharing. Search Cyberleninka (2019). https://cyberleninka.ru/search?q=фудшеринг&page=1 [accessed Oct 2019] (In Russ.)

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John Harveya, Andrew Smitha, James Gouldinga, Ines Branco Illodob. (2019) Food sharing, redistribution, and waste reduction via mobile applications: A social network analysis. Industrial Marketing Management, DOI: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.02.019. Kim Jed. (2014). No Home-cooked Thanksgiving Donations for Pasadena Homeless.” 89.3 KPCC. http://www.scpr.org/news/2013/11/26/40619/no-more-home-cooked-donations-at-thanksgivingmeal/ [accessed Dec 2019] Laura Michelinia, Ludovica Principatob, Gennaro Iasevolia. (2018) Understanding Food Sharing Models to Tackle Sustainability Challenges. Ecological Economics, Volume 145, March 2018, p. 205-217, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.09.009. Schor J. (2016). Debating the Sharing Economy. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 3, 7-22. Silvia Sarti, Filippo Corsini, Natalia Marzia Gusmerotti, Marco Frey. (2017). Food sharing: Making sense between new business models and responsible social initiatives for food waste prevention. Economics and policy of energy and the environment, 1-2/2017, 123-134, DOI: 10.3280/EFE2017-001007. CEF. (2014). Report on the Criminalization of Efforts to Feed People In Need. A report by the National Coalition for the Homeless, Edited by Michael Stoops. http://nationalhomeless.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Food-Sharing2014.pdf [accessed Oct 2019] DERF. (2017). The Digital economy of the Russian Federation (program): Order of the Government of the Russian Federation. No. 1632-R. Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation, 32, article 5138 (In Russ.) Voronin B.A., Mitin A.N., Pichugin O. A. (2019). The complexity of digitization of agriculture in Russia. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Advances in Intelligent Systems Research", DOI: 10.2991/ispc-19.2019.29 (In Russ.)

A.A. Alekseev, T.I. Kruzhkova, E.M. Kot, V.N. Lavrov, O.A. Ruschitskaya, O.E. Ruschitskaya, A.V. Ruchkin

Voronin B.A., Sharapova V.M., Voronina Ya.V. (2016). Peasant (farmer) farms and their role in the modern agrarian economy. Agrarian Bulletin of the Urals, 146(4), 92-97. (In Russ.) Wicentowski Danny. (2019). Group Can't Serve Hot Food To Homeless Without Permit, Says STL Health Dept. http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/12/homeless_hot_food_permit.php [accessed Oct 2019] Zhidkov A. S. (2017) Concept of public good and development of services. Bulletin of the Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte, Series 1: Economics and Management, 4(23), 46-54. (In Russ.) Zurek K. (2016). Food Sharing in Europe: Between Regulating Risks and the Risks of Regulating. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 4, 675-687, DOI: 10.1017/S1867299X00010114. Aleksandr A. Alekseev is at Surgut State University. His research interests are Agriculture, State Support, Regulation of the Economy, Small Business, Youth Entrepreneurship, Digital Economy.

Tatyana I. Kruzkova is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory of the Ural State Agrarian University. Candidate of Historical Sciences, Her research interests are related to Agricultural Economy.

Ekaterina M. Kot is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory at Ural State Agrarian University, Cand.Sci. (Economy). Her research interests are Agriculture, Crisis Management, Accounting, Audit, Budget Accounting.

Professor Dr.Vladimir N. Lavrov is Professor at Department of Management and Economic Theory, Ural State Agrarian University, RUSSIA. She is interested in Agricultural Economic, Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.

Dr.Olga A. Rushchitskaya is Head of the Department of Management and Economic Theory of the Ural State Agrarian University. She holds a Doctor of Economic Sciences. Her research interests are related to Agricultural Economy.

Olga E. Rushchitskaya is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory at Ural State Agrarian University. She is a Cand.Sci. (Economy). Her research interests are Agriculture, Crisis Management.

Aleksey V. Ruchkin is an Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Economic Theory at Ural state agrarian university. He is a Cand. Sci. (Sociology). His interests involve Strategic Management, Development of Territories and State Awards.

*Corresponding author (A.V. Ruchkin) Email: alexeyruchkin87@gmail.com ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10Q http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10Q.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.200

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10R

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER REGIME OF HIGH-POTENTIAL DECORATIVE VARIETIES AND FORMS OF THE GENUS Malus Mill A.N. Yushkov

A.S. Zemisov , V.V. Chivilev , A.V. Vislobokov 1

, N.N. Saveleva , N.V. Borzykh , 1

Genetic Selection Center of Michurin Federal Research Center, Michurinsk, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 03 January 2020 Received in revised form 10 March 2020 Accepted 07 April 2020 Available online 30 April 2020

One of the criteria determining the suitability of plants for landscaping is their ability to tolerate stress associated with insufficient moisture and high temperatures during the growing season without reducing decorative qualities. In this regard, the goal of this work was to define the influence of water regime on the functionality of apple tree genotypes from the genetic collection of Genetic Selection Center of Michurin Federal Research Center. Simulation of wilting, heat shock, and water content recovery of genotypes based on changes in leaf mass was carried out in laboratory conditions. Drought conditions were created in a Sanyo MLR-350 environmental test chamber with maintaining a constant level of illumination of about 9,000 lux. The studies were carried out in the summer period (July-August) in the conditions of prolonged (at least 2-3 weeks) lack of precipitation. Assessment of the water regime of apple tree genotypes selected by decorative qualities during laboratory simulation of drought conditions was carried out. We selected genotypes with maximum drought tolerance and with high potential for using for landscaping and selection: Uralskoye nalivnoye, 7-I-4, 7-I-13, 7-I-14, 7-I-22, 7-I-42, 7-I -43, 7-I-104, 7-I-108.

Keywords: Decorative apple tree Malus Mill varieties Forms of apple trees; Drought tolerance; Resistance to high temperatures.

1. INTRODUCTION

Trees and shrubs being the most important components of anthropogenic landscapes play a major role in creating aesthetic modern cities' appearances. High polymorphism and ecological flexibility, decorativeness, ability to neutralize atmospheric pollution and to reduce the psychophysiological load on the human body determine the usefulness of these objects for organizing a comfortable urban environment (Laere et al., 2018). Using fruit crops in landscaping provides broad options for transforming urban space and *Corresponding author (A.N. Yushkov) Email: cglm@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.201

decorating garden plots. Currently, their amount among other ornamental plants in our country is undeservedly small; their range is poor and is often formed randomly. World experience speaks for the potential benefits of decorative fruit trees. For example, in the UK, the taxonomic diversity of this group amounts to 279 species and cultivated varieties, with more than 130 taxa of only apple trees being grown (Komar-Tyomnaya, 2015). High resistance of ornamental apple trees to abiotic stressors allows its successful cultivation not only in the European part of Russia but also in harsh conditions of Siberia and the Urals (Makarenko, 2018). Among the representatives of the genus Malus Mill, small-fruited apple trees are especially ornamental, i.e. Malus baccata and Sorbomalus sect. that are native species of Central and East Asia. They are highly immune to the number of fungal diseases and adverse climatic factors (Kozlovskaya, 2015). Wild representatives of this genus and their derivatives are also a valuable source of increasing genetic variation in selection, including that of ornamental apple varieties (Dan et al., 2015). One of the defining criteria for the suitability of plants for landscaping is their ability to tolerate negative effects associated with insufficient moisture and high temperatures during the growing season without reducing their decorative qualities (Nigmatyanova et al., 2016; Kornilov and Ozherelyeva, 2017; Kornilov et al., 2019). According to climatologists, lack of precipitation, in the long run, will increase the frequency of droughts and desertification processes in southern regions. In a temperate climate, the functional state of plants depends on the amount of precipitation to a greater extent than phenology. Their reduced ecological sustainability is associated both with the negative effect of high temperatures and with increased moisture deficit (Dong, et al., 2016; Gosling and Arnell, 2016). It should be considered that plantings in the urban environment are subject to increased stress loads in comparison with garden agrocenoses: higher daytime temperature maximum, low air humidity, overheating, and soil drying. For the first time, work on developing decorative forms of apple trees with various crown types that are highly resistant to abiotic stressors and diseases was started in Michurin All-Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Selection by academician Saveliev (1998). From crossing high-potential forms, hybrid offspring were obtained that combined in its genotype high decorativeness with resistance to adverse environmental factors. However, the resulting gene pool requires further study of different qualitative parameters. In this regard, the goal of our work was to assess the water regime of genotypes of apple trees from the genetic collection and hybrid fund of the Genetic Selection Center of Michurin All-Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Selection during laboratory simulation of drought conditions.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS (STUDY MODELS)

The studies were performed in the Genetic Selection Center of Michurin All-Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Selection in 2017-2019. Study materials included species, types, varieties and forms of the genus Malus Mill distinguished by their decorative features: M. purpurea 2392, M. purpurea v. pendula, M. spectabilis 2415, M. spectabilis v. rubra plena, M. transitoria, domestic and foreign selection varieties: Antonovka (control), Altayskoye purpurnoye, Altayskoye naryadnoye, Altayskoye bagryanoye, Alye parusa, Surpriz Altaya, Uralskoye nalivnoe, Charah, Jay Darling, columnar forms – derivatives of M. baccata F1 and F2: 7-I-4 (18-9 (KV 5 × Yakutskoye 1) × 5-24), 7-I-9 (18-9 (KV 5 × Yakutskoye 1) × 18-3 (KV 5 × Yakutskoye 1), 7-I-13 (18-6 (KV 5 × Yakutskoye 1) × Uspenskoye), 7-I-14 (32-26 (Yakutskoye 1 × KV 25) × 9-24), 7-I-22 (32-26 × 7-22), 7-I-27

A.N. Yushkov, N.N. Saveleva, N.V. Borzykh, A.S. Zemisov, V.V. Chivilev, A.V. Vislobokov

(32-26 × 5-24), 7-I-32 (32-26 × 5 -24), 7-I-33 (18-9 × GD (small-size green)), 7-I-36 (18-9 × GD), 7-I-42 (18-9 (KV 5 × Yakutskoye 1) × GD), 7-I-43 (32-26 (KV 25 × Yakutskoye 1) × Uspenskoye), 7-I-83 (32-26 × GD), 7-I-104 (9-24 × 32-26 ), 7-I-108 (9-24 × 32-26 (Yakutskoye 1 × KV 25)). Heat and drought tolerance of genotypes was defined in laboratory conditions by weight method based on the assessment of changes in leaf mass when modeling wilting, heat shock, and water content recovery (Kushnirenko et al., 1976; Leonchenko et al., 2007). Drought conditions were created in a Sanyo MLR-350 environmental test chamber while maintaining a constant level of illumination of about 9,000 lux (Budagovsky et al., 2011). Studies were carried out during the summer period (July-August) in the conditions of a prolonged (at least 2-3 weeks) lack of precipitation. The weighing was performed with the help of the A&D GH-200 analytical balance (accuracy 0.1 mg). Absolute dry weight was defined after drying in a thermostat at the temperature of +100°C to constant weight. Test variants: o o

simulation of dehydration and water content recovery – weathering (+ 25°C, 2 hours); recovery (+25°C, 30 min); simulation of heat shock and water content recovery – heat shock (+ 50°C, 0.5 hours); weathering (+25°C, 1.5 hours); recovery (+ 25°C, 30 min).

Results were processed and analyzed in Microsoft Office Excel 2010.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It was found that in the process of wilting simulation for 2 hours, the loss of water by leaves of the studied varieties and forms ranged from 8.1-25.6% of water, 14.3% on average for the studied varieties. Maximal water-holding ability was registered in selected seedling 7-I-4. Leaves of M. virginiana, M. niedzwetzkyana 13279, of 7-I-104, 7-I-43, 7-I-42 forms, small-fruited varieties Surpriz Altaya and Uralskoye nalivnoye have lost relatively little water (8.4-10.9%) (Table 1). Table 1: Grouping of the original forms of apple trees by the water holding capacity of leaves during dehydration simulation 8.1-11.5 Syurpriz Altaya Uralskoye nalivnoye M .virginiana M. niedzwetzkyana 13279 M. orientalis 41623 7-I-4 7-I-104 7-I-13 7-I-43 7-I-42

Water loss in dehydration simulation, % 11.6-14.0 14.1-16.5 Altayskoye Altayskoye bagryanoye purpurnoye Alye parusa Altayskoye M. cerasifera naryadnoye M. sachalinensis Charah M. sylvestris 41639 Jay Darling M. zumi M. sargentii 2428 M. baccata M. prunifolia 2454 7-I-83 M. florentina 7-I-22 7-I-14 7-I-27 7-I-108 7-I-9

Over 16.5 Antonovka (control) Krasnaya grozd M. floribunda M. orientalis 29484 M. spectabilis 2415 M. purpurea pendula M. sieversii 13975 M. caspiriensis 14943 7-I-33 7-I-36 7-I-32 7-I-110 7-I-61 7-I-24

M. prunifolia 2454, M. sargentii 2428, decorative forms 7-I-14, 7-I-108, 7-I-9, varieties Charah, Jay Darling (M. niedzwetzkyana x M. baccata), Altayskoye naryadnoye were characterized with somewhat less water-holding capacity (water loss 12.0-13.3%). Leaves of hybrid seedlings 7-I-83, *Corresponding author (A.N. Yushkov) Email: cglm@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.201

7-I-22, 7-I-27; M. cerasifera, M. sachalinensis 25950, M. sylvestris 41639, M. zumi, M. baccata, varieties Alye parusa, Altayskoye bagryanoye lost from 14.1 to 17.4% of water. More significant water loss (18.1-25.6%), at the level of Antonovka control cultivation variant, was registered for varieties and forms 7-I-32, 7-I-33, 7-I-36, M. spectabilis 2415, M. floribunda, M. orientalis 29484, M. purpurea pendula. After water content recovery, a significant part of the studied genotypes completely restored all water amount lost during weathering (Table 2). Table 2: Grouping of the original forms of apple trees according to the degree of leaf water content recovery during dehydration simulation Under 30 M. sieversii 13975 M. caspiriensis 14943

Degree of leaf water content recovery, % 31-60 61-90 Krasnaya grozd Antonovka (control) M. floribunda Charah 7-I-36 M. orientalis 41623 M. sargentii 2428 M. cerasifera M. spectabilis 2415 7-I-110

Over 90 Altayskoye purpurnoye Altayskoye naryadnoye Alye parusa Altayskoye bagryanoye Jay Darling Syurpriz Altaya Uralskoye nalivnoye M. purpurea pendula M virginiana M. niedzwetzkyana13279 M. prunifolia 2454 M. florentina M. sachalinensis 25950 M. sylvestris 41639 M. zumi M. orientalis 29484 M. baccata 7-I- 42 7-I--27 7-I-32 7-I-14 7-I-108 7-I-33 7-I-4 7-I-104 7-I-13 7-I-43 7-I-9 7-I-83 7-I-22 7-I-61 7-I-24

More than 90% of lost water was restored by the varieties of Ural group: Altayskoye purpurnoye, Altayskoye naryadnoye, Alye parusa, Altayskoye bagryanoye, Surpriz Altaya, Uralskoye nalivnoye, many species and varieties of wild apple trees, among them: M. purpurea pendula, M. virginiana and M. niedzwetzkyana 13279. Charah variety, M. purpurea pendula, M. spectabilis 2415, M. sargentii 2428, and M. cerasifera were characterized by recovery ability from 61 to 90%. The lower limit of this parameter (recovery of less than 65.4% of water lost by evaporation) was registered for Antonovka variety (control), 7-I-36 form, M. floribunda, M. sachalinensis 25950. Genotypes of ornamental apple trees developed during selection that involved Yakutskaya 1, for the most part, showed a high degree of water content recovery (over 90%) what indicates their high ecological flexibility. Simulation of heat shock led to a more significant loss (11.4-37.7%; 22.4% on average for

A.N. Yushkov, N.N. Saveleva, N.V. Borzykh, A.S. Zemisov, V.V. Chivilev, A.V. Vislobokov

studied varieties) of water by the leaves of the studied varieties and forms. Minimum value of this parameter (11.4%) was observed for 7-I-4 form. High water holding capacity (water loss 13.2-20.4%) was typical for Uralskoye nalivnoye, Altayskoye naryadnoye and Charah varieties, 7-I-104, 7-I-43, 7-I-42, 7-I -13, 7-I-22, 7-I-14, 7-I-108, 7-I-83, 7-I-32 and 7-I-9 selected seedlings. More water (20.8-25.7%) was lost by the leaves of Jay Darling, Alye parusa, Surpriz Altaya, Altayskoye bagryanoye varieties, M. sargentii 2428, M. cerasifera, M. prunifolia 2454, M. virginiana and M sachalinensis 25950 species and types, 7-I-33, 7-I-27 seedlings. Antonovka control variety, M. orientalis 29484, M. purpurea pendula, M. zumi, M. spectabilis 2415, M. niedzwetzkyana 13279, M. sylvestris 41639, M. floribunda, 7-I-36 form were included in the group with lower water holding capacity and water loss of more than 26.0%. Taking into account the ability to restore water lost after heat shock, most of the studied genotypes were included in the group with 100% recovery ability. Altayskoye bagryanoye, Jay Darling, M. purpurea pendula, M. prunifolia 2454, M. zumi, M. cerasifera forms had slightly lower value of this parameter (80.0-92.5%). Charah, Surpriz Altaya, Antonovka (control) varieties, M. virginiana, M. baccata, M. floribunda, M. sylvestris 41639, M. niedzwetzkyana 13279, M. sargentii, M. sachalinensis 25950 species, and selected form 7-I-36 were less able to restore leaf turgor.

Figure 1: Selected form 7-I-13.

Figure 2: Selected form 7-I-14.

The information on water regime parameters was obtained for each studied from water holding capacity of leaves during drought simulation, degree of water content recovery during drought simulation, water holding capacity of leaves during heat shock simulation, degree of water content recovery after heat shock. Differentiation of original varieties taking into account all studied parameters is difficult since the distribution according to the degree of stability was different in each variation series. According to previously obtained data, the values of these parameters correlate with the overall drought tolerance of genotypes (Yushkov, 2019). In this regard, a ranking technique was used for summarizing all parameters â€“ serial number of the object being in each ordered series. The first rank in each variation series was assigned to an object with a preferred degree of quality, i.e. the minimal percentage of water loss, the maximal water content in tissues, and degree of water content *Corresponding author (A.N. Yushkov) Email: cglm@rambler.ru ÂŠ2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.201

recovery. The sum of the ranks was calculated for each object and they were finally ranked on this basis in decreasing order of drought tolerance (Table 3). Table 3: Ranking of the original forms of apple trees by the parameters of the water regime Variety, form

Water loss after drying, rank

Degree of leaf water content recovery after drying, rank

Water loss after heat shock, rank

7-13 7-4 7-104 7-43 7-14 7- 42 7-22 Uralskoye nalivnoye 7-108 Altayskoye naryadnoye 7-9 7-83 M .virginiana Jay Darling 7-32 7-33 M. prunifolia 2454 Alye parusa 7-27 M. niedzwetzkyana 13279 Syurpriz Altaya Charah Altayskoye bagryanoye M. cerasifera M. orientalis 29484 M. sargentii 2428 M. spectabilis 2415 M. zumi M. sachalinensis 25950 M. sylvestris 41639 Antonovka (control) M. purpurea pendula M. baccata 7- 36 M. floribunda Siebold.

1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4

1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 2 4 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4

Degree of leaf water content recovery after heat shock, rank 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 4 4 3 3 3 1 4 1 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4

Overall drought tolerance, rank 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 16

For each data series, genotypes were ranked according to the degree of analyzed trait and were divided into four groups. Summarizing of ranks made it possible to arrange original forms in accordance with their assumed stability taking into account the complex of studied water regimen parameters of leaves. This method made it possible to arrange original forms in accordance with their expected drought tolerance. Minimal overall stability rank was registered for 7-13, 7-4, 7-104, 7-43, 7-14, 7-42, 7-22, and 7-108 forms and Altayskoye naryadnoye and Uralskoye nalivnoye varieties that are expected to have maximal drought tolerance among the studied genotypes. 4.

CONCLUSION Studying the influence of water regime made it possible to register a different reaction of

A.N. Yushkov, N.N. Saveleva, N.V. Borzykh, A.S. Zemisov, V.V. Chivilev, A.V. Vislobokov

genotypes to the conditions of drought and heat shock what is of crucial importance for selection and gives new knowledge in the field of using decorative apple trees for urban landscaping. Laboratory data are consistent with field studies. Thus, based on data obtained, Uralskoye nalivnoye variety and 7-I-13, 7-I-4, 7-I-104, 7-I-43, 7-I-14, 7-I-42, 7-I-22, and 7-I-108 selected seedlings were included in the group of the most drought-tolerant plants. Small-fruited varieties Altayskoye naryadnoye, Alye parusa, Jay Darling, M. virginiana, M. sargentii 2428 and 7-I-9, 7-I-83 seedlings had little lower sustainability.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

Information about this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES

Budagovsky, A.V., Dubrovsky, M.L., Pimkin, M.Yu., Budagovskaya, O.N., Milyaev, A.I. (2011). A new methodological approach to assessing the heat resistance of fruit plants. Agricultural and ecological aspects of the sustainable development of AIC: proceedings of the VΙΙI International Research Conference, Bryansk, P. 317-319. Dan, C., Sestras, A.F., Bozdog, C., Sestras, R.E. (2015). Investigation of wild species potential to increase genetic diversity useful for apple breeding. Genetika, 47(3), 993-1011. DOI: 10.2298/GENSR1503993D Dong, T., Liu, J., Shang, J., Qian, B., Huffman, T., Zhang, Y., Champagne, C., Daneshfar, B. (2016). Assessing the impact of climate variability on cropland productivity in the Canadian prairies using time series MODIS FAPAR. Remote Sensing. 8(4), 281-293. Gosling, S.N., Arnell, N.W. (2016). A global assessment of the impact of climate change on water scarcity. Climatic Change, 134, 371-385. Kozlovskaya, Z. (2015). Decorative apple trees. Science and Innovation, 5, 59-63. Komar-Tyomnaya, L.D. (2015). Range of ornamental pome fruit plants in European nurseries. Collection of research papers of Nikitsky State Botanical Garden, 140, 186-194. Kornilov, B.B., Dolmatov, E.A., Khrykina, T.A. (2019). Aesthetic characteristics of several decorative varieties of apple trees from the gene pool of Federal State Budgetary Research Institution “All-Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Selection” and a model of ideal variety of this culture for Central Russia. Contemporary horticulture, 4, 45-56. DOI: 10.24411/2312-6701-2019-10405 Kornilov B.B., Ozherelyeva Z.E. (2017). Winter hardiness and drought tolerance of several forms of decorative apple trees of the gene pool of Federal State Budgetary Research Institution “All-Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crop Selection”. Contemporary horticulture, No. 4, P. 49–56. DOI: 10.24411/2218-5275-2017-00032. Kushnirenko, M.D., Goncharova, E.A., Kurchatova, G.P., Kryukova, E.V. (1976). Methods for comparative defining of drought tolerance of fruit plants. Methods for assessing the resistance of plants to adverse environmental conditions, L.: Kolos, P. 87 – 101. Leonchenko, V.G., Evseeva, R.P., Zhbanova, E.V., Cherenkova, T.A. (2007). Preliminary selection of high-potential genotypes of fruit plants for ecological sustainability and biochemical value of fruits. Michurinsk, 72 p. Makarenko, S.A., Kotov, L.A. (2018). Decorative apple tree in the Urals and Siberia. Works on Applied Botany, Genetics and Selection, 179 (4), P. 17-27. DOI: 10.30901/2227-8834-2018-4-17-27 Nigmatyanova, S.E., Mursalimova, G.R., Merezhko, O.E. (2016). Assessment of the potential of introduction of MALUS MILL in Orenburg. Fruit and berry growing in Russia, 46, 284–288. *Corresponding author (A.N. Yushkov) Email: cglm@rambler.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10R http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10R.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.201

Savelyev, N.I. (1998). Genetic principles of apple tree selection. Michurinsk. 304 p. Yushkov, A.N. (2019). Selection of fruit plants for resistance for abiotic stressors. Michurinsk as Science City of the Russian Federation. Voronezh: Kvarta. 332 p. Van Laere, K., Hokanson, S.C., Contreras, R., Van Huylenbroeck, J. (2018). Woody Ornamentals of the Temperate Zone. Ornamental Crops Book Series: Handbook of Plant Breeding, 11, 803-887. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90698-0 Dr.Andrey N. Yushkov is Head of Genetic Selection Center of Michurin Federal Research Center. He holds a Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. His research is in the field of Physiology and Selection of Fruit Plants.

Dr.Nataliya N. Saveleva is a Senior Research Scientist at Genetic Selection Center of Michurin Federal Research Center. She earned her doctorate in Biological Sciences. Her research interests are related to the Variety and Selection of Fruit Crops.

Nadezhda V. Borzykh is a Senior Research Scientist, Genetic Selection Center of Michurin Federal Research Center. She is a Candidate of Biological Sciences. Her research includes the Physiology of Fruit Plants.

Alexander S. Zemisov is Head of the Laboratory of Special Genetics and Selection, Michurin Federal Research Center. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. He is interested in the field of Selection of Fruit Crops.

Vladislav V. Chivilev is Head of the Gene Pool Laboratory of Michurin Federal Research Center. He is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. His research pertains to Gene Pool and Selection of Fruit Plants.

Alexander V. Vislobokov is a post-graduate student at Michurin Federal Research Center.

A.N. Yushkov, N.N. Saveleva, N.V. Borzykh, A.S. Zemisov, V.V. Chivilev, A.V. Vislobokov

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10S

ANALYSES OF TRAITS RELATED TO HIP AND ELBOW DYSPLASIA IN GERMAN SHEPHERD DOGS 1

O.A. Timofeeva , M. Yu. Gladkikh 1 2

, O.V. Kuznetsova

Department of Animal Science, Smolensk State Agricultural Academy, Smolensk, RUSSIA. Department of Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology of Animals, Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University, Moscow, RUSSIA

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 16 March 2020 Accepted 10 April 2020 Available online 01 May 2020

The group of German shepherd dogs which are representatives of populations from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia was analyzed. Traits of hip and elbow dysplasia were estimated at the veterinary center certified by SV (Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SV) e.V.). It is shown that the ratio of dogs with varying degrees of Keywords: degenerative changes in the elbow and hip was changed from 2011 to 2018, Animal breeding; taking into account the gender of the dogs, color, and type of coat and German Shepherd Selection; Canine hip; inbreeding coefficient. Significant correlations were found between the level of elbow and hip dysplasia in the parents and the appearance of Hip dysplasia (HD); Elbow dysplasia (ED); pathological changes in the elbow and hip of their offspring. It was also Correlation of elbow discovered that increasing the average mean of the inbreeding coefficient and hip dysplasia; for the whole breed or part of the breed can cause an increase in the German shepherds proportion of dogs with signs of joint dysplasia. Significance of differences characteristics. between intercluster averages for 12 main characteristics for two groups of German shepherds has been obtained: the first group consists of dogs from Russia, Latvia, and Belarus, and the second one is formed by dogs from Lithuania, Ukraine, and Estonia. Disciplinary: Animal Science (Animal Breeding), Veterinary Science. ©2020 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION It is becoming more and more important to reduce the frequency of joint dysplasia in the populations of dogs of utility breeds that perform serious functions in the relevant sectors of the state services because this pathology has a significant impact on their working abilities. German shepherd id one of the utility breeds, which is widely used for different services all over the world. That is why the improvement of the health of representatives of this breed is one of the priority tasks of dog breeding. In this context, the research aimed at determining the type of inheritance of joint dysplasia in a German shepherd dog breed and the development of methods to reduce the incidence of this anomaly are highly relevant. Monitoring the frequency of the incidence *Corresponding author (M.Yu.Gladkikh) Email: marianna1001@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.202

of anomalies, identification of the carriers, and determining selection strategies are the basis for successful breedings of dogs of this breed (Christensen and Lund, 2010). However, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to understand the structure of diversity and the correlation of characters that are used to determine the degree of dysplasia of the hip and elbow, since the incorrect selection of signs can affect the efficiency of breeding work with the certain breed (Baers, et al, 2019). At present, a lot of research related to finding methods for predicting hip dysplasia in dogs during their selection is conducted for the Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd dogs (Beuing, et al, 2000; Malm, et al, 2008; Hou, et al, 2010; Kirberger, 2017). Most of these studies are based on characterizing the proportion of animals with varying degrees of joint dysplasia in dog populations of different breeds and identifying the genes that can control this disease (Maki, et al, 2002; Bartolomé, et al, 2015). The number of studies related to the use of correlation indicators between the degree of dysplasia in animals of different generations, different joints, the inbreeding coefficient to change the breeding strategy with the breed is very limited (Lewis, et al, 2011; Wilson, et al, 2013; Oberbauer, et al, 2017). The purpose of this study was to establish correlations between different signs characterizing the manifestation of the elbow and hip dysplasia, with several other characteristics in German shepherd dogs.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The material used for the study was the data on 736 German shepherd dogs examined at the Jakov Veterinary Center in Lithuania from 2011 to 2018. The following features were included in the analysis for each of the dogs examined: date of birth; age of examination; country of origin of the dog; the degree of hip dysplasia (HD) according to SV (Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SV) e.V.) classification, assigned to a dog based on x-ray analysis and Norberg angle values for left and right hips separately (HD-L and HD-R); the degree of elbow dysplasia (ED), including its individual characteristics: ununited anconeal process (UAP), medial compartment disease (MCD), radiographic degree of osteoarthritis (OA) and incongruity (INC) of left and right joints (Hazewinkel, 2007). HD и ED degrees have been evaluated by both the animal and its parents (HD-F and ED-F – for father, HD-M, and ED-M – for mother). The inbreeding coefficient, color, and type of coat were determined for each dog. To assess the normality of the distribution of continuously varying signs (Norberg angle value and inbreeding coefficient), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion was used (d-statistics), Lilliefors correction factor, and Shapiro-Wilk test (w-statistics). Since the distribution of these signs does not correspond to normal (Table 1), in the future to analyze these signs, non-parametric statistical methods were applied. The median was taken as a measure of the average level of dysplasia according to the SV classification (Me), and a measure of the variation in the sign values is 25% and 75% percentiles (1 and 3 quartiles), characterizing the lower and upper quarters of the distribution, and also non-parametric methods of statistical data analysis were applied. To assess the statistical correlation between the analyzed characteristics, taking into account the nature of the data distribution and the fact that the samples contained many coincident values, a nonparametric correlation analysis was applied using the Gamma criterion (Gamma statistics). To identify similarities and differences in the degree of dysplasia of manifestation German

O.A. Timofeeva, M. Yu. Gladkikh, O.V. Kuznetsova

shepherd dogs from these countries, Ward's method of cluster analysis was carried out. To implement this, medians (Me) of 12 signs were used (Norberg angle values for left and right hips, UAP, MCD, OCD, INC, and OA for left and right elbows). Statistical analysis of data was carried out using a software package STATISTICA (StatSoft, Inc. (2011), STATISTICA10. www.statsoft.com). For statistical procedures used in the study, a significance level is established р=0.05.

3. RESULTS The dynamics of individual signs values in a population over years can illustrate or indicate the presence or absence of certain processes in which breeding traits are involved. Therefore, the first step in our study was to characterize the distribution of males and females with varying degrees of the elbow and hip dysplasia over the years (Figure 1). It was found that in 2016 the number of German shepherd dogs, whose hips were evaluated, had doubled compared with 2011. Over the past three years (2016-2018), this number has practically not increased and remained at the same level. Probably, this is the result of the fact that the maximum number of dogs that this clinic can examine, together with the number of owners who can visit this clinic due to its geographical location and material capacities, has been reached. It seems that such a significant increase in the number of dogs passed the HD and ED tests by 2016 is as being due to the increasing, first of all, requirements of national clubs and the umbrella organization (SV) for the admission of German Shepherd dogs to breeding usage: for example, the introduction of mandatory diagnostics of not only the hips but also the elbows could be one of the driving factors.

Figure 1: Distribution of German shepherd dogs, passed the HD and ED tests, by years. The requirement of the Association of German Shepherd Dog Owners in Germany also played a role: it became necessary for foreign dogs, whom it is planned to participate in German national events for, to have a conclusion on radiographic studies conducted by specialists accredited by the SV. Clinic «Jakov veterinary center» is one of the few clinics which are situated closer to borders of Russia and in which dog owners from Russia and neighboring countries can receive such documents. We also underline that in all years, and the last three years especially, the number of females who have been examined is significantly higher than males. It was also found that the relative growth rate of the number of examined females was considerably higher compared to males (48.5% versus 32.6%). The reason for this lies possibly in the fact that breeders are trying to use for breeding *Corresponding author (M.Yu.Gladkikh) Email: marianna1001@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.202

purposes all dams, whose ratings on the exterior, working qualities, and health allow this to be done. So, as a result, if at least one litter is received from each female for the entire period of her life, then not every male is used as a sire throughout his life. Figure 2 presents data on changes in the proportion of animals with varying degrees of hip dysplasia for the entire study period. HD score

Females, 2018 E, 0 Males, 2018 E, 0 Females, 2018 D, 0 Males, 2018 D, 0 Females, 2018 C, 8 Males, 2018 C, 4 Females, 2018 B, 9 Males, 2018 B, 2

Females, 2018 A, 83 Males, 2018 A, 94

Females, 2017 E, 1 Males, 2017 E, 0 Females, 2017 D, 3 Males, 2017 D, 5 Females, 2017 C, 6 Males, 2017 C, 7 Females, 2017 B, 15 Males, 2017 B, 5

Females, 2017 A, 75 Males, 2017 A, 83

Females, 2016 E, 0 Males, 2016 E, 0 Females, 2016 D, 3 Males, 2016 D, 4 Females, 2016 C, 9 Males, 2016 C, 15 Females, 2016 B, 17 Males, 2016 B, 10

Females, 2016 A, 71 Males, 2016 A, 71

Females, 2015 E, 5 Males, 2015 E, 0 Females, 2015 D, 9 Males, 2015 D, 4 Females, 2015 C, 9 Males, 2015 C, 8 Females, 2015 B, 15 Males, 2015 B, 8 Females, 2014 E, 0 Males, 2014 E, 0 Females, 2014 D, 5 Males, 2014 D, 5 Females, 2014 C, 21 Males, 2014 C, 5 Females, 2014 B, 10 Males, 2014 B, 5 Females, 2013 E, 2 Males, 2013 E, 0 Females, 2013 D, 7 Males, 2013 D, 0 Females, 2013 C, 9 Males, 2013 C, 7 Females, 2013 B, 14 Males, 2013 B, 7

Females, 2014 A, 62 Males, 2014 A, 85

Females, 2013 A, 68 Males, 2013 A, 86

Females, 2012 E, 2 Males, 2012 E, 0 Females, 2012 D, 5 Males, 2012 D, 4 Females, 2012 C, 5 Males, 2012 C, 8 Females, 2012 B, 8 Males, 2012 B, 12

Females, 2012 A, 80 Males, 2012 A, 76

Females, 2011 E, 0 Males, 2011 E, 0 Females, 2011 D, 2 Males, 2011 D, 0 Females, 2011 C, 4 Males, 2011 C, 3 Females, 2011 B, 12 Males, 2011 B, 17

Females

Females, 2015 A, 62 Males, 2015 A, 80

Females, 2011 A, 82 Males, 2011 A, 80

Males

Procentage of dogs

Figure 2: Distribution of German shepherds with different levels of HD by years. It is noteworthy that among males in all years, no animals were found with an extreme degree of

O.A. Timofeeva, M. Yu. Gladkikh, O.V. Kuznetsova

destructive changes in the hip joints (E). This means, possibly, that the owners do not carry out a radiographic diagnosis of the dog when obvious symptoms of dysplasia are observed since such individuals will not be allowed to be used as a sire. The proportion of males with changes corresponding to degree D was in the range of 4-5%, and in some years (2011, 2013, 2018) it was zero. As for the distribution of males with the allowed degree of hip dysplasia (A, B and C), since 2016, there has been a clear change in the ratio between the proportion of animals without the pathological structure of the joints (grade A) and the proportions of animals with different but slight, degree of change (B). The proportion of males with grade A increased from 80% in 2011 to 94% by 2018, the proportion of males with grade B fell to 2% from 17%, respectively. The proportion of males with a C degree of dysplasia was subjected to the greatest fluctuations: 3% in 2011, then an increase to 15% in 2016, and a subsequent decrease to 4% in 2018. Most likely, the reason for such fluctuations lies in the fact that in some years, the breeders and the Association of Owners of the German Shepherd Dogs were more loyal to the possibility of using dogs with border, but an acceptable degree of dysplasia (C). Further, the requirements for the quality of the hips, and, consequently, the selection on this trait, again became more stringent, which led to a decrease in the proportion of dogs with this degree of hip dysplasia. It should be noted that with a general similar tendency to change the ratios of dogs with different degrees of dysplasia by years, the proportion of dogs with the normal joint structure in 2013-2015 and in 2017-2018 significantly higher ( ϕ method) than the proportion of females. This is additional evidence that the intensity of males’ selection for this trait is higher. This conclusion also confirms by the presence of a small, but constant in all years, the percentage of females with a D degree, and even E degree of dysplasia. This leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to approach the selection of sires and dams with equal requirements to reduce the proportion of dogs with a high degree of hip dysplasia in the next generation, regardless of the involvement in the breeding process and the intensity of use of dogs of different sexes. As a result of cluster analysis, all studied German shepherds were clearly divided into two clusters. Both groups are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Cluster analyses dendrogram. The first cluster included dogs from the following countries: Belarus, Latvia, and Russia, the second one - from Estonia, Lithuania, Ukraine. One-way analysis of variance using the McKean *Corresponding author (M.Yu.Gladkikh) Email: marianna1001@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.202

k-means algorithm showed significant differences in intercluster averages (p <0.01). Such a division into clusters can be attributed, at least, to two factors. As the first factor, we assume differences in approaches to the admission for German shepherds to the breeding use in these countries. Many breeders point out that in Estonia, Ukraine, and Lithuania, much earlier than in neighboring countries, they began to tighten the requirements for the condition of elbows and hips in German shepherds. As the second factor, we can consider the relative proximity of geo-cultural ties between individual countries in recent decades, which may affect the level of subdivision of the German shepherd population and the direction of gene flow in it. For a more correct and accurate interpretation of the result, it is necessary to perform further analyses of the data, but collected in a larger volume and more detailed. Before calculating the correlations between the traits we estimated compliance with the normal distribution for each trait studied. Previously, we excluded those signs whose distribution a priori could not correspond to the normal one. Like the rest, only inbreeding coefficient, HD R and HD L were considered (Table 1). Since the distribution of that signs (like all other signs) does not correspond to the normal one, we used nonparametric statistical methods for their analysis, in particular, gamma correlation. Table 2 shows the only reliable values of the correlation coefficients. Table 1: Normality tests for HD R, HD L and inbreeding coefficient. Test Traits HD R HD L Inbreeding coefficient

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic Sig. 0.495 <0.01 0.495 <0.01 0.297 <0.01

Lilliefors <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Shapiro-Wilk Statistic Sig. 0.491 0.00001 0.491 0.00001 0.579 0.00001

Table 2: Gamma correlation between various traits Traits HD – Sex HD – Coat type HD – HD-F HD – HD-M HD – ED-F HD – ED-M ED – Sex ED – Coat colour ED – HD-M Inbreeding coeff. – HD-F Inbreeding coeff. – HD-M HDL – Coat type UAP_R – HD-F UAP_R – ED-F MCD_R – Sex MCD_R – ED-M MCD_L – Sex MCD_L – HD-F MCD_L – ED-F MCD_L – ED-M OA_L – Sex OA_L – HD-F

N 736 736 736 736 736 736 736 736 736 541 541 141 735 735 736 736 736 736 736 736 736 736

Gamma 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.21 0.23 0.22 -0.14 0.14 0.12 0.17 0.09 0.29 -0.70 -0.71 -0.46 -0.61 -0.37 -0.70 -0.71 -0.74 -0.51 -0.70

A negative, but middle in strength, the correlation was found between the total degree of hip and elbow dysplasia of the dog’s parents and almost all indicators characterizing changes in its elbows of the dog itself (from -0.67 to -0.74), except for incongruence value. It means that if destructive

O.A. Timofeeva, M. Yu. Gladkikh, O.V. Kuznetsova

changes in the hips and elbows are found in the parents of the dog, then it can be assumed that their offspring may have some deviations in the elbow structure. Interestingly, a weak positive relationship between the inbreeding coefficient and the degree of the elbow and hip dysplasia was found (17 and 9%, respectively). We can assume that an increase in the average value of the inbreeding coefficient in a population will entail an increase in the probability to produce animals with destructive changes in the joints. Therefore, one of the measures to reduce the manifestation of elbow and hip dysplasia should be considered centralized monitoring of the frequency and degree of inbreeding mating in the controlled part of the population. Special attention should be paid to the fact that the average negative and weak positive correlations of some dysplasia indicators with the sex of dogs were found. However, the data calculated require additional theoretical conceptualization and analysis to understand what is the reason (physiological, organizational, genetic, or other) for such statistical linkages creation.

4. CONCLUSION The research studies German shepherd dogs populations obtained from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia. After analyzing traits of hip and elbow dysplasia, it found that the ratio of dogs with varying degrees of degenerative changes in the elbow and hip was changed from 2011 to 2018, taking into account the gender of the dogs, color, and type of coat and inbreeding coefficient. Significant correlations were found between the level of elbow and hip dysplasia in the parents and the appearance of pathological changes in the elbow and hip of their offspring. It was also discovered that increasing the average mean of the inbreeding coefficient for the whole breed or part of the breed can cause an increase in the proportion of dogs with signs of joint dysplasia. Significance of differences between intercluster averages for 12 main characteristics for two groups of German shepherds has been obtained: the first group consists of dogs from Russia, Latvia, and Belarus, and the second one is formed by dogs from Lithuania, Ukraine, and Estonia. The understanding and assertion that conducting a mandatory assessment of the degree of the elbow and hip dysplasia simultaneously using the results obtained for parents of dogs will increase the accuracy of the breeding value evaluation of individual dogs and, therefore, the effectiveness of breeding scheme with the breed as a whole. To reduce progressively the proportion of animals with joint dysplasia, it is also necessary to compile selection index for ranking dogs according to their breeding value, using the calculated correlation coefficients between the signs of hip and elbow dysplasia and in different generations.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL Information about this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES Baers, G., Keller, GG., Famula, TR., Oberbauer, AM. (2019). Heritability of Unilateral Elbow Dysplasia in the Dog: A Retrospective Study of Sire and Dam Influence. Front Vet Sci. 6:422. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00422. Bartolomé N, Segarra S, Artieda M, et al. (2015). A genetic predictive model for canine hip dysplasia: integration of Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) and candidate gene approaches. PLoS One. 10(4):e0122558. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122558. Beuing, R., Mues, C., Tellhelm, B., Erhardt, G. (2000). Prevalence and inheritance of canine elbow dysplasia in German Rottweiler. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 117, 375–383. *Corresponding author (M.Yu.Gladkikh) Email: marianna1001@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10S http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10S.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.202

Christensen O.F., Lund M.S. (2010). Genomic prediction when some animals are not genotyped. Genetics, Selection, Evolution : GSE. 42(1):2. DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-42-2. Hou, Y., Wang, Y., Lust, G., Zhu, L., Zhang, Z., Todhunter, R.J. (2010). Retrospective analysis for genetic improvement of hip joints of cohort Labrador retrievers in the United States: 1970–2007. PLoS One 5, e9410. Kirberger R.M. (2017). Phenotypic hip and elbow dysplasia trends in Rottweilers and Labrador retrievers in South Africa (2007-2015): Are we making progress?. J S Afr Vet Assoc. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1534. Klumpp, S., et al. (2013). Computed tomography morphology and anatomy of the elbow joint of specific dog breeds focussing on the medial coronoid process in ED 0 scored dogs. Kleintierpraxis. 58. 57-64. DOI: 10.2377/0023-2076-58-57. Lewis T.W., Ilska J.J., Blott S.C., Woolliams J.A. (2011). Genetic evaluation of elbow scores and the relationship with hip scores in UK Labrador retrievers. The Veterinary Journal, 189, 227-233. Maki, K., Groen, A.F., Liinamo, A.E., Ojala, M. (2002). Genetic variances, trends and mode of inheritance for hip and elbow dysplasia in Finnish dog populations. Animal Science 75, 197–207. Malm, S., Fikse, W.F., Danell, B., Strandberg, E. (2008). Genetic variation and genetic trends in hip and elbow dysplasia in Swedish Rottweiler and Bernese mountain dog. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 125, 403-412. Oberbauer A.M., Keller G.G., Famula, T.R. (2017). Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds. PLoS One. 12(2): e0172918. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172918. Wilson BJ, et al. (2013). Genetic Correlations among Canine Hip Dysplasia Radiographic Traits in a Cohort of Australian German Shepherd Dogs, and Implications for the Design of a More Effective Genetic Control Program. PLoS ONE 8(11). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078929 Timofeeva O. A. is at Department of Animal Science, Smolensk State Agricultural Academy, Smolensk, Russia. Her scientific interest includes Dog Feeding, Selection Technologies in Dog Breeding.

Gladkikh M. Yu. is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her scientific interests are Analyses of Selection Process in different branches of Animal Husbandry, Genetics of Animal Coat Colour, Genetics of Animal Behavior.

Kuznetsova O. V. is a Candidate of Biology. Her Scientific interests are Animal Genetics, Population Genetics.

O.A. Timofeeva, M. Yu. Gladkikh, O.V. Kuznetsova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10T

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMB FLEXION ANGLES OF ROADSTER BREEDS IN SHOW RING AND SHOW JUMPING E.M. Bachurina 1

, V.I. Polkovnikova

Department of Livestock, Perm State Agro-Technological University, Perm, Russia, RUSSIA.

ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 30 March 2020 Accepted 22 April 2020 Available online 04 May 2020

The image of a horse’s movements, its level of endurance, suitability for various types of equestrian sports greatly depend on the quality of its limbs. Horse’s movement includes persistent action of limb joints, where the joint is the fulcrum, the force is the muscle movement, and the mass is the part of the horse’s body that needs to be set in motion. Movement of a horse is a mechanism including force that lifts the body up and pushes it forward. The influence of forces on the horse’s body promotes the movement of the body up and down along an undulating bend. The bend of this movement line gets smaller when a horse walks since the horse almost does not take off the ground. An increase in line bend is presented in trot, gallop, and especially in high jumps, where the horse takes off the ground with all its legs after the hit. Musculature plays a significant role in the upper limbs of the horse, it is also responsible for the body movement and has strong muscles, bones interconnected by angles.

Keywords: Extended walk; Extended trot; Galloping; Horse’s jumping competitions Jump; Angles of limb; Limbs of the horse; Performance capacity; Index of success; Hannoverian horse.

1. INTRODUCTION

Forelimb angles are less but hind limb ones are more opened. The opening of these angles entails lengthening of limbs, therefore, contributing to wide and elastic movements of the horse (Steiner, 2006). Hind limbs of horses include long bones and form acute angles (Dalbiac, 2003). They, therefore, provide bones with a larger spread and greater strengthening of the horse’s movement (Golovacheva, 2005). Strong tendon-ligamentous apparatus plays an important role in the lower part of the horse’s limbs as this part consists of bones of smaller volume, length and has few muscles. Thus, the angles in the lower part of the horse’s limbs set at an open angle form a greater resistance force (Gorbovskaya, 2009, Hagen, 2004). The structure of the horse’s body includes the strong development of limb muscles and their connection with the trunk (Raynor, 2006). When the horse moves, the extensor muscles work actively *Corresponding author (E.M. Bachurina) Email: cat.zor2014@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.203

compared to the flexor muscles (Gorelov, 1955). Extensor muscles play a significant role in the movement of horses, provide an impulse to the whole body, and support it with tendons and joints while standing (Paalman, 1999). Flexor muscles perform flexion of limbs free of weight (Kenneth, 2007). The development of muscles and bones of hind limbs precedes the forelimbs since the main load falls on hind limbs during the movement (Klimke, 2015; Myers, 2005). Extension of the upper gallop show jumping, in particular knee, sacroiliac, shoulder, and elbow joints, plays an important role when the horse moves forward and up. Extension of the lower angles, in particular hock, fetlock joints, occurs simultaneously with the extension of the upper angles of limbs (Wanless, 2017; Pavia, 2007). Strong muscle tension is necessary for flexion and extension of acute angles formed by the bones, the longer these bones, the longer the horse’s stride or jump (Allen, 2003). This structure of limb levers is usual for fast gait horses. In classical equestrian sports, in particular show jumping and the show ring, the values of flexion angles of fore and hind limbs have great importance (Lonnell, 2017). Efficiency and performance of using horses in sports depend on their opening; the data can be used as preliminary criteria for assessing the quality of horse movement and jumping (Shingalov, 2005; Shreiner, 2001). Thus, present research considering existing issues is relevant. This research aims to conduct a comparative assessment of limb flexion angles of roadster breeds in the show ring and show jumping. In this regard, the objectives are to determine flexion angles of horse’s limbs in trot, gallop, and jump in the flight phase, and to figure out an index of success of horses of various breeds in show jumping and show ring.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS OR RESEARCH

The research was carried out on the base of the equestrian center of the Perm Krai and the «Repriz» equestrian school on 70 roadster horses of the Trakehner, the Hannoverian breeds, and sports crossbreeds that were 3, 4, and 5 years old. In show ring and show jumping competitions, the assessment of various kinds of gait such as extended walk, extended trot, gallop, and horse’s jump was carried out. The horses took part in show jumping competitions of various levels: up to 100 cm, 110 cm, and 130 cm. In the flight phase, a fixed position of the horse that meets the requirements of the correct element was chosen. That position was short in time and easily visually fixed. Motor qualities were assessed when moving at an increased pace, trot, or gallop. The flexion phase of the limbs should be maximum, then the angles between the shoulder blade and shoulder, shoulder and shoulder, shoulder and heel, lower leg and metatarsus were calculated. Using the method proposed by B. Langlois and J. Froidevaux, points were applied to the joints of horses as orientations, similar to the rotation axes of various sections of the driving rays. As a result, biomechanical characteristics of movement at various gaits were revealed. The assessment of flexion angles of fore and hind limbs was carried out with a camera set on the distance of 20 meters and a height of 130 meters from the horse. Digital images of biomechanical values were processed by the Pic Pic Portable computer program. These are the angles between scapula and shoulder, shoulder and forearm, forearm and cannon, gaskin and cannon – in the show ring; the angles between scapula and shoulder, shoulder and

E.M. Bachurina, V.I. Polkovnikova

forearm, forearm and cannon, poll and withers, the angle of sacroiliac joint – in show jumping. The performance capacity of horses was identified according to the results of show jumping and show ring competitions. Index of success that describes a horse’s performance in both showjumping and show ring competitions was calculated. Index of success was defined by the formula: IS = 100 х (М-1)/(N-1)

(1),

where М – place the horse took in competition; N – the number of participants in percent. The obtained data were processed biometrically according to the methods of Student’s variation statistics using the Microsoft Office Excel program. Differential significance is determined when Р≥0.95, Р≥0.99, Р≥0.999.

3. RESEARCH RESULTS

In our studies in classic equestrian sports such as show ring and show jumping, different sports horse breeds were used. The Trakehner horses have good health, a calm temperament, light and free movement; perform a wide walk and trot as well as a powerful gallop. The Hannoverian breed has a wide walk, rhythmic trot as well as a springy gallop that significantly affects the results of competitions in the show ring and is appreciated in show jumping. The horses of sports crossbreeds are the following: the Anglo-Trakehner, the Arabian-Trakehner, the Hannover-Latvian. The Anglo-Trakehner crossbreed is distinguished by agility, strength, and endurance. The Arabian-Trakehner crossbreed has endurance and quick temper. Hannover-Latvian horses have dynamic movements and possess innate speed and jumping qualities (Table 1). Table 1: Distribution of horses according to the breed. Total number of horses Number %

The Trakehner 28 40.0

Breed The Hannoverian 21 30.0

Total sum Sport crossbreed 21 30.0

70 100

In the research, the horses were represented in a quantitative ratio: the Trakehner breed 40%, the Hannoverian breed 30% and the sports crossbreed 30%. Bones of horse's limbs are composed of shoulder levers that mean the joints are a rotation point of the lever. The muscles themselves during their contraction contribute to the horse’s movement. Moreover, greater development of extensor muscles is more important than flexor muscles. The values of limb flexion angles in the stand of rest depend on the horse's exterior characteristics. It is worth noting that the flexion angle of forelimbs is more obtuse compared to hind limbs since these bones are shorter. Forelimbs are located almost under the horse’s center of gravity and set wider than the hind legs. Therefore, this contributes to less fatigue of forelimbs muscles. The angles of hind limbs are preferably more acute since they perform a repulsion function; they are very firmly connected with the pelvis that fuses with the sacrum. Therefore, this provides bones of hind *Corresponding author (E.M. Bachurina) Email: cat.zor2014@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.203

limbs with a significant spread, maximum strength as the levers, which move the body forward, especially in fast gait. The shoulder joint consists of scapula and humerus. This joint has the highest mobility among the joints of forelimbs. The angle of the horse’s shoulder joint is 95-105° in the state of rest, the less the angle, the longer its bones. The less the angle of the shoulder joint, the bigger the spread of scapula and humerus, the more straightening and lengthening of the forelimb, the faster the movement, the less sensitive the strikes from the bottom. The shoulder joint of roadster horses has the least angle (according to Prof. W. Durst). The angle of the elbow joint on average is equal to 125-130°. The hock joint is the most important spring adapter of hind limb for the implementation of its pushing function. The angle of the hock joint increases the springiness of the hind limb; in horses of fast gait, the angle of the hock joint is obtuse, about 150°. It is noted in the data analyses of Table 2 that 4-5 years old horses of Hannoverian breed have fewer values of angles of the shoulder-scapular joint and hock joint in the extended walk. Due to the closed angles, the Hannoverian horses will have a wide and broad stride while the movement. Table 2: Angles of limb flexion in an extended walk, (X±Sx). Criteria

Scapula – shoulder Shoulder – forearm Forearm – cannon Gaskin – cannon

Breed The Trakehner The Hannoverian Age, years 3 4–5 3 4-5 90*±1,14 89*±1.00 89±0.58 84±0.48 79*±0.36 78*±1.06 87*±1.26 86*±0.87 103*±1.50 104±0.81 100±1.44 89*±0.31 120±2.91 118*±1.75 115*±2.17 108*±0.86 *- Р≥0.95; **- Р≥0.99; ***- Р≥0.999

Sports crossbreed 3 88±1.35 79±0.61 97*±0.23 120±4.15

4-5 85±0.71 83±2.13 100±2.10 113±1.89

Analyzing the obtained data, it should be noted that the angles between scapula and shoulder in 4-5 years old horses of Hannoverian breed are more closed in comparison with the Trakehner and horses of sports crossbreeds. The angle between gaskin and cannon is significantly less by 11 ° (P> 0.999) in comparison with a similar angle in 4-5 years old Trakehner horses. Consequently, the closure of these angles entails a wide and broad stride when the horse moves. Such gaits as extended walk, trot, and gallop are fast gaits. Consequently, the more closed the angles between scapula and shoulder, shoulder and forearm, forearm and cannon, the stronger will be the spread of scapula and humerus according to the research of Langlois B. and Froidevaux J. The load on the horse’s joints decreases at this time, the hind limbs also work quite productively (Table 3). Table 3: Angles of limb flexion in the extended trot, (X±Sx) Criteria

Scapula – shoulder Shoulder – forearm Forearm – cannon Gaskin – cannon

The Trakehner 3 93 *±0.45 65±0.61 94±0.88 126*±0.83

4–5 92*±0.67 65±0.40 91±0.59 122*±1.36

Breed The Hannoverian Age, years 3 4–5 91±1.13 87*±0.45 72*±1,21 69±0.90 96±0,53 94±0,96 116*±0.86 114*±0.86

*-Р≥0.95; **- Р≥0.99; ***- Р≥0.999

E.M. Bachurina, V.I. Polkovnikova

Sports Crossbreed 3 91*±0.83 71±1.30 90±2,09 119±2.62

4–5 89±1.03 69±1.23 89±1.44 119±2.21

The data of Table 3 show that the angle between scapula and humerus in extended trot in 4-5 years old Hannoverian horses are more closed and significantly lower by 4.7°(Р>0.999) in comparison with 4-5 years old Trakehner horses. The angle of gaskin and cannon in 3 and 4-5 years old Hannoverian horses are less by 8°-12° compared to the Trakehner, by 4.8-5.1º compared to the sports crossbreed. When the horse moves, more closed angles contribute to their opening at the maximum range providing precise, flowing and steady trot. Counter canter plays a significant role in a show ring. It improves not only the horse’s innate gallop but also develops directness, helps to achieve collection. A collection is a form of riding in a show ring where the horse must possess a high impulsion and be able to concentrate physical and mental exertion. It is possible to achieve collection by the high rising of the neck, increased flexion in the croup, the head bending in the poll, and arc-shaped rounding of the back. With reference to the research of Gorbovskaya (2009), the horse’s neck should be slightly raised and rounded without tension forming a smooth blend from the withers to the poll. When the croup flexes to the center of gravity, the horse’s back is rounded and the horse reaches full collection (Table 4). Table 4: Angles of limb flexion in gallop, °(X±Sx) Criteria

Scapula – shoulder Shoulder – forearm Forearm – cannon Gaskin – cannon

Breed The Hannoverian Age, years 4–5 3 4–5 96±0.65 90*±1.02 88±0.63 81*±1.28 83*±1.97 78 *±0,84 94*±0.90 104*±1.77 97*±2.26 111±1.25 107 ±3.46 102*±1.35 *Р≥0.95; **Р≥0.99; ***Р≥0.999

The Trakehner 3 102*±2.08 82*±2.55 95*±1.69 112±1.28

Sports crossbreed 3 95±0.36 86±0,92 93*±1.24 123±2,26

4–5 94±0.72 84*±0,64 92*±0.79 121*±1.30

The data of Table 4 show that the angle between scapula and shoulder in gallop of 3 years old Hannoverian horse is significantly higher (P> 0.999) in comparison with 3 years old Trakehner horses by 12 °. 3 years old Hannoverian horses are also significantly surpass 4-5 years old horses of sports crossbreed in the angle between gaskin and cannon – by 19° (P> 0.999). The horse's jump implies a strong flexion of the hind and forelimbs (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Leap of the horse. *Corresponding author (E.M. Bachurina) Email: cat.zor2014@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.203

The work of the forearm depends on the grouping of the limbs and the relaxation of the horse 's head and neck (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Biomechanics of horse jumping. The jump of a horse includes a variety of mechanisms of action, of which, the main one is the grouping of the fore and hind limbs. The relaxed head and neck of the horse, as well as the grouped limbs, have a great influence on the work of the forearm (Table 5). The horse's jump implies a strong flexion of the hind and forelimbs. The work of the forearm depends on the grouping of the limbs and the relaxation of the horse 's head and neck. Table 5: Angles of limb flexion in the flight phase jumping, °(X±Sx) The Trakehner

Criteria

Scapula – shoulder Shoulder – forearm Forearm – cannon Gaskin – cannon

3 69±2.11 55±1.54 67*±0.88 77±2.99

4–5 58*±0.94 48±0.61 66±0.76 77±1.02

Breed The Hannoverian Age, years 3 4–5 57*±1.04 51*±0.48 55±1.04 53±0.66 66±1.28 62*±0.50 76 ±2.17 69*±0.38

Sports crossbreed 3 63±4.11 48*±1.56 72±1.88 89±1.62

4–5 60±2.30 47±0.95 69±1.07 86±1.07

*- Р≥0.95; **- Р≥0.99; ***- Р≥0.999 Analyzing the obtained data, it can be noted that the angle between scapula and shoulder in the flight phase of jump is more closed in 3 and 4-5 years Hannoverian horses compared to 3 years old Trakehner horses by 12°. The angle between gaskin and cannon in 4-5 years old Hannoverian horses is more closed in comparison with 4-5 years old horses of sports crossbreed by 18º. Therefore, the more acute the flexion angles of limbs in jump, the stronger the probability to jump cleanly over the obstacles. It is revealed in the course of research that the cleanliness of overcoming the obstacles and effectiveness in show jumping competitions depends on the values of flexion angles of poll and withers. The closure of sacroiliac joint angles occurs due to their opening. As the research data show, 3 and 4-5 years old Hannoverian horses significantly surpass 4-5 years old horses of sports crossbreed in the angle of withers by 4° (P> 0.999). Precision, accuracy, and rhythm of show ring elements completely depend on the values of flexion angles of fore and hind limbs. The stronger the horse flexes its limbs, the less the angles between scapula and shoulder, shoulder and forearm, forearm and cannon as well as gaskin and cannon. The spread of scapula and humerus will be greater and, respectively, the horse will move easily and broadly.

E.M. Bachurina, V.I. Polkovnikova

The results of horses’ participation in show jumping competitions allow us to determine their performance capacity (Table 6). The data of Table 6 show that the horses of Hannoverian breed represent a high index of success in show jumping competitions 2019 – 64%. Table 6: Horses’ index of success in show jumping competitions, (X±Sx) Breed The Trakehner The Hannoverian Sports crossbreed

2017 40±5.98 40±6.59 50±7.91

Year 2018 51±4.86 56±7.80 51±6.97

2019 59±6.29 64±2.37 61±8.76

Table 7: Horses’ index of success in the show ring, (X±Sx) Breed The Trakehner The Hannoverian Sports crossbreed

2017 40±7.64 35 ±8.56 31±7.73

Year 2018 42±7.65 47±7.98 31±7.53

2019 48±6.78 50±8.16 42±8.31

The results Table 7 of participation of horses in riding competitions allow us to determine their performance, indicating that the Hannoverian horses have a higher index of success in 2019 – 50% according to the results of the show ring.

4. CONCLUSION

The horses of Hannoverian breed are characterized by a high index of success in show jumping and show ring. Their values of flexion angles of fore and hind limbs provide their more effective opening in movement and, therefore, efficient use. Consequently, the use of Hannoverian horses in classical equestrian sports in the Perm Krai is most preferable.

5. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL

Information about this study can be made available by contacting the corresponding author.

6. REFERENCES

Paalman, A. (1999). Training Show Jumpers. The Crowood Press, London, UK.

Steiner, B., Bryant, J.O. (2006). Gymnastic Training for Horse and Rider: Using a Mind, Body, Spirit Approach. Publisher Quiller Publishing Ltd. Publication City/Country Haslemere, United. 224 p. Lonnell, C. (2017). Sport Horse Soundness and Performance: Training Advice for Dressage, Showjumping and Event Horses from Champion Riders, Equine Scientists and Vets. Publisher Quiller Publishing Ltd. Publication City/Country Haslemere, United Kingdom. 192 p. Golovacheva Ya.А. (2005). Horse Riding. Publishing House, Niola 21 Century, 144 p. Gorelov K.I. (1955). Training and Testing of Roadster Horses. Selkhozgiz, 137p. Gorbovskaya T. (2009). Jumping Biomechanics of the Orlov Trotter Crossbreeds. Agrarian Bullet of the Urals. №10. 54-55. Klimke, R. (2015). Basic training of the young horse. Globe Pequot. The Crowood Press, London, UK, 216p. Allen, L., Dennis, D.R. (2003). 101 Jumping Exercises for Horse and Rider. Publisher Storey Books. Publication City/Country Vermont, USA, 224р. *Corresponding author (E.M. Bachurina) Email: cat.zor2014@yandex.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10T http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10T.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.203

Raynor, M. (2006). Vital Statistics: A Guide to Conformation. The Pony Club, Kenilworth, UK, 64р. Wanless, M. (2017). Rider Biomechanics: An Illustrated Guide: How to Sit Better and Gain Influence. Quiller Publishing, 132 р. Myers J. (2005). Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety. Collingwood, 185p. Shingalov, V.A. (2005). Sporting Horse Breeding / Shingalov V.A., Abdryaev М.R., Golovacheva Ya.А., Kozlov M.S. М.: ООО «Aquarium – Print», 192 p. Shreiner, I.I. (2001). Textbook on Horse Riding. М.: Publisher EKSMO Press, 192 p. Pavia, A., Sand, S. (2007). Horseback Riding For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, 385p. Polkovnikova Valentina Ivanovna is a candidate of agricultural sciences. Her research interests are leisure horse breeding, alternative ways to preserve the use of horse breeds in the Perm Territory.

Bachurina Ekaterina Mikhailovna is a Candidate of Agricultural Sciences. Her research interests are Technology for the cultivation and training of sports horses, assessment of their performance.

E.M. Bachurina, V.I. Polkovnikova

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

PAPER ID: 11A10U

INCREASMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY OF FIRST-CALF COWS BY PERFORMING UDDER MASSAGE 1

M.R. Kudrin , A.A. Astrakhantsev , O.A. Krasnova , 2 3 4* E.S. Klimova , A.V. Kostin , A.B. Spiridonov 1

Department of Private Livestock, Faculty of Zoo Engineering, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, City of Izhevsk, the Russian Federation. 2 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Izhevsk State Agricultural, city of Izhevsk, the Russian Federation. 3 Department of Theoretical Mechanics and Material Resistance, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, city of Izhevsk, the Russian Federation. 4 Faculty of Agroengineering, Department of Technology and Equipment for Food and Processing Industries, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, city of Izhevsk, the Russian Federation. ARTICLEINFO

A B S T RA C T

Received 06 January 2020 Received in revised form 24 February 2020 Accepted 10 April 2020 Available online 05 May 2020

The paper presents research materials on the use of heifers udder massage and the subsequent milk productivity of first-calf cows. Studies have shown that for first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 1, vil. Kezdur), they were given manual udder massage. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation averaged 5111.6±41.80 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.59±0.05%; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.19±0.01%. In first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 3, vil. Pazhman), that were given mechanical udder massage. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation averaged 5272.6±262.13 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.55±0.04 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.18±0.01 %. In first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 2, vil. Klyuchevskaya), that were not given udder massage. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation on average for the study group was 4794.6±87.30 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.52±0.18 %; the content of the mass fraction 3.18±0.02 %. In first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 4, vil. Kamyshevo), which also were not given udder massage. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of the studied cows averaged 4858.8±71.02 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.48±0.18 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.18±0.03 %.

Keywords: Heifers for calving; First-calf cow; Heifers udder massage; Cow massage; Milk quality; Milk quantity; Milk fat; Milk protein; Cow udder and nipples massage; Pneumomassage.

1. INTRODUCTION Preparation of heifers for calving is aimed at developing a set of positive conditioned reflexes for *Corresponding author (A.B. Spiridonov) Email: anbs88@bk.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.204

milking and keeping so that cows do not have negative reactions to new conditions. Replenishment a herd with heifers on dairy farms has significant advantages compared to putting first-calves in the herd if they were calved and lactated on another farm with different production technology. These advantages are as follows: when replenishing a herd with no more than 7 months of pregnancy, the animals have time to adapt to the accepted industrial technology before calving; preparation for calving, calving, and distribution of first calves in the maternity department and the production sector ensure that they develop a certain stereotype for the mode and multiplicity of milking, housing conditions and other elements of technology. These studies were conducted by many authors who presented their works in scientific publications (Lapotko, 2019; Vorobyova and Chukavin, 2017; Vorobyova and Perevozchikov, 2017; Isupova, 2018; Kislyakova, et al., 2016; Kislyakova et al., 2017; Kislyakova and Khokhryakov, 2017; Lyubimov et al., 2017; Lyubimov et al., 2017; Martynova and Yastrebova, 2016; Martynova et al., 2016; Rodionov, et al., 2017; Strekozov et al., 2013; Strekozov, 2006; Faizrakhmanov et al., 2007; Yastrebova and Martynova, 2016; Lyubimov et al., 2019; Kudrin et al., 2019a; 2019b; Kudrin et al., 2019c). The purpose of the research was to study the effectiveness of udder massage at farms. The following tasks were set for the research: to study the organization and carrying out of udder massage of heifers, to analyze quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of first-calf cows.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH The research was conducted at Oshmes LLC of the Kez district of the Udmurt Republic. The object of research was four cowsheds, where they kept milk cows and heifers. The analysis of technological processes for the husbandry of cows on dairy farms is carried out. Heifers are kept with cows in a single unit on a leash and groups of different milkmaids. To study the results of the massage to heifers, we selected five first-calf cows from each farm. The difference in the calving of the selected first-calf cows was 20 days.

3. RESEARCH RESULTS 3.1 COMMERCIAL DAIRY FARM (CDF) NO. 1: KEZDUR The commercial dairy farm "Kezdur" (CDF No. 1) contains 78 milk cows, two machine milking operators work there, the load on one operator was 39 milk cows, and the operators work with three milking machines. The technology of keeping cows is tie-up housing, the floors are made of sand-polymer tiles. Stall sizes: width 1.2 m, length 1.8 m. Wood sawdust is used as a bedding material on this farm at the rate of 15 kg per cow. The slope of the floor in the direction of the manure channel on which the metal grid is 1.5 %, which corresponds to the normative indicators. Manure is removed from the room twice a day by a scraper conveyor of the ТСН-160 brand. Cows feeding is organized from a feed Table made of concrete. Inside, the feed is distributed manually, in winter the cows are fed with a feed mixture, and in summer the cows are sent to grass. For best digestibility, the feed cutting length is 25 mm. For drinking, level drinkers are used - one for two cows, working on the principle of communicating vessels. Two-time milking of cows is carried out by two-stroke milking machines with the АДМ-100 milking system. Accounting for cow milk is performed for each group of cows separately, using the УПУМ-1 counter. Milk is piped to the "Arctic 2000" cooling tank for further cooling and storage.

M.R. Kudrin, A.A. Astrakhantsev, O.A. Krasnova, E.S. Klimova, A.V. Kostin, A.B. Spiridonov

Lighting in the housing is provided through side windows, doors, and incandescent lamps. Ventilation in the room is carried out through side windows, doors, and exhaust shafts.

3.2 CDF NO. 2: KLYUCHEVSKAYA The commercial dairy farm No. 2 "Klyuchevskaya" contains 108 milking cows, two machine milking operators work there, the load on one operator is 54 heads, they work with three milking machines. Stall sizes: width 1.2 m, length 1.8 m. Wood sawdust is used as a bedding material on this farm at the rate of 10 kg per cow. The slope of the floor in the direction of the manure channel on which the metal grid is 1.5 %, which corresponds to the normative indicators. Manure is removed from the premises twice a day by a ТСН-160 scraper conveyor. Cows feeding is organized from a feed Table made of concrete. Inside, the feed is distributed manually, in winter the cows are fed with a feed mixture, and in summer the cows are sent to grass. For best digestibility, the feed cutting length is 25 mm. For drinking, level drinkers are used - one for two cows, working on the principle of communicating vessels. Two-time milking of cows is carried out by two-stroke milking machines with the АДМ-100 milking system. Accounting for cow milk is performed for each group of cows separately, using the УПУМ-1 counter. Milk is piped to the "Arctic 2000" cooling tank for further cooling and storage. Lighting in the housing is provided through side windows, doors, and incandescent lamps. Ventilation in the room is carried out through side windows, doors, and exhaust shafts.

3.3 CDF NO. 3: PAZHMAN The commercial dairy farm No. 3 "Pazhman" contains 70 milking cows, two machine milking operators work there, the load on one operator is 35 cows, and they work on three milking machines. The technology of keeping cows is tie-up housing. The floor in the stalls is made of wooden planks. Stall size: width 1.2 m, length 1.8 m. Wood sawdust is used as a bedding material on this farm at the rate of 10 kg per cow. The slope of the floor in the direction of the manure channel on which the metal grid is 1.5 %. Manure is removed from the premises twice a day by a ТСН-160 scraper conveyor into a cart and taken to the field. Cows feeding is organized from the feed Table. The feed is distributed manually, cows are fed with feed mixture in winter, and cows spend more time on pasture in summer. The feed cutting length is 25 mm for best uniformity and best digestibility. Level drinkers are used for drinking working on the principle of communicating vessels, designed for two cows. Two-time milking of cows is carried out by two-stroke milking machines with the АДМ-100 milking system. Milk accounting is performed for each group separately using the УПУМ-1 counter. Milk is piped to the "Arctic 2000" closed type cooling tank for further cooling and storage. Natural lighting through windows, doors, and artificial incandescent lamp lighting. Ventilation in the room is carried out through side windows, doors, and exhaust shafts.

3.4 CDF NO. 4: KLYUCHEVSKOE The commercial dairy farm No. 4 "Klyuchevskoe" contains 208 milking cows, four machine milking operators work there, the load on one operator is 52 heads, and they work on three milking machines. The technology of keeping cows is tie-up housing, the floors in the stalls are made of wooden boards: width 1.2 m, length 1.8 m. Wood sawdust is used as a bedding material on this farm at the rate of 10 kg per cow. The slope of the floor in the direction of the manure channel on which the metal grid is 1.5 %. Manure is removed from the premises twice a day by a ТСН-160 scraper *Corresponding author (A.B. Spiridonov) Email: anbs88@bk.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.204

conveyor. Cows feeding is organized from the feed Table. The feed is distributed by the АМК-9 feeding machine, in winter the cows are fed with feed mixture, in summer the cows are sent to pastures and additionally fed with hay. Milking is performed twice a day in the stalls by two-stroke milking machines, АДМ-200 milking unit. Milk accounting is performed for each group separately using the УПУМ-1 counter. After milking, the milk is piped to the Arctic 3500 closed-type cooling tank for further cooling and storage. Lighting is provided through windows, doors, and incandescent lamps. Ventilation in the room is carried out through side windows, doors, and exhaust shafts. There are four typical silage pits with a capacity of 1000 t per each for storing feed-in "Oshmes" LLC. The type of feeding on the farm is silage feeding. Silage makes up 80 % of the diet structure in the winter-stall period and in the summer more than 85 % - green feed.

3.5 METHODS OF HEIFERS TRAINING TO THE CALVING The farm uses different methods of heifers training to the calving. Thus, CDF No. 1 (Kezdur) for heifers training to the calving apply manual massage of the udder, the CDF No. 3 (Pazhman) use mechanical massage, and at two other farms of CDF No. 2 (Klyuchevskaya) and CDF No. 4 (Kamyshevo) - udder massage of heifers is not carried out. Massage of the udder of the heifers in the farm (manual and mechanical) begins from the day they are placed in the group to the milkmaid (2-3 months before calving) and is carried out at the places of future milking. Manual massage is performed 2 times a day – in the morning and in the evening in the same hours as cows milking. The duration of the massage is 4-5 minutes. The udder massage mode is as follows: • in the 1st week, the udder and nipples are massaged for 2 minutes superficially and with light circular movements (dry massage); • in the 2nd week, for 3 minutes, massage of each half of the udder is performed separately with rubbing and lightly nipples sipping; • in the 3rd week, for 4 minutes, a deep massage of the udder of each half is performed separately with both hands from the top down with nipples rubbing and stretching; • in the 4th week, the same deep massage is performed, paying more attention to the front lobes of the udder. Massage of each half of the udder is carried out not only from the top-down but also from the bottom up. The duration of the massage is 4 minutes.

For the entire second month, continuous deep massage of each half of the udder is performed separately, and then each udder lobe is massaged with circular movements of the palm and fingers from top to bottom and from bottom to top. They finish the udder massage a month before calving, it depends on the condition of the cow's udder, so that the cow does not have a colostral milk flux before calving. Mechanical massage is performed using pneumatic massagers of the АПМ-Ф-1 brand operating from a vacuum line. Heifers are trained to the massage device for 3-5 days, increasing the duration of training from 1 to 5 minutes. Pneumomassage begins 2-3 months before calving, it is performed one time a day and is completed a month before calving. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of the studied first-calf cows after manual udder massage was carried out (Table 1). The results of the research showed that the milk yield for 100 days of lactation was in the range from 2023 to 2103 kg of milk, on average 2068.6±34.33 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was in the range from 3.24 to

M.R. Kudrin, A.A. Astrakhantsev, O.A. Krasnova, E.S. Klimova, A.V. Kostin, A.B. Spiridonov

3.35 %, on average 3.30±0.05 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein in milk ranges from 3.05 to 3.19 %, on average 3.11±0.05 %. Table 1: Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of first-calf cows after manual udder massage (CDF No. 1 Kezdur) No.

Cow No., name

1 Kedzurka 1245 2 Mimosa1230 3 Vesnushka1247 4 Ayva1301 5 Vernaya1220 Average

Milk yield for % 305 days of FMF, % PMF, % for 100 days lactation, kg of lactation 3.31 3.10 5098 3.64 3.19 40.1 3.26 3.10 5162 3.58 3.19 40.7 3.24 3.10 5058 3.64 3.18 40.0 3.35 3.05 5145 3.58 3.18 40.8 3.35 3.19 5095 3.51 3.19 40.7 3.30±0.05 3.11±0.05 5111.6±41.80 3.59±0.05 3.19±0.01 40.46±0.38

Milk yield for 100 FMF, % days of lactation, kg 2045 2103 2023 2098 2074 2068.6±34.33

PMF, %

Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of the studied cows was in the range from 5058-5162 kg, on average for the study group 5111.6±41.80 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was in the range 3.51-3.64 %, on average 3.59±0.05 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein was in the range 3.18-3.19%, on average 3.19±0.01 %. For all the studied first-calf cows in the group: the milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeds 40.0% of the milk yield for lactation and is within the established norms (up to 40-45%), which indicates the effectiveness of the massage, see Table 1. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of the studied first-calf cows after mechanical udder massage is presented in Table 2. The results of the research showed that the milk yield for 100 days of lactation was between 1993-2190 kg of milk, with an average of 2064.6±80.62 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was between 3.21-3.32%, with an average of 3.27±0.05 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein was between 3.02 and 3.10 %, with an average of 3.06±0.04 %. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of the studied cows was in the range 5032-5600 kg, on average for the study group 5272.6±262.13 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was in the range from 3.51-3.59%, on average 3.55±0.04 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein was in the range from 3.16-3.19%, on average 3.18±0.01 %. In this group, only one cow's milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeds 40.0 % of the milk yield for lactation and amounted to 41.5 %, while for other cows it was in the range from 36.3-39.7%, on average 39.2%. Table 2: Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of first-calf cows after mechanical udder massage (CDF No. 3 Pazhman) No.

Cow No., Name

Milk yield for FMF, % PMF, % Milk yield for FMF, % PMF, % % 100 days of 305 days of for 100 days lactation, kg lactation, kg of lactation 1. Krasnaya1246 2056 3.32 3.02 5178 3.59 3.17 39.7 2 Prima1226 2087 3.32 3.10 5032 3.58 3.19 41.5 3 Ket1228 1993 3.21 3.02 5052 3.52 3.18 39.4 4 Fira1231 1997 3.23 3.09 5501 3.51 3.19 36.3 5 Zayka1239 2190 3.29 3.06 5600 3.53 3.16 39.1 Average 2064.60±80.62 3.27±0.05 3.06±0.04 5272.60±262.13 3.55±0.04 3.18±0.01 39.2±1.87

Also, we analyzed quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of first-calf cows without udder massage in two units (Table 3). The results of the research showed that the milk yield *Corresponding author (A.B. Spiridonov) Email: anbs88@bk.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.204

for 100 days of lactation at CDF No. 2 was between 1625-2009 kg of milk, on average 1799.2±146.90 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was between 3.12-3.30 %, on average 3.19±0.07 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein was between 2.09-3.20%, on average 2.87±0.44 %. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of the studied cows was in the range from 4665 to 4900 kg, on average for the study group 4794.6±87.30 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was in the range from 3.20-3.63 %, on average 3.52±0.18 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein was in the range 3.15-3.22 %, on average 3.18±0.02%. In this group, only one cow's milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeds 40% of the milk yield for lactation and amounted to 42.2 %, while for other cows it was in the range 34.8-37.7%, on average 37.5%. Table 3: Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of first-calf cows without udder massage (CDF No. 2 Klyuchevskaya) No.

Cow No., name

Milk yield for 100 days of lactation, kg 1. Bulana1225 1702 2 Avatarka 1267 1625 3 Lyubka1256 1848 4 Angara1234 1812 5 Vasilisa1236 2009 Average 1799.2±146.9

FMF, %

3.20 3.12 3.13 3.21 3.30 3.19±0.07

PMF, %

Milk yield for FMF, % PMF, % % 305 days of for 100 days lactation, kg of lactation 3.01 4820 3.60 3.18 35.3 3.20 4665 3.63 3.18 34.8 3.06 4900 3.59 3.22 37.7 2.09 4825 3.20 3.15 37.6 3.00 4763 3.60 3.19 42.2 2.87±0.44 4794.6±87.3 3.52±0.18 3.18±0.02 37.5±2.92

Table 4, milk yield for 100 days of lactation of first-calf cows, which also did not have udder massage at CDF No. 4, ranged 1524-1790 kg of milk, on average 1653.4±123.86 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was in the range from 3.21-3.31 %, on average 3.25±0.04 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein in the range from 3.05-3.18 %, on average 3.11±0.05 % (Table 4). Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of the studied cows was in the range 4785-4956 kg, on average for the study group 4858.8±71.02 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was in the range from 3.23-3.64 %, on average 3.48±0.18%; the content of the mass fraction of protein was in the range from 3.14-3.21 %, on average 3.18±0.03 %. In this group, no cow's milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeded 40.0% of the milk yield for lactation and was in the range 31.8-36.6%, on average 34.0 %. Table 4: Quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk productivity of first-calf cows without udder massage (CDF No. 4 (Kamyshevo) No.

1. 2 3 4 5

Cow No., Name Marusya1241 Milaya1269 Dunya1291 Neveska1264 Munyo1233 Average

Milk yield for 100 days of lactation, kg 1532 1524 1759 1662 1790 1653.40±123.86

FMF, %

PMF, %

3.31 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.21 3.25±0.04

3.12 3.11 3.10 3.18 3.05 3.11±0.05

Milk yield for 305 days of lactation, kg 4800 4785 4852 4901 4956 4858.8±71.02

FMF, %

3.64 3.63 3.54 3.36 3.23 3.48±0.18

PMF, %

% for 100 days of lactation 3.14 31.9 3.14 31.8 3.19 36.3 3.21 33.9 3.20 36.1 3.18±0.03 34.0±2.17

4. CONCLUSION Thus, it was found that for first-calf cows (CDF No. 1, vol. Kezdur), that were given manual udder massage, milk yield per 100 days of lactation averaged 2068.6±34.33 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk is 3.30±0.05%; the content of the mass fraction of protein in milk is

M.R. Kudrin, A.A. Astrakhantsev, O.A. Krasnova, E.S. Klimova, A.V. Kostin, A.B. Spiridonov

3.11±0.05%. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation averaged 5111.6±41.80 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.59±0.05 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.19±0.01 %. Milk yield for 100 days of lactation was 40.46 % of the milk yield for lactation and it is within the established norms (up to 40-45 %). In first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 3, vol. Pazhman), that were given mechanical udder massage, milk yield for 100 days of lactation averaged 2064.6±80.62 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.27±0.05 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.06±0.04 %. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation averaged 5272.6±262.13 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.55±0.04 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.18±0.01 %. In this group, only one cow's milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeds 40.0 % of the milk yield for lactation and amounted to 41.5 %, on average 39.2 %. In first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 2, vol. Klyuchevskaya), that were not given udder massage, the milk yield for 100 days of lactation averaged 1799.2±146.90 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.19±0.07 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 2.87±0.44 %. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation on average for the study group was 4794.6±87.30 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.52±0.18 %; the content of the mass fraction 3.18±0.02 %. In this group, only one cow's milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeds 40.0 % of the milk yield for lactation and amounted to 42.2 %, on average 37.5 %. In first-calf cows (Сommercial dairy farm No. 4, vol. Kamyshevo), which also were not given udder massage, the milk yield averages 1653.4±123.86 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk was 3.25±0.04 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein was 3.11±0.05 %. Milk yield for 305 days of lactation of the studied cows averaged 4858.8±71.02 kg; the content of the mass fraction of fat in milk 3.48±0.18 %; the content of the mass fraction of protein 3.18±0.03 %. In this group, no cow's milk yield for 100 days of lactation exceeded 40.0 % of the milk yield for lactation and it was in the range from 31.8-36.6 %, on average 34.0 %. According to the results of the research, the farm is recommended to organize the preparation of heifers for calving at CDF No. 2 and CDF No. 4. To prepare the heifers for calving and to distribute the first-calf cows, it is necessary to allocate a separate room for their maintenance and provide a separate milkmaid.

5. DATA AND MATERIAL AVAILABILITY Information regarding this study is available by contacting the corresponding author. 6. REFERENCES Faizrakhmanov, D.I., Nurtdinov, M.G., Khairullin, A.N., Khazipov N.N., et al. (2007). Organization of dairy cattle breeding based on technological innovations. city of Kazan: Study guide. 90-118. Isupova, Yu.V. (2018). Influence of origin on the reproductive and productive qualities of first-calf cows. Production of breeding products (material) in the areas of domestic livestock breeding based on accelerated selection: materials of International Research-to-Practice Conference city of Izhevsk, 118-128.

Kislyakova, E.M., Abasheva, A.A., Achkasova, E.V. (2016). Use of a feed additive based on natural local raw materials in cows feeding. Actual problems of intensive development of animal husbandry: a collection of proceedings. – the city of Gorki: UEBSACA. Ed. 19, In 1 part - 4.2, 78-83. *Corresponding author (A.B. Spiridonov) Email: anbs88@bk.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.204

Kislyakova, E.M., Achkasova, E.V., Abasheva, A.A. (2017). Dairy productivity of black-and-white cows when feeding energy and protein supplements from local natural raw materials. Science-based technologies for intensification of agricultural production: materials of International Research-to-Practice Conference, February 14-17, 2017 - city of Izhevsk: FSBEI HE IzhSACA, 3, 55-58. Kislyakova, E.M., and Khokhryakov, G.A. (2017). Prospects of the use of preservatives in silage in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic. The innovative potential of agricultural science of the XXI century: contribution of young research scientists: materials of All-Russian Research-to-Practice Conference – the city of Izhevsk: FSBEI HE IzhSACA, 101-104. Kudrin, M.R., Berezkina, G.Y., Shklyaev, A.L., Shuvalova, L.A., Deryushev, I.A. (2019a). Post-mortem indices of the black-and-white breed. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (7), 072034. p. 315 Kudrin, M.R., Izhboldina, S.N., Shklyaev, K.L., Nikolaev, V.A., Selezneva, N.V. (2019b). Beef production of black-and-white breed depending on the degree of fattening. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (7), 072028. p. 315 Kudrin, M.R., Krasnova, O.A., Koshchaev, A.G., Olga V. Koshchaeva, O.V., Ulimbashev, M.B., Konik, N.V., Shabunin, S.V. (2019c). Biological Processing of Renewable Raw Materials Resources about the Environmental and Technological Criteria. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 20(11), 58-66, DOI: 10.12911/22998993/113192. Lapotko, A.I. (2019). Secrets of milk rivers. Practical guide. Volume 1: "Feed and feeding". M.: "Our youth" LLC "OFFSET Printing House" LLC. 536 p. Lyubimov, A., Martynova, E., Isupova, Y., Yastrebova E. (2019). Milk producing ability and reproductive qualities of the daughters of stud bulls whose semen was obtained using different methods. Digital agriculture – development strategy Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, 258-261.

Lyubimov, A.I., Vorobyova, S.L., Chukavin, A.S. (2017). The relationship of physiological characteristics with the productive longevity of black-and-white cows in different ways of keeping. Scientific notes of the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine n.a. N.E. Bauman, 232(4), 99-105. Lyubimov, A.I., Yudin, V.M., Chukavin, A.S. (2017). The influence of the birth season on the duration of the economic use of black-and-white cows. Scientific and personnel support of agricultural enterprises for food import substitution: materials of All-Russian Research-to-Practice Conference, February 16-19, 2016 – the city of Izhevsk: FSBEI HE Izhevsk SACA 111-115. Martynova, E.N., and Yastrebova, E.A. (2016). Floor covering in cowsheds as one of the factors affecting the behavioral responses of animals. Veterinary, animal science, and biotechnology, 8, 27-32. Martynova, E.N., Azimova, G.V., Sukhova, V.S., Isupova, Yu.V. (2016). Bulletin of the Izhevsk SACA. 3(48), 38-44. Rodionov, G.V., Kostomakhin, N.M., Tabakova, L.P. (2017). Breeding: textbook. City of Saint-Petersburg: Lan. 488 p. Strekozov, N.I. (2006). Condition and prospects of development of cattle breeding in Russia. Scientific heritage of P.N. Kuleshov and modern development of zootechnical science and practice of animal husbandry: materials of the International Scientific-to-Practice Conference dedicated to the 150th anniversary of the birth of Professor Kuleshov P.N., October 26-29, 2004. M., 28-42. Strekozov, N.I., Amerkhanov, Kh.A, Pervov, N.G. (2013). Dairy cattle breeding in Russia. Moscow, 616p.

M.R. Kudrin, A.A. Astrakhantsev, O.A. Krasnova, E.S. Klimova, A.V. Kostin, A.B. Spiridonov

Vorobyova, S.L., and Chukavin, A.S. (2017). The effect of genotypical factors on the duration of economic use of cows of the black-and-white breed in the Udmurt Republic. Scientific notes of the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine n.a. N.E. Bauman, 232(4), 154-159.

Vorobyova, S.L., and Perevozchikov, A.V. (2017). Grain molasses as a means of filling the deficit of sugars in cattle diet. Science-based technologies for intensification of agricultural production: materials of International Research-to-Practice Conference, February 14-17, 2017 city of Izhevsk: FGBEU HE IzhSACA, 3, 34-37. Yastrebova, E.A., and Martynova, E.N. (2016). Keeping cattle in light-weight barns. Scientific and personnel support of agricultural enterprises for food import substitution: materials of All-Russian Research-to-Practice Conference, February 16-19, 2016 – the city of Izhevsk: FSBEI HE Izhevsk SACA, 2, 115-118 Dr.Kudrin Mikhail Romanovich is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Private Livestock Production of the Federal State Budgetary Education Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. Kudrin’s research encompasses the Influence of Paratypes Factors and Genotype on the Productivity of Farm Animals, Poultry, and Improving the Efficiency of Feed Use.

Dr.Astrakhantsev Anton Anatolyevich is an Associate Professor of the department of private animal husbandry of the Federal State Budgetary Education "Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy". He is a candidate of Agricultural Sciences. He is interested in Improving the Technology of the Production of Poultry Products in Industrial Enterprises.

Dr.Krasnova Oksana Anatolyevna is an Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Private Livestock Production of the Federal State Budgetary Education Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. She is interested in the influence of Paratypes Factors and Genotype on the Productivity of Farm Animals, Poultry and Improving the Efficiency of Feed Use.

Dr.Klimova Ekaterina Sergeevna is an Associate Professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathological Anatomy of the Federal State Budgetary Education "Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy". is a candidate for veterinary sciences. She is interested in Epizootology, biology, the Ecology of Parasitoses of Farm Animals in Various Climatic and Geographical Areas and Measures to Combat Them.

Dr.Kostin Alexander Vladimirovich is an Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical Mechanics and Material Resistance of the Federal State Budgetary Education Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. He is interested in the Application of Mechanics to the study of Agricultural Processes.

Dr.Spiridonov Anatoly Borisovich is an Associate Professor of the Department of Technology and Equipment of Food and Processing Industries of the Federal State Budgetary Education "Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy". He is a Candidate of Technical Sciences. He is focused on the Development of Technologies for Processing Products and Agricultural Waste.

Note: The original version of this article has been reviewed, accepted, and presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “From Inertia to Development: Scientific and Innovative Support for Agriculture” (IDSISA2020) at the Ural State Agrarian University, Ural, Russia, during 19-20 February 2020. *Corresponding author (A.B. Spiridonov) Email: anbs88@bk.ru ©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 11 No.10 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 CODEN: ITJEA8 Paper ID:11A10U http://TUENGR.COM/V11A/11A10U.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2020.204

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