Pipiwharauroa 'Te Hau Ki Tūranga'
excellence of their carving.” Included were Ēnoka, Hakaraia, Ngapatari, Hamiora te Uarua, Heta Meha, Himiona te Papaapiti, Hirawanu, Tukuamiomio, Hone Tiatia, Hopa, Reweti Tauri Tuhura, Mahumahu, Matenga Tamaioria, Matenga te Hore, Natana Hira Toromata, Paora Rakaiora, Pera Tawhiti (Rukupō’s younger brother,) Poparae Kemaka, Wereta Whakahira.
Almost all the names are of biblical personalities as was Raharuhi, which is the Māori form of ‘Lazarus.’ The use of Christian names indicates that by that time a number of the rangatira of the Iwi had been baptised. With Christianity came literacy and the impact of missionary teaching on the Rongowhakaata carvers is clearly evident in their use of text within Te Hau ki Tūranga, which complements older prePakehā methods of identification. Rukupō and his craftsmen inscribed the names of the ancestors beneath their carved representations in the Roman script style made popular by the Māori Bible. (Barrow 1976 p21) In examining the mixture of Māori and Pakehā identification devices within Te Hau ki Tūranga, it becomes apparent that the carvers applied the teachings of the missionaries to more than their personal lives, using literacy for a uniquely Māori purpose. A number of celebrated tipuna are represented in the figures carved into the posts of the Wharenui. The consistent occurrence of senior ancestors around the Wharenui is not in accordance with modern theories relating to a relative hierarchy of position when moving down or across the house. However, through his knowledge of genealogy, Tareha was able to identify the lower and larger figures depicted on the wall slabs as the fathers of the upper figures. New religious ideas and a desire for tribal unity may have also influenced the function of the Wharenui however there is nothing to indicate that traditional patterns of use were completely abandoned. It is actually not clear as to whether Te Hau ki Tūranga was intended as a regional meeting Wharenui or as a residence. The suggestion that the house symbolised a union between Iwi is given some credence by the whakapapa expert Rongowhakata Halbert. In 1942, he identified 29 tipuna depicted in carvings around the house as direct descendants of Rongowhakaata, the eponymous ancestor of Rukupō’s tribe, and located another six in Ngāti Kahungunu whakapapa, possibly indicating a political alliance between the two Iwi (Phillipps 1944 p92). The design methods used in the Wharenui reflect further influences from the Pākehā culture. Although there does not appear to have been any relationship between facing ancestor wall carvings inside Te Hau ki Tūranga, Roger Neich has shown that there is a reflected symmetry among opposing kōwhaiwhai painted rafters (Neich 1993 p48). In eighteenth century Tūranganui ā Kiwa, where reflected compositions were not unknown in kōwhaiwhai painted heke, the ability to reflect such complex patterns on rafters suggests the use of templates that were probably made with Pākehā materials. According to Roger Neich this method of transferral would have placed an increasing emphasis on outline and, in turn, the use of Pakehā drawing tools. (Neich 1993 p72). If this is the case, the kōwhaiwhai was innovative, a point reinforced by Neich, who was not able to find any references to kōwhaiwhai painted rafters in Māori architecture before Rukupō’s house.” (Neich 1993 p74). It appears that although Rukupō was trained in a prePakehā system of carving, he and his carvers readily borrowed new ideas from other Iwi, religions and cultures. This is evident in the function of Te Hau ki Tūranga as a forum for inter-hapū and possibly inter-Iwi discussions; the literal identification of ancestors around the house and the execution and
composition of painted designs within the building. By appropriating these imported influences into his architecture, Rukupō was staking a claim for the Rongowhakaata people, both living and dead, in the new world of Western knowledge.
References: Barrow T 1976 'A Guide to the Māori Meeting House Te Hau ki Turanga' Wellington National Museum Brown, Deidre S 1996 'The Journal of the Polynesian Society' Vol 105 No 1 'Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand 1867' Kernot Bernie 1984 'Māori Artists of Time Before' in SM Mead(ed), 'Te Ao Māori': Auckland : Heineman Neich, Roger 1993 'Painted Histories', Auckland, Auckland University Press Phillipps W J 1944 'Carved Houses of the Eastern District of the North Island'. Records of the Dominion Museum Porter F (ed) 1974 'The Turanga Journals' Wellington Price Milburn Williams, 1934
TE HAU KI TŪRANGA ‘Ko te inoi o ō koutou Tangata pono, o ō koutou tino hoa, o ētahi o ngā Tangata o Tūranga e mea ana, kia tirohia e koutou e te Rūnanga Rangatira tētahi o ō mātou pōuritanga, ko tō mātou taonga nui ko tō mātou whare whakairo kia mauria huhua koretia, e te Kāwanatanga, kīhai mātou i whakāe’ – Petition of Raharuhi Rukupō and others, Tūranga, 8 July 1867. Ko te ahurei o te iwi, ko Te Hau ki Tūranga. He taonga whakahirahira te whare nei, he whare tawhito he whare whakairo, he whare i hangaia ētahi wāhanga ki te maitai. I tēnei wā kei te Whare Taonga o Te Papa Tongarewa e tū ana. I ngā whakataunga i raro i te Taraipiunara ō te Tiriti ō Waitangi i te tau rua mano tekau ma rua ka hoki mai te mana rangatiratanga ki te iwi ō Rongowhakaata ahakoa rā ko te tikanga ko te hapū ake nō rātou te whare nei ko te hapū, ko Ngāti Kaipoho, arā he hapū anō nō Rongowhakaata. Ko te tirohanga whānui kia whakahokia mai mo te painga ō te iwi ō Rongwhakaata me te rohe whānui. I tēnei wā ko ngā whakahaerenga o te Whare me ngā whakataunga i ngā nekeneke me te tiaki kei te Mana Whakahaere ō Te Hau ki Tūranga i whakaritea i te tau rua mano tekau ma toru. Ko Jodie Wyllie te kaiārahi i ngā whakahaerenga o te Kaitiaki Kaupapa me te mana whakarite i ngā whāinga e rua e whai ake nei: • Kia tutuki ngā rangahau e whai hua ana a te marama o Poutū te rangi rua mano tekau ma whā e whakatau ana ki te taea, ā me pēhea te whakahoki mai i Te Hau ki Tūranga ā mēnā ka whai hua hoki. • Kia whakatauria he āhuatanga tiaki me te whakatikatika i te taonga nei Te Hau ki Tūranga Ko te wāhanga tuatahi tēnei ō te hītori o te Wharenui ka tāngia ki te Pīpīwharauroa. He tirohanga tēnei ki te wā i hangaia i te tau 1867 i tana tūnga tuatahi i ngā tahataha o te awa ō Kōputūtea i waenga i ngā pātuwatawata o te pā o Orakaiapu i Manutuke. Tūturu ana, motuhake ana te hangaiatanga o te Whare nei ki waenga i te pā o Orakaiapu i ngā tekau ma iwa rau tau. Taketake ana nō konei te Wharenui nei. E tika ana kia hoki mai ki tōna whenua ki te tū i te taha o ēnei whare arā Te Poho ō Rukupō me Te Mana ō Tūranga. E tika ana me tū tahi, me whakanui tahi ēnei tīpuna. Ko te hōhonutanga o ngā hononga ki te whenua, ki te iwi, ki te hapori, ā, ma rātou e whakapūmau te mana, ngā tikanga tuku iho e tiaki, e manaaki. He taonga tēnei kaha nui te whakaarotia e te motu, arā he taonga taketake tuku iho. Tēra hoki he taonga
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i whakaora ake i te ao toi ō te Māori i ngā hōtaka me te hangatanga i ngā marae i te mana whakahaere ō Apirana Ngata i te tau 1930. I purihia hei tauira, hei whakaaturanga mō ana whakairo, me tōna āhuatanga ki te motu, ā, ki te Whare Rūnanga i Waitangi, i Whitireia i Whangarā, i Manu kōrihi i Waitara me Raukawa ki Ōtaki. E whai wāhi ana hoki ētahi wāhanga o te whare ki ngā tikanga a tauiwi me ngā tohutohunga Māori e pā ana ki ngā taonga, hītori, te noho a te tangata, me ētahi whakaaro mō te motu katoa. Ko te pūtake i tēnei wā ko te wherawhera i te orokohanga me te ohotanga hei whakahihiko i te whakaaro, me te pūmanawa hei tūhonohono i te iwi o Rongowhakaata e noho mārara nei i te motu, i te ao i ngā mahi ō nehera, arā i ngā pakanga ka murua ngā whenua me ētahi atu taonga pēra i Te Hau ki Tūranga me ētahi atu. Nā te tohunga whakairo nei nā Raharuhi Rukupō i hanga te whare nei kia noho hei whakamaumaharatanga ki tōna tuakana ki a Tamati Waka Mangere te kaiārahi o te hapū. I haina hoki a Tamati i te Tiriti i te tau 1840 engari, e ai ki a Kernot, kāre i roa i muri mai ka mate, mahue ana te mana whakahaere o te hapū ki a Rukupō. I te reta i tuhia e Major Reginald Biggs i te 27 o Hereturikōka 1868 e kōrero ana ia mō ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki te hangaiatanga o Te Hau ki Tūranga i te marama o Whiringa a Nuku 1842, ka oti ono marama i muri mai. Ahakoa rā i āhua pāhekeheke ngā whakaaro mēnā ka oti ngā whakairo te tēra wā, ā, ko te whakaaro kē, tēra pea ko te whare i oti engari nō muri mai ka tāpiritia atu ngā whakairo. Ko tētahi kōrero i puta i a Tareha Te Moananui te Mema Māori ki te Rāwhiti o te Pāremata, arā ko te whare pea i “hangaia” i Tūranga i te tau 1845 engari kāre i whakamārama he pēhea te āhua o te whare. Nō reira, ko te whakaaro nui, ahakoa kāre i mutu te hanga i te tau 1840 engari i nōhia i te tau 1845. Ko te āhua o te hangatanga i te whare i te pā ō Orakaiapu kitea i ngā tuhinga a Rev.John Butler nō te Hāhi Mihinare e kii ana kua tū kē ngā poupou o te poutaha, te poutuarongo me te poutokomanawa e tautoko ana i te tāhūhū. “I waenga i aua pātuwatawata e tūtū haere ana ngā whare me ngā kāuta. Kotahi tonu te whakairo, arā ko te tomokanga kei tētahi pito e huri ana ki te pā whakarua. He tatau, toru putu te teitei, me te puare hei matapihi kei ia taha o te poupou e tautoko ana i te tāhūhū. Ko te tatau o te whare, ka tata atu koe, kei te māui me te matapihi kei te taha matua. Ahakoa te pakupaku o ēnei whare, i hangaia tika tonu me te oti pai hoki. Ko te matapihi me te tatau i whakakōparitia . Ko ngā pakitara me te tuanui i rauwharetia ki te toetoe ka herea ki te akatea kia kore ai e pūhia e te hau. (Williams,1934, p.87) Kāre tonu i te mārama i pēheatia te nekehanga o te whare me ngā pakitara mai i tētahi pito ki tētahi pito me te tangohanga o tētahi wāhanga o raro i te pou pupuri i ngā pakitara i mua i te whakahoutanga i te whare i ngā tau 1930. I āhua pirau a raro o ngā pou titi ki te whenua. Anō, te tika o ngā tuhinga a Richmond arā mo te poupou i poua ki te whenua i tana whakataunga i te petihana ki te iwi kia whakahokia mai. Ko te poro rākau i whakairohia huri noa i te whare i titi ki te whenua , i āhua pirau ngā taha. Ko te tāhūhū kei te whare taonga e pupuri ana he tapa toru te āhua i tapahanga ki te tāhu. Ko te whakamārama ō mua, e kiia ana kotahi tonu te poro rākau o te tāhūhū mai i tētahi pito ō te whare ki tētahi. Arā, ko ngā toetoe hei uwhi i te tuanui me ngā pakitara me te kii a Richmond, mahara ana ia he putunga rau rākau noa i tana kitenga tuatahi i ngā whare. I kii hoki ia, “Ko te āhua nei, he kakau wīti pirau,” ... engari nō tana āta tirohanga ka kite ia i te hanga, papai ana tēra te mahi a te tangata