Architecture thesis report

THESIS REPORT ON

AJLOUN ECOTOURISM CABLE CAR STATION AND RESORT B.Arch. 5th Year ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AR.501 2020-2021

Submitted by ISRA WASFI SREIHIN

Guided by Dr. Nisar Khan

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA NEW DELHI-110025

Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Certificate In the partial fulfilment of the B.Arch. (5th Year) degree program, this is to certify that ‘ISRA WASFI HASSAN SREIHIN’ has worked on the Thesis Report entitled “AJLOUN ECOTOURISM CABLE CAR STATION AND RESORT” under my guidance and supervision.

Dr. Nisar Khan Thesis guide Prof. S.M. Akhtar Head of Department

External Examiner 1

External Examiner 2

Prof. Hina Zia Dean

Declaration I, ISRA WASFI SREIHIN, hereby declare that the Thesis Report entitled ‘AJLOUN ECOTOURISM CABLE CAR STATION AND RESORT’ submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture (5th Year) is my original research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is given due citations and references.

ISRA WASFI HASSAN SREIHIN Bachelor of Architecture (5th Year)

Place: New Delhi 2020-2021

Acknowledgement I would like to take this opportunity to express how lucky I am to study and live in India, where I got the chance to learn about this heritage country and grow both personally and professionally. The memories of the splendid period I spent in India shall always remain alive in my heart.

The success and final outcome of this report required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my graduation project. This report would not have been possible without the support of a number of people.

First, I would like to thank my parents, my sister, and my brother for being my example, inspiration, support, and motivation. They were the source of my energy especially during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

I owe my deep gratitude to my project guide Dr. Nisar Khan, who took keen interest on my work and guided me all along, till the completion of the project by providing all the necessary information for developing a good design. He has always made himself available online to discuss and clarify my doubts despite his busy schedules. Without his spontaneous design inputs, constructive criticism and constant encouragement, the outcome of this report would not have been possible.

I am also indebted to our Thesis Coordinators, Dr. Nisar Khan and Yogesh Bhardwaj sir, for their unending patience in managing the batch and for a gamut of requests from the students.

A note of thanks goes to all the professors of the jury during the various stages whose comments and suggestions have helped me improve my work constantly. And to all my architecture batch mates and friends.

Thank you, Isra Wassfi Sreihin 2021

CONTENT ..

Chapter – I: introduction 10 1. Project Description 11 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Rationale

2. Synopsis 13 2.1 Aim 2.2 Objective 2.3 Scope 2,4 Limitation 2.5 Proposal SWOT analysis 2.6 Project stakeholders 2.7 Site selection 2.8 Methodology

Chapter II: literature study 18 3. Ecotourism 19 3.1 Role of ecotourism in sustainable development 3.2 Principles of Ecotourism 3.3 Sustainable tourism objectives 3.4 Ecotourism impacts 3.5 Ecotourism in Ajloun

4. Cable car (Aerial tramway) 24 4.1 Components of Aerial Rope Transit 4.2 Basic mechanism and calculations 4.3 General station design standards 4.4 Towers design 4.5 Safety and Security Issues 4.6 Design standards (Ajloun project case) 4.7 calculations (Ajloun project case)

Chapter – III: case studies 36 Live case studies 37 5.1Royal Academy for Nature Conservation 5,2 Ajloun forest reserve

virtual case studies 5.3 Bolzano Cable Car

Chapter – IV: site analysis 58 6. Ajloun: General site description 59 6.1 Local Site Data Base 6.2 History of Ajloun 6.3 Climate

7. Macro site analysis 67 7.1 Land use and bylaws 7.2 topography 7.3 Swot analysis 7.4 Road network 7.5 travel distance 7.6 infrastructure 7.7 Lynch analysis

8. Micro site analysis 71 8.1 Swot analysis 8.2 Site vegetation, features and connectivity 8.3 Slope analysis 8.4 soil typology 8.5 Water flow analysis 8.6 inferences 2

Chapter – V: contextual interpretation 67 9. design considerations 77 9.1 9.2

climatic analysis Other design considerations

10. Area requirements 79 11. Spaces relationship and functionality 84 11.1 11.2 11.3

bubble diagram Proximity chart Zoning

Chapter – VI: conceptual articulation 88 12. Design development

89

12.1 Ecotourism principles application 12.2 Methodology

16. Landscape design 107 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4

strategy Selection of flora species Orchid garden Landscape plan

17. Rainwater harvesting system 112 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4

Methods Benefits and usage Runoff calculations Bioswale detail

18. Masterplan services 115

Chapter – VIII: Aerial tramway station design 118 19. Aerial tramway station 120

19.1 site plan 19.2 plans, functional disposition, and 13.1 Connect circulation 13.2 Merge 19.3 Sections 13.3 Float 19.4 Elevations 14. Landscape visualization 100 19.5 Exploded view 19.6 Wall part section detail 19.7 Structure Chapter – VII: Ajloun 19.8 Firefighting evacuation plans

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Conceptual site plan 91

development zone 102 15. Masterplan 103 15.1 15.2 15.3

Masterplan analysis Site sections Elements details

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Chapter – IX: eco-resort design 128 20. Eco-resort Administration block 129 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4

site plan Layout plan Sections Elevations

21. Eco-resort Cottages design 132 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6

layout plans Roof plans Sections Broad walk details Elevations Infinite pool detail

Bibliography 137

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List of figures FIGURE 1 ECOTOURISM GOALS FIGURE 2 REGION PROBLEMS FIGURE 3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES FIGURE 4 SUSTAINABLE VS. UNSUSTAINABLE TOURISM FIGURE 5 MASS VS. ALTERNATIVE TOURISM FIGURE 6 PRINCIPLES OF ECOTOURISM FIGURE 7 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM OBJECTIVES FIGURE 8 ECOTOURISM IN AJLOUN FIGURE 9 AJLOUN RESERVE PLAN FIGURE 10 WALKING TRAILS FIGURE 11 RUNNING SYSTEM OF DETACHABLE BI-CABLE CABLE CAR. FIGURE 12 MECHANISM OF GONDOLAS WITH DETACHABLE GRIPS FIGURE 13 SWAYING OF VEHICLES DUE TO A SUDDEN STOP FIGURE 14 . THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE “ROPE FLOW” CURVE FOR DECELERATION OF THE CABIN IN THE STATION FIGURE 15 INTERMEDIATE STATION THAT STOPS EVERY FOURTH CABIN FIGURE 16 TRACK MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FIGURE 17 MINIMUM HEIGHT OF THE STATION FIGURE 18 INTERMEDIATE STATION HEIGHT FIGURE 19 TOWER PEDESTAL DIMENSIONS FIGURE 20 CABLE CAR TOWER HEIGHT FIGURE 21 CABLE CAR TOWER WIDTH FIGURE 22 SHUTTLE TYPE TRANSIT FIGURE 23 THE ROYAL ACADEMY FOR NATURE CONSERVATION IN AJLOUN, JORDAN FIGURE 24 RSCN LOCATION FIGURE 25 GROUND FLOOR FUNCTIONALITY FIGURE 26 BASEMENT FLOOR FUNCTIONALITY FIGURE 27 GROUND FLOOR CIRCULATION FIGURE 28 BASEMENT FLOOR CIRCULATION FIGURE 29 SECTION AA' FIGURE 30 SECTION BB' FIGURE 31SECTION CC' FIGURE 32 EAST ELEVATION FIGURE 33 EAST ELEVATION SOLID-VOID RATIO FIGURE 34 WEST ELEVATION FIGURE 35 WEST ELEVATION SOLID-VOID RATIO FIGURE 36 BUILDING FEATURES FIGURE 37 MATERIAL SELECTION FIGURE 38 AJLOUN FOREST RESERVE FIGURE 39 AFR SITE LOCATION FIGURE 40 AFR SURROUNDING URBAN AREAS FIGURE 41 AFR ACCESSIBILITY AND ENTRANCE FIGURE 42 AFR BUFFER ZONE FIGURE 43 FIGURE 42 AFR BUFFER ZONE FIGURE 44 OLD VS. NEW CABINS FIGURE 45 CABINS KEY MAP FIGURE 46 CABINS ARRANGEMENT

12 13 14 20 20 21 22 23 24 24 27 27 29 30 30 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 49 50 50 51 51

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FIGURE 47 INTERIOR LAYOUT OF THE CABINS FIGURE 48 VIEWS OF THE CABIN AND MATERIALS FIGURE 49 5.3 BOLZANO CABLE CAR FIGURE 50 BOLZANO CABLE CAR LOCATION FIGURE 51 SUMMIT FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 52 BASE STATION FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 53 SUMMIT FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 54 BASE STATION FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 55 SECTION AA' FIGURE 56 SECTION BB" FIGURE 57 BOLZANO CABLE CAR BUILDING FEATURES FIGURE 58 MATERIAL SELECTION FIGURE 59 KEY MAP FIGURE 60 STATIONS LOCATION FIGURE 61 AVERAGE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OVER THE YEAR FIGURE 62 AVERAGE MONTHLY HOURS OF SUNSHINE OVER THE YEAR FIGURE 63 AVERAGE HUMIDITY OVER THE YEAR FIGURE 64 AVERAGE MONTHLY PRECIPITATION OVER THE YEAR (RAINFALL, SNOW) FIGURE 65 WIND DIAGRAM FIGURE 66 TOPOGRAPHY OF AJLOUN GOVERNORATE FIGURE 67 SURFACE WATER BASINS IN THE WESTERN SLOPES OF AJLOUN GOVERNORATE FIGURE 68 VALUE ANALYSIS FIGURE 69 DEMOGRAPHY FIGURE 70 LAND USE PLAN FIGURE 71 SITE TOPOGRAPHY FIGURE 72 WIND DIRECTION FIGURE 73 ROAD NETWORK MAP FIGURE 74 TRAVEL DISTANCE MAP FIGURE 75 WATER AND ELECTRICITY LINES MAP FIGURE 76 LYNCH ANALYSIS MAP FIGURE 77 SITE DIMENSIONS FIGURE 78. SITE PLAN ANALYSIS AND SECTIONS FIGURE 79 SELECTED SITE VIEWS FIGURE 80. SELECTED SITE FEATURES FIGURE 81 SLOPE ANALYSIS FIGURE 82 SOIL TYPOLOGY FIGURE 83 WATER FLOW MAPPING FIGURE 84 SUITABLE BUILDING’S ORIENTATION ACCORDING TO THE SUN FIGURE 85 SUITABLE BUILDING’S ORIENTATION ACCORDING TO THE WINDS FIGURE 86 SUITABLE BUILDING’S ORIENTATION ACCORDING TO THE VIEWS FIGURE 87 SUITABLE BUILDING’S ORIENTATION ACCORDING TO THE VIEWS, WINDS AND SUN FIGURE 88 DESIGN CONSIDERATION FIGURE 89 BUBBLE DIAGRAM FIGURE 90 PROXIMITY CHART OF THE SITE AND THE STATION FIGURE 91 SITE ZONING FIGURE 92 ECO MASTER ZONING FIGURE 93LANDFORM PRINCIPLES FIGURE 94 FUNCTIONAL DISPOSITION ACCORDING TO THE SLOPES

52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 56 57 60 60 62 62 62 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 78 78 78 79 79 85 86 87 90 91 91

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FIGURE 95 CONCEPTUAL SITE PLAN FIGURE 96 STATION BUILDING ZONING FIGURE 97 FORM DEVELOPMENT FIGURE 98 CONCEPTUAL VIEW OF THE STATION FIGURE 99 MERGE INTO LAND CONCEPT FIGURE 100 ABOVE AND UNDERGROUND ACCESS FIGURE 101 HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION FIGURE 102 VERTICAL CIRCULATION FIGURE 103 STEPS ON SIDE WING MERGED WITH THE GRASS FIGURE 104 CONCEPTUAL SECTION AND DESIGN INTERVENTIONS FIGURE 105 EDUCATIONAL BLOCK VIEW FIGURE 106 HOTEL VIEW FIGURE 107 TREE FOLIAGE AND TRUNK FLOATING CONCEPT FIGURE 108 SCHEMATIC SECTION FIGURE 109 WOODEN LANES FIGURE 110 STONE PAVEMENT FIGURE 111 OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES FIGURE 112 LANDSCAPE VISUALIZATION FIGURE 113 MASTER PLAN FIGURE 114 MASTERPLAN LAYERS FIGURE 115 SITE SECTION AA' FIGURE 116 SITE SECTION BB' FIGURE 117 OPEN AIR THEATER PLAN FIGURE 118 OPEN AIR THEATER SECTION FIGURE 119 OPEN AIR THEATER VIEWS FIGURE 120 HOLLOW COLUMN DETAIL FIGURE 121 HOLLOW COLUMN VIEW FIGURE 122 LANDSCAPE STRATEGY FIGURE 123 EVERGREEN TREES SELECTION FIGURE 124 SHRUBS SELECTION FIGURE 125 LANDSCAPE VIEW FIGURE 126 ORCHID SELECTION FIGURE 127 LANDSCAPE VIEW FIGURE 128 LANDSCAPE PLAN FIGURE 129 LANDSCAPE AERIAL VIEW FIGURE 130 SITE PERSPECTIVE VIEW FIGURE 131 RAIN WATER HARVESTING PLAN FIGURE 132 RAINWATER HARVESTING METHODS FIGURE 133 USAGE OF RAINWATER FIGURE 134 TYPICAL BIOSWALE CROSS SECTION FIGURE 135 TYPICAL BIOSWALE LONG SECTION FIGURE 136 WATER SUPPLY LAYOUT FIGURE 137 WASTE PIPELINES LAYOUT FIGURE 138 FIRE TENDER FIGURE 139 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY FIGURE 140 AERIAL TRAMWAY STATION SITE PLAN FIGURE 141 GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 142 FLOOR -1 FIGURE 143 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

92 93 94 94 95 96 96 96 96 97 98 98 99 99 100 101 101 104 105 105 105 106 106 106 107 107 108 109 109 109 110 110 111 112 112 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117 121 122 122 123

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FIGURE 144 FLOOR -2 FIGURE 145 FLOOR -3 PLAN FIGURE 146 BUILDING'S SECTIONS FIGURE 147 BUILDING'S ELEVATIONS FIGURE 148 EXPLODED VIEW FIGURE 149 DETAILED WALL SECTION FIGURE 150 EVACUATION PLANS FIGURE 151 AERIAL VIEW FIGURE 152 VIEWS OF AERIAL TRAMWAY STATION FIGURE 153 1. ECO-RESORT ADMINISTRATION SITE PLAN FIGURE 154 1. ECO-RESORT ADMINISTRATION BLOCK VIEW FIGURE 155 ADMIN BLOCK FLOOR PLAN FIGURE 156 ADMIN BLOCK SECTIONS FIGURE 157 ADMIN BLOCK ELEVATIONS FIGURE 158 MATERIALS FIGURE 159 VIEW OF THE ADMIN BLOCK FIGURE 160 VIEWS OF THE COTTAGES FIGURE 161 COTTAGES LAYOUT FIGURE 162 ROOF PLANS FIGURE 163 BOARDWALK DETAIL FIGURE 164 COTTAGES ELEVATIONS FIGURE 165 INFINITY POOL PLAN FIGURE 166 INFINITY POOL SECTION

123 124 124 125 125 126 127 127 128 130 130 131 131 132 132 132 133 134 134 135 135 136 136

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CHAPTER – I

INTRODUCTION

1. Project Description 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Rationale

2. Synopsis 2.1 Aim 2.2 Objective 2.3 Scope 2,4 Limitation 2.5 Proposal SWOT analysis 2.6 Project stakeholders 2.7 Site selection 2.8 Methodology

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1. Project Description The project selected is related to Ajloun Aerial Tramway Project, which is one of the most important tourism development projects and the first of its kind in the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan. The project is aiming to create a hub for tourism, economic, social, and scientific activities and provide job opportunities for hundreds of citizens of different ages. The project will promote tourism in archaeological areas of historical and religious significance located near the project. Furthermore, the project contributes to the development of natural and ecological areas and prolongs the tourist’s period of stay; and consequently, improves the social and economic conditions, and the standard of living of the citizens and the inhabitants of countryside areas.

Ecotourism Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.

Conservation

•offering market-linked long-term solutions, ecotourism provides effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect the natural and cultural heritage of our beautiful planet.

communities

•by increasing local building capacity and employment opportunities, ecotourism is an effective vehicle for empowering local communities around the world to fight against poverty and to achieve sustainable development.

Interpretation

•with an emphasis on enriching personal experiences and environmental awareness through interpretation, ecotourism promotes greater understanding and appreciation for nature, local society, and culture.

Figure 1 ecotourism goals

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Cable car (Aerial tramway) An aerial tramway consists of one or two fixed cables (called track cables), one loop of cable (called a haulage rope), and one or two passenger or cargo cabins. The fixed cables provide support for the cabins while the haulage rope, by means of a grip, is solidly connected to the truck (the wheel set that rolls on the track cables). An electric motor drives the haulage rope which provides propulsion.

Aerial tramways are constructed as reversible systems; vehicles shuttling back and forth between two end terminals and propelled by a cable loop which stops and reverses direction when the cabins arrive at the end stations. Aerial tramways differ from gondola lifts in that gondola lifts are considered continuous systems (cabins attached onto a circulating haul rope that moves continuously).

Problem statement Ajloun is of a mountainous nature with different heights, beautiful terrain, dense forest trees, abundant water and fertile soil. All these factors have made Ajloun a place for human settlements since the ancient times and until the present time where its population is on the rise. This history is shown in the historical monuments scattered in its areas. In spite of all these resources and advantages, the region is experiencing many problems, including: •

•

•

Unemployment and the drift of rural population to cities: despite of the possibility of utilizing the cultural output of people within the villages for tourism development, a large proportion of the rural population move to work in crowded cities.

Decline of Tourism: the decline in tourism income due to the absence of effective tourist programs, although Jordan has absence of effective tourist programs, although Jordan has broad hopes for tourism in the future.

Environment: Jordanian forests, with their plants and animals are an invaluable national wealth, however, they face great challenges that we need to overcome them, otherwise, the situation is heading for the worst.

Figure 2 region problems

Rationale The proposal is related to Ajloun cable car Project, which is one of the most important tourism development projects and the first of its kind in the region.

The project I propose is to create a hub for tourism, economic, social, and scientific activities that take place along with the actual proposed stations. Furthermore, the project contributes to the development of natural and ecological areas, and development of natural and ecological areas, and prolongs the tourist’s period of stay; and consequently, improves the social and economic conditions, and the standard of living of the citizens and the inhabitants of countryside areas.

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2. Synopsis Aim The goal is to develop tourist accommodations, activities, and attractions that benefit everyone involved– the local flora/fauna, the local people, travel industry stakeholders, and travelers alike.

Objective • • • • • •

To create an effective space in which people can relate themselves to the Ajloun city, it’s culture and heritage.

Create a commercial hub within the cable car station.

Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect. positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.

Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.

Restore hope and enhance the sense of belonging among the people through involving them in the project to get direct benefit from it; and to remind them of the great history of the site in order to revive the sense of glory.

Scope

•

Utilizing folklore and traditional crafts to create job opportunities for the locals Environment protection awareness organized by the ropeway project Promoting unknown historic sites and providing means of accommodation Stimulate tourism investment and attract local as well as international businessmen to support the national economy.

Provide job opportunities and reduce the rural migration.

• • • • •

Lack of prior studies and research Difficulty to reach and access live case studies Restricted entry to specific areas of the sites Lack of information provided by the authorities Restricted access to the actual proposal of the station plans

• • • •

Limitation

Figure 3 project objectives

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Proposal SWOT analysis

S

Linking it to Ajloun Aerial Tramway Project which is one of the biggest projects in the region.

W

Providing the needs of the proposed Ajloun Aerial Tramway Project in the plans.

The variety of the project functions may lead to design gaps if it is not managed properly.

No access to the actual proposed plans

The significance of natural, historical, religious and tourist sites.

O

T Presenting the project to the entities executing Ajloun Aerial Tramway Project and to work on developing their proposed plans.

Non-cooperation of the parties concerned in the implementation and design of Ajloun Aerial Tramway Project and reserving information for their own use only.

Large number of trees to be cutting as the sites are forests.

Project stakeholders • Jordan Free and Development Zones Group It is the company that announced the tender for the implementation of Ajloun ropeway Project. The Company is working in cooperation with the Ministry of Public Works to make the call for tenders for the implementation of the project on a global level in order to attract offers of international specifications and designs. • The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities It will undertake promoting the project and listing it on the map of the Jordan Trail.

Site selection The sites are selected based on the actual locations of the Ajloun ropeway stations proposed by the company executing it.

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Methodology

project selection Ajloun cable car station and resorts

site analysis means of access SWOT analysis bylaws topography landuse value analysis

secodary data virtual case studies

primary data

researches published reports

data collection live case studies interviews surveys

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Data Collection and research work related to the project.

Data is collected from various sources and authorities by getting in contact with them through mails, visits, etc. This data is then studied and applied to the selected area; this enhances the accuracy of the project.

Relevant proposals formulated in terms of design and policy.

On the basis of the achieved data different proposals and design theories are proposed which suit the site the best. These proposals and theories are then reflected on the actual design taking place on the site.

Analysis and Conclusion Based on the observations made during the above-mentioned research and analysis a conclusion can be drawn, and thus evolving the concept and further enhancing the design.

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CHAPTER – II

Literature study 3. Ecotourism 3.1 Role of ecotourism in sustainable development 3.2 Principles of Ecotourism 3.3 Sustainable tourism objectives 3.4 Ecotourism impacts 3.5 Ecotourism in Ajloun

4. Cable car (Aerial tramway) 4.1 Components of Aerial Rope Transit 4.2 Basic mechanism and calculations 4.3 General station design standards 4.4 Towers design 4.5 Safety and Security Issues 4.6 Design standards (Ajloun project case) 4.7 calculations (Ajloun project case)

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3. Ecotourism Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small-scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of the local people.

Figure 4 sustainable vs. unsustainable tourism

Role of ecotourism in sustainable development Ecotourism’s perceived potential as an effective tool for sustainable development is the main reason why developing countries are now embracing it and including it in their economic development and conservation strategies. Ecotourism, as an alternative tourism, involves visiting natural areas in order to learn, to study, or to carry out activities environmentally friendly, that is, a tourism based on the nature experience, which enables the economic and social development of local communities. It focuses primarily on experiencing and learning about nature, its landscape, flora and their habitats, as well as cultural artifacts from the locality.

Figure 5 mass vs. alternative tourism

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Adventure tourism is defined as: “an outdoor leisure activity that takes place in an unusual, exotic, remote or wilderness destination, involves some form of unconventional means of transportation, and tends to be associated with low or high levels of activity” (Fennel & Dowling, 2003).

According to this definition of adventure tourism and to that of ecotourism as previously stated, it seems that there are many overlapping concepts.

Ecotourism is a component of sustainable tourism. In many ways, sustainable tourism exemplifies the relationship between ecotourism and sustainable development

Principles of Ecotourism Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that those who implement, participate in and market ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism principles: • • • • • • • •

Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts.

Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.

Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.

Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.

Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry.

Deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors that help raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental, and social climates.

Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities.

Recognize the rights and spiritual beliefs of the Indigenous People in your community and work in partnership with them to create empowerment.

Figure 6 principles of ecotourism

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Sustainable tourism objectives Sustainable tourism will focus on three areas: •

Quality – valuable experience for visitors and increased life quality for host communities through cultural identity, poverty reduction and environmental quality.

•

Continuity – exploitation is made at the optimum level that allows the preservation and regeneration of the natural resources.

Balance between the needs of tourism industry, environmental protection, and local communities by an equitable distribution of benefits among stakeholders.

•

Figure 7 sustainable tourism objectives

Ecotourism environmental, social, and economic impacts Ecotourism Promotes Economic Stability Commercial tourist attractions may be placed in a specific area, but that doesn’t mean it gives back to these communities. Instead, large corporations tend to change the way of living for some natives depending on what will be most profitable. When this happens, locals often relocate and are devastated on both a physical and emotional level due to the stresses that come with moving.

Many of these indigenous cultures have been deluded, or destroyed altogether, to set up for tourism, but it doesn’t have to be that way. Traveling to local attractions offers exciting experiences and the funding you provide to these places is shared amongst the community, contributing to more jobs and a boost in the local economy.

Environmental impacts Natural and cultural landscape values form a basis for ecotourism. These values are geographical position, microclimatic conditions, existence of water, natural beauties, existence of natural vegetation, existence of wildlife, surface features, geomorphologic structure, local food, festivals and pageants, traditional agricultural structure, local handicrafts, regional dress culture, historical events and people, heritage appeals, architectural variety, traditional music and folk dance, artistic activities and so on.

Ecotourism is largely perceived to safeguard natural areas and thereby to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity.

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Social and local communities’ impacts Ecotourism has the potential to seriously impact local communities, largely due to the tendency of ecotourists to have a greater interest in the culture and nature of the areas they visit, as compared to mass tourists.

Ecotourism destinations are always environmentally sensitive because ecotourism activities directly involve various environmental phenomena including bird watching, trekking, mountaineering, horse riding and elephant riding within the forest wilderness trail, staying in natural caves, studying about flora and fauna, simple bush walking, fishing, animal behavior study, ecological studies.

Ecotourism in Ajloun The Royal Society for Conservation Nature (RSCN) Ajloun Reserve covers 12 sq km from the remaining fragile and fragmented forest patches northern Jordan. The most important component of RSCN’s solution to integrate the local communities in its conservation programs was nature-based low impact ecotourism. They have developed eco-tourism infrastructure and facilities (cabins, restaurants, trails) to attract nature lovers to stay overnights in the area, which only received limited numbers of day visitors before the establishment of the reserve. They also linked the reserve with the surrounding historical and cultural attractions creating benefits and alternative income to the local communities and assisted in the rehabilitation of local houses located along the hiking trails as stop points for food and beverage. The ecotourism product depends on natural and cultural resources, low level of technology with low negative impact on nature respecting the sites carrying capacity.

Hiking through oak forests dotted with pistachio and oriental strawberry trees, catch breathtaking views, bird watching and much more to do in Ajloun.

Figure 8 ecotourism in Ajloun

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walking trails visitors can enjoy guided or self-guided trials ranging from 1-10 hours and it can be arranged to surrounding villages, local workshops, and archeological sites.

Figure 9 Ajloun reserve plan

Figure 10 walking trails

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4. Cable car (Aerial tramway) An aerial tramway consists of one or two fixed cables (called track cables), one loop of cable (called a haulage rope), and one or two passenger or cargo cabins. The fixed cables provide support for the cabins while the haulage rope, by means of a grip, is solidly connected to the truck (the wheel set that rolls on the track cables). An electric motor drives the haulage rope which provides propulsion.

Aerial tramways are constructed as reversible systems; vehicles shuttling back and forth between two end terminals and propelled by a cable loop which stops and reverses direction when the cabins arrive at the end stations. Aerial tramways differ from gondola lifts in that gondola lifts are considered continuous systems (cabins attached onto a circulating haul rope that moves continuously).

CHAIRLIFT A chairlift is used to transport ice skiers to and from the snowy mountain peaks, and it can transport skiers wearing skis and other equipment.

Of their disadvantages is that they do not protect skiers from weather conditions. The capacity of chairlift types range GONDOLA A Gondola lift is a closed cabin suitable for transport in winter sports areas and tourist centres.

It offers comfort and protects users from air and weather conditions. It accommodates up to 20 people.

DOUBLE DECKER LIFT It consists of two floors, the first is closed and the second is open, suitable for transporting large numbers of up to 200 people.

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Components of Aerial Rope Transit (Cable Car) The table below describes various components of cable car and their functions in mechanical shifting of passengers from one location to other location.

S.N 1

Components Cable car vehicle (cabin/gondolas)

Description Consists of carriage / grip, hanger and passenger cabin.

Vehicle may be fully enclosed carrier, semi-open, seating chair with standing space, etc.

Vehicle has different capacity.

Function Structural and mechanical assemblage in which passengers are shifted.

2.

Terminal Stations

Minimum two stations i.e. lower terminal station and upper terminal station are required.

3.

Intermediate Towers

Intermediate structures to support both track cable (loads) and haulage rope (bundles) between terminals.

4.

Cables

Cables i.e. ropes are a major component

5.

Plants and Machinery

Drive (main & auxiliary), gear box, tension / counter weight trolley, grip system, generator, emergency pulley, speed reducer, Diesel Generator (DG) set, etc.

Stations need Drive Machines System which consists of motor and drive. (motor as mechanical device generates rotational/linear forces used to power a machine whereas drive as electronic device harnesses electrical energy sent to motor) For longer span, towers are required to provide support at various intermediate points.

Cable pulls the cable car vehicles from one location to another for transporting passengers.

Provide movement by using electrical and mechanical support.

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The simplest system of cable car consists of cables, cable car vehicles, and supporting structures. Basically, it is an integrated mechanical system based on principles of mechanics to carry passengers from one elevation to another elevation, particularly in undulating terrains. The figure below illustrates running system of detachable bi-cable cable car.

Figure 11 running system of detachable bi-cable cable car.

Basic mechansim and calculations

Figure 12 mechanism of gondolas with detachable grips

Operating gondolas with detachable grips within a station is as follows. When the vehicle is connected to the rope and located on the line, it moves with the speed of a cable car on the line (VC). When it comes into the station, the grip detaches from the rope, and the cabin starts to brake by using friction discs with rubber rings that touch the top of the grip. When the cabin reaches a low speed within the station (VS), it moves by friction conveyor through the station. The doors open and the exit starts, and then passengers enter the cabins.

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After the turn, when the cabin reaches the end of the platform, the doors close, and acceleration begins. The grip attaches to the rope, and the cabin leaves the station at the speed of a cable car on the line (VC).

If the length of the vehicle is 2 m and the minimum distance between vehicles in the station is 0.5 m, the minimum spacing between vehicles in the station is: Δ1s = 2 + Ss = 3 + 0,5 = 2.5m where, • •

Δ1s = spacing between vehicles while in the station (m) Ss = distances between vehicles (cabins) in the station (m)

On the basis of the maximum speed of vehicles in the station (0.5 m/s) and the minimum spacing between vehicles in the station, the minimum interval between vehicles can be calculated: Δts = Δ1s / Vs = 2.5 / 0.5 = 5 seconds where, • •

Δts = intervals between vehicles in the station (s) Vs = speeds of vehicles in the station (m/s)

As only one platform is used, the minimum intervals between vehicles in the station and on the line are the same: Δts = Δtc where, •

Δtc = interval between vehicles on the line (s)

The maximum capacity of the gondola depends on the minimum interval between vehicles and the number of persons in the vehicle. If the number of persons in the vehicle is 8, the theoretical capacity of the gondola is: Qc = (3600/ Δtc).n = (3600/5).8 = 5760 persons/h where, •

Qc = capacity of the gondola (persons/h)

However, in practice, the minimum interval of 5 s by the gondolas is not applied. Only for chair lifts and surface lifts are such small intervals used. For gondolas with the highest capacities, the interval between vehicles is somewhere around 12 s.

Qc = (3600/ Δtc).n = (3600/12).8 = 2400 persons/h

28

Accessibility for persons with disabilities: A disadvantage of gondolas is also the difficulty of access for persons with disabilities and older adults because the vehicles in the station do not stop completely (as with aerial tramways or funiculars). To facilitate the entry of these passengers, it should be necessary to stop the gondola. If the gondola stops every 15 minutes, entry of persons with disabilities and older adults takes 30 seconds, and exit takes 30 seconds, the gondola stops 8 times per hour. This is 4 minutes of inactivity, which represents a 6.66% reduction in passenger capacity for gondolas

Figure 13 swaying of vehicles due to a sudden stop

The construction of the curve (Figure 14) begins at the time t = 0, when the cabin begins to decelerate, and the velocity of the cabin is 5 m/s. The cabin is at point A0 and the fixed grip on the rope is in point D0.

The distance between these two points is L = 8 m. This is the length of the suspension.

In the first second, from time t = 0 to time t = 1, the cabin travels ∆S1 = 4.75 m, so the distance from AO to A1 is 4.75 m. At the same time, the rope travels ∆L= 5 m, so the distance between DO to D1 is 5 m.

The intersection between an arc with radius L = 8 m with its center at A1 and an arc with radius ∆L = 5m gives the point D1. From point D1 to point D2 is again ∆L = 5 m. From point A1 to A2 is a distance of ∆S2 = 4.25 m. The intersection between an arc with radius L = 8 with its center at A2 and an arc with radius ∆L = 5 m gives the point D2.

Again, the intersection between an arc with radius L = 8 with its center at A3 and an arc with radius ∆L = 5 m gives the point D3. This procedure can be continued, and where the points D connects with lines, we can get the polyline. However, these points can also connect with spline which modern geometric modelers.

29

Figure 14 . The construction of the “rope flow� curve for deceleration of the cabin in the station

The described system of gondolas with two platforms, which would reduce the distances between vehicles on the line, could increase the capacity of cable cars twofold and, therefore, the cable cars could reach capacities of up to 8,000 persons/h. Such capacity would be comparable to the capacities of other high-performance systems designed to carry persons in public passenger transport. The top speed of such devices in relation to regulations would remain 6 m/s (21.6 km/h) for mono-cable systems and 7 m/s (25.2 km/h) for bi-cable systems.

A gondola has, by its implementation, a distinct safety advantage over a road vehicle. A sudden stop of the carrying-hauling rope will cause swaying of all cabins and the cabins will start rotating. The deceleration force would not eject passengers from the cabin (as in a car) but would work on the force of the passengers in a direction perpendicular to the ground of the rotating cabin. Therefore, there would be no collision between cabins after the sudden braking or stopping of the gondola.

In theory, in stations, different numbers of platforms could be added, which could be placed on different floors. However, if there are too many vehicles on the line, insufficient safety distances could occur, so, in accordance with regulations (CEN 2004), longitudinal swaying of vehicles must be possible due to different effects such as impacts of wind, dynamic forces, etc.

Figure 15 Intermediate station that stops every fourth cabin

30

Another advantage of gondolas is that they use small vehicles. This means that in the intermediate stations on the line, it is not necessary to stop all cabins, only those from which passengers exit.

Special construction of intermediate stations, as shown in the figure above, could allow this.

Using this measure, passengers in other cabins could smoothly travel to other or final stations.

The figure shows that every fourth cabin detached from the rope and wheel conveyor leads it to a lower level with the speed of the rope (VC). Then, the grip detaches from the rope and the cabin starts braking by using friction discs with rubber rings, which touch the top of the grip. When the cabin reaches a low speed in the station (VS , which is less than 0.5 m/s), it moves by a friction conveyor through the station. The door opens, and passenger exit and entry from/into the cabins begins. After that, when the cabin reaches the end of the platform, the door closes and then starts accelerating to the speed of the rope. The wheel conveyor leads the cabin to the higher level, where the grip attaches to the rope, and the cabin leaves the station with the speed of the rope on the line (VC).

The advantage of such a station is that the cabin comes down to the level of the ground, which could be a street surface. The disadvantage is that more cabins in the station are necessary because they are slower-moving than other cabins on the rope. A cabin leaving the station must be attached at the same place on the rope as a cabin entering the station.

For passengers to know which cabin will be stopping at one of the intermediate stations, the cabins could be differently marked with the inscription of the intermediate station or have different colors—for example, a yellow cabin stops at the first intermediate station, green at the second, red at the third, and blue at the fourth. At the end, cabins come into the final station.

The cable car with central entry and exit has several advantages. this type of device is simple and cheap, and the fact that cabins would stop at the station and, at the same time, the cabins on the line of the cable car would travel smoothly along the line.

31

General station design standards Space requirements: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Gondola garage: required to house the stations when not used Propulsion room: room for the engine Surveillance room: to keep track of the effective movement of cable cars Ticket counter: to pay and collect tickets for transit Waiting space: wait for the gondola

Figure 16 track minimum dimensions

Figure 17 minimum height of the station

Figure 18 intermediate station height

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Towers design • • • •

Type of tower: cylindrical Size of pedestal: 2.5x2.5 m Each tower supports a pair of cable car ropes.

Diameter of the tower: 1.25m

Figure 19 tower pedestal dimensions

Figure 20 cable car tower height

Figure 21 cable car tower width

33

Safety and Security Issues Accidents in the cable car transport system may be due to human error, failure of mechanical / electrical components, lack of maintenance of structural system, unsafe environment such as bad weather, volcanic eruption, etc.

Probable Percentage (Frequency) Causes of Accidents in Cable Cars S.N.

Cause of Hazards

Consequences

Probable Percentage (Frequency)

i.

Cable slipped

Passenger death

12.00

ii.

Cabin lost its hold capacity

Passenger death

8.00

iii.

Hill collapsed

Total system collapsed

8.00

iv.

Snapping of rope wire

Passenger death

37.00

v.

Power system failure

Delay in operation

12.00

vi.

Collision when entering station

Minor injury

15.00

vii.

Loosening of holding capacity of soil/geology

Tower collapse & passenger death

8.00

Total

100.00

Design standards (Ajloun project case) • • • • • • • • • • •

Line length: 2,850 meters Number of stations: 2 Number of intermediate towers: 9 Type of aerial transport: monocable detachable gondola (MDG) Capacity per car: 8 passengers Number of cars: 40 carriages, which can be extended to 60 in the future Speed: 6m/s (21.6 km/h) Average time of arrival between the main stations: 7.55 min Average waiting period at station: 59 sec ( if we assume 4 cars per direction) Type of transit: shuttle type (in continuous movement)

Figure 22 shuttle type transit

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calculations (Ajloun project case) the minimum distance between vehicles in a station is 0.5 m since the speed is 6 m/s hence for – 2,850 meters, the average time of arrival between the main stations is 7.55 min. the following table shows the average waiting time at station.

• •

2850/6 = 475 sec Assuming 1 car per direction (2 cars on both the directions)

average waiting time at station = (475/2)÷60 = 3.95 3.95x60= 237

237-(3x60)= 57 sec

Number of cars per direction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

average waiting time at station= 3.57 sec

Number of persons (between two terminal stations) 8 16 24 32 40 48 56

Average waiting time at station 3.57 min 1.59 min 1.19 min 59 sec 48 sec 40 sec 34 sec

Phase 1: 3 cars per direction -

can transport 100 Persons per hour between terminal stations.

Waiting period at each station will be 1.19 min.

Assuming 8 hours of work per day, 800 passengers would be transported

Phase 2: 4 cars per direction -

can transport 132 Persons per hour between terminal stations.

Waiting period at each station will be 59 sec.

Assuming 8 hours of work per day, 1,065 passengers would be transported

•

Note: the authority responsible for executing Ajloun tramway project (Jordan Free and Development Zones Group) will be providing 40 cars which will be extended up to 60 cars in the future by the Austrian company Doppelmayr.

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36

CHAPTER – III

Case studies Live case studies 5.1Royal Academy for Nature Conservation 5,2 Ajloun forest reserve

virtual case studies 5.3 Bolzano Cable Car

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5. Case studies Royal Academy for Nature Conservation (Live case study) Location: Ajloun, Jordan Architect: Khammash Architects Project type: Educational Design: 2009-2011 Completed: 2014

Introduction The Royal Academy for Nature Conservation in Ajloun, Jordan, by Khammash Architects, is the continuation of the environmental and socio-economic programs of Jordan’s Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature over the past 50 years. The Academy, built over an abandoned limestone quarry next to the Ajloun Forest Reserve, reclaims this scarred landscape for environmental education and eco-tourism. The architectural strategy by architect Ammar Khammash was to continue the exposed surfaces of limestone in masonry cladding composed of limestone from the quarry to create a union of man and nature. The bold 11-metre cantilevers in limestone and the dramatic entrance through a 30-metre bridge supported by a masonry structural arch show the expressive and architectonic possibilities of limestone building techniques. Forcefully thrusting vertically from the quarry, the design highlights the important role of the Academy as a symbol of ecological consciousness for the local populace and visiting eco-tourists.

Figure 23 The Royal Academy for Nature Conservation in Ajloun, Jordan

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site and surrounding The Academy is located on a hilltop, outside the Umm AlYanabi village, above an abandoned limestone quarry. it sits on the northwest long side of the quarry continuing the rough craggy surface up into its main facade. The transition between the quarry face and the limestone facade of the Academy is not very clear from a distance, appearing as one volume. The distinction between the two only becomes apparent when one arrives at the building Figure 24 RSCN location

Local architectural character In Umm Al-Yanabi and neighboring villages, traditional village architecture in the local Anjara Ajloun limestone has been largely replaced by these reinforced-concrete village homes most half-finished, in low-quality materials and with little architectural distinction. Some of the homes utilize decorative applications of the Anjara limestone as tiles on their facade, but traditional architecture in limestone has largely disappeared in Umm Al-Yanabi and environs

Functional requirements The architect’s brief at the beginning of the process was for a 3,000 m2 facility that incorporated training and eco-tourism facilities and, specifically, a restaurant.

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Training rooms to accommodate a maximum of 60 students at any one time “Search and rescue” facility for training in handling tourism emergencies in the field.

Medical clinic for teaching in-field first aid and survival training Small conference hall with audio-visual facilities Library and resource room, with computer suite and small research rooms Management offices and staff room Canteen and restaurant, plus outdoor food-preparation area for practice in outdoors.

Hotel-style kitchen Storage and service rooms Staff accommodation of high standard Trainee accommodation designed to for up to 20 students.

Access road and car parking

Building data -

Total Site Area: 156’780 m2 Total Project Area: 3’600 m2 Building Footprint Area: 1’950 m2 Outdoor Terraces Area: 320 m2 Entrance Bridge Area: 210 m2 Driveway to Service Entrance: 250 m2 Parking Area: 900 m2 39

Floor plans

Figure 25 Ground floor Functionality

Figure 26 basement floor Functionality

40

Figure 27 Ground floor Circulation

Figure 28 basement floor Circulation

41

Sections

Figure 29 section AA'

Figure 30 section BB'

Figure 31section cc'

42

Elevations – (solid-void analysis) East elevation

Figure 32 East elevation

Figure 33 East elevation solid-void ratio

West elevation

Figure 34 West elevation

Figure 35 west elevation solid-void ratio

43

Building features: light and ventilation The corridors are defined by a crack in the ceiling that lets natural sunlight in and guides the visitor to the rest of the academy. The building has a very basic treatment of materials. It is made from Ajloun limestone from the site's quarry and other quarries that share the same strudel of rock.

acoustics and insulation in the lecture hall, plain concrete block is used for acoustic buffering and insulation in addition to straw in the wall sections. Cuts in the walls were kept exposed without plastering, which shows in the openings of the hall.

heating system Using ground source heat pump which take advantage of the stable temperature underground using a piping system to heat the building during winter and cooling it during summer.

rainwater harvesting A system for rainwater harvesting from the roof of the building was used.

The architect used design solutions that allow the building to be in harmony with the site without the need for logging to complete the construction process.

nature consideration On the opposite side of the building facing the forest, which was not affected by quarrying activities, the academy touches the forest with a beautiful handshake. The building hovers over the forest and barely touches it. It has minimal footprint as the foundation columns cantilever tilts at 45 degrees above the forest floor, and cantilevered terraces with blade-like edges floats –almost like paper- above trees canopies.

Figure 36 Building features

44

Materials selection

Most of the Anjara limestone originated from the existing quarry on site, with additional stone secured from nearby quarries in Ajloun.

Concrete blocks, terrazzo tiles, ironwork, insulation straw, cement, aluminum and glass windows/doors are from Jordanian manufacturers.

Wood and timber used especially in the pergola of the restaurant terrace and the interior doors were imported, as Jordan does not have domestic timber production.

Most of the front facade consists of solid stone and shows a small proportion of glass openings.

In the rear facade, the proportion of glass openings increases, and the solid materials vary and include concrete, stone and wood.

Figure 37 material selection

inferences 1. The project uses sustainable environmental design techniques and treatments such as ventilation and natural lighting, rainwater harvesting system, and utilization of different underground temperatures for cooling and heating processes.

2. Materials used in construction are in harmony with the surrounding nature and the urban and historical character of the area.

3. The project creates many direct employment opportunities for the people of the area to work in the Academy or the associated services.

4. Utilization of quarry residues in the construction process and transforming the negative impact of the site into a positive one by establishing the Academy for the Protection of Nature.

45

Ajloun forest reserve (live case study) Location: Ajloun, Jordan Architect: RSCN Project type: Nature reserve Completed: 2014 Ajloun Forest Reserve was established by the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) in 1987 to conserve Evergreen Oak (Quercus coccinea) vegetation type, which is typical of the northern highlands of Jordan within the boundaries of Zubia-Shatana.

The Oak Forest Reserve has been selected for this project the importance of Ajloun Reserve comes from the importance of Ajloun itself. Ajloun has a long history of human settlements: due to its mild climate: dense forests, and fertile soil. This rich history is reflected in many archaeological rums scattered In the wood-lands and surrounding villages.

The reserve itself supports a wide variety of wild plants and animals and is a peaceful place to relax and enjoy nature. Among the more unusual animals to be found in the Reserve are the Striped Hyena: Crested Porcupine and Stone Marten. In spring: the reserve becomes a carpet of wildflowers, including drifts of anemones and rock roses.

Ajloun Forest Reserve covers an area of 13 km2. it consists of Mediterranean-like hill country: ranging from 600 - 1100 m above sea level: with a series of small and medium winding valleys.

Figure 38 Ajloun forest reserve

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Site significance Ajloun forest was first proposed as a protected area in the 1978 survey. Its ecological importance is represented by the Evergreen Oak vegetation type. As part of the Mediterranean bio-geographical region of the country, it is dominated by open woodlands that account for a significant part of Jordan's forested area, which does not exceed 1% of the country's entire land area.

Long with stretches of Evergreen Oak Quercus calliprinos, the thriving woodlands of Ajloun are dominated by Carob Ceratonia siliqua, wild Pistachio Pistacia palaestina and Strawberry tree Arbutus andrachne. Throughout the years, these trees have been important to local people for their wood and quite often for their medicinal and nutritional value or simply as a food source. These woodlands also support a wide range of plant and animal biodiversity, including herds of wild boar Sus scrofa, the Stone Marten Martes Fiona, which is a carnivore that is known to be restricted to forest habitats, and the golden Jackal Canis aureus, which can still be found in good numbers in and around the reserve, as well as the Red Fox Vulpes, Striped Hyena Hyaena, Persian Squirrel Sciurus anomalous, Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica, and wolfCanis lupus.

A wide variety of wildflowers thrive in Ajloun forest, including the Black Iris, several orchids and wild tulips, several of which can be found in CITES appendices. In 2000, Ajloun Forest Reserve was announced, by Bird Life International and RSCN, as an Important Bird Area in Jordan.

Site location Ajloun forest is located in Ajloun governate in highlands of north of Jordan

Figure 39 AFR Site location

47

Surrounding urban areas The reserve is surrounded by six main villages.

-

Rasun Man Bauon Mahna Al-Iyarah Um Yanbee

The largest one of these villages is "Arjan village", which lies to the west of the reserve. The smallest village is "Um Yanabee" which is located to the south of the reserve. It is the closest village to it. Governmental jobs and agricultural interests differentiate in these villages, but in general the main reliance is on the armed forces and governmental jobs.

Arjan Village has a private concern in agriculture as agricultural land and water are available throughout the year.

Figure 40 AFR Surrounding urban areas

Accessibility and entrance The reserve has one main entrance which starts at the entrance of "Om-Yanabee" village, it runs through the village to the north-west up to the reserve main gate leading to the administration buildings.

There is a number of very rugged dirt and not paved driveways that are used by the local people between villages. There are also other ways that reach up to the private and cultivated lands.

The total number of entrances to the reserve is almost 13 entrance.

48

Figure 41 AFR Accessibility and entrance

established reserve buffer zone a proposed buffer zone was established arround the perimeter of the reserve. the purpose of this sensitive buffer zone is to conserve the natural biodiversity in ajloun reserve.

Figure 42 AFR buffer zone

49

Figure 43 Figure 42 AFR buffer zone

accommodation: Ajloun Cabins Ajloun Forest Lodge occupies a large grassy clearing, enclosed by oak, pistachio and strawberry trees and offers beautiful views of the reserve and as far as Jebel Sheikh in Lebanon. There are 5 newly built cabins with private facilities and small terraces.

Each cabin has its comfort and style and is equipped with a private bathroom and a small terrace.

These cabins are opened all year round.

Capacity for these cabins: 20 people.

Figure 44 Old vs. new cabins

50

Figure 45 cabins key map

Figure 46 cabins arrangement

51

Cabins layout

Figure 47 interior layout of the cabins

Materials selection

Figure 48 views of the cabin and materials

52

Bolzano Cable Car (virtual case study) Location: Bolzano, Italy Architect: Snøhetta Project type: public transport Completed: 2019 Architecture firm Snøhetta has designed a pair of ring-shaped platforms linked by a cable car, which will offer expansive views of the Alps to residents and visitors in Bolzano, Italy. The cable car will scale the Virgolo cliff in the foothills of the Alps, reestablishing a link that was broken when the town's previous cable car line closed in 1976.

Bolzano, which has approximately 100,000 residents and has been ranked as one of the best Italian cities for quality of life, is the provincial capital of the South Tyrol region in the north of the country.

Figure 49 5.3

Bolzano Cable Car

Location

Two circular terminals at the summit and the base of the mountain, framing each other through holes in the centers of the buildings. The cables run at a tangent between the two buildings. It takes just 1 minute and 11 seconds to travel between the two stations.

Figure 50 Bolzano Cable Car location

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Functionality Summit floor plan The top station will serve as an urban interface with nature, housing a restaurant, cafĂŠ, infinity pool and meeting rooms

Figure 51 Summit floor plan

Base station floor plan The landscape design at the base station will bring a piece of nature to the city

Figure 52 Base station floor plan

54

Circulation

Figure 53 Summit floor plan

Figure 54 Base station floor plan

x

55

Sections

Figure 55 section AA'

Figure 56 section bb"

Building features -

The development will provide a new view of the city from above.

The new ‘Mountain Square’ atop the summit station will offer a flexible space for events - from open-air markets to concerts.

The stations will provide possibilities for exploration, recreation, and relaxation.

Figure 57 Bolzano Cable Car building features

56

Material selection Three main materials were used in building this project: concrete for walls and ceilings; glass for openings such as windows and entrances; and steel for the columns that protect the building.

Figure 58 Material selection

Inferences - Use vertical movement elements such as slopes, stairs, and escalator ramps.

- Multiple entrances according to uses and roads surrounding the project.

- Taking advantage of the height of the site and the building by making terraces to view the landscape and urban areas - The need to provide waiting areas separate from the coffee shops and the recreation sections

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58

CHAPTER – IV

Site analysis 6. Ajloun: General site description 6.1 Local Site Data Base 6.2 History of Ajloun 6.3 Climate

7. Macro site analysis 7.1 Land use and bylaws 7.2 topography 7.3 Swot analysis 7.4 Road network 7.5 travel distance 7.6 infrastructure 7.7 Lynch analysis

8. Micro site analysis 8.1 Swot analysis 8.2 Site vegetation, features and connectivity 8.3 Slope analysis 8.4 soil typology 8.5 Water flow analysis 8.6 inferences 59

6. Ajloun: General site description Local Site Data Base Ajloun is the capital town of the Ajloun Governorate, a hilly town in the north of Jordan, located 76 kilometers north west of the capital Amman. It is noted for its impressive ruins of the 12thcentury Ajloun Castle. Ajloun is bordered to the north and west

by Irbid Governorate, and it is 32 km away from Irbid. To the east

by Jerash Governorate, and it is 20 km away from Jerash. To the south by Al-Balqa Governorate.

Ajloun town is located on the ‘Auf mountain range famous for its height.

The Ajloun Governorate has a population of over 176,080 widespread in 27 villages and towns over an area of about 420 km².

Figure 59 key map

Project site coordinations Jordan, Ajloun Governorate The area of the project comprises two land plots located within Ajloun Governorate: •

•

First Station: Ajloun, AlSowan, and its coordinates are as follows: 32.350769, 35.725408 second Station: Ajloun, Al-Job, and its coordinates are as follows: 32.325542, 35.723462

Figure 60 stations location

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History of Ajloun The marvels of nature and the genius of medieval Arab military architecture have given northern Jordan two of the most important ecological and historical attractions in the Middle East: the sprawling pine forests of the Ajloun-Dibbine area, the towering Ayyubid castle at Ajloun, and the archaeological sites in Jerash. All shows how Ajloun made a suitable location for human settlements since ancient times. And that is clear through the historical monuments scattered in its area; and the artifacts displayed in the Ajloun Artifacts Museum. The contents of this museum are modest due to the scarcity of surveys and excavations which are limited in Ajloun area. Ajloun Museum cabinets comprise antiquities from the following ages:

- Pre - Pottery Neolithic Age (8300-7300 BC): Various granite tools, including microlithic tools, bone tools such as needles and sewing awls, in addition to basalt tools. These artifacts were found in 1991, during excavations in Eraq Aldob, northeast of Ajloun.

- Early Bronze Age (2300-1900 BC): pottery vessels found during incidental excavations in different locations of the Governorate.

- The area includes old buildings that go back to the Byzantine.

Byzantine era (600-1400 AD) The area includes old buildings that go back to the Byzantine era, especially the so-called (monastery), which contains the remnants of an old Byzantine church.

-

The first church (the small one) is located to the west of the hill to the right of the main staircase. It is lower than the hilltop, and it is believed to have been built before the upper church (probably in the 6th century). The eastern curve of the church can be clearly seen.

The second (grand) church is located on the top of the hill and is relatively large (about 33 m long), and it is has a cross directed to the east as usual in the Byzantine churches.

- The Ayyubid Dynasty (1171-1250) The Ajloun castle was constructed between 1184 and 1188 by the nephew of the Muslim military leader Salahuddin. Salahuddin fought against the Christian military during the Crusades in the 12th Century. The strategic location of the castle enabled Salahuddin’s army to look out across the Jordan Valley for invaders.

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Climate

Figure 61 Average minimum and maximum temperature over the year

Figure 62 Average monthly hours of sunshine over the year

Figure 63 Average humidity over the year

Figure 64 Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)

Ajloun belongs to the climate of the Mediterranean Sea, which is characterized by a relatively cold, short, and rainy winter, and a long, hot, and dry summer. Some of the climatic factors that have affected the province has a significant impact on the acquisition of moderate and healthy climate. The following are the climatic elements of Ajloun Governorate: 1. Heat: Ajloun Governorate has a hot summer to moderate where the average is 18-42 degrees. The warmest month is August with an average temperature of 24.5° C; while January with an average temperature of 7.8° C is the coldest month of the year.

2. Rain: as a hilly area, Ajloun Governorate is one of the rainiest governorates in the Kingdom.

June is the driest month with 0 mm of rain, and January is the rainiest month with a peak average of 111 mm.

3. Relative humidity: varies from place to another, with an average of 61%.

62

The following are other climatic phenomena that recur in Ajloun Governorate: Snow: Snow is a natural phenomenon in Ajloun area and often falls at least once a year between January and March. Snow lasts on Ajloun Mountains longer than on the mountains of the neighbouring areas.

Thunderstorms: At the end of autumn and winter, rain is usually accompanied with thunderstorms, which occur frequently in the months of November, December, and March and April.

Dew: An important phenomenon for plants, and it is formed in the Ajloun Mountains large scale in May, June, and July, so farmers rely on it to grow many of their summer crops, especially chickpeas and sesame.

Ajloun Governorate is subject to other climatic phenomena such as: hail fall in winter, especially in February and March, and the fog that is formed in all the months of the year, and it can be clearly observed in the early mornings of quiet winter days.

Winds Ajloun Governorate is subject to wind that blows from different directions. Wind speed, strength and duration depend on the duration and depth of the low pressure passing by the area. The following are four types of wind that affect the Governorate of Ajloun

Figure 65 wind diagram

A- Western and south-western wind coming with Mediterranean low-pressure systems, and they are the prevailing winds.

B- Northern cold wind, coming from the high-pressure zone in Eastern Europe, and it is accompanied with cold and sometimes with snow.

C- C- Eastern wind that blows late in winter and during spring. It is cold and dry, and it has a bad effect on people and plants where the Governorate witnesses cases of freezing and frost accompanied by the wind blowing, and that inflict severe damage to crops.

D- D- Al-Khamasin Wind: It is a south-western wind laden with dust and coming with the Red Sea low pressure systems.

63

General Site Geology of Ajloun: The average height of Ajloun mountains in the north of the Kingdom is about 1000 meters above sea level, with the highest peak of 1247 meters in the area adjacent to the military base at Umm Al -Daraj, which is bordered by the town of Soof from the east and the town of Anjar from the west.

The nature of the rock components of the region: If we study the rock layers that form Ajloun region and its surroundings, we will find that calcareous rocks of sedimentary origin is found in most areas. It is mostly brownish white on the surface due to weathering. We will find also marl, chalk and phosphate rocks, where there are remnants of ancient organisms such as shells and teeth and the remains of these organisms, especially fish, as the northern regions of the Kingdom were covered with water in ancient times. Teeth appear in many areas, especially in phosphate rocks.

We can see sandstone in different colors, especially brown, red and white, and its granules are rough and disintegrate easily. Most of the rocks in these areas are of medium geological ages according to the geological ladder.

The characteristics of sedimentary rocks in this region include their being easy to take shapes, showing different geological structures such as folds, cracks and stratification.

Mineral Resources in Ajloun Governorate: Ajloun Governorate has a wealth of mineral resources such as iron, gypsum and building stones, which are used in the cement and glass industries, decorating buildings, interior decoration works and construction works in general.

Figure 66 Topography of Ajloun Governorate

64

General Site Hydrology Water sources: There are plenty of springs, streams and artisan wells which are considered a significant source of drinking water, plant irrigation and sustainable greenery. The most important of these springs are Al-Tanoor spring in Arjan, Azqeeq spring in Halawa area, Al-Fawwar spring in Ein Janna, Rasoon spring, spring of Ain Falah, and the spring of Abo Jood, which appears only at the end of the season for nearly a week and is famous for its plentiful water.

Figure 67 Surface water basins in the western slopes of Ajloun Governorate

65

Value analysis • Economic value: The inhabitants of the region have craftsmanship skills, such as the manufacture of handicraft products, which are usually promoted in tourism activities. The site includes Al-Sowan area, the development of which is associated with Ajloun aerial tramway Project.

• Heritage value: The nature of the customs and traditions of the people of Ajloun are similar, and that includes participation in the happy and sad occasions, banquets, and other social occasions. It is easy for a visitor to identify Ajloun’s popular heritage such as fashion, old tools knight’s tools and others. The people of the region are well-known for their inherent Arab generosity, hospitality and adherence to noble customs and traditions.

• National value: the presence of the Castle of Saladin that overlooks the city of Jerusalem reminds the visitor of the Islamic opening of Jerusalem in the Ayyubid era, restoring hope for the restoration of the Holy Land and enhance the sense of glory and belonging to the Arab region.

• Natural value: Ajloun is famous for olive trees with different ages, some of them more than one century old.

Ajloun is rich in stone fruit family trees, fruit trees in general and forest trees. The total area of forest areas is 142,257 dunums.

• Historical value: The castle may be the most famous among the historical regions, but what many do not know is that the land of Ajloun is full of monuments from various eras, because it was, over time, a special place in its location and nature. In Ajloun, Roman and Byzantine tombs, pottery and coins dating back to the Roman and Islamic periods, especially Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman, were discovered, in addition to mosques, churches and religious shrines.

• Tourism value: Ajloun is one of the most significant tourist areas in Jordan. It offers its visitors fantastic natural sceneries of mountains, waterfalls, valleys and large green landscape. Ajloun also comprises wonderful archaeological sites representing different civilizations such as Roman, Byzantine and Islamic such as Ajloun Castle and Ajloun Grand Mosque. It is worth mentioning that security, which is one of the most important elements of tourism, prevails in Ajloun.

Figure 68 value analysis

66

Demography population of Ajloun Governorate: (176,080) people.

Population density: (420) inhabitants / km2.

Unemployment rate for 2016: (19.5) The age range of the population of Ajloun Governorate is divided into three age groups: 1.

Young people (children and adolescents) are the age groups that extend between birth and less than 15 years old. This group (0-15) is often a non-productive group.

2. Economically active population: they are between the ages of (15-64) years and these are the economic labour force, the productive group in the community.

3. Elderly people who are in the age group of 65 and above, and it constitutes 3.6% of the population, which is low compared with its counterpart in developed countries.

Figure 69 demography

Education and unemployment in Ajloun Education in Ajloun is divided into two streams: academic and vocational. As is the case in the rest of the governorates, most students choose the academic stream rather than the vocational due to the prevailing social perception. This leads to the graduation of larger numbers of potential unemployed youth.

As the number of graduates grows, pressure on employment opportunities increases, leading to widespread unemployment and migration of people out of the governorate. Hence, people of Ajloun feel marginalised and less fortunate. These concerns were amplified with the Syrian Refugee Crisis. The wage differences between Jordanians and Syrian refugees who have settled in the governorate, adds to people’s grievances particularly that refugees receive material and in-kind assistance from international humanitarian organisations.

Despite their needs, such assistance is often unavailable to Jordanians.

Jordanian Unemployment Rate: Ajloun data was reported at 19.300 % in Aug 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 20.400 % for May 2018. Ajloun data is updated quarterly, averaging 16.000 % from Feb 2002 to Aug 2018, with 63 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.800 % in Feb 2006 and a record low of 8.200 % in Nov 2012.

67

7. Macro site analysis Land use and bylaws

Both of the stations are located under ‘forest’ category in the land use masterplan. The regulations and laws of Ajloun town state that forest lands are supposed to be protected and not allowed for any built or unbuilt practices. However, these lands are owned by the government of Jordan yet are selected for the execution of Ajloun aerial ropeway project.

• •

Station number one is plot 36 Station number two is plot 43

Figure 70 land use plan

topography

Ajloun is famous for its topography and green hills, the topography map of the macro site varies from +600 m above the sea level upto +1000 meters. both the selected sites and the ajloun castle are +900 meters above the sea level.

Figure 71 site topography

68

Swot analysis

EASY ACCESSIBLITY

W

S

INSUFFECIENT SERVICES

APPROXIMITY TO TOURSIM PLACES DENSE VEGETATION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

SURROUNDING AGRICULTURAL FIELDS NATURAL VIEWS

O IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE

T

MASSIVE DEFORESTATION EXISTING ROCKY AREAS

INCRESING THE TOURSIM

CONNECTIVITY TO THE CASTLE

Figure 72 wind direction

69

Road network

Figure 73 Road network map

travel distance

Figure 74 travel distance map

70

infrastructure

Figure 75 water and electricity lines map

Lynch analysis

Figure 76 lynch analysis map

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8. Micro site analysis site dimensions Plot 36 is the first and main start of the aerial tramway project. Located in al-sowan zone.

The plot is categorized as forest in the land use masterplan. However, it has been chosen by the responsible authorities for this project as the area percentage of the dense vegetation is only 39%. And the area that cannot be used for construction is 50%.

Figure 77 site dimensions

Swot analysis

Figure 78. site plan analysis and sections

72

EASY ACCESSIBLITY

S

W

50% OF THE LAND CA NOT BE USED

LESS SOIL EROSION SURROUNDING AGRICULTURAL FIELDS VIEWS OVERLOOK THE CITY AND THE CASTLE

ROAD SEPERATING THE SITE EXIXTING TACK

O

IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE

T

75 METERS DIFFERENCE IN SITE LEVELS.

EXISTING ROCKY AREAS THE USE OF LOCAL MATERIAL

ACCOMMODATION SPACES

Figure 79 selected site views

73

Site vegetation, features and connectivity the selected site for the project’s proposal has higher vegetation density comparing to other areas of the same region, 39% of the land carries different types of local trees and native species, while rest of the site has either rocky limestone patches of land or Scutch grass.

Since the site has been used for military purposes and activities, it is already featuring some basic services and infrastructure, such as water pipelines, electrical lines, manholes, septic tanks, and wells.

The site can be accessed from the main 7.5 meters road which is cutting through the plot.

The electrical lines and lighting poles run along the main road and the existing track. However, a narrow services lane is available in the back as well.

Figure 80. selected site features

Inferences: buildings should face southwards to maximize heat gain and reduce the effects of khamasieh winds. khamasieh winds are dry, hot, sandy local wind affects the area. large curtain walls facing west side.

Ajloun mountains receive snowstorms in winter season. building roof should be designed in a way to store the snow and rainwater

74

Slope analysis The levels of the site vary within 75 meters. Starting from +910 meters above the sea level up to +985 meters.

Figure 81 slope analysis

soil typology Soil is considered as one of the most important factors for the forests and the species that live in it. The soil type in Ajloun Reserve is red soil tends to black because of the high rates of iron oxides in it. It is called: TERRA ROSA, which is characterized by its high fertility.

The presence of evergreen oak forests has increased the fertility of the soil. however, 45% of soil in the site are of limestone (nonpermeable type). which may cause overflow of rainwater running and streams.

Figure 82 soil typology

75

Water flow analysis this analysis is showing the flow of water in case of rain or snow over the site. by analyzing the water sheds we can avoid construction over areas where water may flow. and keep the natural flow of water existing on the site.

Figure 83 water flow mapping

inferences • • • • • • •

buildings orientation should consider the hot and winds directions. khamasieh winds are dry, hot, sandy local wind affects the area. large curtain walls facing west side.

Ajloun mountains receive snowstorms in winter season. building roof should be designed in a way to store the snow and rainwater topography of the site has steep slopes that needs to be considered rainwater harvesting plan can be very helpful to store and reuse storm water in the site avoid construction over areas where water may flow

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CHAPTER – V

contextual interpretation 9. design considerations 9.1 climatic analysis 9.2 Other design considerations

10. Area requirements 11. Spaces relationship and functionality 11.1 11.2 11.3

bubble diagram Proximity chart Zoning

77

9. design considerations climatic analysis and orientation climatic analysis has been done by finding the best possible orientation of buildings according to sun, wind and views separately. As well as the existing topography of the site.

In conclusion the orientation is best at north-west and south east. Following diagrams explains more:

Figure 84 suitable building’s orientation according to the sun

Figure 85 suitable building’s orientation according to the winds

Figure 86 suitable building’s orientation according to the views

78

Figure 87 suitable building’s orientation according to the views, winds and sun

Other design considerations

Figure 88 design consideration

79

10. Area requirements Site area: 142,000 m2 Total built up area: 16,400 m2 Activity Area (m2) Aerial tramway station zone (area: 1900) entrance 50 1 Lobby 400 1 Ticketing 100 1 security 10 1 Public toilets 45 2

units

Total area 50 400 100 10 90

Platforms lobby 16x5=80 1 Departure 90 1 platform Arrival platform 60 1 Cable car 8x20= 160 160 mechanism Photo booth 20 1 View terraces 50 2 Car storage 50x15=750 1 Lv room 9 1 Maintenance 9 1 office Mechanical 80 1 area Operation room 4x5+20 1 circulation 250 1 Visitor center a. Entrance and reception ( 1580) Entrance 50 1 Visitor lobby 400 1 gallery 300 1 Exhibition 300 1 space Gift shop 60 1 lounge 250 1 Reception And 100 1 Inquiries Control room 12 1 Guard room 12 1 Atm 10 1 toilets 30 2

80 90

circulation 600 b. Administration section (940)

100

1

notes

3 males/3 females

60 160 20 100 750 9 9 80 20 250

50 400 300 300 60 250 100 10 10 10 60

2 males/2 females

80

Administration lobby Secretary and Waiting Administration offices Accounting and staff Meeting room Conference room Storage Toilets

20

1

20

15

1

15

10

8

80

10

4

40

30 60

2 1

60 60

16 30

1 2

16 30

1 1 1

40 9 100

1 1 1

20 30 150

1

400

Lounge 40 Services 9 circulation 100 c. Restaurant and cafĂŠ (1100) Lobby 20 CafĂŠ area 30 Seating space 150 (in) Separate Dining 50 space

Seating space 100 1 (out) cashier 10 1 Toilets 45 2 Kitchen 60 1 Storage 30 1 Cold storage 15 1 Pantry 10 1 Staff 20 2 Staff toilets 45 1 Eco hotel (estimated area 4000 m2) total: 3994 a. entry and reception area Lobby 150 1 Reservation 40 1 And Inquiries Safe deposit 10 1 room Receiving 20 1 Trolley Smoking room 20 1 Public toilets 45 2

2 males/2 females

Separate dining is 25% of seating space

270 10 90 80 30 15 10 40 45

150 40 10 20 20 90

3 males/3 females

b. administration 81

Accountant 12 office Manager office 16 offices 9 Control room 10 c. hotel rooms Single room 35 King room 40 suits 50 d. 24-hour dining Kitchen 80 Storage 15 Cold storage 10 Bar storage 15 Staff toilets 60 Staff lounge 30 e. services Laundry 30 Housekeeping 30 room Staff lounge 20 Staff toilets 60

1

12

1 4 1

16 36 10

20 20 8

700 800 400

1 1 1 1 1 2

80 15 10 15 60 60

1 1

30 30

2 2

40 120

Male / female 4 males/4 females

1200 10

40 cars

20

HVAC

f. basement Vehicle parking 30 40 Maintenance 10 1 room Mechanical 20 1 section Eco resort (estimated area 1200 m2) total: 1118 a. Administration Entrance lobby 40 1 Reception 20 1 Security 10 1 Offices 10 2 storage 6 1 Pray room 12 1 cafe 30 1 b. Cabins 1 bedroom 30 8 2 bedrooms 45 8 2 bedrooms + 60 4 living room c. resort services Central laundry 40 1 area Housekeeping 30 1 room

40 20 10 20 6 12 30 240 360 240

40 30

82

storage 20 1 20 lounge 20 1 20 toilets 30 2 30 Relaxing center (estimated area 2000 m2) total: 2150 Lobby and 150 1 150 reception lounge 30 1 30 office 20 2 40 a. spa Massage rooms 10 6 60 Jacuzzi 30 2 60 Sauna 20 1 20 Face therapy 10 4 40 section Saloon 100 2 200 Changing 50 2 100 rooms Toilets 60 2 120 b. swimming pools Indoor pool 120 1 120 Outdoor pool 300 1 300 Changing 50 1 50 rooms Toilets 60 2 120 Services 20 1 20 circulation 100 1 100 c. fitness Gym 30 1 30 Yoga section 100 1 100 (outdoor) d. entertainment Billiard 30 1 30 Table tennis 30 1 30 e. kids section Video gaming 60 1 60 Kids area 100 1 100 outdoor 150 1 150 Kids library 120 1 120 Food court and dining (estimated area 2000 m2) total: 2004 a. Food court Seating space 500 1 500 (indoor) Seating space 250 1 250 (outdoor) Kitchens 36 8 288 Shops 12 8 96 Toilets 90 2 180

Male / female

6 males/6 females 83

a. Fine dine restaurants Seating space 150 3 450 Kitchen 50 3 150 Toilet 30 3 90 Local crafts (estimated area 1500 m2) total: 1530 Bazaar 300 1 300 Store 60 8 480 Storage 10 8 80 Working spaces 40 8 320 Kids shop 100 1 100 Handcrafts 250 1 250 activity space Business and educational center (estimated area 1800 m2) total: 1762 a. Administration Entrance 20 1 20 lobby 80 1 80 Reception 20 1 20 Control room 12 1 12 offices 10 5 50 b. Training programs Library 200 1 200 Multipurpose 80 2 160 halls Lecture halls 60 4 240 Conference 100 2 200 rooms Meeting room 20 1 20 workshop 80 2 160 Pray room 20 1 20 Toilets 90 2 180 c. Museum (estimated area 300 m2) Display area 250 1 250 Exhibition 70 1 70 space Storage 20 1 20 Toilets 30 2 60 Mosque (estimated area 300 m2) total: 300 Praying hall 180 1 180 Wadu’ area 100 1 100 Shoes storage 20 1 20

84

11. Spaces relationship and functionality bubble diagram

Figure 89 bubble diagram

85

Proximity chart

Figure 90 proximity chart of the site and the station

86

Zoning

Figure 91 site zoning

87

88

CHAPTER – VI

conceptual articulation 12. Design development 12.1 Ecotourism principles application 12.2 Methodology

13 Conceptual site plan 13.1 13.2 13.3

Connect Merge Float

14. Landscape visualization

89

12. Design development The Ajloun Mountain range is symbolic for the Amman region's metamorphosis. It has always been significant for the desert horizon. Significant infrastructural development is although critical, might hurt the existing visual grammar of the region. Thus, even with drastic development, it is essential that the existing metaphysical appearance of the place remain intact. It is also favorable that the development be not just visually synchronize with the region, but more importantly exist in synergy and not impact negatively

Concept statement Accentuate the naturally existing geographical conditions of the site with surgical interventions of infrastructure that harmoniously co-exists with natural the landform and does not degrade it in any manner.

The geographic, geologic, climatic, and all other physical conditions of the existing site are to be seen as opportunities and not hindrances and their true state is to be preserved as far as possible.

Ecotourism principles application Planning and design three types of zones are delineated: 1. `wilderness' or 'core' zones, where no public access or construction is allowed 2. `semi-intensive use' zones, where limited access and small scale facilities are allowed.

3. 'intensive-use zones', where more access and construction are allowed (but still controlled).

Daily access limits are defined for each of the last two zones and general impact monitored.

Figure 92 eco master zoning

90

landform principles There are 4 principles, when we process a landform that we should OBEY it, so that we can reduce the cost of engineering:

Figure 93landform principles

methodology after analyzing the landform principles, soil erosion and water flow, the different functions are placed within four slope classifications.

Figure 94 functional disposition according to the slopes

91

13. Conceptual site plan

Figure 95 conceptual site plan

The conceptual planning of the site has divided the site into three significant zones according to the different activity or function taking place.

Connect: where the aerial tramway station and visitor center is located. transportation, administration, exhibition, and gallery spaces are the main activities that are taking place.

Merge: the concept of merge is where the tourism hub is merged within the existing slope of land. Tourism hub holds entertainment, shopping, educational, and various social activities.

Float: accommodation zone where the Eco resort is allocated, the concept of the resort’s cabins is to be raised from the ground.

92

Connect The area designated for the station and visitor center is at the converging end of the site, where the main road is cutting, and one mass has to be created on both the sides of the road. hence, the design approach and massing were achieved after considering the existing contours, orientation, wind pattern, pre-existing elements, and functional requirements.

Figure 96 station building zoning

93

Figure 97 form development

Figure 98 conceptual view of the station

94

Merge Concept of the tourism hub: the concept was derived and inspired by the challenging topography of the site. the building blocks are housed within the contour lines at 5 meters intervals. the hub is designed at the intersection of the constructed and the natural, and aims to leave most of the site green. landscape strategy: aims to integrate the building in its natural setting, and to minimize the cut and fill of construction.

Activities: Various activities are taking place within the tourism hub including entertainment zone, spa, relaxing center, kids’ zone, shopping and food courts, local craft workshops and stores and a 4-star hotel.

The scope is to create an effective space that benefits locals as well as foreign tourists. educational and business block includes offices, lecture halls and conference rooms is placed separately away from the main hub for noise reduction and has a separate vehicular access. however, by means of landscape, this block will be connected to the main hub.

Figure 99 merge into land concept

95

“Sustainability? Balancing between nature and human made” – Onat Öktem

Figure 100 above and underground access

G

reen roof: The green roofs

add natural insulation and can be used for outdoor experiments and as recreation areas for the building occupants.

Figure 101 horizontal circulation

V

ertical circulation

ramps and steps ramps are used to connect the public areas such as (food court and local shops), while steps are creating a side wing.

Water flow consideration Figure 102 vertical circulation

the building blocks are located in a way that is not obstructing the natural water flow on the site. however, rainwater harvesting plan will be designed to maximize water efficiency.

Figure 103 steps on side wing merged with the grass

96

Natural lighting buildings have glazed facade on one side and oriented to get the maximum sunlight along with a skylight.

Natural ventilation for earth sheltered buildings natural ventilation can be gained either by windows and skylight or underground pipe.

Heating and cooling Geothermal heat pumps are considered for the heating and cooling of the tourism hub

Figure 104 conceptual section and design interventions

97

Figure 105 educational block view

Figure 106 hotel view

98

Float concept the shape of the cabins was inspired by the shape of a tree (represented in plans and form), it is supported by a structure that is lifting it from the ground, allows to integrate it and conceal it in the foliage of the tree.

Figure 107 tree foliage and trunk floating concept

Figure 108 schematic section

99

water flow water flow existing on the site is considered while locating the resort cabins, no cabin is obstructing any expected stream and riverine, if occurred, the water will flow from beneath the structure. suspended wooden lanes to overcome the issue of very steep slope, suspended wooden lanes are created with panoramic views to connect all the cabins. stone pavement and steps intermittent pavement blended with the landscape will make the visit more comfortable beside a panoramic overhanging view

Figure 109 wooden lanes

Figure 110 stone pavement

100

14. Landscape visualization the concept is focusing more on the outdoor rather than indoor, and In order to lower the cost and keep the beauty of original landform, several activities that require minimal construction or maintenance are arranged in different zones.

Figure 111 outdoor activities

Figure 112 landscape visualization

101

102

CHAPTER – VII

Ajloun development zone 15. Masterplan 15.1

Masterplan analysis

15.2 15.3

Site sections Elements details

16. Landscape design 16.1 strategy 16.2 Selection of flora species 16.3 Orchid garden 16.4 Landscape plan

17. Rainwater harvesting system 17.1 17.2

Methods Benefits and usage

17.3

Runoff calculations

17.4

Bioswale detail

18. Masterplan services 103

Figure 113 master plan

15. Ajloun development zone masterplan

104

Masterplan analysis

Figure 114 masterplan layers

Site sections

Figure 115 site section AA'

Figure 116 site section BB'

105

Elements details Open air theatre

Figure 117 open air theater plan

Figure 118 open air theater section

Figure 119 open air theater views

106

Hollow column canopy

Figure 120 hollow column detail

Figure 121 hollow column view

107

16. Landscape design strategy -

Improving green ecological network Enriching biodiversity by planting new greenery to enhance habitat of flora and fauna Regenerating site attraction points and reprogramming abandoned ones Create quality spaces for visitors to engage with hardscape, softscape and waterscape.

Providing well-interconnected internal pathways encourage pedestrian movement and to support a vital and viable range of uses while create a dramatic and significant landmark

Figure 122 landscape strategy

Soil property restoration By using the soil, vegetation, water and microbial remediation techniques that help in the process of removing polluted or contaminated soil, sediment, surface water, or groundwater, to reduce the impact on people or the environment.

Water quality restoration By using urban storm water management approach, it will enhance treatment of storm water quality using treatment train concept by utilizing bio-ecological swales and bio-ecological pond and create stream biodiversity to form a quality of life.

Species diversity restoration Integrating biophilia into the ecological design of landscape masterplan is an approach for filtration processes using selectively chosen plant. The main element for the strategy is selecting the suitable plants that will attract the wildlife to the site.

108

Selection of flora species

Figure 123 evergreen trees selection

Figure 124 shrubs selection

Figure 125 landscape view

109

Orchid garden Orchids are among the most threatened plants species in Jordan due to their vulnerability to disturbance and restricted habitats. In addition, it is confined to a limited geographical zone which is covered by forests. This limited distribution makes it more vulnerable to threats especially that forests makes less than 1% of the total size area of Jordan, and these areas suffers from severe visitor pressure and habitat destruction.

These six orchid species are considered as a healthy indicator species for the Ajloun forest, due to their fragility and sensitivity to disturbances.

However, all of these orchids are considered as rare\ threatened species.

The landscape design is giving a space along the paths to create an orchid garden in order to preserve these kinds and grow it as well as to create a visual experience to visitors.

Figure 126 Orchid selection

Figure 127 landscape view

110

Landscape plan

Figure 128 landscape plan

Materials

111

Figure 129 landscape aerial view

Figure 130 site perspective view

112

Figure 131 Rain water harvesting plan

17. Rainwater harvesting system

113

Methods

Figure 132 rainwater harvesting methods

Benefits and usage

Figure 133 usage of rainwater

Runoff calculations total roof area: 8414 m2 runoff coefficient factor: 0.7 annual rainfall: 467 mm total volume of rainwater harvested: 2,751,844 liters per year 7544 liters per day number of catch basins: 5 capacity of catch basins: 1508.8 liters

114

Bioswale detail The sections below illustrate the basic components and functioning of the drain system integrated urban bioswale. The principal structure is a reinforced concrete channel that adjoins to the adjacent paving and provides housing for the bioswale components. The adjacent paving slopes toward the bioswale curb, which features either cuts or sunken channels to admit runoff water. Once in the swale, water travels through the plant root system suspended in the soil mixture

Figure 134 typical bioswale cross section

Figure 135 typical bioswale long section

115

18. Masterplan services

Figure 136 water supply layout

Figure 137 waste pipelines layout

116

Figure 138 fire tender

Figure 139 electrical supply

117

118

CHAPTER – VIII

Aerial tramway station design 19. Aerial tramway station 19.1 site plan 19.2 plans, functional disposition, and circulation 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6

Sections Elevations Exploded view Wall part section detail

19.7 Structure 19.8 Firefighting evacuation plans

119

120

Figure 140 aerial tramway station site plan

19. Aerial tramway station site plan

121

plans, functional disposition, and circulation

Figure 141 ground floor plan

Figure 142 floor -1

122

Figure 143 first floor plan

Figure 144 floor -2

123

Figure 145 floor -3 plan

Sections

Figure 146 building's sections

124

Elevations

Figure 147 building's elevations

Exploded view

Figure 148 exploded view

125

Wall part section detail

Figure 149 detailed wall section

Structure Double structural system of reinforced concrete and steelwork is adopted in the station-visitor center building block. space frame is used in the roofing structure and above the road, where framework of reinforced concrete (RCC) along with prestressed slab is used in the rest of the block. retaining walls are used in the basements, and shear walls are used around staircases.

126

Firefighting evacuation plans

Figure 150 evacuation plans

Figure 151 aerial view

127

Figure 152 views of aerial tramway station

128

CHAPTER – IX

Eco-resort design 20. Eco-resort Administration block 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4

site plan Layout plan Sections Elevations

21. Eco-resort Cottages design 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6

layout plans Roof plans Sections Broad walk details Elevations Infinite pool detail

129

20. Eco-resort Administration block site plan

Figure 153 1. Eco-resort Administration site plan

Figure 154 1. Eco-resort Administration block view

130

Layout plan

Figure 155 admin block floor plan

Sections

Figure 156 admin block sections

131

Elevations

Figure 157 admin block elevations

Figure 158 materials

Figure 159 view of the admin block

132

21. Eco-resort Cottages design

Figure 160 views of the cottages

133

layout plans

Figure 161 cottages layout

Roof plans

Figure 162 roof plans

Sections

134

Broad walk details

Figure 163 boardwalk detail

Elevations

Figure 164 cottages elevations

135

Infinite pool detail

Figure 165 infinity pool plan

Figure 166 infinity pool section

136

137

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