Active Ageing Project: Guidelines for organisations

Ref. Ares(2025)11626151 - 30/12/2025

GUIDELINES

FOR ORGANISATIONS

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them.

INTRODUCTION Population ageing is one of the most profound demographic shifts of the 21st century, bringing both opportunities and challenges for individuals, communities, and health systems. Regular physical activity is a powerful, low-cost intervention that supports healthy ageing by maintaining functional capacity, independence, and quality of life. For older adults, exercise is not only about fitness, but about staying upright, confident, socially connected, and able to participate fully in community life. Sport organisations, deeply rooted in local communities, are uniquely positioned to play a transformative role in delivering safe, effective, and inclusive exercise programmes for older people. However, translating scientific evidence into everyday community practice is not automatic. Many well-intentioned programmes focus on general activity without sufficiently addressing balance, strength, or progression, and therefore miss their full potential to reduce falls and functional decline. At the same time, instructors and managers often lack clear, practical guidance on how to design, implement, and sustain programmes that align with international recommendations while remaining feasible at local level. These guidelines aim to bridge that gap between evidence and action.

These guidelines were developed in response to a growing and urgent need for structured, evidence-based approaches to physical activity and falls prevention for older adults in community settings. Falls remain one of the leading causes of injury, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life among older people, yet a large proportion of falls are preventable through appropriately designed exercise programmes. Global evidence shows that exercise is most effective when it is multicomponent, progressive, and specifically challenges balance and functional strength, rather than relying on general physical activity alone. Despite this strong evidence base, implementation at community level is often inconsistent. Sport organisations may face uncertainty about safety, eligibility, programme content, staff competencies, or collaboration with health and social care services. These guidelines respond directly to these challenges by translating the World Health Organization physical activity recommendations and the World Guidelines for Falls Prevention and Management into practical, step-by-step guidance tailored to local sport and community organisations. The intention is to support programmes that are not only safe and effective, but also inclusive, enjoyable, and sustainable over time.

These guidelines are primarily intended for sport organisations, community sport clubs, and physical activity providers that wish to design or deliver exercise programmes for older adults in local settings. This includes non-profit sport associations, municipal sport services, leisure centres, and grassroots initiatives seeking to expand their offer to an ageing population. Programme coordinators, managers, and decision-makers will find guidance on planning, partnerships, governance, and sustainability, while instructors and coaches will benefit from clear principles for safe delivery, progression, and participant engagement. In addition, the guidelines are relevant for local authorities, health and social care professionals, and organisations working in ageing, prevention, and community wellbeing. They provide a shared framework that supports collaboration across sectors, helping to align referral pathways, quality standards, and outcomes.

While the focus is on community-dwelling older adults, the guidance recognises the wide

wide diversity within this population and promotes adaptable approaches that can meet the needs of people with different functional abilities, health conditions, and levels of confidence.

Ultimately, these guidelines aim to empower communities to turn evidence into everyday practice, enabling older people to move more, move better, and live with greater independence.

WHY EXERCISE PROGRAMME FOR OLDER PEOPLE Regular physical activity is a cornerstone of healthy ageing. As people grow older, natural agerelated changes such as loss of muscle mass, reduced balance, joint stiffness, and slower reaction times can gradually undermine independence and confidence in daily life. Physical activity helps slow, prevent, and in some cases reverse these changes by maintaining strength, mobility, coordination, and cardiovascular health. Beyond physical benefits, being active supports mental wellbeing, cognitive function, and emotional resilience, while also reducing the risk of social isolation. For older adults, physical activity is therefore not simply a lifestyle choice, but a key determinant of autonomy, dignity, and quality of life. Importantly, physical activity contributes to the prevention and management of many chronic conditions common in later life, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, and depression. Evidence consistently shows that even individuals who start being physically active later in life can achieve meaningful health gains. Activities that improve strength and balance are particularly crucial, as they directly influence the ability to perform everyday tasks such as standing up from a chair, climbing stairs, carrying groceries, or reacting to a loss of balance. In this sense, movement becomes a form of preventive medicine, supporting older people to remain active participants in their families and communities.

While all movement is beneficial, organised exercise programmes offer distinct advantages over unstructured or incidental physical activity for older adults. Research shows that general activity alone, such as walking, is often insufficient to prevent falls or significantly improve functional capacity. Structured exercise programmes can be intentionally designed to include the essential components proven to be effective for older people: progressive strength training, balancechallenging activities, functional movements, and appropriate intensity and frequency. This targeted approach is particularly important for reducing falls risk and maintaining independence.

Organised programmes also provide professional supervision, which enhances both safety and effectiveness. Trained instructors can adapt exercises to different functional levels, manage health conditions, and ensure gradual progression over time. This supervision builds confidence among participants, especially those who may fear falling or believe they are “too old” or “too weak” to exercise. The structured environment creates a sense of routine and commitment, which is strongly associated with better adherence and long-term behaviour change.

Beyond physical outcomes, organised exercise programmes offer powerful social and psychological benefits. Group-based sessions foster social connection, mutual encouragement, and a sense of belonging, all of which are key drivers of sustained participation. For many older people, the social aspect of an organised programme becomes as important as the exercise itself,

helping to combat loneliness and enhance motivation. When delivered through trusted local sport organisations, these programmes can become welcoming community hubs that normalise active ageing and support a positive, empowering narrative around growing older.

Physical activity is essential for healthy ageing, but organised exercise programmes play a critical role in ensuring that this activity is safe, effective, and meaningful for older adults. By combining evidence-based exercise content with professional supervision and social engagement, such programmes offer a powerful, community-based solution to support functional ability, prevent falls, and enhance quality of life in later years.

ROLE OF GRASSROOTS SPORT ORGANISATIONS Grassroots sport organisations occupy a uniquely influential position within local communities.

Often trusted, familiar, and accessible, they operate at the intersection of sport, health, and social life. As populations age, these organisations are increasingly called upon to respond to the needs, aspirations, and capacities of older people. Their role extends far beyond the provision of sport or exercise sessions; they act as facilitators of healthy ageing, social inclusion, and community cohesion. When effectively supported and guided, grassroots sport organisations can become powerful agents of change in improving the physical, mental, and social wellbeing of older adults.

One of the most significant contributions of grassroots sport organisations lies in their proximity to the community. Unlike clinical or institutional settings, they are embedded in neighbourhoods where older people live, socialise, and already feel a sense of belonging. This proximity reduces many common barriers to participation, such as unfamiliar environments, perceived stigma, or fear of medicalised settings. Local sport clubs, community centres, and associations often have long-standing relationships with residents, which fosters trust and makes them well placed to engage older adults who may be inactive, hesitant, or socially isolated. For many older people, joining a programme offered by a local sport organisation feels less like a health intervention and more like a natural extension of community life. Grassroots sport organisations also play a crucial role in promoting access and inclusivity. Older adults are a highly diverse group, differing widely in health status, functional ability, cultural background, and life experience. Community-based sport organisations can tailor their offers to reflect local needs, adapting activities, schedules, communication styles, and costs to ensure inclusivity. Low participation fees, flexible enrolment, and familiar venues help remove financial and logistical obstacles, while culturally sensitive approaches and peer-led initiatives can reach groups that are often underrepresented in organised physical activity. In this way, grassroots organisations contribute to reducing health inequalities and ensuring that opportunities for active ageing are not limited to a privileged few.

A central role of grassroots sport organisations is the delivery of structured, safe, and appropriate exercise opportunities for older people. While physical activity in general is beneficial, older adults particularly benefit from exercise programmes that include strength, balance, mobility, and functional training. Grassroots organisations, when supported by clear guidelines and trained staff, are able to translate scientific evidence into practical, enjoyable sessions. They can provide

regular, progressive programmes that help maintain independence, reduce the risk of falls, and improve confidence in daily activities. Importantly, these programmes are delivered in a nonclinical, motivating environment that encourages continued participation over time. Equally important is the social function of grassroots sport organisations. Loneliness and social isolation are major challenges among older adults and are closely linked to poorer physical and mental health outcomes. Group-based exercise and sport activities create structured opportunities for social interaction, mutual support, and shared purpose. Informal conversations before and after sessions, shared achievements, and group identity foster a sense of belonging that can be transformative for participants. For many older people, the social connections formed through sport organisations become a key reason for continued attendance, reinforcing both physical activity and overall wellbeing. In this sense, grassroots sport organisations act as social anchors within communities.

Grassroots sport organisations also contribute significantly to empowerment and positive ageing narratives. Societal stereotypes often portray older age as a period of inevitable decline, dependency, and withdrawal. By offering age-appropriate but challenging activities, community sport organisations help shift this narrative toward one of capability, growth, and continued participation. Older people who experience improvements in strength, balance, or confidence frequently report renewed belief in their own abilities. This empowerment extends beyond the exercise session, influencing how individuals approach daily tasks, social roles, and self-care. Sport organisations thus play a role in reshaping how ageing is perceived, both by older people themselves and by the wider community.

Another important dimension of their role is collaboration across sectors. Grassroots sport organisations rarely work in isolation; their effectiveness is enhanced when they collaborate with local authorities, health and social care services, voluntary organisations, and senior associations.

Such partnerships enable referral pathways, shared use of facilities, coordinated communication, and integrated approaches to prevention and wellbeing. For example, cooperation with health professionals can help identify older people who would benefit from community-based exercise, while sport organisations provide the accessible setting in which that exercise can take place.

Through these partnerships, grassroots organisations become key contributors to broader public health and active ageing strategies.

Grassroots sport organisations also play a role in long-term behaviour change and sustainability.

Short-term interventions alone are rarely sufficient to produce lasting health benefits. Community sport organisations are well positioned to support ongoing participation by offering continuity, progression, and pathways into different forms of activity. Older adults may begin with structured exercise classes and later transition into other club activities, volunteering roles, or peer support positions. This continuity supports the maintenance of physical activity habits over months and years, which is essential for preserving functional ability and preventing decline. In this way, grassroots sport organisations contribute to sustainable models of active ageing rather than timelimited projects.

At the same time, working with older people brings specific responsibilities and challenges for grassroots sport organisations. Ensuring safety, quality, and inclusivity requires appropriate training for staff and volunteers, clear governance structures, and awareness of age-related health considerations. Organisations must balance challenge with caution, individual needs with group delivery, and ambition with available resources. Clear guidelines, ongoing education, and supportive policy frameworks are therefore essential to enable grassroots organisations to fulfil their role effectively without becoming overburdened. Recognising and valuing their contribution is a critical step in strengthening their capacity.

Grassroots sport organisations play a multifaceted and essential role in supporting older people to remain active, independent, and socially connected. Their strength lies in their community roots, accessibility, and ability to combine physical activity with social engagement and empowerment.

By delivering structured exercise programmes, fostering inclusion, building partnerships, and supporting long-term participation, they contribute not only to individual health outcomes but also to stronger, more resilient communities. As societies continue to age, investing in and supporting grassroots sport organisations is not simply a sporting priority, but a strategic necessity for healthy and active ageing.

OVERVIEW - WHAT IS NEEDED Implementing an exercise programme for older people requires more than simply adapting existing sport activities. It involves a deliberate combination of organisational readiness, evidencebased programme design, skilled human resources, partnerships, and a supportive environment.

Sport organisations that succeed in this area understand that programmes for older adults must prioritise safety, functional relevance, and long-term engagement, while remaining accessible and enjoyable. This chapter provides an overview of the key elements a sport organisation needs in place to deliver effective and sustainable exercise programmes for older people in the community.

A fundamental requirement is organisational commitment and strategic alignment. Leadership within the sport organisation must recognise older adults as a priority group and integrate active ageing into its mission, planning, and resource allocation. This includes allocating staff time, budgeting for equipment and training, and ensuring that programmes for older people are valued alongside youth and competitive sport. Without clear organisational buy-in, initiatives risk remaining short-term or dependent on individual enthusiasm rather than becoming embedded, sustainable services.

Clear programme objectives and target groups are also essential. Older people are not a homogeneous population, and sport organisations must define whom the programme is intended for, such as generally inactive older adults, those at risk of falls, or those seeking to maintain fitness and social engagement. Clear objectives help determine the appropriate intensity, content, and delivery format of the programme, as well as communication strategies and referral pathways. Programmes should be designed to improve functional ability, balance, strength, and confidence, rather than focusing solely on sport performance.

Another critical component is qualified and appropriately trained staff. Instructors and trainers working with older people must possess not only technical exercise knowledge, but also an understanding of ageing, common chronic conditions, and falls risk. They should be able to adapt exercises to varying functional levels, progress activities safely, and create an inclusive and respectful atmosphere. Ongoing professional development, mentorship, and access to clear guidelines support quality delivery and reduce risk for both participants and organisations. Skilled instructors are central to building trust and encouraging sustained participation among older adults.

The design of the exercise programme itself must be grounded in evidence and best practice.

Effective programmes for older people typically include multicomponent exercise, combining strength, balance, mobility, and functional activities, delivered with sufficient frequency, intensity, and progression. Sessions should reflect everyday movements, such as standing up, stepping, turning, and reaching, and should be adaptable to individual abilities. Clear structure, consistency, and progression over time are key to achieving meaningful outcomes, particularly in relation to falls prevention and independence.

Equally important is the availability of safe, accessible, and age-friendly facilities. Venues should be easy to reach, free from unnecessary barriers, and equipped to accommodate participants with varying mobility levels. Adequate lighting, non-slip flooring, appropriate temperature, accessible toilets, and seating are all essential considerations. Basic equipment such as chairs, mats, resistance bands, and light weights enables effective programme delivery without high costs. A welcoming and familiar environment contributes significantly to participants’ sense of comfort and confidence.

Sport organisations must also establish screening, safety, and risk management procedures. This includes pre-participation screening to identify health conditions or functional limitations that may require adaptation or referral, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, and emergency protocols. While exercise is safe and beneficial for most older adults, structured processes help ensure that participants are placed in appropriate programmes and that instructors are prepared to respond to incidents. Transparent safety procedures also increase trust among participants, families, and referral partners.

Strong partnerships and referral networks enhance both reach and impact. Collaboration with local authorities, health and social care professionals, senior organisations, and community groups helps sport organisations identify participants who can benefit most from exercise programmes.

Partnerships also support coordinated approaches to falls prevention and healthy ageing, linking exercise with other interventions such as health education, social support, or environmental adaptations. Working together across sectors strengthens programme credibility and sustainability.

Effective communication and participant engagement strategies are another key requirement.

Older adults may face motivational barriers, fear of injury, or misconceptions about exercise. Sport organisations need clear, positive messaging that emphasises safety, enjoyment, and everyday benefits rather than performance. Information sessions, simple materials, and peer ambassadors can help build confidence and encourage participation. Creating a friendly, social atmosphere supports adherence and transforms programmes into valued community activities rather than time-limited interventions.

Sport organisations must consider monitoring, evaluation, and sustainability from the outset.

Collecting basic data on participation, adherence, and functional outcomes helps demonstrate impact and informs continuous improvement. Planning for progression pathways and ongoing opportunities ensures that participants can remain active beyond the initial programme period.

Sustainable funding models, volunteer engagement, and integration into broader community strategies all contribute to long-term success.

Implementing an exercise programme for older people requires a holistic organisational approach. It demands leadership commitment, skilled staff, evidence-based programme design, safe environments, strong partnerships, and a focus on engagement and sustainability. When these elements are in place, sport organisations are well equipped to deliver high-quality programmes that support healthy ageing, prevent falls, and enhance the wellbeing of older people within their communities.

LEADERSHIP & STRATEGY A fundamental requirement for implementing successful exercise programmes for older people is strong organisational commitment combined with clear strategic alignment. Without this foundation, initiatives risk remaining fragmented, short-lived, or dependent on individual champions rather than becoming an integrated and sustainable part of organisational practice.

For sport organisations, working with older adults represents not simply the addition of a new activity, but a strategic choice that influences priorities, resource allocation, partnerships, and organisational culture.

Organisational commitment begins with leadership recognition that physical activity for older people is a core contribution to community wellbeing. Board members, directors, and senior managers play a decisive role in setting this tone by explicitly valuing active ageing within the organisation’s mission and objectives. When leadership signals that programmes for older adults are a priority, this legitimises investment in staff training, facilities, and programme development.

It also helps shift perceptions within the organisation, ensuring that initiatives for older people are seen as equally important as youth sport or competitive pathways. Strategic alignment requires that programmes for older adults are embedded within existing organisational plans and policies rather than operating as stand-alone projects. This includes alignment with strategic documents, annual action plans, quality frameworks, and safeguarding or inclusion policies. When active ageing initiatives are connected to broader organisational goals, such as community engagement, health promotion, or social inclusion, they become part of a coherent strategy rather than an isolated intervention. This alignment strengthens accountability and provides a clear rationale for sustained support over time. Commitment and alignment are also reflected in how resources are allocated. Implementing high-quality exercise programmes for older people requires dedicated staff time, appropriate budgets, and access to facilities and equipment. Organisations that treat these programmes as add-ons often struggle with inconsistent delivery and staff burnout. In contrast, organisations that plan resources strategically are better able to ensure continuity, quality, and scalability. This includes investing in instructor training, supervision, and professional development to maintain high standards of delivery.

Another important aspect of organisational commitment is the development of an internal culture that values inclusion and lifelong participation. Sport organisations traditionally oriented toward performance or competition may need to consciously adapt their mindset when working with older adults. Strategic alignment helps foster a culture where participation, wellbeing, and functional ability are recognised as valid and valuable outcomes. This cultural shift supports staff and volunteers in adopting appropriate language, expectations, and delivery approaches when engaging with older participants.

Strategic alignment also strengthens external credibility and partnerships. Organisations that clearly articulate their commitment to active ageing are better positioned to collaborate with local authorities, health and social care services, and community organisations. Clear alignment between organisational strategy and programme delivery facilitates referral pathways, joint

funding applications, and shared outcome frameworks. Partners are more likely to invest time and resources in organisations that demonstrate long-term commitment rather than short-term experimentation.

Securing funding is a critical enabler for the implementation and continuation of exercise programmes for older people. However, successful funding applications increasingly depend on more than a well-written proposal or a short-term pilot idea. Funders, public authorities, and partner organisations are looking for initiatives that demonstrate clear purpose, evidenceinformed design, and a credible plan for long-term delivery. Sport organisations that can show organisational commitment and strategic alignment are therefore far more likely to attract and retain financial and in-kind support than those perceived as engaging in short-term experimentation. Strong funding applications are rooted in a clear strategic narrative. This narrative explains why working with older people is a priority for the organisation, how the programme aligns with broader organisational goals, and how it contributes to public health, social inclusion, or active ageing strategies at local or national level. When exercise programmes for older adults are embedded within organisational strategy, funding proposals appear coherent and purposeful rather than opportunistic. This coherence reassures funders that resources will be used effectively and that the organisation has the capacity to deliver beyond the lifespan of a single grant. An increasingly important element of funding success is the use of shared outcome frameworks. Funders and partners often work across sectors such as health, social care, sport, and community development, each with their own priorities and accountability requirements. Shared outcome frameworks provide a common language that links exercise programme delivery to outcomes such as improved functional ability, reduced falls risk, increased confidence, social participation, and enhanced quality of life. By aligning outcomes across partners, sport organisations can demonstrate how their programmes contribute to wider system-level goals rather than isolated sport objectives.

Shared outcome frameworks also strengthen partnerships by clarifying roles, expectations, and contributions. When partners agree on what success looks like and how it will be measured, collaboration becomes more transparent and efficient. Health professionals, municipalities, and community organisations are more willing to invest time and resources when they can clearly see how the sport organisation’s activities complement their own mandates. This alignment reduces duplication, supports referral pathways, and enables joint reporting, which is increasingly valued by funders seeking integrated and cost-effective solutions.

Organisational commitment and strategic alignment are equally central to sustainability and long-term impact. Exercise programmes for older people must be maintained over time to produce lasting benefits, particularly in relation to functional ability, independence, and falls prevention. Short-term interventions may generate initial improvements, but evidence shows that gains diminish when exercise stops. When programmes are embedded within organisational strategy, they are less vulnerable to changes in staffing, leadership, or funding cycles. This embeddedness allows organisations to plan for continuity, progression pathways, and ongoing engagement rather than repeatedly restarting from scratch. Stability also enables learning and

quality improvement. Organisations that deliver programmes consistently over time can refine their approaches based on participant feedback, outcome data, and emerging evidence. This iterative process strengthens programme quality and effectiveness, which in turn enhances credibility with funders and partners. Over time, organisations build a track record that demonstrates reliability, impact, and responsible stewardship of resources, further reinforcing their attractiveness as investment partners. Long-term organisational commitment fosters trust at community level. Older people are more likely to engage in and remain committed to programmes that feel stable, predictable, and valued by the organisation delivering them. Trust develops when participants see programmes continue beyond pilot phases and when instructors and coordinators remain present and invested. This trust supports adherence, social connection, and sustained behaviour change, amplifying the overall impact of the programme.

Funding applications, shared outcome frameworks, and sustainability are deeply interconnected with organisational commitment and strategic alignment. Sport organisations that embed exercise programmes for older people within their long-term vision are better positioned to secure funding, build meaningful partnerships, and deliver lasting impact. By moving beyond short-term experimentation and committing to sustained action, these organisations can play a decisive role in supporting healthy and active ageing within their communities. Organisational commitment and strategic alignment are essential for sustainability and impact. Exercise programmes for older people must be maintained over time to produce lasting benefits, particularly in relation to functional ability and falls prevention. When programmes are embedded within organisational strategy, they are more resilient to staff changes, funding cycles, or shifting priorities. This stability allows sport organisations to build trust with participants, refine their programmes based on experience and evidence, and contribute meaningfully to healthy and active ageing in their communities.

CROSS-SECTOR COLLABORATION & PARTNERSHIPS Cross-sector collaboration is a cornerstone of effective and sustainable exercise programmes for older people. No single organisation can address the complex and interconnected factors that influence physical activity, functional ability, and falls risk in later life. Sport organisations, health and social care services, local authorities, and community groups each bring distinct expertise, resources, and points of contact with older adults. When these sectors work together, exercise programmes move beyond isolated activities and become integrated components of broader healthy and active ageing strategies.

For sport organisations, partnerships enhance both reach and relevance. Health and social care professionals are often the first to identify older adults who would benefit from structured exercise, particularly those who are inactive, at risk of falls, or living with chronic conditions.

Through collaboration, sport organisations can establish referral pathways that connect these individuals to safe, community-based programmes. This not only increases participation but also ensures that programmes reach those who can benefit most, rather than only those who are already active or confident.

Local authorities and municipalities play a key role in enabling cross-sector collaboration. They can provide access to facilities, support transport solutions, and align exercise programmes with local health, ageing, or social inclusion policies. When sport organisations work in partnership with municipal services, programmes gain legitimacy, visibility, and stability. Such alignment also helps embed exercise initiatives within wider community planning, making them part of a coordinated response to population ageing rather than stand-alone projects. Partnerships with voluntary organisations, senior associations, and community groups are equally important. These organisations often have deep insight into the lived experiences, needs, and concerns of older people, including those who may be socially isolated or hesitant to engage in organised activity.

By working together, sport organisations can co-design programmes that are culturally appropriate, welcoming, and responsive to local contexts. Community partners also play a vital role in outreach, trust-building, and peer support, which are essential for sustained engagement.

Effective cross-sector collaboration relies on clear roles, shared objectives, and open communication. Successful partnerships are built on mutual respect for each sector’s expertise, with agreed responsibilities for recruitment, delivery, monitoring, and follow-up. Shared outcome frameworks and regular communication help maintain alignment and accountability. When expectations are clear, partnerships are more resilient and less dependent on individual relationships, reducing the risk of breakdown when personnel change. Cross-sector collaboration also supports a multidimensional approach to falls prevention and healthy ageing. Exercise is a central component, but it is most effective when complemented by other interventions such as medication review, vision and hearing checks, home environment adaptations, nutrition support, and education. Partnerships enable sport organisations to signpost participants to appropriate services and to integrate exercise within a wider prevention ecosystem. This holistic approach reflects the complexity of ageing and maximises the impact of individual programmes.

From a sustainability perspective, partnerships strengthen the case for long-term investment.

Funders and policymakers increasingly prioritise initiatives that demonstrate collaboration across sectors and contribution to shared societal goals. Sport organisations that actively engage in partnerships are better positioned to access funding, share resources, and influence local strategies. Over time, these collaborations help build systems that support ongoing physical activity rather than relying on short-term projects.

Cross-sector collaboration and partnerships are essential for the successful implementation of exercise programmes for older people. By working together across sport, health, social care, and community sectors, organisations can extend their reach, enhance programme quality, and create supportive environments for long-term participation. These partnerships transform exercise programmes from isolated offerings into integral components of healthy and active ageing communities.

Cross-border cooperation offers significant benefits for organisations working to promote physical activity and healthy ageing among older people. Ageing populations, falls risk, and physical inactivity are shared challenges across countries, and many communities face similar

barriers regardless of national context. By collaborating across borders, sport organisations, policymakers, and practitioners can move beyond isolated solutions and learn from a wider pool of experience, innovation, and evidence. This exchange strengthens the overall quality and effectiveness of exercise programmes for older adults.

One of the main advantages of cross-border cooperation is knowledge sharing and mutual learning. Different countries and regions often develop diverse approaches to programme design, instructor training, community engagement, and partnerships with health and social care systems.

Cross-border collaboration enables organisations to compare models, identify good practices, and adapt successful interventions to their own contexts. This reduces duplication of effort and accelerates the translation of evidence into practice, allowing organisations to build on what already works rather than starting from scratch. Cross-border cooperation also contributes to quality improvement and standardisation. Joint work across countries supports the development of shared principles, guidelines, and outcome frameworks that are informed by international evidence while remaining flexible enough for local adaptation. Common standards help ensure that exercise programmes for older people are safe, effective, and aligned with recognised recommendations. They also enhance credibility when engaging with funders, policymakers, and professional stakeholders, who increasingly value initiatives with a strong international foundation.

From a strategic perspective, cross-border cooperation strengthens capacity building and innovation. Collaborative projects create opportunities for joint training, staff exchanges, and peer learning among instructors, coordinators, and managers. Exposure to different systems and cultural approaches encourages innovation and creative problem-solving, helping organisations respond more effectively to complex challenges such as engaging inactive older adults or sustaining long-term participation. These collaborations also foster professional networks that continue to generate value beyond the duration of individual projects. Cross-border cooperation amplifies advocacy and impact. A collective international voice is more influential in raising awareness of the importance of physical activity and falls prevention for older people. Shared evidence and coordinated messages can support policy development and investment at regional, national, and international levels. By working together across borders, organisations contribute not only to improved local programmes but also to broader progress toward healthy and active ageing across societies.

DESIGN OF AN EXERCISE PROGRAMME An appropriate and structured design is central to the effectiveness and safety of exercise programmes for older people. While physical activity in any form is beneficial, evidence consistently shows that well-designed, structured programmes produce greater improvements in functional ability, confidence, and falls prevention than unplanned or generic activity. For sport organisations, structured design provides a clear framework that guides instructors, supports participant progression, and ensures alignment with evidence-based recommendations. It transforms exercise from a one-off activity into a purposeful intervention that supports healthy and active ageing.

A key principle of appropriate programme design is functional relevance. Exercises should reflect the movements and challenges of everyday life, such as standing up, walking, turning, reaching, and maintaining balance in varied situations. Training that mimics real-life tasks helps older adults maintain independence and confidence in daily activities. This functional focus ensures that improvements achieved during exercise sessions translate into meaningful benefits outside the programme setting, including safer mobility and reduced risk of falls. Structured programmes for older people should be multicomponent, combining strength, balance, mobility, and coordination exercises. Balance-challenging activities are particularly important, as they directly address one of the main risk factors for falls. Strength training supports muscle mass and power, which are essential for tasks such as rising from a chair or climbing stairs. Mobility and flexibility exercises contribute to joint health and movement efficiency, while coordination and dual-task activities reflect the cognitive and physical demands of real-world environments. Integrating these components within each session or across the programme ensures comprehensive benefits.

Another essential element of structured design is progression and individualisation. Older adults vary widely in their abilities, health status, and previous activity levels. Programmes must therefore be adaptable, allowing exercises to be made easier or more challenging as needed. Progression over time, through changes in resistance, balance challenge, complexity, or duration, is necessary to stimulate continued adaptation and improvement. Without progression, benefits plateau and motivation may decline. Clear progression pathways help instructors deliver sessions that are both safe and appropriately challenging.

Frequency, duration, and consistency are also critical design considerations. Effective programmes typically involve regular sessions spread across the week and sustained over a sufficient period to produce lasting effects. Consistency supports habit formation and confidence, while adequate duration allows physiological and functional changes to occur. A structured timetable, clear session format, and predictable routine help participants feel secure and engaged, particularly those who may be new to exercise or returning after periods of inactivity.

Safety and risk management must be integrated into programme design from the outset. This includes appropriate warm-up and cool-down phases, clear instructions, and attention to technique and posture. Structured design allows instructors to anticipate common challenges, manage group dynamics, and provide supervision that minimises risk while

maintaining adequate challenge. Safety is not achieved by avoiding difficulty, but by managing it thoughtfully within a structured and supportive environment. An appropriate and structured exercise programme supports long-term engagement and sustainability. Clear goals, visible progression, and consistent structure help participants recognise their own improvements, reinforcing motivation and adherence. When programmes are well designed, they are easier to replicate, evaluate, and scale within and across communities. For sport organisations, structured design provides a solid foundation for quality assurance, staff training, and continuous improvement.

The appropriate and structured design of exercise programmes is fundamental to achieving meaningful outcomes for older people. By focusing on functional relevance, multicomponent training, progression, consistency, and safety, sport organisations can deliver programmes that are effective, engaging, and sustainable. Such programmes play a vital role in supporting independence, preventing falls, and enhancing quality of life in later years.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Physical activity for older people should be purposeful, varied, and designed to support everyday function, independence, and wellbeing. Ageing is associated with gradual changes in muscle strength, balance control, mobility, coordination, and cardiovascular capacity. Addressing only one of these elements is rarely sufficient. Instead, older adults benefit most from a combination of complementary types of physical activity that together support safe movement, confidence, and participation in daily life. A well-designed exercise programme therefore integrates strength, balance, mobility, coordination, and aerobic activity in a coherent and structured way.

Strength training is a foundational component of physical activity for older people. Loss of muscle mass and power with age directly affects the ability to perform essential tasks such as standing up from a chair, climbing stairs, carrying objects, or recovering from a loss of balance.

Strength exercises should focus on major muscle groups, particularly the legs, hips, and trunk, using body weight, resistance bands, or light external loads. When performed regularly and progressively, strength training improves functional capacity, supports joint health, and underpins safe mobility. Importantly, strength training is safe and beneficial for most older adults when appropriately adapted and supervised.

Balance training is critical for reducing the risk of falls and maintaining confidence in movement.

Balance naturally declines with age due to changes in sensory systems, reaction time, and muscle function. Effective balance activities challenge stability in a controlled manner, for example by narrowing the base of support, shifting weight, stepping in different directions, or turning. Balance training should be dynamic and progressive, reflecting real-life situations such as walking on uneven surfaces or navigating crowded environments. Regular balance-challenging exercise is one of the most effective strategies for falls prevention and should be a central feature of any programme for older adults.

Mobility and flexibility exercises support the ability to move joints through their full range of motion with control and comfort. Reduced mobility can limit posture, walking efficiency, and the

ability to perform daily tasks. Gentle dynamic movements and stretching help maintain joint health, reduce stiffness, and improve movement quality. Mobility exercises are particularly important during warm-up and cool-down phases, but they can also be integrated into functional activities such as reaching, turning, and transitional movements. Maintaining mobility supports independence and complements both strength and balance training.

Coordination and motor control exercises address the complex interaction between the brain and body that is required for safe movement. Everyday activities often involve multitasking, reacting to the environment, and adapting to unexpected situations. Coordination training may include activities that combine upper and lower body movements, change direction, or incorporate dual tasks such as walking while carrying an object or responding to cues. These exercises enhance movement efficiency, reaction time, and confidence, and they are particularly relevant for preventing trips and falls in real-world settings.

An aerobic component is also essential for overall health and endurance. Aerobic activity supports cardiovascular and respiratory health, helps manage chronic conditions, and contributes to mental wellbeing. For older people, aerobic exercise can include walking, cycling, swimming, low-impact aerobics, or continuous functional movement sequences within a class. While aerobic activity alone is not sufficient to prevent falls, it complements strength and balance training by improving stamina and the ability to sustain daily activities without excessive fatigue. Aerobic exercise should be performed at an intensity that feels moderately challenging but manageable and safe.

The most effective programmes for older people do not treat these components in isolation.

Instead, they integrate strength, balance, mobility, coordination, and aerobic activity within individual sessions and across the programme as a whole. For example, functional strength exercises can simultaneously challenge balance, while coordinated stepping patterns can provide both balance and aerobic stimulus. This integrated approach reflects the demands of everyday life and maximises the efficiency and relevance of exercise. Older people need a varied and balanced combination of physical activity types to support healthy ageing. Strength, balance, mobility, coordination, and aerobic exercises each play a distinct and complementary role in maintaining independence, preventing falls, and enhancing quality of life. Sport organisations that design programmes incorporating all these elements are best placed to meet the complex needs of older adults and to deliver safe, effective, and meaningful opportunities for lifelong physical activity.

MONITORING, EXERCISES

PROGRESSION,

AND

ADJUSTMENT

OF

Monitoring, progression, and adjustment of exercises are essential components of effective exercise programmes for older people. These elements ensure that programmes remain safe, relevant, and effective over time, while responding to individual differences and changes in participants’ abilities. Older adults benefit most from exercise that is neither static nor generic, but thoughtfully adapted to support functional improvement, confidence, and long-term engagement.

Effective monitoring involves continuous observation and communication throughout the programme. Instructors should pay close attention to how participants perform movements, noting balance control, posture, coordination, breathing, and signs of fatigue or discomfort.

Monitoring also includes listening to participants’ feedback about how they feel during and after sessions. Simple indicators such as perceived exertion, ease of movement, and confidence provide valuable information that helps instructors judge whether exercises are appropriately challenging or require adjustment.

Progression is a key principle in achieving meaningful outcomes, particularly for improving strength, balance, and functional ability. Exercises should become gradually more challenging as participants adapt, through changes in resistance, base of support, range of motion, speed, or complexity. Progression should be planned but flexible, allowing participants to advance at different rates within the same group. Clear and gradual progression helps maintain motivation and ensures that exercise continues to stimulate improvement rather than merely maintaining current ability. At the same time, instructors must be able to adjust exercises to individual needs and daily variations in capacity. Older adults may experience fluctuations due to health conditions, fatigue, pain, or confidence. Adjustments may include simplifying movements, reducing load, providing additional support, or offering alternative exercises that achieve the same functional goal. Adjustment is not a sign of reduced effectiveness; rather, it is a necessary strategy to ensure inclusion, safety, and continued participation while preserving the purpose of the exercise.

Monitoring, progression, and adjustment are closely interconnected and should be applied continuously rather than as isolated steps. By observing participants, responding to feedback, and adapting exercises in real time, instructors create a responsive and supportive environment. This approach helps build trust, encourages participants to challenge themselves safely, and reduces the risk of injury or disengagement. Systematic monitoring, appropriate progression, and thoughtful adjustment of exercises are fundamental to high-quality exercise programmes for older people. These practices ensure that programmes remain effective, inclusive, and sustainable, supporting improvements in functional ability, confidence, and overall wellbeing over time.

SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS OLDER PEOPLE

WHEN

WORKING

WITH

Working with older people in exercise programmes requires a thoughtful, person-centred approach that recognises both the diversity and the specific needs of this population. Older adults are not defined solely by age; they bring a wide range of physical abilities, health conditions, life experiences, and motivations. Effective programmes therefore go beyond technical exercise prescription and place equal emphasis on communication, trust, safety, and empowerment. Sport organisations and instructors who understand these specifics are better equipped to create programmes that are safe, engaging, and impactful.

One of the most important considerations is heterogeneity and individualisation. Functional ability among older people can vary significantly, even within the same age group. Some participants may be active and confident, while others may be frail, fearful of falling, or managing multiple chronic conditions. Exercise programmes must be designed with flexibility, offering options and progressions that allow each participant to work at an appropriate level. Instructors should be skilled in observing movement, adapting exercises, and encouraging gradual progression without comparison or pressure. Safety and risk management are central when working with older adults, but they should be approached in a way that supports confidence rather than avoidance. Pre-participation screening, clear instructions, and attentive supervision help minimise risk. However, safety does not mean eliminating challenge. On the contrary, older people benefit from exercises that safely challenge balance, strength, and coordination. The key is to manage risk through appropriate progression, use of support when needed, and a calm, reassuring teaching style that helps participants feel secure while engaging in meaningful challenge.

Fear of falling and low confidence are common and influential factors in participation. Many older people restrict their activity not because of physical limitations, but because of fear. Instructors play a critical role in addressing this through positive reinforcement, clear explanations, and gradual exposure to new or more challenging movements. Celebrating small achievements and focusing on functional improvements, such as standing up more easily or walking with greater confidence, helps build self-efficacy and motivation.

Effective communication and teaching style are also essential. Clear, simple instructions, demonstrations, and consistent cues support understanding and safety. Instructors should allow adequate time for learning and repetition, avoiding rushed transitions. Using respectful, nonpatronising language reinforces dignity and autonomy. Encouraging questions and feedback helps create a collaborative atmosphere in which participants feel heard and valued. Good communication also includes being attentive to signs of fatigue, discomfort, or confusion and responding appropriately.

Health conditions and medication use are more prevalent in older populations and must be taken into account. Conditions such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, or mild cognitive impairment may influence how exercises are performed and progressed. Medications can affect balance, blood pressure, or reaction time. While instructors are not expected to provide medical advice, awareness and basic understanding of common conditions enable appropriate adaptations and timely referral when necessary. Collaboration with health professionals further supports safe and effective programme delivery.

The social and emotional dimensions of exercise are particularly important when working with older people. Group-based programmes provide valuable opportunities for social interaction, mutual support, and enjoyment. Instructors and organisations should intentionally foster a welcoming, inclusive atmosphere that encourages connection and reduces isolation. Simple practices, such as learning participants’ names, allowing time for conversation, and recognising milestones, contribute to a sense of belonging and sustained engagement. Social interaction is a vital component of exercise programmes for older people and is often as important as the physical activity itself. Many older adults face increased risk of loneliness and social isolation due to retirement, loss of social roles, health limitations, or changes in family structures. Group-based exercise programmes create regular, meaningful opportunities for connection, helping participants build relationships, share experiences, and feel part of a community. This sense of belonging enhances emotional wellbeing, supports mental health, and significantly increases motivation to attend and remain engaged in the programme. Incorporating opportunities for social interaction beyond the exercise session further strengthens participation and enjoyment.

Informal gatherings such as coffee or tea after sessions, celebration of birthdays or programme milestones, and seasonal or themed events help deepen social bonds. Occasional additional activities, such as walks, intergenerational events, or community open days, can broaden participants’ social networks and reinforce the programme as a positive and valued part of their weekly routine. These social elements transform exercise programmes into community hubs rather than purely physical interventions. Integrating fun activities and games directly into exercise sessions is another effective way to promote social interaction and enjoyment. Simple group games, partner exercises, and playful challenges encourage laughter, cooperation, and friendly interaction while still delivering meaningful physical benefits. Games that involve passing objects, coordinated movements, gentle competition, or teamwork can enhance balance, coordination, and reaction time in an engaging and non-threatening way. Fun and variety help reduce fear of failure, support positive emotions, and make physical activity something participants look forward to rather than feel obliged to attend.

Working with older people requires a focus on long-term engagement rather than short-term performance. Progress may be gradual, and outcomes should be framed in terms of functional improvement, confidence, and participation in daily life. Providing continuity, predictable structure, and progression pathways helps older adults build routines and maintain activity over time. Sport organisations that embrace these specifics create environments in which older people feel safe, capable, and motivated to remain active. Working effectively with older people in exercise programmes involves understanding diversity, managing safety with confidence, communicating clearly, and valuing the social and emotional aspects of participation.

RECRUITMENT PROCESS An effective recruitment process is essential for the success of exercise programmes for older people. Even the highest-quality programme will have limited impact if it fails to reach those who can benefit most. Recruitment should therefore be planned, inclusive, and aligned with the overall aims of the programme. For sport organisations, this means moving beyond passive promotion and adopting proactive, trust-based approaches that address the specific motivations, concerns, and barriers experienced by older adults.

A clear definition of the target group is the starting point for recruitment. Older people are a diverse population, and programmes may be designed for generally inactive individuals, those at increased risk of falls, or those seeking to maintain functional ability and social engagement.

Clearly describing who the programme is for, what level of ability is expected, and what benefits participants can expect helps avoid misunderstandings and ensures appropriate enrolment.

Transparent eligibility criteria also support safe placement and effective programme delivery.

Partnership-based recruitment is one of the most effective strategies for reaching older adults, particularly those who are less active or socially isolated. Collaboration with health and social care professionals, local authorities, senior associations, housing providers, and community organisations enables trusted referrals into the programme. Older people are more likely to engage when the programme is recommended by a familiar and credible source, such as a general practitioner, physiotherapist, social worker, or community leader. Referral pathways should be simple, clearly communicated, and mutually agreed with partners. Direct community outreach is equally important. Sport organisations should use accessible and age-appropriate communication channels, including printed materials, local newspapers, community noticeboards, radio, and face-to-face presentations at senior clubs or community events.

Messages should be positive, clear, and reassuring, emphasising safety, enjoyment, and everyday benefits rather than athletic performance. Avoiding technical language and using relatable examples helps reduce fear and uncertainty among potential participants.

Information and taster sessions play a valuable role in the recruitment process. Open sessions allow older people to meet instructors, see the environment, ask questions, and experience the programme in a low-pressure setting. These sessions help address common concerns such as fear of falling, uncertainty about ability, or lack of prior exercise experience. They also provide an opportunity for organisations to explain programme structure, expectations, and support mechanisms, building confidence and trust before commitment.

The recruitment process should also include screening and initial assessment, ensuring that participants are appropriately placed and that any additional support or referral is identified early.

Simple health questionnaires and basic functional checks help instructors understand participants’ needs and adapt exercises accordingly. Screening should be presented as a supportive and routine part of the process, reinforcing the organisation’s commitment to safety and individual care.

Recruitment should be viewed as an ongoing process rather than a one-off activity. Word-ofmouth recommendations from current participants are often one of the most powerful recruitment tools. Creating a welcoming atmosphere, delivering high-quality sessions, and maintaining good communication encourage participants to invite peers and friends. Regular review of recruitment strategies, combined with feedback from participants and partners, helps sport organisations refine their approach and ensure continued reach and inclusivity. A welldesigned recruitment process is proactive, partnership-based, and participant-centred. By clearly defining target groups, building trust through collaboration, communicating effectively, and supporting older adults from first contact through enrolment, sport organisations can maximise participation and lay the foundation for safe, effective, and sustainable exercise programmes for older people.

Keeping participants engaged is a central determinant of the success and impact of exercise programmes for older people. Engagement goes beyond attendance; it reflects participants’ motivation, sense of belonging, and belief that the programme is relevant and valuable to their lives. Older adults are more likely to remain involved when programmes are enjoyable, supportive, and responsive to their needs. Sustained engagement is particularly important because many of the benefits of exercise, including improved functional ability and reduced falls risk, depend on long-term participation rather than short-term involvement.

One of the most effective ways to maintain engagement is to ensure that sessions are meaningful and appropriately challenging. Exercises should be clearly linked to everyday activities, helping participants understand how what they are doing improves daily function and confidence. Visible progression, even in small steps, reinforces motivation and helps participants recognise their own improvements. Offering variations and choices within exercises supports autonomy and accommodates different abilities, preventing boredom or frustration. The social environment plays a crucial role in engagement. A welcoming atmosphere, supportive instructors, and opportunities for interaction encourage participants to feel connected and valued. Learning participants’ names, acknowledging attendance, and celebrating milestones contribute to a sense of belonging. Group cohesion often becomes a powerful motivator, with participants attending not only for the exercise but also for the relationships they have built. Clear and consistent communication also supports engagement. Providing information about session goals, programme progression, and upcoming activities helps participants feel informed and involved.

Encouraging feedback and listening to participants’ experiences demonstrates respect and fosters a sense of shared ownership. When participants feel heard and see their input reflected in the programme, their commitment and satisfaction increase. Offering variety and enjoyment helps sustain interest over time. Incorporating games, themed sessions, music, or occasional special activities adds freshness and fun without compromising safety or effectiveness. Small changes can re-energise programmes and keep them appealing. In summary, engagement is strengthened when exercise programmes combine meaningful challenge, social connection, clear communication, and enjoyment, creating an environment in which older people feel motivated, confident, and eager to continue participating.

RECRUITMENT OF TRAINERS Recruiting the right trainers is a critical factor in the success of exercise programmes for older people. Trainers are not only responsible for delivering exercises safely and effectively, but also for creating an environment in which older adults feel confident, respected, and motivated. When working with older populations, technical competence alone is not sufficient; trainers must also demonstrate empathy, communication skills, and an understanding of the ageing process.

Careful recruitment helps ensure programme quality, safety, and long-term participant engagement.

Trainers should have appropriate qualifications and experience relevant to working with older adults. This may include backgrounds in sport science, physical education, physiotherapy, exercise therapy, or certified fitness instruction, combined with specific training in ageing, chronic conditions, and falls prevention. Practical experience with older people is highly valuable, as it develops the ability to adapt exercises, manage mixed-ability groups, and recognise early signs of discomfort or fatigue. Organisations should clearly define required competencies and responsibilities when advertising or appointing trainers. Equally important are personal attributes and attitudes. Trainers working with older people should be patient, encouraging, and respectful, using inclusive and non-patronising language. They should be comfortable working at a measured pace, allowing time for explanation, repetition, and interaction. A positive, supportive attitude helps build trust, particularly among participants who may feel anxious about exercising or fear falling. Trainers who value participation and wellbeing over performance are better aligned with the goals of programmes for older adults. Recruitment should be linked to ongoing support and professional development. Even well-qualified trainers benefit from induction, mentoring, and opportunities to update their skills in line with emerging evidence and best practice. Sport organisations that invest in their trainers through training and supervision are more likely to retain skilled staff and maintain high-quality delivery. In this way, thoughtful recruitment of trainers lays the foundation for safe, effective, and sustainable exercise programmes for older people.

EDUCATION & QUALIFICATION OF TRAINERS The education and qualification of trainers are fundamental to the safe and effective delivery of exercise programmes for older people. Trainers working with this population carry significant responsibility, as they must balance the need to challenge participants physically with the obligation to manage risk and support confidence. Appropriate education and qualifications ensure that trainers have the knowledge, skills, and professional judgement required to deliver evidence-based programmes that improve functional ability, reduce falls risk, and enhance quality of life for older adults.

At a minimum, trainers should hold a relevant basic qualification in sport, exercise, or physical activity, such as sport science, physical education, physiotherapy, kinesiology, or an accredited fitness instructor certification. However, general exercise qualifications alone are often insufficient. Working with older people requires additional, specialised education that addresses

the physiological, psychological, and social aspects of ageing. This includes understanding agerelated changes in strength, balance, mobility, and cardiovascular function, as well as the implications of common chronic conditions. Specific training in falls prevention and functional exercise is particularly important. Trainers should understand the principles of multicomponent exercise, including how to design and progress balance-challenging and strength-based activities safely. Education should cover how and why certain exercises reduce falls risk, how to individualise programmes, and how to recognise when participants may require referral to health professionals. This knowledge enables trainers to move beyond generic activity sessions and deliver programmes that are truly effective for older adults.

Education in communication and teaching methods is another essential component. Trainers must be able to provide clear instructions, demonstrations, and feedback in ways that are accessible and respectful. Training should address how to support participants with sensory impairments, mild cognitive difficulties, or low confidence, as well as how to foster a positive, inclusive group dynamic. Effective communication skills help trainers build trust, encourage adherence, and respond sensitively to participants’ concerns.

Understanding health conditions, medication effects, and safety procedures is also critical.

Trainers should be educated on how common conditions such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, or neurological disorders may influence exercise participation. While trainers are not expected to provide medical advice, they must know how to adapt exercises, monitor responses, and act appropriately in case of adverse events. Clear knowledge of emergency procedures and safeguarding responsibilities further supports participant safety and organisational accountability.

Ongoing professional development and lifelong learning are essential to maintaining high standards. Evidence and guidelines related to physical activity and ageing continue to evolve, and trainers must be supported to update their knowledge regularly. Workshops, refresher courses, peer learning, mentoring, and engagement in professional networks help trainers refine their practice and remain motivated. Organisations that prioritise continuing education demonstrate commitment to quality and reduce reliance on outdated or ineffective approaches. The education and qualification of trainers should be supported by organisational quality assurance systems.

Clear role descriptions, minimum qualification standards, induction processes, and opportunities for supervision and feedback all contribute to consistent programme delivery. When trainers are well educated, appropriately qualified, and supported in their professional development, sport organisations are better positioned to deliver safe, effective, and credible exercise programmes for older people.

CAPACITY BUILDING Capacity building of trainers is essential for the long-term quality, sustainability, and impact of exercise programmes for older people. While education and qualifications provide a necessary foundation, capacity building focuses on strengthening trainers’ practical competence,

confidence, adaptability, and professional resilience over time. For sport organisations, investing in capacity building ensures that trainers are not only able to deliver programmes effectively, but also to respond to diverse participant needs, evolving evidence, and organisational priorities.

A key element of capacity building is structured induction and onboarding. Trainers new to working with older adults should be supported through clear orientation processes that introduce programme goals, target groups, safety procedures, and delivery principles. Shadowing experienced instructors, observing sessions, and gradually taking on responsibilities help trainers build confidence and consistency in practice. This structured start reduces variability in delivery and promotes a shared understanding of quality standards across the organisation.

Mentoring and peer support are powerful tools for developing trainer capacity. Regular opportunities to discuss challenges, share experiences, and reflect on practice help trainers refine their skills and problem-solve effectively. Peer learning encourages the exchange of practical strategies for adapting exercises, managing mixed-ability groups, and maintaining participant engagement. Mentoring relationships also provide emotional and professional support, reducing isolation and burnout, particularly for trainers working in community settings with limited resources.

Ongoing practice-based learning is another cornerstone of capacity building. Trainers benefit from continuous opportunities to observe, test, and refine their approaches in real-world settings.

Case discussions, reflective practice sessions, and feedback from coordinators or peers support learning that is directly linked to daily work. This approach helps trainers translate theory into practice and strengthens their ability to make informed decisions in dynamic group environments.

Capacity building also includes developing soft skills and leadership abilities. Trainers often act as key ambassadors for programmes and organisations, influencing participant motivation, retention, and community perception. Skills such as communication, facilitation, conflict management, and inclusive leadership enhance trainers’ effectiveness beyond technical exercise delivery. Empowering trainers to take ownership, contribute ideas, and support programme development fosters a sense of professional identity and commitment. Organisational support structures are critical to sustaining trainer capacity. Access to supervision, opportunities for continuing professional development, and recognition of trainers’ contributions all reinforce motivation and quality. Clear career pathways, where feasible, help retain experienced trainers and reduce turnover. When organisations value learning and development, trainers are more likely to remain engaged and invested in delivering high-quality programmes for older people.

Capacity building of trainers is an ongoing, strategic process that strengthens both individual competence and organisational effectiveness. Through induction, mentoring, peer learning, practice-based development, and supportive organisational structures, sport organisations can build a skilled, confident, and resilient workforce. This investment directly enhances programme quality, participant outcomes, and the long-term success of exercise programmes for older people.

LOCATION Accessibility and appropriate facilities are fundamental to the successful delivery of exercise programmes for older people. Even the most well-designed programme can fail to engage participants if practical barriers prevent access or if the environment does not feel safe, welcoming, and comfortable. Older adults may face challenges related to mobility, transport, sensory impairments, or confidence, and these factors must be considered carefully when selecting and preparing venues. Creating accessible and age-friendly environments supports participation, safety, and long-term engagement.

Physical accessibility is a primary consideration. Facilities should be easy to reach, preferably located within the community and close to public transport or with adequate parking nearby.

Entrances should be step-free or equipped with ramps, doors should be easy to open, and internal routes should be free of obstacles. Lifts should be available where activities are not on the ground floor. Clear signage and good lighting help participants navigate the space confidently, particularly those with visual impairments or reduced balance.

The interior environment of the facility plays a significant role in comfort and safety. Exercise spaces should have non-slip flooring, sufficient space for movement, and a stable, clutter-free layout. Chairs should be sturdy and of appropriate height to support sit-to-stand exercises and rest breaks. Temperature and ventilation should be well controlled, as older people may be more sensitive to heat or cold. Accessible toilets, preferably close to the exercise area, are essential for participant comfort and dignity. Equipment selection and availability also influence accessibility.

Effective exercise programmes for older people do not require complex or expensive equipment, but they do require appropriate and well-maintained items. Commonly used equipment includes chairs, mats, resistance bands, light weights, balance pads, and cones. Equipment should be easy to handle, adjustable, and stored safely to prevent tripping hazards. Clear organisation of equipment supports smooth session flow and reduces unnecessary movement or risk.

Accessibility also extends to sensory and cognitive considerations. Clear verbal instructions, visual demonstrations, and consistent routines support participants with hearing, vision, or mild cognitive impairments. Background noise should be minimised, and sound systems used where appropriate. Simple layouts and predictable session structures help participants feel secure and reduce anxiety, particularly for those who are new to organised exercise.

Financial and organisational accessibility should not be overlooked. Participation costs, registration processes, and scheduling can all act as barriers. Affordable fees, flexible enrolment options, and sessions scheduled at suitable times of day make programmes more inclusive. Clear, simple communication about how to join and what to expect further supports access, especially for individuals with limited experience of sport organisations.

Finally, accessibility includes the creation of a welcoming and age-friendly atmosphere. Staff and volunteers should be approachable, supportive, and attentive to individual needs. A positive first impression, friendly greetings, and a respectful tone help reduce anxiety and build trust. When

older people feel safe, respected, and comfortable in the environment, they are more likely to attend regularly and engage fully in the programme.

Accessibility and appropriate facilities are not peripheral considerations but central pillars of effective exercise programmes for older people. By addressing physical, environmental, sensory, financial, and social aspects of accessibility, sport organisations can create inclusive spaces that support participation, safety, and enjoyment, ultimately enhancing the impact and sustainability of their programmes.

SAFETY AND WELLBEING OF PARTICIPANTS Ensuring the safety and wellbeing of participants is a fundamental responsibility when delivering exercise programmes for older people. Safety is not limited to the prevention of injuries or medical incidents; it also encompasses physical comfort, emotional security, dignity, and confidence. Programmes that prioritise wellbeing create an environment in which older adults feel protected, respected, and supported, enabling them to engage fully and benefit from physical activity over the long term.

A key aspect of participant safety is pre-participation screening and appropriate placement.

Simple health questionnaires and initial functional checks help identify individual needs, potential risks, and any requirements for adaptation or referral. Screening should be presented as a routine and supportive process, reinforcing that the programme is designed with participant safety in mind. Clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, combined with referral pathways to health professionals when needed, further strengthen risk management.

Safe programme design and delivery are central to protecting participants’ wellbeing. Exercise sessions should include appropriate warm-up and cool-down phases, clear instructions, and demonstrations of correct technique. Exercises must be selected and progressed in a way that challenges participants while minimising unnecessary risk. Adequate supervision, appropriate group sizes, and the use of suitable equipment all contribute to a controlled and supportive environment. Safety is achieved not by avoiding challenge, but by managing it thoughtfully and progressively.

The physical environment also plays an important role in safety. Accessible facilities, non-slip flooring, adequate lighting, and clutter-free spaces reduce the risk of trips and falls. Equipment should be well maintained and stored safely. Emergency procedures, first aid equipment, and clear protocols for managing incidents must be in place and known to all staff involved in programme delivery. These measures provide reassurance to participants and staff alike.

Participant wellbeing extends beyond physical safety to include emotional and psychological aspects. Many older adults may feel anxious about exercising, fear falling, or worry about their abilities. A supportive, non-judgemental atmosphere helps build confidence and reduces anxiety.

Respectful communication, encouragement, and recognition of individual progress contribute to positive self-perception and motivation. Ensuring that participants feel heard and valued is a key element of overall wellbeing.

Ongoing monitoring and communication are essential to maintaining safety and wellbeing throughout the programme. Instructors should regularly check how participants are feeling, both during and after sessions, and encourage open communication about discomfort, fatigue, or concerns. Adjusting exercises when needed and responding promptly to signs of distress help prevent minor issues from becoming serious problems.

Safety and wellbeing are central pillars of effective exercise programmes for older people.

Through careful screening, thoughtful programme design, safe environments, clear procedures, and a supportive atmosphere, sport organisations can protect participants while empowering them to engage confidently in physical activity. When safety and wellbeing are prioritised, exercise programmes become spaces where older adults can improve their health, build confidence, and enjoy meaningful participation.

MOTIVATION Motivation is a key driver of participation and long-term engagement in exercise programmes for older people. While many older adults recognise the benefits of physical activity, this awareness alone is often not enough to sustain regular participation. Motivation is influenced by personal beliefs, past experiences, social context, health status, and confidence. Exercise programmes that actively support motivation are more likely to achieve lasting benefits in functional ability, wellbeing, and quality of life.

A central motivational factor for older people is perceived relevance. Participants are more motivated when they clearly understand how exercise helps them in everyday life, such as improving balance, reducing fear of falling, or making daily tasks easier. Framing exercises in functional terms rather than performance-oriented goals helps participants see immediate value.

Linking activities to personal goals, such as staying independent or keeping up with grandchildren, further strengthens intrinsic motivation. Self-efficacy and confidence strongly influence motivation. Older adults who believe they can exercise safely and successfully are more likely to start and continue. Positive feedback, achievable challenges, and recognition of progress help build this confidence. Celebrating small improvements, such as increased stability or ease of movement, reinforces the belief that effort leads to meaningful change. A supportive teaching style that avoids comparison and pressure is essential in nurturing self-efficacy.

The social dimension of exercise also plays a powerful motivational role. Group-based programmes provide encouragement, shared experiences, and a sense of belonging. Social connections can transform exercise from an individual task into a valued social activity, increasing enjoyment and accountability. Friendly group dynamics, peer support, and opportunities for interaction often become key reasons participants continue attending sessions.

Enjoyment and positive emotional experiences further enhance motivation. Incorporating variety, music, games, and playful elements makes sessions more engaging and reduces the perception of exercise as a chore. Enjoyable experiences are closely linked to adherence, particularly for individuals who may have had negative associations with exercise in the past. When participants look forward to sessions, motivation becomes self-sustaining. Motivation is strengthened by consistency and support over time. Clear routines, regular scheduling, and ongoing encouragement help integrate exercise into daily life. Instructors who show genuine interest in participants’ experiences and progress reinforce commitment and trust. By addressing motivation as an active and ongoing process, sport organisations can create programmes that not only attract older people, but also support them to remain active and engaged over the long term.

SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROGRAMME Sustainability is a central consideration in the design and delivery of exercise programmes for older people. The benefits of physical activity, particularly in relation to functional ability, independence, and falls prevention, depend on regular and ongoing participation over time.

Short-term or isolated interventions may produce temporary improvements, but these gains often diminish when programmes end. Sustainable programmes are therefore essential to achieving lasting impact for individuals and communities. A key factor in sustainability is embedding the programme within organisational structures and strategy. When exercise programmes for older people are integrated into the core mission and planning of a sport organisation, they are less vulnerable to changes in funding, staffing, or leadership. Clear governance, defined roles, and long-term planning support continuity and consistency in delivery.

Programmes that rely solely on external funding or individual champions are more likely to struggle once initial support ends. Stable and diversified funding models also underpin sustainability. Combining multiple funding sources, such as participant fees, public funding, partnerships, and sponsorship, reduces dependence on any single stream. Demonstrating programme effectiveness through simple monitoring and outcome reporting strengthens funding applications and supports ongoing investment. Sustainable funding is closely linked to credibility and trust among funders and partners.

Participant engagement and retention play an equally important role in long-term sustainability.

Programmes that are enjoyable, socially engaging, and responsive to participants’ needs are more likely to maintain stable attendance. Clear progression pathways, opportunities for continued participation beyond initial programme cycles, and integration into wider club activities support long-term adherence. When participants value the programme and see it as part of their routine, sustainability is reinforced from the bottom up.

Strong partnerships and community integration further enhance sustainability. Collaboration with health services, local authorities, and community organisations supports recruitment, referrals, shared resources, and aligned objectives. These partnerships help embed exercise programmes

within local systems for healthy ageing and prevention, increasing resilience and reach.

Programmes that are recognised as valuable community assets are more likely to receive ongoing support. Sustainability depends on continuous quality improvement. Regular reflection, feedback, and adaptation ensure that programmes remain relevant, effective, and aligned with emerging evidence and participant needs. Investing in staff development, maintaining quality standards, and responding to changing contexts all contribute to long-term success.

Sustainable exercise programmes for older people are built on strategic integration, stable funding, participant engagement, strong partnerships, and ongoing quality improvement. By planning for sustainability from the outset, sport organisations can ensure that their programmes deliver enduring benefits and continue to support healthy and active ageing within their communities.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Environmental protection is an increasingly important consideration in the planning and delivery of exercise programmes for older people. Sport organisations have a responsibility not only to promote health and wellbeing, but also to contribute to environmentally sustainable practices within their communities. Integrating environmental awareness into programme design supports broader societal goals, aligns with public policy priorities, and demonstrates organisational responsibility. Environmentally conscious programmes can also enhance participant engagement by connecting physical activity with care for the local environment. One key aspect of environmental protection is the sustainable use of facilities and resources. Sport organisations should prioritise the use of local venues to reduce travel distances and associated emissions.

Shared use of existing community spaces, such as sports halls, community centres, or outdoor areas, helps minimise the environmental footprint of programmes. Energy-efficient lighting, heating, and ventilation, along with responsible water use, contribute to more sustainable facility management. Simple measures, such as switching off equipment when not in use and scheduling sessions efficiently, can collectively make a meaningful difference. Equipment and material choices also play a role in environmental protection. Exercise programmes for older people typically require minimal equipment, and organisations should favour durable, reusable items over disposable materials. Resistance bands, mats, and weights should be selected for longevity and maintained properly to extend their lifespan. Reducing printed materials where possible, or using recycled and recyclable paper, further supports environmentally responsible practice. Thoughtful procurement decisions reflect a commitment to sustainability without compromising programme quality.

The promotion of active and sustainable transport can be integrated into programme delivery.

Encouraging participants to walk, cycle, or use public transport where feasible supports both physical activity and environmental goals. When programmes are delivered close to where people live, active travel becomes a realistic and attractive option. For some participants, group walks to and from the venue can also provide additional social and physical benefits.

Environmental protection can also be addressed through outdoor activities and connection with nature. When appropriate and safe, incorporating outdoor exercise sessions in parks or green spaces promotes appreciation of the natural environment while supporting physical and mental wellbeing. Such activities can strengthen participants’ connection to their local surroundings and encourage stewardship of community spaces. Respecting natural areas, minimising waste, and leaving no trace should be integral to outdoor programme delivery. Sport organisations can contribute to environmental protection through awareness and role modelling. By adopting visible sustainable practices and communicating their importance, organisations can inspire participants to reflect on their own environmental behaviours. Older adults often play influential roles within families and communities, and their engagement in environmentally responsible programmes can have a wider ripple effect.

Environmental protection is a relevant and complementary dimension of exercise programmes for older people. Through sustainable facility use, responsible resource management, promotion of active transport, and respectful engagement with natural environments, sport organisations can reduce their environmental impact while reinforcing positive values. Integrating environmental considerations into programme delivery supports healthier people, stronger communities, and a more sustainable future.

TIPS AND TRICKS FOR IMPLEMENTING EXERCISE PROGRAMMES FOR OLDER PEOPLE Implementing exercise programmes for older people can be highly rewarding, but it also comes with practical challenges. Drawing on experience from community-based initiatives, a number of simple yet effective tips and tricks can support sport organisations in translating plans into successful day-to-day practice. These practical insights help avoid common pitfalls, enhance participant experience, and support smooth and sustainable implementation.

Start small and build gradually. Pilot programmes with manageable group sizes allow organisations to test logistics, refine session structure, and gather feedback before scaling up.

Early successes build confidence among staff, participants, and partners, creating momentum for expansion. Gradual implementation also reduces pressure on resources and helps maintain quality as programmes grow.

Use familiar and welcoming environments wherever possible. Older adults are more likely to attend and remain engaged when venues feel safe, accessible, and familiar. Consistent locations and schedules reduce uncertainty and support routine formation. Small details, such as clear signage, friendly greetings, and time for informal conversation, can significantly influence first impressions and ongoing participation.

Keep communication simple, positive, and consistent. Avoid technical jargon and focus on everyday benefits, such as moving more easily, staying independent, or feeling more confident.

Repeating key messages across different channels reinforces understanding and trust. Providing reminders and clear information about what to expect helps reduce anxiety and supports attendance.

Plan for flexibility. Even the best-designed programmes must adapt to real-life circumstances, such as varying attendance, changing health status, or seasonal factors. Having alternative exercises, backup plans for venues or staffing, and flexible progression options allows instructors to respond calmly and confidently to unexpected situations. Flexibility supports inclusion and prevents disruption to programme delivery.

Encourage participant ownership and involvement. Inviting feedback, celebrating milestones, and involving participants in small decisions, such as music choice or social activities, strengthens engagement and motivation. Peer support and informal ambassadors within the group can also help welcome new participants and reinforce a positive group culture.

Build strong relationships with partners from the outset. Regular communication with health professionals, community organisations, and local authorities helps align expectations and sustain referrals. Sharing successes and challenges openly supports trust and collaboration. Partnerships thrive when they are nurtured consistently rather than activated only when problems arise.

Remember that perfection is not required. Successful programmes evolve through experience, reflection, and adjustment. Learning from challenges and viewing them as opportunities for improvement helps organisations stay resilient and responsive. By focusing on people rather than processes, and on quality rather than quantity, sport organisations can implement exercise programmes for older people that are effective, enjoyable, and sustainable.

PRACTICAL GUIDELINES Strategic & Organisational Foundations Secure leadership commitment and embed active ageing within the organisation’s mission and strategy Allocate dedicated resources (staff time, budget, facilities) for programmes targeting older adults Treat programmes for older people as core activities, not short-term add-ons or pilots Align programmes with local, national, and international healthy ageing and falls prevention strategies Programme Design Base programmes on evidence-informed principles (strength, balance, mobility, coordination, aerobic activity) Focus on functional, everyday movements (e.g. sit-to-stand, stepping, turning, reaching) Ensure programmes are multicomponent, progressive, and adaptable Plan programmes for sufficient duration and frequency to achieve lasting benefits Integrate progression and individualisation within group delivery Safety & Wellbeing Implement simple pre-participation screening and clear inclusion/exclusion criteria Establish emergency procedures and incident reporting protocols Use safe, age-friendly facilities and appropriate equipment Maintain appropriate group sizes to allow supervision and individual attention Create a supportive, non-judgemental atmosphere that builds confidence and reduces fear of falling Recruitment of Participants Clearly define the target group and programme aims Use trusted referral pathways (healthcare, social services, community organisations) Communicate benefits in simple, positive, and functional terms Offer information or taster sessions to reduce anxiety and build trust Treat recruitment as an ongoing process, supported by word-of-mouth and peer ambassadors Trainers & Workforce Recruit trainers with relevant qualifications and experience with older adults Ensure trainers understand ageing, common health conditions, and falls prevention Prioritise communication skills, empathy, and inclusive attitudes Support ongoing education, mentoring, and professional development Promote consistency and quality through clear roles and induction processes

Monitoring, Progression & Adaptation Monitor participants continuously through observation and feedback Progress exercises gradually to maintain challenge and effectiveness Adjust exercises to accommodate individual needs, health changes, and confidence levels Encourage participant feedback to guide adaptations Maintain a balance between challenge and safety Accessibility & Facilities Choose venues that are accessible, familiar, and easy to reach Ensure step-free access, good lighting, non-slip floors, and accessible toilets Use simple, well-maintained equipment suitable for older adults Consider financial accessibility (affordable fees, flexible enrolment) Create a welcoming, age-friendly environment Social Interaction & Motivation Build social interaction into sessions and programme structure Include fun activities, games, and variety to enhance enjoyment Offer additional social events (e.g. coffee after sessions, celebrations) Reinforce motivation through positive feedback and recognition of progress Foster group cohesion and a sense of belonging Partnerships & Collaboration Work with health, social care, local authorities, and community organisations Establish clear referral pathways and shared objectives Use shared outcome frameworks to align with partners’ priorities Communicate regularly and transparently with partners Engage in cross-sector and cross-border cooperation where possible Funding & Sustainability Develop funding applications aligned with long-term organisational strategy Diversify funding sources to reduce dependence on single grants Collect simple outcome data to demonstrate impact Plan continuation pathways beyond initial programme cycles Integrate programmes into long-term community and organisational structures Environmental Responsibility Use local facilities to minimise travel and emissions Share spaces and resources efficiently Choose durable, reusable equipment and minimise waste Encourage active and sustainable transport where feasible Promote respect for natural environments during outdoor activities

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor EACEA can be held responsible for them.