Diploma - phase 2: Diagrammatic Model for a Selv-Sufficient Urban Structure

self-sufficiency on spaceship earth

2 of 3

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

isaak elias skjeseth bashevkin diploma / spring 2015

project

booklet

introduction

personal background This project is in many ways the natural culmination of my studies at AHO - The Oslo School of Architecture and Design.

After my first three years at AHO - where everyone follows the same curriculum - I quickly became interested in energy- and environmentally conscious architecture and urban design. During my master-level studies I have taken part in an elective course on energy-positive buildings and an associated student competition. Following this I teamed up with four other students in a self-programmed studio course designing an energy positive project for a combined service center and dealership for BMW/Bilia. It was linked to a main course on urban timber architecture. As in the previous courses, I carried out detailed life-cycle energy and emission calculations according to methods developed at the center for Zero Emission Buildings and applied in the pilot projects of the Norwegian Powerhouse alliance.

But all along I have felt dissatisfied by the narrow system boundaries of the building projects and by the lack of clear perspective and strategies for handling larger neighborhoods and cities. I have also felt the necessity of connecting the global and local perspectives, a connection that far too rarely is discussed and established. bridging the perspective gap Great work is being done in creating and developing architecture that can and will

introduction become integrated in a balanced future.

Changes are happening, and we are truly getting closer to where we need to be.

Enormous efforts are also being made to research, calculate, predict and communicate the consequences of human impact on a planetary scale. Regretably the research results are primarilty used to explain that the environment is important, and that things have to change. To a lesser extent do they help the readers and users find out what can and should be done.

In the field of urbanism, urban design and in the structuring of how we connect all the different places and aspects of our lives, there are also many initiatives and plans for “green cities”.

The complexity of the problem necessitates stepwise and thematic approaches, and many examples are located in other climatic zones.

aspects of the project controversial. That is perfectly natural given the complexity of the problem. Yet, I feel that the different aspects of my project are well founded in existing research and knowledge. project structure The project consists of a series of three booklets, linked to the three main phases outlined in the diploma program.

Each booklet contains the same project introduction, and its own booklet introduction.

The project phases are: 1. Collecting a library of relevant themes.

2. Integration of themes in a diagrammatic model for an urban structure.

Therefore I decided to look at the possibility of developing a diagrammatic model that integrated and quantified all aspects of a selfsufficient Norwegian urban structure. To test the usability of the “diagram city” I also decided to test it on a specific and relevant local site.

3. Testing the diagrammatic model on a real world site.

This would at the same time be an attempt to bridge the scale gap between our successful small-scale efforts and our existing global knowledge.

2. The Library of Knowledge and Parameters for Design

The booklets should be read in this order: 1. The Diploma Program

3. Diagrammatic Model for a Self-sufficient Urban Structure

optimism and controversiality I have been optimistic on behalf of technological development and the societal willingness to adapt. Some might find certain

4. Testing the Diagram Models by Implementation at Taraldrud-Kolbotn

phase 2: The diagrammatic urban structure and models This is the second booklet (in addition to the diploma program), and is the result of the second and fourth phase of the diploma semester, as described in the diploma program. the main phase Based on the knowledge collected and structured in the first phase and booklet. A first version was designed, and later revised after having worked on the implementation-phase.

The end product of this phase is the main goal of the semester, and should be first and foremost be viewed and read as a tool or method for designing urban structures. thematic introduction A more thorough and elaborative introduction to the theoretical, thematic and political background to the subjects at hand, can be read on the following pages.

index thematic introduction

six model cities - population: 20k to 1 million

4 / This is the Earth

36 / Inspiration and legacy

5 / 2050: 9 billion people - 70 % living in cities

38 / Phaseability and application

6 / The isolated island

46 / Scale comparison and main attributes

7 / Existing human resource islands 8 / My approach and project focus

gathering data with studies and analyses

the layers of the 500k-diagram city 50 / Calculation model 51 / Energy production calculation

12 / Agricultural analysis for norway from 2015 to 2050

52 / Main layers

14 / Urban block density study

53 / Satellite neighborhood section

16 / Density study - Urban core density

54 / Wilderness preservation

17 / Density study - Urban center density

55 / Urban core grid structure

19 / Density study - Urban periphery density

56 / Rail infrastructure intersection

calculation models 22 / Why and how to use the calculation model?

23 / The calculation model 24 / Project workflow and structure 26 / Calculation model inputs and sources 27 / How are the outputs calculated? Step-by-step 30 / Calculation model main outputs 31 / Area distribution comparison 32 / Energy production calculation 33 / One human = One earthspace

58 / Automated light rail network 60 / Bicycle highway network 62 / Extended travel times 63 / Urban block density distribution 64 / Urban hotspot spaces 66 / Urban functions 68 / Greywater landscape treatment 70 / Local road network and car-free zones 72 / Efficient cargo distribution 74 / Visualization

this is the earth The earth is a spaceship

7 billion people

It is revolving around our star - the Sun - at 108 000km/h. And our sun and its solar system is revolving around the center of our galaxy the Milky Way - at 720 000km/h.

The Earth is a really small place. there is only one planet earth It would be great to have another planet waiting for us nearby, a plan B if plan A fails. But interplanetary migration is not going to happen anytime soon, sorry. So this planet is the one and only stage on which we live out the entire ties of our lives. That includes you, me, every other human being, and all the other lifeforms that - to our knowledge - have ever been.

human resource consumption in 2015 1,5 earths

the earth has a limited amount of resources Some resources are finite. Some resources, luckily, are recirculated, renewed and reproducible. The Earth has a pretty amazing ability of regenerating many of the resources we need to live.

Yet, there is a limit to how many and how much of these life-supporting resources the planet can reproduce in a given time frame.

7 billion people consuming 1,5 earths We are currently seven billion human beings on the planet, consuming approximately 1,5 times the resources that the planet is able to reproduce every year.

That means that in the course of 12 months, we consume the resources is takes the Earth 18 months to produce.

In addition there are many resources there are finite amounts of, that are not reproduced.

A continued consumption of these finite resources can not be sustained indefinately.

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

not two -- only one planet

2050: 9 billion people - 70 % living in cities

this is an important place...

From 50 % to 70 % urban population Today there are 3,5 billion people living in urban areas. In 2050 there will be 6,3 billion.

...and so are these

How we choose to organize our lives in these vast new urban areas is vital to limiting the impossible growth in resource consumption.

2,8 billion new city dwellers That’s a lot of people. They all need shelter, mobility and life-supporting resource supplies.

They all want and desire much more.

Sadly for us, the Earth does not care that we are more people then before, or that we want to live denser then before.

The Earth, and most of the other species we share it with, are already being over-exploited, and would very much prefer if we became fewer and less developed. securing future prosperity We are on a collision course with the foundation of our own lives. We need to make changes to our society if we wish to continue living prosperous lives on this planet.

Changes and improvements to politics, economic systems, engineering, technological development, social adaptations, architecture and urbanism -- and so on -- are important and necessary.

2015

2050

50 % of 7 billion living in cities

70 % of 9 billion living in cities

3,5 billion

6,3 billion diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

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5

the isolated island

Easter Island short history

In the prevailing account of the island’s past, the native inhabitants— who refer to themselves as the Rapanui and to the island as Rapa Nui—once had a large and thriving society, but they doomed themselves by degrading their environment.

According to this version of events, a small group of Polynesian settlers arrived around 800 to 900 A.D., and the island’s population grew slowly at first. Around 1200 A.D., their growing numbers and an obsession with building moai (the famous statues) led to increased pressure on the environment.

By the end of the 17th century, the Rapanui had deforested the island, triggering war, famine and cultural collapse.

Let’s avoid this on a planetary scale.

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

existing human resource islands

self-sufficiency creates resilience

There are many things we like to have, and wish we had.

But in the end there are only three resources we need to have to survive: Water, food and energy (and other people).

Producing all these resources locally, to fully - or at least partially - meet consumption levels, provides resilience in an ever changing world.

Therefore self-sufficiency is the most important and pressing parameter when designing the first step towards a sustainable future.

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

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7

approach and project focus

i can’t fix everything...

I cannot fix all the world’s challenges in one go, so I have limited my work to what I can contribute from my perspective-, experience- and knowledge-base. I have created a tool, method and structure – a framework for life – in urban areas, reconnecting its inhabitant to the earthly and technological functions that are the basis of our lives on this planet. one possible solution, amongst many I have dedicated this diploma semester to investigating one possible solution and answer to this current and future challenge.

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

a diagrammatic self-sufficient urban structure It is a future vision set for 2050, primarily in the Oslo climate zone, but also relevant in a broader context.

The self-sufficiency-parameter covers the three basic resources we need to survive and sustain a stable society: Water, food and energy. Being self-sufficient in these three basic resources provides safety and resilience in a natural or man-made crisis or disaster event.

project focus The most important parts of the project are the calculation and graphical models of the diagrammatic model phase, and the workflow and process for implementing this model on a real world site.

So even though the results from the implementation phase at Taraldrud-Kolbotn might seem to be the most completed and finished part of the project, it is important to evaluate this phase first and foremost as the result of the diagrammatic model phase and the implementation process.

We like both these guys

creating balance in our human world..

...facilitates balance also in the whale world

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

finding out what we’re actually working with

gathering data with studies and analyses

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

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11

agricultural self-sufficiency projections 1125+ km2 Total land area =

best case scenario

norway 2015

norway 2050

current agricultural land area

projected yield increases 2015-2050

323 752 km2 Agricultural land area = 3,3 % = 10 800 km2

25-35 %

Total land area =

Projected yield increase due to climate change = 15-

Projected yield increase due to technological improvements =

- 8600 km2 arable crops - 1800 km2 pasturelands - 375 km2 surface cultivation

Available, non-utilized, arable land area = - 7 000 km2 productive forest - 4 300 km2 peatlands - 1 100 km2 other soil covered land

Agricultural land area / capita =

13-25-35 %

Difference in yield between organic and industrial/conventional = 5-

12 400 km2

9%

- w/multi-cropping and crop rotation = 8-

0,19 ha

Total increase in yields from conventional 2015 to organic 2050 = (((100 % * 1,25) * 1,7) / 1,09) =

195 %

projected requirements for 2050-self-sufficiency

potential agricultural land area

0,15 ha Self-sufficient population with 10 800 km2 agricultural land area = 7 200 000 people Self-sufficient population with 23 200 km2 agricultural land area = 15 500 000 people

7,2 % = 23 200 km2

Self-sufficiency agricultural land area requirements (average diet w/ 90g meat/day) / capita =

Potential agricultural land area = - 5,0 % = 16 200 km2 excluding productive forests

0,42 ha

Potential agricultural land area / capita = - 0,29 ha excluding productive forests

6,6 million Necessary agricultural land to achieve self-sufficiency = 3,1 % = 9 900 km2 Projected population in Norway = between 6-8 million, main estimation

self-sufficiency with average diets Agricultural land area requirements (average diet w/ 190g meat/day) / capita =

0,45 ha

Self-sufficient population with 10 800 km2 agricultural land =

2,4 mill people = 46 %

Self-sufficient population with 23 200 km2 agricultural land =

5,15 mill people = 100 %

current agricultural employment Agricultural employment =

1,52 %/year = 70 % in 2050

2 % of workforce

- 23 200 km2 available = 13 300 km2 surplus

0 m2 = 0 % Agricultural land area limit / capita with 10 800 km2 productive land = 0,16 ha / capita Agricultural land area limit / capita with 23 200 km2 productive land = 0,35 ha / capita Necessary urban agriculture to achieve self-sufficiency =

projected agricultural employment

13 % of workforce

Projected potential agricultural employment = - Unknown % of this will be done by robotic automation

Source: SSB.no

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

agricultural analysis

measurable unit used throughout the project to link different calculations

1 ha

norway

0,45 ha current productive agricultural soil / capita

We have sufficient arable soil in Norway to feed our own population both currently and in the future. But less than half of our arable land is currently productive, and we are losing approx. 0,5 % every year. Climate change and technological improvements are projected to almost to double the yields, so if we can stop and reverse the current trend, we will be fine, also with an increased future population. But since it is not likely that we will be able to reclaim and develop such substantial new arable lands, urban agriculture is a vital secondary ingredient in the future agricultural mix.

self-sufficient population

productive agricultural soil

0,19 ha 0,42 ha

2050 agricultural land area requirements w/ average 2050-diet / capita

norway 2050

total land area 323 752 km2

total land area 323 752 km2

population 5 165 000

population 6-8 million

40 %

2,4 million

3,3 %

100 %

5,15 million

7,2 %

23 200 km2

10 800 km2

current productive agricultural soil

total arable soil / capita

0,15 ha

norway 2015

agricultural land area requirements w/average 2015-diet / capita

90 %

7,2 million

3,3 %

190 %

15,5 million

7,2 %

23 200 km2

10 800 km2

total arable agricultural soil

existing productive area increased yield

60 %

4,8 million

100 % 8 mill 12 000 km2

2,5 %

8 200 km2

total arable area increased yield

current trend loss of productive area increased yield

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urban block density study The density study is produced with the building blocks seen below. The blocks are to a certain degree based on archetypes and building structures found in other density studies, such as “House Density Study” from 2012 by Maccreanor Lavington Architects; Emily Greeves Architects; Graham Harrington Planning Advice, “Southbank Structure Plan Urban Density Study” from 2010 by AECOM, and “Density Atlas” by MIT accessed on www. densityatlas.org in 2015.

The grid in this density study, the diagram models and implementation process plans should not be considered the final urban structure, but primarily as an urban unit that makes calculating the totality of the urban structure viable. The grid unit of 100x100 meters urban blocks can be traced all the way from the calculation models via the graphical diagram models to the implementation process plans.

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

The urban block types in the study are sorted by density, into three main categories.

The three main categories - red, orange and yellow. They show a diversity of possibilities above and below the intended average densities in the three urban block densities in the calculation models.

FAR = Floor Area Ratio within the block perimeter, excluding streets.

The red A-blocks represent the

urban core blocks, measuring in at a projected FAR

= 260 %.

The orange B-blocks represent the

urban center blocks, measuring in at a projected FAR = 180 %.

The yellow C-blocks represent the

urban periphery blocks, measuring in at a projected FAR = 80 %.

Each block type is graded as not ideal, good or better in five different categories. A block with only blue grades would be the ideal combination of density, building height, building footprint and space left for outdoor recreation and urban landscape agriculture.

When distributing the densities throughout the urban structure, a mix of the different densities is preferred, as shown more detailed in the diagram city layers-chapter..

As the study shows, it is possible to achieve these densities, while maintaining the desired integration with natural qualities and urban landscape agriculture.

In an implementation phase, building patterns and urban street structure will require a more detailed adaptation to local landscapes and condition. These archetypes can be used as a basis when selecting building types at a more detailed level.

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urban core density Far 250 %

In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, the block types take the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compare it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer). The requirement in the Oslo-standard is a minimum of 20 % of the residential floor area.

Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR

= 250 %

Residents per block

= approx. 250

Average gross floor space per resident

= 41,1 m2

Total gross residential floor space per block

= 10 275 m2

Outdoor space standard requirements = 2 050 m2 All the block types, except A1, fullfil this minimum requirement, even without counting the urban landscape agriculture as a usable outdoor recreational space. block type calculations

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block number in study

block description

total gross m2

building footprint m2

FAR

gross residential m2

gross office m2

45 m2 dwellings

70 m2 dwellings

100 m2 dwellings

120 m2 dwellings

150 m2 dwellings

180 m2 dwellings

total units

residents/ha

employment/ha

number of blocks of this type needed to house population of 500K

A1

Quadblock 4-9 w/tower 20

53 600

6600

536 %

22 857

5 670

25

49

98

49

12

12

246

515

178

136

A2

Carré 4-6 w/tower 20

33 500

4100

335 %

14 286

3 544

15

31

61

31

8

8

154

322

111

218

A3

Triblock w/wedge space 2-6

24 400

6200

244 %

10 405

2 581

11

22

45

22

6

6

112

234

81

299

A4

Quadblock 2-5

24 500

6700

245 %

10 448

2 592

11

22

45

22

6

6

112

235

81

297

A5

Split carré 2-6

22 000

6100

220 %

9 382

2 327

10

20

40

20

5

5

101

211

73

331

A6

Split carré 3-4

21 300

6100

213 %

9 083

2 253

10

20

39

20

5

5

98

205

71

342

B1

Quadblock 2-4

20 600

6400

206 %

8 785

2 179

9

19

38

19

5

5

94

198

68

354

B2

Snake 3-5

20 500

5600

205 %

8 742

2 169

9

19

38

19

5

5

94

197

68

355

B3

5 Courtyards 2-5

19 600

5600

196 %

8 358

2 073

9

18

36

18

4

4

90

188

65

372

B4

Inverted e-block 2-4

18 900

5500

189 %

8 060

1 999

9

17

35

17

4

4

87

182

63

386

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

urban center density 1 far 180 %

In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, I have taking the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compared it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer).

The requirement in the Oslo-standard is minimum 20 % of the residential floor area.

Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR

= 180 %

Residents per block

= approx. 180

Average gross floor space per resident

= 41,1 m2

Total gross residential floor space per block

= 7 400 m2

Outdoor space standard requirements = 1 500 m2 block type calculations Block type B2, B3 and B4 fullfil this minimum requirement, evenblock without number counting the urban landscape agriculture as building total gross m2 block description in study a usable outdoor recreational space. Block type B1 and B5 footprint m2 53 600 Quadblock 4-9the w/tower 20 6600 A1 fullfil it only when including urban agriculture.

FAR

gross residential m2

gross office m2

45 m2 dwellings

70 m2 dwellings

100 m2 dwellings

120 m2 dwellings

150 m2 dwellings

180 m2 dwellings

total units

residents/ha

employment/ha

number of blocks of this type needed to house population

536 %

22 857

5 670

25

49

98

49

12

12

246

515

178

136

A2

Carré 4-6 w/tower 20

33 500

4100

335 %

14 286

3 544

15

31

61

31

8

8

154

322

111

218

A3

Triblock w/wedge space 2-6

24 400

6200

244 %

10 405

2 581

11

22

45

22

6

6

112

234

81

299

24 500

6700

245 %

10 448

2 592

11

22

45

22

6

6

112

235

81

297

9 382 gross residential 9 083 m2

2 327 gross office m2 2 253

10 45 m2 dwellings 10

20 70 m2 dwellings 20

40 100 m2 dwellings 39

20 120 m2 dwellings 20

5 150 m2 dwellings 5

5 180 m2 dwellings 5

101 total units 98

211 residents/ha 205

73 employment/ha 71

block type calculations Quadblock 2-5 A4 A5 block number in A6 study

Split carré 2-6 block description Split carré 3-4

22 000 total gross m2 21 300

6100 building footprint 6100 m2

220 % FAR 213 %

331 number of blocks of this type needed to house 342 population of 500K

B1 A1

Quadblock 2-4 Quadblock 4-9 w/tower 20

20 53 600

6400 6600

206 536 %

8 785 22 857

179 52 670

9 25

19 49

38 98

19 49

5 12

5 12

94 246

198 515

68 178

B2 A2

3-5 Carré Snake 4-6 w/tower 20

20 33 500

5600 4100

205 335 %

8 742 14 286

2 544 169 3

9 15

19 31

38 61

19 31

5 8

5 8

94 154

197 322

68 111

355 218

B3 A3

5 Courtyards 2-5 2-6 Triblock w/wedge space

19 600 24 400

5600 6200

196 % 244

8 358 10 405

2 073 581

9 11

18 22

36 45

18 22

4 6

4 6

90 112

188 234

65 81

372 299

354 136

B4 A4

Inverted e-block Quadblock 2-52-4

18 900 24 500

5500 6700

189 % 245

8 060 10 448

12 999 592

9 11

17 22

35 45

17 22

4 6

4 6

87 112

182 235

63 81

386 297

B5 A5

Inverted u-block Split carré 2-62-4

18 400 22 000

5900 6100

184 % 220

7 9 846 382

12 946 327

8 10

17 20

34 40

17 20

4 5

4 5

84 101

177 211

61 73

396 331

B6 A6

Urban villas3-4 2-5 Split carré

16 21 600 300

4700 6100

166 213 %

7 079 9 083

1 756 2 253

8 10

15 20

30 39

15 20

4 5

4 5

76 98

185 205

55 71

378 342

B7 B1

Quadblock 2-4 2-3

14 900 20 600

6700 6400

149 % 206

6 8 354 785

12 576 179

7 9

14 19

27 38

14 19

3 5

3 5

68 94

143 198

49 68

489 354 496 355

B8 B2

Snake 2-3 3-5

14 700 20 500

5600

147 % 205

6 8 269 742

1 555 2 169

7 9

13 19

27 38

13 19

3 5

3 5

B9 B3

Urban villas 2-4 w/space 5 Courtyards 2-5

14 600 500 19

4700 5600

145 % 196

6 358 183 8

1 534 2 073

7 9

13 18

27 36

13 18

3 4

3 4

B10 B4

Split carré 2-32-4 Inverted e-block

14 900 300 18

6100 5500

143 % 189

6 098 8 060

1 999 513

7 9

13 17

26 35

13 17

3 4

3 4

67 94

141 197

49 68

66 90

139 188

48 65

503 372

66 87

137 182

47 63

510 386

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urban center density 2 far 180 %

In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, I have taking the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compared it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer).

The requirement in the Oslo-standard is minimum 20 % of the residential floor area.

Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR

= 180 %

Residents per block

= approx. 180

Average gross floor space per resident

= 41,1 m2

Total gross residential block type calculations floor space per block = 7 400 m2 block number

block description

in study Outdoor space standard Quadblock = 4-91w/tower 20 A1 requirements 500 m2 A2

Carré 4-6 w/tower 20

total gross m2

building footprint m2

FAR

53 600

6600

536 %

33 500

4100

335 %

6200

244 %

6700

245 %

6100

220 %

24 400 space 2-6 A3 All the block types Triblock fullfil w/wedge this minimum requirement, even 24 500 as a Quadblock 2-5 withoutA4counting the urban landscape agriculture Split carré 2-6 22 000 A5 usable outdoor recreational space.

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gross office m2

45 m2 dwellings

70 m2 dwellings

100 m2 dwellings

120 m2 dwellings

150 m2 dwellings

180 m2 dwellings

total units

22 857

5 670

25

49

98

49

12

12

14 286

3 544

15

31

61

31

8

8

10 405

2 581

11

22

45

22

6

10 448

2 592

11

22

45

22

6

9 382

2 327

10

20

40

20

2 253

10

20

39

number of blocks of this type needed to house population

residents/ha

employment/ha

246

515

178

136

154

322

111

218

6

112

234

81

299

6

112

235

81

297

5

5

101

211

73

331

20

5

5

98

205

71

342

A6

Split carré 3-4

21 300

6100

213 %

9 083

B1

Quadblock 2-4

20 600

6400

206 %

8 785

2 179

9

19

38

19

5

5

94

198

68

354

B2

Snake 3-5

20 500

5600

205 %

8 742

2 169

9

19

38

19

5

5

94

197

68

355

19 600

5600

196 %

8 358

2 073

9

18

36

18

4

4

90

188

65

8 060 gross residential 7 846 m2

1 999 gross office m2 1 946

9 45 m2 dwellings 8

17 70 m2 dwellings 17

35 100 m2 dwellings 34

17 120 m2 dwellings 17

4 150 m2 dwellings 4

4 180 m2 dwellings 4

87 total units 84

182 residents/ha 177

63 employment/ha 61

block type calculations 5 Courtyards 2-5 B3

18

gross residential m2

372

B4 block number in B5 study

Inverted e-block 2-4 block description Inverted u-block 2-4

18 900 total gross m2 18 400

5500 building footprint 5900 m2

189 % FAR 184 %

B6 A1

Urban4-9 villas 2-5 Quadblock w/tower 20

16 600 53

4700 6600

166 % 536

7 079 22 857

51 756 670

8 25

15 49

30 98

15 49

4 12

4 12

76 246

185 515

55 178

378 136

B7 A2

Quadblock 2-3 20 Carré 4-6 w/tower

14 33 900 500

6700 4100

149 335 %

6 354 14 286

576 31 544

7 15

14 31

27 61

14 31

3 8

3 8

68 154

143 322

49 111

489 218

386 number of blocks of this type needed to house 396 population of 500K

B8 A3

Snake 2-3space 2-6 Triblock w/wedge

14 700 24 400

5600 6200

147 % 244

6 269 10 405

1 555 2 581

7 11

13 22

27 45

13 22

3 6

3 6

67 112

141 234

49 81

496 299

B9 A4

Urban villas 2-4 w/space Quadblock 2-5

14 500 24

4700 6700

145 % 245

6 183 10 448

1 534 2 592

7 11

13 22

27 45

13 22

3 6

3 6

66 112

139 235

48 81

503 297

B10 A5

2-3 Split carré 2-6

14 000 300 22

6100

143 % 220

6 9 098 382

1 513 2 327

7 10

13 20

26 40

13 20

3 5

3 5

66 101

137 211

47 73

510 331

C1 A6

SplitCarré carré33-4

11 900 21 300

4000 6100

119 % 213

5 083 075 9

1 259 2 253

5 10

11 20

22 39

11 20

3 5

3 5

55 98

114 205

39 71

612 342

C2 B1

CarréQuadblock 2-3 w/open 2-4space

10 600 100 20

3600 6400

101 % 206

4 8 307 785

12 068 179

5 9

9 19

19 38

9 19

2 5

2 5

46 94

97 198

33 68

721 354

C3 B2

Rowhouses on3-5 a field 2-3 Snake

8 300 20 500

3300 5600

83 %% 205

3 539 8 742

2878 169

4 9

8 19

15 38

8 19

2 5

2 5

38 94

80 197

28 68

878 355

C4 B3

Community courtyards 5 Courtyards 2-5 2

6 700 19 600

3300 5600

67 %% 196

2 857 8 358

2709 073

3 9

6 18

12 36

6 18

2 4

2 4

31 90

64 188

22 65

1372 088

B4

Inverted e-block 2-4

18 900

5500

189 %

8 060

1 999

9

17

35

17

4

4

87

182

63

386

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

urban periphery density far 80%

In addition to the urban landscape agriculture integrated in each block, I have taking the outdoor area for human recreation into account, and compared it to the outdoor space standards for Oslo municipality (Utearealnormer).

The requirement in the Oslo-standard is minimum 20 % of the residential floor area.

Outdoor recreational space calculation FAR

= 80 %

Residents per block = approx. 80 block type calculations block number Average gross floor study space inper resident A1

100 m2 dwellings

120 m2 dwellings

150 m2 dwellings

180 m2 dwellings

total units

22 857

5 670

25

49

98

49

12

12

14 286

3 544

15

31

61

31

8

8

10 405

2 581

11

22

45

22

6

10 448

2 592

11

22

45

22

6

9 382

2 327

10

20

40

20

213 %

9 083

2 253

10

20

39

6400

206 %

8 785

2 179

9

19

5600

205 %

8 742

2 169

9

19

5600

196 %

8 358

2 073

9

5500

189 %

8 060

1 999

9

FAR

Quadblock 4-9 w/tower 20

53 600

6600

536 %

33 500

4100

335 %

24 400

6200

244 %

24 500

6700

245 %

22 000

6100

220 %

21 300

6100

20 600

Quadblock 2-5

OutdoorA5space standardSplit carré 2-6 Split= carré 3-4 m2 A6 requirements 660 B1

70 m2 dwellings

building footprint m2

A2 Total gross residentialCarré 4-6 w/tower 20 Triblock w/wedge space 2-6 A3 floor space per block = 3 300 m2 A4

45 m2 dwellings

total gross m2

= 41,1 m2

Quadblock 2-4

20 500 Snake minimum 3-5 B2 All the block types fullfil this requirement, even 19 600 as a 5 Courtyards 2-5 withoutB3counting the urban landscape agriculture 18 900 Inverted e-block 2-4 B4 usable outdoor recreational space.

gross residential m2

gross office m2

block description

number of blocks of this type needed to house population

residents/ha

employment/ha

246

515

178

136

154

322

111

218

6

112

234

81

299

6

112

235

81

297

5

5

101

211

73

331

20

5

5

98

205

71

342

38

19

5

5

94

198

68

354

38

19

5

5

94

197

68

355

18

36

18

4

4

90

188

65

372

17

35

17

4

4

87

182

63

386 396

B5

Inverted u-block 2-4

18 400

5900

184 %

7 846

1 946

8

17

34

17

4

4

84

177

61

B6

Urban villas 2-5

16 600

4700

166 %

7 079

1 756

8

15

30

15

4

4

76

185

55

378

B7

Quadblock 2-3

14 900

6700

149 %

6 354

1 576

7

14

27

14

3

3

68

143

49

489

14 700

5600

147 %

6 269

1 555

7

13

27

13

3

3

67

141

49

496

B9 block number inB10 study

Urban villas 2-4 w/space block description Split carré 2-3

14 500 total gross m2 14 300

4700 building 6100 m2 footprint

145 % FAR 143 %

6 183 gross 6 098 m2 residential

1 534 gross office m2 1 513

7 45 m2 dwellings 7

13 70 m2 13 dwellings

27 100 m2 26 dwellings

13 120 m2 dwellings 13

3 150 m2 3 dwellings

3 180 m2 dwellings 3

66 total units 66

139 residents/ha 137

48 employment/ha 47

block Snake 2-3 B8 type calculations

503 number of blocks of this type 510 population of 500K needed to house

C1 A1

3 QuadblockCarré 4-9 w/tower 20

11 900 53 600

4000 6600

119 % 536 %

5 075 22 857

1 259 5 670

5 25

11 49

22 98

11 49

3 12

3 12

55 246

114 515

39 178

612 136

C2 A2

Carré space Carré2-3 4-6w/open w/tower 20

10 500 100 33

3600 4100

101 % 335 %

4 307 14 286

1 068 3 544

5 15

9 31

19 61

9 31

2 8

2 8

46 154

97 322

33 111

721 218

C3 A3

Rowhouses on a space field 2-3 Triblock w/wedge 2-6

8 300 24 400

3300 6200

83 %% 244

3 539 10 405

2878 581

4 11

8 22

15 45

8 22

2 6

2 6

38 112

80 234

28 81

878 299

C4 A4

Community courtyards 2 Quadblock 2-5

6 700 24 500

3300 6700

67 %% 245

2 857 10 448

2709 592

3 11

6 22

12 45

6 22

2 6

2 6

31 112

64 235

22 81

1297 088

A5

Split carré 2-6

22 000

6100

220 %

9 382

2 327

10

20

40

20

5

5

101

211

73

331

A6

Split carré 3-4

21 300

6100

213 %

9 083

2 253

10

20

39

20

5

5

98

205

71

342

B1

Quadblock 2-4

20 600

6400

206 %

8 785

2 179

9

19

38

19

5

5

94

198

68

354

B2

Snake 3-5

20 500

5600

205 %

8 742

2 169

9

19

38

19

5

5

94

197

68

355

B3

5 Courtyards 2-5

19 600

5600

196 %

8 358

2 073

9

18

36

18

4

4

90

188

65

372

B4

Inverted e-block 2-4

18 900

5500

189 %

8 060

1 999

9

17

35

17

4

4

87

182

63

386

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

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20

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

calculating a balanced relationship between populations, densities and programmatic requirements

calculation models

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21

why and how to use the calculation model?

From the diploma program

what the calculation model does

If we want this golden age of thriving human existence to continue and prevail, the future relationship to our surroundings, our spaceship earth, our everything has to balance out in the equation.

When all the preconditions and assumptions are set and input, from the source material, this spreadsheet calculates and balances all the main necessary areas needed to design a balanced and self-sufficient urban structure.

streamlining the environmental urban design process

Normally when designing environmentally concious urban planning projects, one has a set of ambitions or parameters for design that are applied from a small scale and outward. The total environmental results are either not calculated, or calculated after the design proposal is complete. If the design does not meet the required environmental objective, one has to revise.

The only input parameters that have to be changed by the user are the desired population, urban density and site area. By quickly changing these three parameters, you immediately get a self-sufficiency percentage to match your ambitions.

By creating a way of calculating the desired environmental ambitions and parameters before the design process is started, one can streamline the urban design process and make environmental calculations more accessible to architects that would not normally calculate such parameters.

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

1

precondition inputs

2

variable inputs

3

balance the variable inputs to meet the desired self-sufficiency ambition

Based on the most updated source material available, and rounding up uncertain parameters, decide and lock the preconditions and parameters.

The desired population numbers, urban density, urban extent and site area size will be different from site to site, and must be input last.

Increase or decrease the variable inputs as desired until the self-sufficiency percentage one wants is reached.

4

= fixed inputs

= variable inputs

= the spreadsheet does the balancing

use outputs to design urban structure

All main area sizes for the urban structure that is to be designed can be read and used in the successive process

= outputs provided

the calculation model

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23

project workflow and method

1

step one - the models

input population

The calculation model provides projected areas and distributions of a range of different functions, based on a few site specific inputs such as population, site area and density.

The results are also dependant on a range of source based inputs such as desired/ projected/required consumption levels and public functions per capita. The sources of this information can be seen on the next page.

input consumption input public functions

The graphical models that accompany the different calculation models, are graphical representations of the calculation results, organized and distributed in accordance with the urban design parameters from the first phase library.

2

calculation models

step two - real world inputs

input density

g r a p h i c a l models - + x / c = output built structures output infrastructures output agricultures output ecosystems

The first step towards a relevance for real world decisions and conditions is taken by inputing metrics from a physical site into the calculation model.

This provides an estimated suggestion of area sizes for a range of different functions supporting the life in the city.

3

step three - structure implementation The graphical model closest to the real world situation can be used as a guide when distributing these areas on the site.

It is well suited when establishing the general structure of the planned city, but currently doesn’t offer many details on the design of the different spaces in the city. This is planned for future revisions and versions of the graphical model.

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

variable Inputs and metrics from site X and society Y

Selection of most suitable model as guide

Viable tool for planning a self-sufficient urban structure

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

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25

input sources

26

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

residential and office space calculations

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urban block and institution calculations

28

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

water, landscape and agriculture calculations

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29

main outputs

30

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

area distribution comparison models vs. oslo-region landscape distribution in % 2%

landscape distribution in % 0%

4%

4%

landscape agriculture 19 %

model

landscape agriculture

12 % 25 %

urban landscape agriculture building footprint

oslo region

13 %

infrastructure 71 %

natural landscapes

urban landscape agriculture building footprint infrastructure

50 %

natural landscapes

Estimate by Marius Nygaard, AHO.

Floor area distribution in % 4,6 %

9,2 %

2,9 %

0,3 %

20,6 %

8,2 %

10,6 %

residential workplaces retail

model

sports education health culture

42,6 %

urban agriculture

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31

a diagrammatic self-sufficient urban structure energy production calculation energy production calculation / scenario 500k

Energy consumption in operation phase

energy accounting energy consumption TEK15

Room heating

stipulated

Total energy consumption/m2

8,8

8 kWh/m2/year

Air heating

13,4

10 kWh/m2/year

Water heating

15,8

5 kWh/m2/year

Fans and pumps

16,7

12 kWh/m2/year

first generation pv-production

Lighting

44,9

15 kWh/m2/year

Average solar radiation on PV-panel angle(s)

Technical equipment

13,9

15 kWh/m2/year

PV-panel efficiency rating

Room and ventilation cooling

11,5

5 kWh/m2/year

70 kWh/m2/year

Total heated area of building Total energy consumption/year

51 790 000 m2 3 625 300 000 kWh/year

848 kWh/m2/year 35 %

Electricity production/m2

296,8 kWh/m2

PV-panel area

total energy consumption regulation / TEK15

125 125

70 kWh/m2/year 125 kWh/m2/year

Electricity production

70 kWh/m2/year

second generation pv-production

30 years until invest

PV-panel efficiency rating

45 %

U-value outer walls

0,11 W/m2K

Electricity production/m2

U-value roof

0,08 W/m2K

PV-panel area

U-value ground floor

0,08 W/m2K

Electricity production

U-value doors and windows

0,05 W/m2K

381,6 kWh/m2 9 500 000 m2 3 625 200 000 kWh/year 70 kWh/m2/year

420 000 m2

energy balance

12 620 000 kWh/year 0 kWh/m2/year

Average price of electricity in life span of first generation PVpanels

1,5 NOK/kWh

Average price of electricity in life span of second generation PV-panels

2,0 NOK/kWh

Income from selling electricity to the grid in life span of both generations of PV-panels

the projected production is dependent on the following pv-investment

1,2 NOK/kWh

PV-panel price / year 2050

Average area used for energy production per urban block

4 000 m2

PV-investment cost / year 2050 PV-panel price / year 2080

sources

1 600 NOK/m2 19 680 000 000 NOK 1 000 NOK/m2 9 500 000 000 NOK

ZEB / The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings

PV-investment cost / year 2080 Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought

EPD-Norge.no / Environmental Product Declarations

Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought

7 250 400 000 NOK/year 30+

ICE / Inventory of Carbon & Energy, University of Bath

Income from electricity sold to the grid

Powerhouse projects / Skanska, Entra, Snøhetta, Zero, ZEB & Hydro Photovoltaic Geographical Information System

Economic result of pv-investment over life span

Sintef Byggforsk & KanEnergi for Enova

/

3 650 640 000 kWh/year

the energy production calculations are based on the following energy measures and future assumptions

Thermal Solar Panels for heating

32

12 300 000 m2

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

5 437 950 000 NOK/year 0-30 0 NOK/year

351 470 500 000 NOK/60 years

ONE human being = ONE earthspace The calculation model has made it possible to stipulate how much earthspace is needed to sustain the life of one average human being living in a dense, green and efficient urban structure in the Oslo climate zone.

Calculating what one human earthspace is could and should be a standard procedure when measuring the environmental performance of a human life framework (urban, suburban or rural structure). It gives an overview of the footprint of a specific way of life, that can be compared to the earthspace available, and furthermore if it is sustainable or not.

Agriculture It provides output data for the necessary amount of agriculture for either an average, a vegetarian og an ideal dietary mix of the two. freshWater It provides output data for the necessary amount of freshwater input per year and day, not only for household consumption, but for all other water consuming sectors that exists on behalf of the household as well.

Greywater treatment It provides output data for the necessary area of greywater treatment landscapes to clean the greywater produced, and use this for the irrigation of local agriculture.

Renewable energy production and storage It provides output data for the necessary area of solar photovoltaic panels to produce the demanded average amount of electricity needed to sustain modern life. It also provides output data for the necessary energy storage capacity to deal with the intermittancy of the renewable energy sources.

Urban building blocks It provides output data for the necessary area for building urban blocks and buildings incorporating the programmatical requirments for a broad selection of the main functions in an urban area.

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34

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

a graphical and structural representation of the outputs from the calulation models

six model cities - population 20k to 1 million

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35

inspiration and legacy The design og the graphical models draw inspiration from many different sources and time periods. This is a selection of these. The most notable resemblance is to the “miljøby” (environment city) from Ruter (the public transportation company

in Oslo), and their K2012 (a strategic public transportation plan 2012–2060), where one of the proposals include both new and transformed cities along the regional rail network, based on energy efficient mobility solutions.

Grønnstruktur Automatbane

Jernbane Ny jernbane Buss

Bu

ss

Metro

Ga avs ngtan d

Byutvikling Ny miljøby

Toward an Urban Renaissance, The Urban Task Force (Richard Rogers, 2003) Eidsvoll

OSL Gardermoen Hønefoss

Jessheim Årnes Ask miljøby

Nittedal miljøby

Ny Gjøvikbane

Grønnstruktur Automatbane

Ringeriksbane

Grorud

Lillestrøm

Oslo S

Bu

Drammen

Palmanova, Italy (planned 1700s) Bjørkelangen

ss

Sandvika

Asker

Sørumsand miljøby

Ga avs ngtan d

Nesodden miljøby

Gjersrud/Stensrud miljøby

Flateby

Ytre Enebakk

Røyken miljøby Ski

Måna miljøby

Skotbu miljøby Hurum miljøby

Drøbak

Ås

Mysen

Moss

Ruter K2012 - Stamnett for Osloregionen 2060 (Truls Lange) K 2012

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Ebenezer Howard - Garden Cities of To-morrow 3

diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

Grammichele, Sicily, Italy (planned 1693)

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population 0k

Regional rail connectivity is the essential foundation and basis for development Before urban development can commence, there must be a viable and attractive regional rail connection to other urban areas, both near and far.

Without this regional rail connection, the successive urban development can never become truly environmentally friendly, since the basis of the local public transportation is this regional rail connection.

Without this regional rail connection, the successive urban development will become private car based and suffer the same issues of the cities of the past.

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

population 20k

Development starts with the new urban core With the regional rail connection in the center of the urban core, development can commence.

Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:

To ensure a continued desirable development, all stages should follow the same final design principles and ambition.

Building every stage in accordance with the final urban structure design ensures a holistic and coherent end result. Such a development strategy requires disciplined decision making and stable political and societal will over time.

• Harstad • Molde • Lillehammer • Larvik • Kongsberg • Horten • Gjøvik

The first stage of development includes the necessary urban blocks and surrounding agricultural lands to house, power and feed the minimum urban population of 20K people.

A city with a population below 10-25K will struggle to sustain a vibrant and active economy and social life. The minimum population size for the first complete development step should therefore be 1025K or higher.

A city with such a population will of course not manifest itself overnight, and must be allowed to develop in its own tempo. But it is preferable that the city reaches this size as quickly as possible, to ensure an active and interaction population and community.

The green circle represents the required agricultural area to feed the current population. If the end goal is a city with a higher population, a larger area must be reserved.

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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39

population 50k

Development continues - still around the urban core The surrounding agricultural landscape needed to feed the growing population must increase along with the population numbers.

At this stage the entire urban structure is still contained within the urban core neighborhoods, with a maximum walking distance to the regional rail station being 1000m.

Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:

• Kristiansand • Tønsberg • Ålesund • Moss

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

population 100k

At 70k the urban center is completed, and the first satellite neighborhoods are developed along the first infrastructure axis Only after the urban core neighborhoods are completed with a population of 70K are the first satellite neighborhoods built. They are located along the first infrastructure axis containing a bicycle highway corridor, an automated light rail corridor with one station per neighborhood with a minimum distance of 800m between stations, and road connecting the shared hydrogen car parking lots with other neighborhoods and surrounding areas not connected by rail.

Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:

• Drammen • Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg • Porsgrunn/Skien

The car and truck traffic is led around the urban core on a ring road.

The maximum walking distance to the automated light rail station in each satellite is 500m from the satellite perimeter.

Dependant on the street layout selected, actual walking distances might be longer.

In my graphical diagrams I have selected a rectangular grid for the satellites, giving approx 70% of the blocks a 500m distance to the satellite station. The density along the satellite perimeter is therefore lower than closer the station.

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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41

population 200k

One by one, more satellite neighborhoods are developed along infrastructure axis’ - prioritizing proximity to the urban core More infrastructure axis’ are built to service an increasing number of new satellite neighborhoods.

Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:

One can either extend the first axis until it reaches the maximum travel distance to the urban core (approx 16km / 30 min) with the automated light rail line, or one can build more lines earlier, ensuring more neighborhoods and more people have a shorter travel distance to the urban core.

• Trondheim • Stavanger/Sandnes • Bergen

Both solutions are acceptable, but the latter is the most preferable and ideal.

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

population 500k

When the axis’ reach a substaintial distance and travel time to the urban core, an circular infrastructure line is built with a 3-4km radius The same development pattern continues, until the length of the infrastructure axis’ reach approx 3-4km from the center, when the first circular infrastructure ring around the center is developed. This relieves the pressure on the urban core, by distributing the passenger flow not going from satellite to satellite on different infrastructure axis’ around the center.

Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:

• Oslo (municipality)

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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43

population 1 million

A similar circular line is built with a 6-7km radius from the urban core Development is limited by a 30min/16km travel time/distance to the core The same development pattern is continued until the travel distance by automated light rail from the farthest satellite neighborhoods to the urban core reaches 30 minutes (approx 16km).

When this distance is reached on all axis’, one either has to build more axis’ or begin the development of another city somewhere else on the regional rail line.

Comparable population size as the following Norwegian urban areas:

• Oslo (connected built area)

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

legend regional rail automated light rail bicycle highway road agriculture urban built area

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45

scale comparison and main attributes

(

46

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diagrammatic model for a self-sufficient urban structure

comparison of main attributes SITE AREA

EARTHSPACE/PERSON

SITE RADIUS

200 000

500 000

20 000

1 000 000

50 000

100 000

aquaponics in %

agriculture in km2

1113

555

225 55

20 000

50 000

113

100 000

200 000

500 000

500 000

1 000 000

36

38

37 25

20

20 15

17

21

20 000

50 000

100 000

200 000

100 000

200 000

population

500 000

1 000 000

1 000 000

105

Urban core blocks (FAR 260%) Urban center blocks (FAR 180%)

2149 1713

103

22

Aquaponic agriculture % of production

101

99

42

137

331

27

27

66 117

761

763

95

50 000

100 000

200 000

438

200

270

171

90

40 20 000

500 000 1 000 000

100

Urban periphery blocks (FAR 80%)

20 000 50 000 100 000 200 000 500 0001 000 000

500 000 1 000 000

population

population

DENSITY (FAR) IN URBAN AREAS

DENSITY (FAR) ON SITE

106 floor area in km2

footprint in km2

6,8

500 000

42

TOTAL BUILDING FLOOR AREA

3,1

200 000

FLOOR AREA/PERSON

population

19

50 000

100 000

880

population

40

20 000

50 000

Aquaponic agriculture % of floor area

TOTAL BUILDING FOOTPRINT

1,5

20 000

30

population

0,65

1 000 000

AQUAPONIC AGRICULTURE % OF PRODUCTION AND FLOOR AREA

TOTAL AGRICULTURAL AREA

22

200 000

4501

931

population

population

1062

number of blocks

100 000

945

52

19,2 2,01

5

20 000

50 000

9,5

100 000

200 000

population

500 000

1 000 000

185

20 000

197

50 000

185

100 000

11 174

200 000

population

162

160

500 000

1 000 000

11

density in far %

50 000

3,9

2,5

960

floor area in m2

20 000

8,2 6

density in far %

47

115

12,2

earthspace in m2

212 19

1145

radius in km

Area in km2

884

466

URBAN BLOCKS

16,8

8

20 000

50 000

12

11

100 000

9

200 000

500 000

1 000 000

population

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explaining the graphical models by example

the layers of the 500k-diagram city

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calculation model 500k-diagram city

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energy production calculation a diagrammatic self-sufficient urban structure 500k-diagram city

energy production calculation / scenario 500k

Energy consumption in operation phase

energy accounting energy consumption TEK15

Room heating

stipulated

8,8

8 kWh/m2/year

Air heating

13,4

10 kWh/m2/year

Water heating

15,8

5 kWh/m2/year

Total energy consumption/m2

70 kWh/m2/year

Total heated area of building

51 790 000 m2

Total energy consumption/year

Fans and pumps

16,7

12 kWh/m2/year

first generation pv-production

Lighting

44,9

15 kWh/m2/year

Average solar radiation on PV-panel angle(s)

Technical equipment

13,9

15 kWh/m2/year

PV-panel efficiency rating

Room and ventilation cooling

11,5

5 kWh/m2/year

Electricity production/m2

3 625 300 000 kWh/year

848 kWh/m2/year 35 % 296,8 kWh/m2

PV-panel area

total energy consumption regulation / TEK15

125 125

70 kWh/m2/year 125 kWh/m2/year

12 300 000 m2

Electricity production

3 650 640 000 kWh/year 70 kWh/m2/year

the energy production calculations are based on the following energy measures and future assumptions

second generation pv-production

30 years until invest

PV-panel efficiency rating

45 %

U-value outer walls

0,11 W/m2K

Electricity production/m2

U-value roof

0,08 W/m2K

PV-panel area

U-value ground floor

0,08 W/m2K

Electricity production

U-value doors and windows

0,05 W/m2K

Thermal Solar Panels for heating

381,6 kWh/m2 9 500 000 m2 3 625 200 000 kWh/year 70 kWh/m2/year

420 000 m2

energy balance

12 620 000 kWh/year 0 kWh/m2/year

Average price of electricity in life span of first generation PVpanels

1,5 NOK/kWh

Average price of electricity in life span of second generation PV-panels

2,0 NOK/kWh

Income from selling electricity to the grid in life span of both generations of PV-panels

the projected production is dependent on the following pv-investment

1,2 NOK/kWh

PV-panel price / year 2050

Average area used for energy production per urban block

4 000 m2

PV-investment cost / year 2050 PV-panel price / year 2080

sources

1 600 NOK/m2 19 680 000 000 NOK 1 000 NOK/m2 9 500 000 000 NOK

ZEB / The Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings

PV-investment cost / year 2080 Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought

EPD-Norge.no / Environmental Product Declarations

Savings from reduced amount of electricity bought

7 250 400 000 NOK/year 30+

ICE / Inventory of Carbon & Energy, University of Bath

Income from electricity sold to the grid

Powerhouse projects / Skanska, Entra, Snøhetta, Zero, ZEB & Hydro Photovoltaic Geographical Information System

Economic result of pv-investment over life span

5 437 950 000 NOK/year 0-30 0 NOK/year

351 470 500 000 NOK/60 years

Sintef Byggforsk & KanEnergi for Enova

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main layers

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satellite neighborhood section

Showing the distribution and relationship between different corridors and functions

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wilderness preservation

For wildlife, biotope and ecosystem protection, and for human recreation Based on the total area of protected nature in Norway, compared with the total mainland area.

Some sites might have more wilderness in need of protection, while others might have less. It is important to perform a detailed mapping of living habitats, migration corridors and natural spaces for attractive leisure. This includes the needs and desires of both humans, other animal species and vegetations.

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urban core Grid structure

Rectangular grid blocks in hexagonal main structure sectors

1 ha measurable unit

A rectangular grid is superimposed in each sector and hexagonal rings optimize the proximity between the various axis. An efficient public transit network allows the city to be free of cars – all residents are always within a 4/5-minute walking distance from a light rail station.

All sectors and blocks have a much more direct connection to the urban core, compared to a standard rectangular grid where diagonal mobility requires detours.

At the same time, since almost all the blocks are rectangular, almost every building plot and individual unit area can also be made rectangular.

Having square grid blocks may not be the ideal structure of the actual street layout, but it is a great structure while in the process of calculating the attributes in this project.

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rail infrastructure intersection

Automated light rail lines intersect with regional rail station in a central core plaza Intercity and international rail systems connect the urban core to other urban areas.

The line itself can travel above ground quite far into the city, but should go underground before it reaches the perimeter of the urban core neighborhoods, so it does not claim valuable urban blocks close to the station. The station itself should also be underground, allowing for a short walking distance between the regional rail platform and the automated light rail platform.

Having an efficient transfer between different modes of transportation and between the different automated rail lines is important, and essential for creating and sustaining the network effect.

It is important that the automated rail line has its own dedicated corridor, so it is not unneccesarily affected by queues.

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central PLAZA section

Automated light rail lines intersect with regional rail station in a generous urban plaza, with both programmed and unprogrammed spaces, allowing both permanent and temporary events to take place.

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automated light rail network

An efficient and automated local light rail system stimulates mobility within the city The main structuring element of the urban core and satellite neighborhoods is the automated light rail network and the stations at the center of each neighborhood.

I have also calculated the required number of active trains running per line (with the current line length), to have and ideal frequency between departures of between 5-10 minutes. This number is between 6-12 trains per line.

With fewer then 6 trains the waiting time is too long to create a network effect.

With more than 12 trains there is no significant reduction in waiting time, while operating costs are greatly increased, and the trains will created queues for eachother. “If one wishes to actually reach the agreed upon goals within cycling, public transportation, and trafficand co2-reduction, the urban fabric must follow an efficient transportation system�, Truls Lange, Civitas.

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light rail street section

An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 16m

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bicycle highway infrastructure

Prioritized and protected bicycle infrastructure, for efficient interneighborhood cycling, and short distances on the shared space grid With electric bicycle technologies becoming increasingly available and efficient, bicycle mobility is becoming ever more attractive and viable for moving substantial amounts of people over greater distances then before.

With a well protected and dedicated high quality bicycle infrastructure along all axis’ with sufficient width, long distance personal mobility is quick and efficient.

With a dense network of high quality bicycle parking locations everywhere on the shared street grid in all neighborhoods, using your bicycle is an easy and attractive way of moving around the city.

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bicycle highway street section

An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 15m

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extended travel times

Walking 10 mins and bicycle 10 mins from light rail stations can allow future growth or more flexibility when implementing in existing situation The neighborhood footprints in the graphical diagram models are all constrained by a 500m walking distance to its nearest station.

But when implementing the diagram models on a real world site in an existing situation, it could be acceptable to extend the neighborhood perimeter radius if there are well established, well protected and viable routes for walking and bicycling between the station and the urban block.

Having sufficient bicycle parking options close to the station will be increasingly important the further away the urban blocks are.

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urban density

Closely related to the transportation network Logically the urban blocks closest to the neighborhood or central station should be denser then the urban blocks further away.

The urban blocks closest to the station have a density of 260 % (FAR). This is not very dense in relation to other urban areas.

This is due to the desired urban agriculture internally in the blocks, and the introduction and viability of a nature integrated urban typology.

Making the urban areas greener and more liveable - while still maintaining the necessary density to sustain social and economic activity, and a light rail service can reduce the extent of travelling to the countryside and the building of second home villages/ cities.

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urban hotspot spaces

Focused around automated light rail stations, sustaining a vibrant urban pulse To encourage a vibrant and interacting population, sustaining an active and viable social scene and economic activity, urban hotspots should be limited in their extent. Concentrating activity around fewer spaces and streets will stimulate a high level of interactions, creating a further self-stimulation and interactiongrowth.

their spaces, plazas and sqaures are somewhat larger, and are connected with hotspot streets.

This is of course only the main underlying structure, and there will and should be dynamically occuring exceptions.

To focus attention, identify and create identity each neighborhood should have one or two building substantially higher than the surrounding ones. While the majority of buildings should be a maximum og eight floors, the towers should be between 20-25 floors.

Each satellite neighborhood of 9-11 thousand inhabitants can’t sustain much more than one large high quality urban space worth of cultural, retail and social activity.

Therefore it is suggested that they focus their attention mainly around this central square.

The same goes for the urban center neighborhoods, except

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urban hotspot street section An example.

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urban functions

Neighborhood specialities are distributed in a choreographed way, stimulating awareness in the population by intersecting life-supporting functions with everyday mobility patterns As with the urban hotspots, the different functions of the city should be allowed to manifest and distribute themselves in a mostly dynamic and unchoreographed way. This diagram is therefore only a possible example distribution of the most important urban functions.

Most important, and perhaps the most fixed, is the commercial and cultural activities around the urban core hotspot axis’, and the ring of higher educational institutions and office clusters around the urban core.

Also imporant is the proximity between the life-supporting functions (agriculture, energy production, energy storage, greywater treatment etc.) and the automated light rail network, intersecting everyday mobility patterns with all the different engine parts of the city. “A ten year old kid should already have been exposed to all the jobs he or she might want to do as an adult�, Maria Hatling, Norconsult.

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office cluster /

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Greywayer landscape treatment

100 % on-site greywater landscape treatment irrigates the vast agricultural land both architecturally integrated, inside the urban blocks and on the surrounding landscape Households, businesses and other urban functions consume a lot of freshwater. This freshwater is used in different ways, and ends up as either greywater (ex. from the shower, kitchen sink, washing machine etc.) or as blackwater (sewer etc.).

The blackwater needs extensive treatment before it can be reused, and must be collected in a closed sewer pipe network.

But the greywater is not harmful to humans, and can therefore flow freely through canals in the city to surface landscape greywater treatment sites, where is can be filtered through layers of soil, plant roots and optionally weak chemicals. This filtered and treated greywater can then be reused in the city either as non-drinkable water for flushing toilets etc., og for irrigation of both urban and landscape agriculture nearby.

Separating these flows, and reusing the water, can greatly reduce the total consumed freshwater.

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wetland bioswale street section

An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 13m

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Local road network

Shared hydrogen cars in semi-centralized parking lots allows mobility, versatility and flexibility 24hrs per day The dedicated road network for road traffic only is limited to very few corridors and streets on the perimeter of the neighborhoods.

There are streets that go almost all the way into the urban core, but with no parking possibilities except the semi-decentralized parking lots along the road network, most of the urban areas and neighborhoods should be considered as car free zones.

The maximum walking distance of 800m to the shared hydrogen parking lots, takes 8 minutes. This is the same “waiting time� at walking 5 minutes to the automated light rail station and waiting an average of 3 minutes before the train arrives.

This creates equal terms for both modes of transportation.

It is possible to drive both cars and trucks into the shared street grid, but with no where to park except loading/unloading bays, the usage of this possibility is limited to emergencies, deliveries and freight.

This will hopefully greatly reduce the impact of the car in the city, providing cleaner air and more space for human interaction.

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road street section

An example. Stripped to bare necessities, the corridor width can be reduced to 13m

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Cargo distribution

Efficient cargo distribution and flows Cargo shipments come in all shapes and sizes, and transporting them from sending location A via transfer terminal B to port C, further on to port D via transfer terminal E to delivery location F is a very complex logistical process, when there are millions of sending and delivery locations.

be as small and nimble as possible.

Therefore it is preferable to have a most decentralized transfer terminal network than what we currently have in the Oslo region.

If a primarily train based cargo logistics system for long distance shipments is to work, there must be a sufficient market to fill the capacity both ways. This balanced import/export situation is unfortunately almost never the case. But it should still be possible to compete with a trucks based logistics system if the transfer terminals are efficient and strategically located.

The final leg of the shipment distribution needs to be done with smaller vehicles that can fit and navigate narrow streets without impeding the human scale interactions unnecessarily.

Therefore is is preferable to get the cargo as close to the city as possible before transfering it to trucks, so the size of the truck can 72

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shared space street section

Remaining streets are shared between pedestrians, bicyclists, and loading/unloading trucks and cars doing deliveries

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