Mnemonic Practice

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

02 Mnemonic Practice: Hybrid Urban Village as Reconstruction of Memory of Places (M.Arch Thesis; Published on Proceeding Conference and presented at International Urban Design Conference: FUTURE CITIES IN ASIA, Seoul, November 2012; Upcoming Publication by Beijing Planning Review 2013) irwan soetikno / ishenstudio@yahoo.com

Does Architecture still matter?

Are traditional and vernacular values still important to be explored and can they be embodied into the modern architecture--driven by scientific and technological development--which has occupied modern Asian metropolis following post-colonialism, capitalism and globalization?

In this thesis, to re-thinking the meaning and values of traditional and vernacular, I propose phenomenology as point of departure, and mnemonic practice as design methodology. By analyzing the phenomenon of the modern and traditional environment, which I encountered in different polarity of Indonesian mythical traditional environment (Hindu Temple in Java and Bali) and Chinese historical and modern environment (Chinese Garden & Shanghai metropolis), I develop a theoretical proposition which is central to the dichotomy of formal dimension and transcendental dimension (refer to Husserl, who divided two dimensions from which every system derives its meaning). I believe, in order to restore our modern city and community within the corridor of critical regionalism, we

2

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

have to look back again, and learn from the traditional built environment which is capable to integrate both dimensions. In this condition, place is experienced beyond merely physical perception, and ʻidentityʼ and ʻsense of placeʼ is resonated and registered deep into our memory through different means and meanings.

To test out this theoretical proposition, I propose design thesis of Hybrid Urban Village. Itʼs a design intervention on urban village at the Suzhou Creek, Shanghai following the postindustrialization, by adopting the hybrid building typology.

Hybrid Urban Village is a new community which offers diversity to generic modern Shanghai urban environment. It is envisioned as a catalyst for Suzhou Creek urban redevelopment. And finally, itʼs a reconstruction of my personal memory of places: a locus of tradition and modernity.

3

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

PART 1:

The objective of this research is to develop a

THEORETICAL PROPOSITION

the exhaustive rigid modern design theory and

new perspective for Asian Urbanism, beyond planning--which focus on speculative quantitative analysis & projection, sustainability and other complexity--while are unable to restore social dimension and cultural

1.1 INTRODUCTION

identity. The research attempts to ‘fill in the gap’ within the large scale urban fabric, by

Regionalism and globalization remains as a

focusing on micro scale urbanism and aiming

polemic issue in the twenty-first century,

to address the issue of identity and sense of

especially in the developing Asian region with

place.

its rapid urbanization with tremendous influence from role model of modern cities in the Europe and North America. ‘Roman operating system’ as elucidated in Mutations 1,

1.1.1 Urbanization & Globalization

has become a generic principle of the modern

There are at least two theories which justify

cities in the West and continue to spread its

the global phenomenon of the world

influence as a model in global modern

metropolis. First, dealing with the urbanization,

metropolis. Ancient Asian cities such as

viewed as an internal factor within a city.

Beijing, Kyoto and Mandurai, on the other

During the course of urbanization, the

hand, as theorized by Kevin Lynch in Good

metropolis evolved out of a collection of

City

Form2

was built on the foundation of

individualized programmatic structures

cosmic theory.

strewn across the landscape.3 Second, as the

After decades of development and

external pressure, every cities need to develop

modernization following the post-colonialism,

a strategy to keep up with change, globally

many Asian Cities attempt to repositioning

and locally, and to maintain the advantages

themselves amid the tension between

and competitiveness that they need for

globalization and regionalism. The tension

survival. In China, since the economic

often occurs as a result of rapid transformation

reformation after the Deng Xiaobing era,

and social-political transition, as the cities

government has taken a strategy of building

strive to maintain its cultural values and

Urban Mega Projects (UMPs).4 As an obvious

regional identity, while at the same time need

result of this strategy, there are massive UMPs

to absorb the modernity as the promise for its

which emerge as a collection of individualized

prosperity and success in globalized world.

programatic structures within the metropolis urban fabric, such as Shanghai and Beijing.

1 Koolhas, Rem. Mutations: Harvard Project in the City, Barcelona, Actar 2000.

2 Lynch, Kevin. Good City Form, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press 1984.

3 Nijenhuis, W. ‘City Frontiers and Their Disappearance’, Architectural Design, v.64, n.3/4, 1994, p15-16 4 Chen, Yawei. Shanghai Pudong, Urban Development In An Era of Global-local Interaction. TU Delft, 2007

4

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

The collection of individual UMPs has caused

Collective Memory, which attempted to

a segregation and discontinuation within the

maintain and reconstruct the identity of place /

city’s urban fabric which created a problematic

city.

issue. Linked Hybrid in Beijing by Steven Holl

During the globalization, these two precedents

is an attempt to resolve this issue by creating a

from European and American cities are widely

porous urban fabric. Linked Hybrid is

adopted by Asian Cities which are undergoing

comprised of eight hybrid buildings with multi

unprecedented development. One extreme

function / programatic requirement, which are

case is Singapore which is experiencing the

linked by series of bridges, making this

major transformation and development based

development an independent city within a city.

on tabula rasa--described by Koolhaas as

However, this operation works in the large

thirty years of tabula rasa; a representation of

scale, and connected bridges act as a new

unique ecology of the contemporary.5

infrastructure which do not resolve the scale for human habitation.

Shanghai Pudong as the center of the new metropolis was also established on tabula rasa

Therefore, one of key issues that we should

and gained its new identity from generic

pay attention here is how to mitigate the gap of

collective iconic towers which marks its

large scale urban fabric with the human scale

economic establishment and prosperity.

habitation? I believe at this period after the

Following the tabula rasa, collective memory

decades of urbanization and globalization, we

emerges a ‘new trend’ signified by many

need to ‘fill in the gap’ in-between the large

conservation projects in major China

scale individualized development by

metropolis, including Shanghai, which is based

rebuilding, reconnecting and redirecting micro

on European model. One of the most notable

scale urban development which is important to

project, Xintiandi redevelopment, was a pilot

restore the human life, social structure and

project in Shanghai which gained a success

cultural identity.

and set a precedent for other similar conservation projects across China. If Gehry’s Bilbao is capable to become catalyst for Bilbao

1.1.2 After Tabula Rasa & Collective

economic development, and often recognized

Memory, What Next?

as Bilbao Effect, then Xintiandi in Shanghai is

The Modernism design strategy and operation

inclined to promote similar Xintiandi Effect for

of Tabula Rasa in the last past decades in

conservation projects in China which is

European and American cities have been

directed for commercialization. This tendency

proved guilty as this strategy eradicated the

of conservation and preservation which is

identity and history of place. Later during

directed for commercial purpose and profit

postmodernism era in the European context,

should be further questioned and examined,

Aldo Rossi with his Neo-rationalism defended

as it does not fundamentally restore the

the importance of history and memory of

collective memory and historical identity of city.

place, and proposed a new strategy of

Furthermore, most of these projects only serve

5 Koolhaas, Rem. S,M,L,XL, 1998,

p1011.

5

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

certain group of people and are accessible for

1.1.3 Iconic, Identity, & Sense of Place

certain class of society with power and

The proliferation of iconic buildings as a

particular interest.

strategy to establish an identity / brand

In terms of the spatial organization, most of the

following the globalization is a common

conservation projects which are directed by

phenomena in Asian metropolis. Responding

commercialization purpose did not restore the

to regional and cultural identity, these iconic

spatial identity and meaning. The memory and

buildings are often decorated with local form /

historical identity are simply represented by old

ornament / attribute which attempt to signify

material, symbol, ornament, or old skin of the

the genius loci of particular place / city.

building without necessarily restore the spatial

Symbolism, analogy, and narrative of

organization and meaning of the old

traditional, historical and cultural values are

architecture. This condition is noticeable, for

also often embedded into the modern iconic

example, in the case of commercial hutong of

building, often simply as a strategy; to justify

Beijing Nan Luoguxiang. In this old linear

its existence and position in the city with

hutong, shops are built along the corridor,

unique historical and cultural background, and

decorated and installed with shiny facade,

to rationalize the meaning of its form and

enclosing the old un-restored courtyard house

physical gesture.

at the back. On the other case, in Shanghai

Therefore, how could we restore the meaning

Xintiandi, the spatial organization within the old

and identity place / city, beyond the spectacle

historical housing is articulated and used for

of iconic building which have been employed

new commercial functions & activities.

in modern Asian cities for many decades? This

Looking at this new direction of Asian Cities

thesis attempts to explore and challenge this

which adopted the tabula rsa and collective

issue, by looking at the other polarity of society

memory for these past decades, with various

within the Shanghai metropolis; Urban Village

direction and interpretation, this thesis will

at the post-industrialized Suzhou Creek.

attempt to challenge both approaches. After tabula rasa and collective memory, what are the next approach should we envision for Asian Cities in its unique regional and The Wisma Dharmala by Paul Rudolf (Left), with the unique form inspired by pitch roof form of

historical context?

regional urban character of Jakarta (Right).

6

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

process is influenced by mnemonic practice of

1.2 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

personal or collective memory. Though

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

research of this area is usually conducted outside architecture discipline, and still speculative, however it offers a new corridor

Mnemonic is any learning technique that aids

for design thinking and methodology which is

memory. To improve long term memory,

significant for architectural theory and practice.

mnemonic systems are used to make memorization easier. Mnemonics rely on

Frank Gehry’s famous Bilbao museum is a

associations between easy-to-remember

sample of architectural expression which was

constructs which can be related back to the

influenced by Gehry’s personal memory and

data that is to be remembered. This is based

obsession to fish form, fluid, and sail’s

on the observation that the human mind much

surface.7 The fluid, iconic and sculptural form

more easily remembers spatial, personal,

is not necessarily derived from a rational

surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or

design thinking / problem solving, but it’s

otherwise meaningful information, as

rather an evolution of Gehry exploration to fish

compared to retrieving arbitrary sequences.6

form and his personal memory of phenomenon of fluid, seas, sails and wind effects.

In this research context, I propose Mnemonic Practice as a design methodology to

Peter Eisenmann’s Memorial to the Murdered

investigate the phenomenology of vernacular

Jews of Europe in Berlin, is a monument which

and traditional environment, and to reconstruct

was designed as an attempt to reconstruct the

those memories into modern environment of

collective memory of the past tragedy. The

Hybrid Urban Village. Therefore, Mnemonic

array of massive concrete block with the

practice in this research is a thesis for design

sequences of paths and spatial narrative is a

methodology, which I believe is an important

form of mnemonic practice which represents

device to capture the phenomenon of physical

an important event in the past and registered

and transcendental dimension.

in the collective memory of the people.8

On the architectural practice, we could find example of several buildings of which design

6 Wikipedia 7 See Gehry Talks, Rizzoli, 1999, where Gehry himself explained his design process and thinking.

8 Nielsen, Kasper Lægring. Exploring the Mnemonic Dimension of Architecture through Recent Holocaust Memorials in Europe, 2007.

7

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

In the urban context, I propose Shanghai as

1.3 THEORETICAL

the study case to examine the meaning of

PROPOSITION :

‘sense of place’ and identity in the middle of its

ABSTRACT REALITY

rapid transformation and social transition.

Ruin, as the physical evidence of its

In investigating the vernacular and traditional

development and transformation, in my view is

environment versus the modern urban

a significant phenomenon which signify its

environment, I propose a theoretical

‘image of the city’. Among those ruins, urban

proposition of ‘abstract reality’ which captures

village appears as an interesting phenomena

the phenomenon of built environment including

which reveals the human resistance against

its intangible ‘abstract’ aspect which I believe

the deterioration and destruction of building

essential in constructing the unique sense of

physical elements due to aging process. And

place within many traditional environment.

to further understand this issue, I took a

The collection of ‘reading’ and investigation of

comparative study of dwelling of village in rural

this phenomenon are focusing on comparative

Shanghai and traditional Balinese village.

study of urban environment and traditional environment, of city and village, of global and regional: of Indonesia and China context.

Indonesian Hindu temple in Java and Bali are among the objects of study which represent ancient, traditional and vernacular aspect.

While Chinese Garden, is a parallel case study of Chinese culture which is significant to represent phenomenology in architecture.

8

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

Ruin of Gedong Songo Temple, Central Java, Indonesia. (Left, Photo by author) The Spatial organization of Balinese temple.

The element of water & sound, aroma & smell, visual of ornaments and nature, tactility of material and natural phenomenon altogether compose the perception of place (Above, photo by author).

The layers & illusion of space/ the formal dimension (Below, photo by author).

9

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

Comparative study of perception and characteristic of Urban and Village .

10

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

PART 2 : DESIGN

banks, a multitude of warehouses and

INTERVENTION

region close to the river a significant industrial

factories were built at this time, making the area. Later after Shanghai rapid urbanization and transformation, the industries were withdrew from urban center, left the

2.1 INTRODUCTION

warehouses and factories abandoned and creates several issues related to sustainability

2.1.1 Suzhou Creek

and conservation. The heavily polluted water

A 125km long river, originated from Lake Tai,

of Suzhou river, affected by industry and

cutting through the center of Shanghai

domestic waste water, has also become a

metropolis and flowing into the Huang Pu

major concern.

River at the northern end of prominent urban

Since 1992, Shanghai Municipal Government

promenade, The Bund, in Huang Pu district.

has been pursuing a redevelopment of the

The poetic memory, hope, and fantasy of

area. In 1998, authorities launched the Suzhou

Suzhou Creek as depicted in movie Suzhou

Creek Rehabilitation Project, a 12-year-

River 9, has become essential aspect of

program to improve the water quality, mitigate

Shanghai imageability10 and history. In the

flood impact, introduce wastewater and water

past, this 50m wide river has become a

resource management and push for urban

boundary separating different political

revitalization and a higher living standard in

influences throughout Shanghai’s history.

the desolated areas along Suzhou River. In the

In 1842 when Shanghai became international

meantime, Suzhou River is considered clean

trade port, the river formed the boundary

enough to host annual rowing competitions.

between the British concession (Southern bank) and the American settlement (Northern bank) until both concessions were merged into the International Settlement in 1863. In 1937, during the Japanese occupation, the river formed the boundary between the International Settlement (South) and the Japanese concession (North).

As a major consequence of Shanghai development as international trading port, Suzhou Creek emerged as an important shipping route, facilitating the transport of goods into the interior of China. Along the river 9 Suzhou River (苏州河, 2000) is a tragic love story movie set in contemporary Shanghai, directed by Lou Ye. 10 First coined by Kevin Lynch, the term refer to quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer (The Image of The City, P9).

11

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

Residential: old low rise typology, urban village

Residential: old low rise, row housing typology

Residential: private anting golf villas

Park: privatized marine park

Residential: private high rise apartment

Residential: private high rise apartment blocks

12

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

Park and privatized residential; high rise

Privatized residential; medium to high rise

Agriculture

Industry

Promenade: confluence of two rivers

Form and pattern; density and tabula rasa

13

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

2.1.2 Urban Village

problems. However, they are also among the liveliest areas in some cities and are notable

Urban Village is an urban planning and urban

for affording economic opportunity to

design concept which refers to urban form,

newcomers to the city. 12

typically characterized by medium density development with mixed use zoning, provision

In Shanghai, the existence of urban village is

of good public transit, pedestrian and public

mainly related to social and economic issue

space. The ideas of the urban commentator

which can be traced back from the emergence

Jane Jacobs are widely regarded as having

of Modern Urban Housing process since

had the largest influence on the urban village

1840-1910. 13 In general there are three main

concept. Jacobs rejected the modernist views

groups of residents which determine the

that dominated urban planning and

polarization of urban housing and living

architecture in the 1950s-60s and constructed

condition. Based on occupation and income

an alternative philosophy that values traditional

level, they are divided into Upper Level, Middle

neighborhoods and the role of the inner city.

Level and Lower Level.14 This lower level of

Proponents believe that urban villages provide

group which will later form the cluster of urban

a viable alternative to the social ills that

village following the rapid urbanization and

characterize modernism in cities, such as

development. Since 1894 there were flow of

freeways and high-rise

estates.11

workers from mainly rural area to fill in the demand of occupation of the docks and

In this research we look at the urban village in

Chinese & foreign enterprises related to

China context which is different from the

industry, transportation and other public

previous meaning as influenced by Jacobs.

undertaking. Together within this flow were

Urban villages (Chinese: 城中村;

people worked as carpenters, tailors,

literally:"village in city") are a unique

launderers, shop assistant, women servants

phenomenon that formed part of China’s

and clerks. All this group of people constituted

urbanization efforts. The villages appear on

a bulky working class at the lower level of

both the outskirts and the downtown segments

society. With the limited income which could

of major cities, including Beijing, Shenzhen

barely covered the basic living expenses, they

and Guangzhou. They are surrounded by

live in the extremely crude and simple living

skyscrapers, transportation infrastructures,

environment. They often occupied the low

and other modern urban constructions. Urban

standard worker houses built in the area with

villages are commonly inhabited by the poor

factory concentration or even form a slum

and transient, and as such they are associated with squalor, overcrowding and social

11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village 12 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village_(China) 13 See Chapter One: The Emergence of Modern Urban Housing (1840-1910); Lu Junhua, Modern Urban Housing in China, 1840-2000.

14 Ibid.

14

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

which first appeared in late nineteenth century

translated into “workers new villages,” which

at Shanghai docks. 15

refer to the main housing settlements in urbanized Shanghai for mostly factory workers

From sociology point of view, a research

and their families from the 1950s through the

conducted by Prof. Xiaming Chen from

early 1980s. From the early 1990s, these

University of Illinois-Chicago,16 categorized

residential villages became a main destination

Shanghai neighborhood into 6 types;

for many lower-income people in the old urban

agricultural village, town center, urban

neighborhoods (type 4) displaced by rapid

residential village, old urban settlement, new

urban redevelopment in Shanghai.17

commercial housing complexes, and luxury flats & villas. Both agricultural village and town

Urban Village in this research mainly refers to

center are located at the boundary of

‘urban residential village’ and ‘old urban

Shanghai municipality. At the urban centre,

settlement’ which remain along the post-

urban residential village are the lowest

industrial area along the Suzhou Creek. These

hierarchy of living environment. The urban

Urban Villages are surviving in various

residential village in this categorization refers

condition; decayed, destroyed, desolated and

to original Chinese term gongren xincun,

entrapped among the new residential apartments and commercial towers.

15 Ibid.

16 “Untangling a global-local nexus:Sorting out residential sorting in Shanghai”, 2007.

17 Ibid.

15

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

Monolith Hybrids-programmatic elements

2.2 HYBRID URBAN VILLAGE AS

being subsumed into a continuous envelope.18

A CATALYST FOR URBAN

As a common phenomenon in American cities,

REDEVELOPMENT

Hybrid Buildings were breed to accommodate 2.2.1 Proposed Site & Its Context

the complexity of the programmatic requirements in modern urban fabric. Recently,

The context of the project is situated on

the Linked-Hybrid by Steven Holl, in Beijing,

Suzhou Creek in Shanghai, a historical

has attempted to create a development which

territory within urban center which offers

act as porous urban fabric. The bridges--

problematic issue of nature and city, history

connected eight main towers--tie the complex

and future, post-industrialization and

program into a single hybrid building. However,

transformation which reflect instability or

this connectivity operates in the large scale

uncertainty.

which at the end acts as a new infrastructure

The proposed research site is located within

of the complex and yet does not necessarily

the Shanghai urban area at Changning district.

dissolve the spatial quality at the micro scale.

The site is an urban village (approximately 62,000 sqm) adjacent to the north side of Suzhou Creek, surrounded by complexity of

2.2.3 Hybrid Urban Village

modern infrastructure (3 metro lines) and

It has been clear that government has taken

roads, modern high rise apartment, historical

series of action and effort to mitigate and

site of former St. John’s University (now East

resolve the issue on Suzhou Creek. Those

China University of Political Science and Law),

actions can be summarized into four main

Public Zhong Shan Park, and commercial

steps;

blocks.

1. WATER. Started in 1992 (12 years program), dealing with several effort to 2.2.2 Design Typology: Hybrid Building

improve the water quality, mitigate flood impact, and introduce wastewater and water

The concept of hybridization originates from

resource management.

genetics and refers to the cross breeding of different species. In Architecture, definition of

2. CONSERVATION. Established heritage

hybrid building is associated with the

zone and warehouses conservation

programmatic requirement. In 1985, Joseph

initiatives(1990). Suzhou Creek Art district

Fenton categorized American Hybrid buildings

(Moganshan Road Art District).

into three main categories: Fabric Hybrids-

3. TABULA RASA. Old factories and

volumetric infill into the city’s gridded fabric;

abandoned warehouses are cleared for a new

Graft Hybrids-which express each program in

privatized development.

the resultant form of the hybrid building; and

18 Fenton, Joseph. ʻHybrid Buildingsʼ in Pamphlet of Architecture no.11.p7

16

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

4. RIVER FRONT. River front development; 1

intervention to the existing urban village at the

square kilometer park & commercial

edge of Suzhou Creek which endures

structures.

resistance against the pressure of economic development, high land price and physical

The final proposed design for this research will

border (the river). The outcome of the design

be the 5th stage of Suzhou Creek Urban

is a general master plan of selected site which

Redevelopment (following the 4 series of

addresses the problematic urban issues, and

government action for urban redevelopment,

architectural conceptual proposal which is

dealing with Water, Conservation, Tabula

expected to become a project prototype to

Rasa, and River Front). It is a hybrid

envision large scale transformation at the

development comprising of housing, work

particular area.

place & market place, social space & public facility. The hybrid development is a proposed

The proposal: Hybrid Urban Village.

Government’s action on Suzhou Creek.

17

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

18

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

19

MNEMONIC PRACTICE

CONCLUSION

lamentation to the past but it should be equally approached as a venture which could provide many practical solution to our complex urban and environmental issues, which cannot be

Hybrid Urban Village as a catalyst for Suzhou

solved by current technological achievement.

Creek Urban Redevelopment is not a prescriptive solution to current complex

It is a paradox to ponder on the story of radical

urbanism issue in China and Shanghai in

Japanese writer Junichiro Tanizaki. In his In

particular. However it offers a new challenge

Praise of Shadows19, Tanizaki exposed the

for current architectural and design practice

essence of traditional Japanese house, space

which has been too much preoccupied by

and tradition which has been continuously

technological mean, dictated by formal

replaced by modern western influence. Most of

dimension and has asserted full control to

his lamentation and criticism to this transition

physical environment. This thesis attempt to

was later contrasted to his final comment

showcase an opposite condition where in fact,

which rejected to live in the traditional house of

there are many hidden meaning and values in

his own imagination, as shown in the story

other parts of our city, where dynamic change

below:

is possible, transcendental aspect is still

“Mrs. Tanizaki tells a story of when her late

important and yet they are part of meaningful

husband decided, as he frequently did, to build

identity of a city.

a new house. The architect arrived and

This thesis also encourage many radical

announced with pride, “I’ve read your In Praise

attempt to explore and reinterpret traditional

of Shadows, Mr. Tanizaki, and know exactly

and vernacular values of many diverse Asian

what you want.” To which Tanizaki replied, “But

Cultures into modern urban context. These

no, I could no longer live in a house like

efforts should not be seen solely as a

that.”20

19 Tanizaki, Junichiro. In Praise of Shadows. 1977 20 Ibid., p 48.

20

MNEMONIC PRACTICE Architecture. San Francisco, William Stout Publisher, 2006.

Koolhaas, Rem. S,M,L,XL. New York, The Monacelli Press, 1998.

Leach, Neil. Rethinking Architecture, A Reader in Cultural Theory. Routledge, 2010.

Lefaivre, Liane and Alexander Tzonis. Architecture of Regionalism in the Age of Globalization; Peaks and Valleys in the Flat World. Routledge, 2012.

Li Xiaodong and Zhuang Qinghua. Form-making in Traditional Chinese Architecture. Beijing, China Architectural Press, 2010.

Loos, Adolf. Ornament and Crime, Selected Essays. Riverside, California, Ariadne Press, 1998.

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception. Routledge, 2002.

Nesbitt, Kate. Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, an Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995. Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.

Oliver, Paul. Dwellings: The Vernacular House Worldwide. Phaidon, 2003.

Oswald, Franz and Peter Baccini. Netzstadt.

Birkhauser, 2003.

Perez-Gomez, Alberto. Built Upon Love; Architectural Longing After Ethics and Aesthetics.

MIT Press, 2008.

Perez-Gomez, Alberto. Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science. MIT Press, 1990.

Rossi, Aldo. The Architecture of the City. The MIT Press, 1984.

Sassen, Saskia. Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages. New York, Princeton University Press, 2008.

Wu Liangyong. Rehabilitating The Old City of Beijing; A project in the Ju’er Hutong Neighbourhood. Vancouver, UBC Press, 1999.

Zumthor, Peter. Atmospheres: Architectural Environments - Surrounding Objects. Birkhäuser Architecture, 2006.

Zumthor, Peter.Thinking Architecture . Birkhäuser Architecture, 2010.

Bibliography: Busquets, Joan. Cities X Lines, A New Lens For Urbanistic Project. Hustpas, Beijing, 2010.

Certeau, Michel de. The Practice of Everyday Life.

University of California Press, 1988.

C h e n , Ya w e i . S h a n g h a i P u d o n g , U r b a n Development In An Era of Global-local Interaction.

TU Delft, 2007.

Cook, Peter. The City Seen As A Garden. The Monacelli Press, 2003.

Ellin, Nan. Postmodern Urbanism. Princeton Architectural Press, 1999.

Fingerhuth, Carl. Learning from China, the Tao of the City. Birkhauser, 2004.

Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Modern Library, 2011.

Koolhas, Rem. Mutations: Harvard Project in the City. Barcelona, Actar 2000.

Lefebvre, Henri. Writings on Cities. Oxford: Blackwell,1996.

Lim, William Siew Wai. Asian Alterity, With Special Reference to Architecture + Urbanism Through the Lens of Cultural Studies. World Scientific Publishing, 2008.

Liu Wujun & Huang Xiang. Shanghai Urban Planning. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2007.

Lu Junhua, Peter G. Rowe and Zhang Jie. Modern Urban Housing in China, 1840-2000.

Prestel, 2001.

Lynch, Kevin. Good City Form. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press 1981.

Lynch, Kevin. The Image of The City. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press 1960.

Maki, Fumihiko. Nurtuting Dreams, Collected Essays on Architecture and The City. MIT Press, 2008.

Marshall, Stephen. Streets and Patterns.

Routledge, 2004.

Michelis, Stani and Arjan Van Helmond. Jakarta Megalopolis, Horizontal and Vertical Observations.

Valiz, Amsterdam, 2007.

MVRDV, T?F. The Vertical Village; Individual, Informal, Intense. NAi Publishers, 2012.

Rowe, Peter G. Modernity and Housing. MIT, 1993.

Spirn, Anne Whiston. The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. New York: Basic Books, 1984.

Sudjic, Deyan. The Edifice Complex, How the Rich and Powerful Shape the World. New York, The Penguin Press, 2005.

Calinescu, Matei. Five Faces of Modernity. Duke University Press Durham, 2007.

Fenton, Joseph. ʻHybrid Buildingsʼ in Pamphlet of Architecture no.11. Princeton Architectural Press, 1985.

Frampton, Kenneth. Modern Architecture, A Critical History. Thames and Hudson, 2007.

Grima, Joseph. Instant Asia: Fast Forward Through The Architecture of a Changing Continent. Skira, 2008.

Holl, Steven, Juhani Pallasmaa, Alberto PerezGomez. Question of Perception, Phenomenology of

Chen, Xiangming and Jiaming Sun. Untangling a global-local nexus: Sorting out residential sorting in Shanghai. In Press at Environment and Planning A (2007). a+t, Hybrids 1, High-Rise Mixed use Buildings, a+t ediciones, 2008. a+t, Hybrids 1, Low-Rise Mixed use Buildings, a+t ediciones, 2008.

21