Trash to Cash using Machine Learning and Blockchain

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Trash to Cash using Machine Learning and Blockchain

Deepti Teragunti1, Sahana Hegde2 , Manjunath G.S.3

1VIII Semester, Dept. of ISE, BNMIT

2 VIII Semester, Dept. of ISE, BNMIT

3Asst. Professor, Dept. of ISE, BNMIT, Karnataka, India ***

Abstract Globally, 53.6 million tonnes of electronic garbage were produced in 2019, according to the Global e waste Monitor 2020, with just 17.4 percent of that being recycled.India istheworld'sthirdlargestproducerofe waste, with 3.2 million tonnes created annually. Increases in industrialization, living standards, and discretionary money have led in an increase in the volume of electrical and electronicequipment(EEE)onthemarket,aswellasagrowth in e waste, which is currently the world's fastest increasing waste source. It causes CO2 emissions, which contribute to global warming and climate change, with serious effects for both humans and the environment. To build a sustainable environment,increasedeffortsareneededtoimprovepresent practices such as collection schemes and management methods in order to eliminate illegal e waste trafficking and legacy waste management systems.

Key Words: Blockchain,Carbonemission,Circulareconomy, E waste,CO2 forecasting,Incentives,NetZerotarget

1. INTRODUCTION

In2019,humansgenerated53.6milliontonnesofe waste. Only about 20% of this is collected and professionally recycled. It’s unclear what happened to the remainder. However,itisanticipatedthatmanyelectronicsendup in garagesorbasementsandareneverrecycled.Wealsoknow that businesses resell e waste on a large scale. There, e waste is dumped in landfills, where it is improperly managed, poisoning persons and the environment. Old electronics,ontheotherhand,aregoldmines:smartphones, computers, and refrigerators contain rich metals and rare earths, and recycling them is both commercially and environmentallybeneficial.Itiscriticaltoproperlymanage the waste that is generated. Consumption of goods or the minimization of waste are not extremely important to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to manage garbage generationsothatpeoplecanreuserecycledwaste.Theidea of Trash to Cash is based on this fundamental concept. Electronicwastecontaminatestheland,air,water,andliving thingsintheenvironment.It'stoxicandnon biodegradable. Toxic pollutants are released into the environment when open air burning and acid baths are employed to recover precious elements from electronic components. Workers mayalsobeexposedtohighlevelsofcontaminantssuchas lead,mercury,beryllium,thallium,cadmium,andarsenic,as well as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and

polychlorinated biphenyls, all of which can cause irreversible health effects such as cancer, miscarriages, neurologicaldamage,andIQdecline.

InformalwastecollectorshelptocleanupIndia'scities byrecyclingaround20%ofthewastecreated.Ontheother side, these waste pickers lack formal recognition, equal rights, stable and secure livelihoods, and dignity. As spendingpatternsevolvewithaflourishingeconomy,their labourexposesthemtoeverhigherlevelsofpollutionand dangerouschemicals.

It's also crucial to consider how technological advancements effect climate change. Every electrical item ever created has a carbon footprint that contributes to human caused global warming. When it comes to the amount of carbon dioxide released over the course of a device's lifetime, the majority of it happens during production,beforecustomersbuyit.Asaresult,low carbon manufacturingprocessesandinputs(suchastheutilisation ofrecycledrawmaterials)aswellasproductlongevityare importantelementsinoverallenvironmentaleffect.Globally, recycling rates are poor. The global average is 20%; the remaining80%isundocumented,withmuchofitendingup buriedbeneaththegroundforgenerationsaswaste.E waste is not biodegradable. The global electronic sector is experiencing a recycling crisis, which is worsening as gadgetsgetmorenumerous,smaller,andcomplicated.Some types of e waste are now too expensive to recycle and recovermaterialsandmetalsfrom.Theremaininge waste, which mostly consists of plastics containing metals and chemicals,isamorechallengingchallengetomanage.

Currentproblemsintheewasterecyclingmethodologyhave beenidentifiedandtheE wastemanagementprocessshould includethefollowingsteps

Toincreasethetransparencyalongallthestepsofthetrash chaintoimprovewastemanagementprocesses.

Encourage more people to start recycling by making recyclingsimplerandrewarding.

Helpingrecyclersandmanufacturerschooseproductsand foreseewhatwilllikelyfalloutof therecyclingsupplychain.

Reduce CO2 emission and help achieve Net Zero Carbon target.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

2. RELATED WORK

In[1],SupplyChainManagementisregardedasoneofthe most important and valuable applications of Blockchain technology,sinceitallowsorganisationsandbusinessesto handleproductsatnumerouslevels,fromtheproducertothe client.A5Gecosystempoweredbyblockchainmaygiveasafe andaccuraterecordofuserdata,aswellastheguaranteethat ithasnotbeentamperedwith.

a) This will enable smart contracts to explicitly specify collection targets and penalize parties if needed. It is also proposed that customers be included as members of this blockchain.

b)E wasteincentivescanhelpreducethedominanceof the unorganized sector in EWM. A stakeholder list can includeproducers,retailers,collectioncenters,andrecycling units.

c)The participants of the EWM include government agenciesandconsumers.

d)Thegoalistomaketheprocessofgeneratinggoodsand disposingofthemmorestimulatingforeveryoneinvolved, includingdealersandproducers.

e)OWASPisapublishednon profitorganisationwhose missionistorecommendimpartial andactionabledataon application safety to developers, as well as to easily understandandanalysesecurityexpertsforpotentialimpact, toassesswebsecurity,webservicesecurity,andthesecurity oftheDISVcentralserver.Thedigitisationofplasticrecycling canassistinensuringmaterialtraceability.

Themotiveof[1]istodiscovertheuseofNFCandRFID enabled devices to obtain real time data on manufactured goods with complete transparency via a centralised cloud database,rightonthespot.

Limitations: It's never easy to manage resources in an organisedmannerandreducewaste.Thecurrentrecycling managementsystemisn'tconsideredtransparent.

In [2], Carbon emissions are a significant factor to climate change. To achieve common CO2 emission reductions, companies must work closely together across the supply chain. Blockchain is one of the most significant emerging technologiesintheIndustry4.0era,withnumeroususesfor supply chain collaboration and integration. Blockchain technologyisbeingusedinlogisticsandsupplychains,but wearestillintheearlystagesofrealisingitsfullpotential. Whileindustrialandcommerciale wastecollectionreceivesa lot of attention, alternatives for e waste collection from residential homes are scarce. This paper proposes the developmentofamobilerobotthatusestransferlearningto identify common e waste and can be attached to existing municipal rubbish vehicles. The robot walks around,

identifiese waste,andusesanarm basedliftingandstoring mechanism to separate the identified material. With 96 percent accuracy, an identification method based on a convolutional neuronnetwork wasemployedtoclassifye waste.

Result:Thestudyframework,DevelopingaBlockchain Enabled Low Carbon Supply Chain Framework, proposes research propositions linking blockchain, supply chain integrationcapability,andcarbonemissionusingtheSocio TechnicalTheoryandResource BasedView.

Limitations: Influence the way that organizations collaborateandinteractwithoneanotherisdifficult.Flawsin improvingtheproductivityandsustainabilityofthesupply chain.

[3] Implementation of blockchain technology to set up an automaticpaymentsystemforcollectingwastefromanyone. Apersonprocessespaymentstoalocalgovernmentaccount viaamobileapp.

a)AnarchitecturethatintervenesIoT compatiblehardware andSWMblockchainhasbeenproposed.

b)Hardwareadaptationisimplementedonthesensornodes andgateways.

c)UsingthePython basedFlaskframework,IcreatedaWeb APItoimplementtheproposedrewardsystem.

d)Thisstudyshowsverificationofaprivateblockchainminer withatrustpoint.

e) Security is now an important component of increasing importance in all technologies. In the case of blockchain, security features have been differentiated, encouraging researcherstointegrateblockchaintechnology.Thesecurity featuresofblockchaintechnologyarerobustbecauseeach block is associated with a public key cryptographic framework.

Result: A mechanism has been implemented to integrate cloud servers into the blockchain network via the Flask server basedAPI.Inareal timeimplementation,container weightsare observed to generate new transactions on the blockchainnetworkusingsensornodesthatsendreal time dataoverthegatewaytothecloudserver.

Limitations:Thereiscurrentlyalackofaccurateinformation on the amount and characteristics of waste as local governmentsstruggletoeffectivelymanagewastetoreduce itsimpactontheenvironment.

In[4]Byimplementingacirculareconomy,thismethodcan promote a collaborative digital consortium for effective plastic waste management, which can bring together numerous stakeholders, including plastic manufacturers,

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

governmentbodies,retailers,suppliers,garbagecollectors, andrecyclers.

a)Blockchainsareextremelyusefulfortrackingmaterials acrossalltypesofsupplychains.

b)Blockchaincanhelpconnectmajorrefiningcompanies with a new mode of plastic recycling to reinvent current supplychains.

c)Withthistechnology,plasticrecyclingcanberefinedby feedingbacktherawmaterialstothemanufacturingprocess. ThiscreatesacompleteCEoftheearth'stragicwaste.

d)Blockchaincanbeusedtotrackindividualitemsthrough therecyclingsupplychaincreatephysicalmarkssuchasQR codesanddigitalbadgesonplasticproducts.

e)Thisstrategyoffulltransparencywiththeadoptionof blockchain allows consumers and investors to understand and easily analyze the potential impact. Digitization ofthe plasticrecyclingindustrycansupporttraceability.

Result: A mechanism has been implemented to integrate cloud servers into the blockchain network via the Flask server basedAPI.Inareal timeimplementation,container weightsareobservedandnewtransactionsaregeneratedon theblockchainnetwork.Useasensornodethatsendsreal timedatatothecloudserveroverthegateway.

Limitations:Thedisposalpercentagesweredecreasedand replacedwithrecyclingandincineration.

Implementationof[5]Researchershavetraditionallybeen valuableindiscoveringwaystoreduceenvironmentaleffect and boost innovation by modifying product designs, enhancingrecycling,orconservingenergyandresources.We created a life cycle analysis (LCA) technique as a tool. To achieve the sought circular economy, electronics makers mustcollaboratetobetterunderstandandimplementpatent and copyright rules to all post consumer products. To be sustainable,thisprocessmustbenefitallpartiesinvolved,but potential buyers must be convinced that the pricing differential between new and refurbished products will continuetoprovideincentives.Beforeandafterthesupply chain, all product transfers can be accompanied by vital, transparent data. Even without the ability to recycle and correctlymanageelectronictrasharoundtheworldwhere electronicitemsaresoldandconsumed,blockchainsolutions are electronic while safeguarding the economic value manufacturers desire to protect. You have the option to broadenthescopeofyourwastemanagementefforts.

Results:LCAtechniqueshavebecomecommonplaceand usedtoquantitativelyassessenvironmentalimpactsateach stageoftheproductlifecycle.

Limitations:Workersandtheenvironmentareexposedto toxinsduringtheminingofe wasteforsuchmaterials.The patentandcopyrightpolicy,whichhasemergedasaviable solutionfortheuseofdigitalledgers,isakeyopenlimitation inapplying3retoe waste.

[6]Applyartificialintelligencetoimprovee wastecollection: Possible solutions for household WEEE collection and separationinIndia AV:ShreyasMadhav,RaghavRajaraman, S. Harini, Cinu C. Kiliroor. The deep learning garbage classification method was analyzed on the garbage net dataset to determine the most appropriate modeling approach. The dataset contains the Trashnet dataset. This datasetcontainsimagesofrecyclablematerialssuchasglass, paperboard, plastic, metal, and paper. Implements an algorithmthatincludesanintegrateddetectionsystemwith deeplearningDensenet21.

Result:RecycleCubeRobot:Anewe wasterobotsystem for identifying and collecting e waste in the home. The functioningofthesystembeginsateachcollectionpointon themoveofthecity'sgarbagetruck.Robotsrunaroundall homecollectionpoints,takepicturesofindividuallydisposed waste, and use deep learning to identify e waste. The identified e waste is collected and placed on the robot's storageplatform.

Limitation:Differentaccuracyisobservedforeachdataset.

IrjetTemplatesampleparagraph.Defineabbreviationsand acronymsthefirsttimetheyareusedinthetext,evenafter theyhavebeendefinedintheabstract.Abbreviationssuchas IEEE,SI,MKS,CGS,sc,dc,andrmsdonothavetobedefined. Donotuseabbreviationsinthetitleorheadsunlesstheyare unavoidable.

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Electronic trash is hazardous, non biodegradable, and accumulates in the environment, including soil, air, water, andlivingthings.Theinfluenceofelectronicwasteonclimate changeshouldbeassessed.Everypieceoftechnologyever created has a carbon footprint and contributes to human causedglobalwarming.

Therearenoclearcriteriaforhowelectronictrashshouldbe handledintheunorganisedsector.Therearenoincentives giventoencourageconsumerstohandleelectronicgarbagein amoreformalmanner.Workingconditionsintheinformal recyclingsectorarecomparabletothoseinthelegalrecycling sector, and there are no incentive systems in place to motivateproducerstotakeactiontodealwithe waste.

Climate change is caused by human generated carbon emissionsthatareincreasingatarapidpace,andarealready threatening various life forms on Earth. The level of greenhousegasemissionsin2020wassignificantlyhigher thaneverbefore.Scientistsagreethatreducingemissionsby

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

85% below 2000 levels is the best way to avoid the many devastating consequences of global warming. There is an urgent need foremissionsfrom all industrial sectors tobe reduced, and corporate innovation and initiative are necessarytoachievethisgoal

4. PROPOSED SOLUTION

Theproject'smaingoalistoprovideasoftwaretoolthat integrates carbon footprint and industry statistics so that businesses can estimate the environmental benefits of reusingITequipmentbysellingitoffasewastebeforethe expiryoflifetimeoftheproduct.

ThespecificResearchObjectives(ROs)thatshapedthe projecttowardsachievingtheaforementionedaim,were:



Identifyandreviewenvironmentalimpacts,carbon emissionsandlifecycleindicatorsofITequipment, thatcanbeutilizedwhendevelopingthetool.

 Research company specific data regarding carbon emissions and materials used in IT equipment. AnalyseCo2emissionsfromvariouscountriesover thespanofyearstilldate.Performvisualizationon thisdataandgeneratereports.



CreateaMachineLearning applicationto forecastt the amountofCo2emissionproducedbyyear2030 whenarawmaterial/productwouldreachzeroC02 target

A. CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR ELECTRONICS

Various economic theories, such as the steady state economyordegrowth,haveattemptedtosuggestasolution foragreenandsustainableeconomicfutureinresponseto today'seconomicmodel.Circulareconomy,beingthemost popular theory aimed at overthrowing today's dominant economic model and addressing environmental concerns, opens the way for long term economic growth and development.CEaspirestochangealineareconomicmodel into a circular, closed loop economy, where the stakes between economy,environment, andsocietyarebalanced, based on three primary principles (The Three Rs) of Reducing,Reusing,andRecycling.Forthemanufacturingand use of electronicand electrical items,a new perspectiveis required. E waste is commonly thought of as a post consumption issue,althoughthe issue extends throughout thedevice'slifecycle.Designers,manufacturers,investors, merchants, miners, commodity producers, consumers, policymakers,andothersallhavearoletoplayinreducing waste,preservingsystemvalue,andextendingtheeconomic andphysicallifetimesofcommodities.Theycanalsoaidin therepairofitems.Itwillberecycledandutilised.Asaresult oftheriseofservicebusinessmodelsandimprovedproduct tracking and takeback, global circular value chains may emerge.Toaddresstheneedsofelectronicssupplychains, material efficiency,recyclinginfrastructure,andscalingup the amount and quality of recycled materials will all be necessary.Iftherightpolicycombinationisinplaceandthe sector is handled properly, it has the potential to create millionsofexcellentemploymentsaroundtheworld.



Develop and implement the carbon calculation tool,and reward the users and make recycling simpler. Fig 1: SystemArchitectureDiagram

Fig - 2: DataFlowDiagram

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

InordertocreateanMLapplicationtopredicttheamount ofCo2emissionproducedbyyear2030whenarawmaterial /productwouldreachzeroC02targetwehavemadeuseof theARIMAmodel.

B. CO2 FORECASTING

ALGORITHM: Auto RegressiveIntegrated MovingAverage Model.

ARIMA is a method for locating models that employ an iterativeprocess.Amodelwaschosen,anditssuitabilitywas testedusingnewhistoricaldata.Themodelwouldhavebeen appropriateiftheresidual(thedifferencebetweentheresults offorecastingwithhistoricaldata)wasscatteredatrandom, moderate,andindependentofeachother.Onlyastationary temporalframecanbeusedwithARIMA.Tobegin,wemust assesswhetherornotourdataisstationary.Ifourdataisn't stationary, we can look for data differentiation that will become stationary, or we can look for the d value. This procedurecanmakeuseofACF(AutoCorrelationFunction), unitrootstest,andIntegrationDegree.

Adatasetandavalidationsetarecreatedfromthedata.After generatingthemodelusingthedataset,thevalidationsetis usedtoverifyhowwellitworks.Wechoosetousetheperiod 1960 1999forthedataset,and2000 2018forthevalidation set.

WeevaluateARIMAmodelswithdifferentparametersand looksfortheoptimalcombinationofparametersbymaking useofourobservations.Thevaluesoftheparametershaveto beinacertainrange.Phastobebetween0and5,dbetween 0and3,andqbetween0and5.

FortheotherparametersoftheARIMAmodel,weusedtwo graphs, one for autocorrelation and one for partial autocorrelation.Ifwecomparethesegraphstothisexample, weassumethatweneedtocorrectforautocorrelation,when lookingatthefirstgraph.Thesecondgraphcanbeusedto see whether there is seasonality. In this case, the data is yearly,andseasonalitywouldnotbeanissue.Therefore,the resultingARIMAmodelmighthavetheparameters(1,1,0). Thenweloadandpredictthemodel.

C.INCENTIVE GENERATION BY BLOCKCHAIN

Crypto is a new digital technology that is gaining interest fromfinancialinstitutions,investors,businesses,andfintech. In 2022, consumer acceptance will increase, enabling businessestoacceptbitcoinaspaymentandincorporateit into their loyalty programmes. The Covid shutdowns have significantlyalteredtheeverydayroutinesofconsumers.The usageoftheinternettomakepurchasesofgoodsandservices hasgrownsignificantly.Thecurrentenvironmentisperfect fortheproliferationofdigitalassets.Digitalcurrencieshave quicklygainedfavourwithbothconsumersandbusinesses.A recent Gartner study predicts that by 2024, 20% of large organisationswillbeusingdigitalcurrency.

Inavarietyofways,blockchaintechnologyisbeingusedfor incentiveprogrammes.Blockchain basedrewardssystems, forexample,cantrackanddistributepoints,vouchers,and other loyalty programme perks. Furthermore, blockchain technology can be used to authenticate customers and preventfraud.Becauseitisliquidandglobal,cryptocurrency isquicklybecomingthemostdesireddigitalprize.Thus,we wouldberewardingtheuserswhocontributetothecircular trashchainwithtrashcoinsgeneratedonblockchain

5. IMPLEMENTATION

Literaturereview,algorithmdevelopment,andtestingwere among the strategies employed to complete the planned project.

Themoduleswereimplementedinthreephasesnamely: Data storage and Analysis:UsageofIBMCloudPakforData as a service, we are able to make predictive analysis and generateareporttocountrywiseresults.

Prediction Model and carbon calculator: The Carbon emission calculator would be done on the basis of ARIMA forecastingmodel,displayedonthefrontendofourwebsite.

Incentive application to generate reward points:Based on the predictive analysis, reward points would be generatedandwouldbeassignedtousertaking part,who wouldbebenefitedinthelongrunelsetheuserisdiscarded butwithvaluablesuggestionstoimprovetheprocessinthe future

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

systems that duplicates and distributes a digital log of transactions across the network. A combination of these technologieshelpourusertobegrantedwithrewardpoints for successfully being a holder in the chain and who is contributing in their own ways to reduce co2 Emission to minimalamountandhelpusachieveNetzerotarget.Being involved in the development of Carbon calculators, this project is of great interest to environmental assessment professionalsandengineerslookingtodevelopstandardized tools for assessing the environmental impact of various humanactivities

REFERENCES

[1] An Effective Electronic waste management solution basedonBlockchainSmartContractin5GCommunities PoongodiM,MounirHamdi,

[2] BlockchainTechnologyandItsRoleinEnhancingSupply Chain Integration Capability and Reducing Carbon Emission MichaelWan,Bill

[3] BlockchainEnabledAutomaticRewardSysteminSolid Waste Management byAuthors: Shaik Vaseem Akram, Sultan S. Alshamrani, Rajesh Singh, Mamoon Rashid, AnitaGehlot,AhmedSaeedAlGhamdi,6thSeptember https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scn/2021/695212 1/

[4] Efficient Plastic Recycling and Remolding Circular EconomyUsingtheTechnologyofTrust Blockchainby Authors: Swikriti Khadke, Pragya Gupta, Shanmukh Rachakunta ,Chandreswar Mahata ,Suma Dawn 16th August 2021 https://www.mdpi.com/2071 1050/13/16/9142

[5] ZeroE waste:Regulatoryimpedimentsandblockchain imperatives by Authors: MengjunChen1, OladeleA. Ogunseitan:31stJanuary2020

researchgate.net/publication/349661961_Zero_Ewaste_ Regulatory_impediments_and_blockchain_imperatives

6. CONCLUSIONS

TheTrashtoCashinitiativeencouragesallstakeholdersto join a special circular chain that contributes to environmentalsustainability.Ourservicewillcomputethe Co2emission created by eachproduct and how muchco2 maybeavoidedinordertoachieveit,allowinguserstobe profitablestakeholdersbylendingawaytheusedE waste products.Blockchainisa systemforstoringdata ina way thatmakessystemchanges,hacking,andcheatingdifficultor impossible.Blockchainisessentiallyanetworkofcomputer

[6] Applicationofartificialintelligencetoenhancecollection of E waste: A potential solution for household WEEE collection and segregation in India by Authors: AV Shreyas Madhav Raghav Rajaraman, Harini and CinuKiliroor.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/07342 42X211052846