English #11 PharmaNews PARO

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Introduction, Therapeutic Applications and Nanoparticle Toxicities

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PharmaNews PARO #11

INTRODUCTION, THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS AND NANOPARTICLE TOXICITIES Keywords: NanopartĂ­cules, Drugs, Toxicology, Nanotechnology

INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles are a broad class of materials that include particulate matter, which have a dimension of at least 100 nm and have different dimensions 0D, 1D, 2D, or 3D. NPs are not simple molecules, they are composed of three layers, i.e. (a) The surface layer, which can be functionalized with a variety of small molecules, metal ions, surfactants, and polymers. (b) The shell layer, which is a chemically different material from the nucleus in all respects, and (c) The core, which is essentially the central part of the NP. Because of this and its exotic characteristics, these materials are of great interest to researchers in different multidisciplinary fields.

APPLICATIONS IN DRUGS AND MEDICINE Inorganic

particles

of

nanometric

TOXICITY OF NP

sizes

have

physicochemical properties that make them very special

and

nanodevices

important in

in

different

the

development

applications,

such

of as

physical, biological, biomedical, and pharmaceutical.

NPs are well known for being able to deliver medication in optimal dose ranges, often resulting in greater therapeutic efficacy, fewer adverse drug reactions,

and

better

patient

outcomes.

The

implementation of hydrophilic NPs as drug carriers has been one of the greatest interest, the NO of polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polylactic acid (PLA) NPs have been revealed as a very promising system for intravenous drug administration.

drugs, to ensure drugs effectively join the target site, increases

the

size,

high

reactivity,

and

large

capacity,

could

become potentially lethal factors by inducing toxic and adverse harmful cellular effects, unusual in micron-sized counterparts. NPs can enter the body through ingestion or inhalation and then move to various organs and tissues, where NPs can exert reactivity and be toxic to humans and other living beings. They can also generate adverse biological results in proteins, fibrillation, and loss of enzymatic activity, as the release of toxic ions from NPs favors dissolution in a suspension medium in a biological environment. This is caused by the thermodynamic properties of NPs. Finally, these particles tend to accumulate in seawater, where they can affect the natural and organic particles present in the water,

Different polymers were used for the delivery of which

The advantages of magnetic NPs, such as their small

therapeutic

benefit

and

consequently

causing

ecotoxicity,

generating

pH

alterations, salinity, and the presence of organic materials.

minimizes side effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Most semiconductor and metallic NPs such as Gold

Although NPs are of paramount importance in the

(Au) Silver (Ag) have immense potential for cancer

development of new drugs, in providing better

diagnosis

health

absorption

and and

therapy

due

scattering

to of

their light

improved

by

to

patients,

and

in

achieving

greater

surface

treatment effectiveness, there are problems related

plasmon resonance (SPR). Antimicrobial inorganic

to their toxicity and the danger they can present to

NPs are also more potent and less toxic to biological

the environment if massive contamination of these

systems. These NPs are functionalized with several

particles occurred. Students and health professionals

groups to selectively overcome the microbial species,

must reflect, be conscious of these problems and

thus being very effective when it comes to bacterial

how to solve them in the future in the case of their

infections.

use.

Figure I: Different forms of gold NP, synthesized using different techniques.

All credits for the scientific information go to the authors of the scientific article!

References: Khan, I. K. (2019). Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 908931. Link to Scientific Journal: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535217300990

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