Pharmaceutical Chemistry IIA (Biochemistry-I)
Course Learning Outcomes
1. Understand Pharmaceutical Biochemistry conceptsand its role inpharmacy, including its medicaland pharmaceutical applications.
2. Explainbiochemicalprocesses ofcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins, andnucleicacids, focusingon metabolism,disorders,andpharmaceutical relevance.
3. Analyze the role of enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and secondary messengers in metabolic regulation and their pharmaceutical applications.
4. Demonstrate proficiency in biochemical lab techniques, including analysis of biological samples and clinicalchemistrytests withpharmaceuticalfocus.
Contents:
1. General introduction to Pharmaceutical Biochemistry: Role of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry in the PharmacyProfession.
2. BiochemistryofCarbohydrates:Definecarbohydrates,classification,isomerism, optical activity, structural representation of sugar molecules, chemical properties of carbohydrates, pharmaceutical importance. Carbohydrate digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion, glycolysis dysregulations, feeder pathways of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway dysregulations, glucuronate pathway, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle and dysregulation, energetics of various metabolic processes of carbohydrates. Brief overview of carbohydrate metabolicdisorders.
3. Bioenergetics: Principles of bioenergetics, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylationanddisorders,reactiveoxygenspeciesgenerationandscavenging.
4. BiochemistryofLipids:Definelipids,classifications(basedonreactivityoflipidsand based on complexity of structure), essential fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, eicosanoids, reactions of fatty acids and lipids, pharmaceutical importance. Lipids digestion, absorption, metabolism and excretion, oxidation of saturated and unsaturated, odd and even number fatty acids and dysregulation, Biosynthesis of fatty acids and dysregulation, cholesterol synthesis and its dysregulation, biosynthesis of neutral lipids, ketone bodies, energetics of various metabolic processesof lipids.Brief overviewof lipidmetabolicdisorders.
5. Biochemistry of Vitamins: Vitamins, classification, structures, metabolic functions,physiologicalrole,naturalandsyntheticsources,deficienciesandtoxicities, pharmacological interactions of vitamins with drugs, pharmaceutical importance of vitamins.
6. Biochemistry of Hormones: Hormones, chemical classification, pharmaceutical importance of hormones.
Practical
Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, reducing sugars) by following methods: Molisch ‘s test, Benedict's test, Fehling's test, Salivanoff’s test, Barfoed
test, Iodine test, Osazone test, Bial Orcinol test,Anthrone Test) and lipids and Sterols (Cholesterol), Bilesalts, Billirubin, Analysis ofCholesterol andCreatinineinBlood.
Recommended Readings
1. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Gatto, G. J. (2019). Stryer’s biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freemanand Company.
2. Akash, M. S. H., & Rehman, K. (2025). Biochemical aspects of metabolic disorders. Elsevier Academic Press.
3. Nelson, D.L., &Cox, M. M.(2017). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (7thed.). W. H.Freemanand Company.
4. Devlin, T. M. (2016). Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations (8th ed.). Wiley-Liss.
5. Gout, A. M. (2019). Biochemistry for the pharmaceutical sciences (4thed.). Wiley.
6. Berg, J. M., & Stryer, L. (2020). Biochemistry (9th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
7. Hodges, R. S. (2019). Biochemistry: A short course (3rd ed.). Wiley.
8. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2020). Principles of anatomy and physiology (15th ed.). Wiley.
9. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2015). Molecular biology of the cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.
10. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2020). Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Biochemistry Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
11. Rodwell, V. W., Bender, D. A., Botham, K. M.,Kennelly, P. J., & Weil,P. A. (2017). Harper’s illustrated biochemistry (31st ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.