January | February 11 - International Aquafeed

Vo l u m e 1 4 I s s u e 1 2 0 1 1

Mycotoxins in aquafeeds

Least cost formulation in aquafeed The multi-formulation: - a key tool for the raw materials purchasing

Bangladesh Formulation, status and sustainability of aquaculture feed industries

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

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CONTENTS

An international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Volume 14 / Issue 1 / January-February 2011 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2011 / All rights reserved EDITOR’S DESK

2

Aqua News Fourth International Feed Regulators Meeting 20" x 10" CC-XD elevator bucket A new report by the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans Dominican Republic launches Orego-Stim® Lallemand and Jebsen & Jessen enter strategic alliance in South East Asia Kochi conference on track for breakthroughs Atlas AM Elevator Bucket Trond Williksen appointed new CEO in AKVA group ASA

5 5 6 7 8 8 9 9

Mycotoxins Recent updates on the effects of Mycotoxins in aquafeeds

10

Feed formulation Least cost formulation in aquafeed

14

Raw materials The multi-formulation: a key tool for the raw materials purchasing

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

20 24

Bangladesh Formulation, status and sustainability of aquaculture feed industries in Bangladesh

24

Feed Management Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production

30

Raceway production High-intensity raceway production

34

The Aquaculturist. A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

36

Book Reviews

37

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS

40

AQUA EVENTS

42

IAF WEB LINKS

44

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2011 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

EDITOR’S DESK

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happy New Year to all our readers and subscribers! Throughout 2011 we will endeavour to bring you all the latest news and reports as usual concerning the aquafeed industry within the expanding aquaculture sector.

We begin by introducing some of our new editorial board members who are experts in key areas.

The aqua news section gives you a review on the current developments, appointments and changes in the commercial and industrial scene.

Our first major feature is by Pedro Encarnacao of Bionin, Singapore who updates us with a comprehensive assessment of the effects of mycotoxins in aquafeeds.

Editor Professor Simon Davies Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk

Associate Editor Professor Krishen Rana Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk

Editorial Advisory Panel: • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)

Peter De letter, consultant for BestMix outlines the principles and scope of using Least Cost Formulation (LCF) software in optimizing feed formulations and as very useful management tool in the feed plant. This approach is going to be increasingly important where we need to examine more flexible formulations based on multi-ingredient formulas using novel protein concentrates, energy rich cereals, oils and fats for fish and shrimp with capacity for a wide acceptance of materials.

It is also a vital part of the arsenal of techniques for research nutritionists requiring preliminary assessment of nutrient profiles of ingredients and their potential in meeting dietary nutrient requirements for fish. In Plymouth, I use similar LCF software for the formulation of experimental diets allowing the controlled inclusion of novel ingredients within dietary constraints and targeting specific nutrient levels. IT has certainly revolutionized this area from the time of the classical Pearson Square formula and simultaneous equation approach of the 1970’s in practical animal feed formulation calculations.

We report from Bangladesh on the status of this countries role as an aquaculture producer and its dependent aquafeed status. This is in the context of resource management, efficiency of various systems and applications to a wide variety of species. The specific case study relating to this part of Asia offers an insight to the difficulties and challenges posed and the ability to manage a diverse and extensive aquaculture infrastructure.

My colleague, Kristen Rana and co-authors appraise the economics associated with escalating feed ingredient prices and their impact under our feed management section.

On the technical front we report on new high-intensity rearing methods for the channel catfish within the southern USA by YSI on feasibility trials conducted at Auburn University in Alabama with promising outcomes.

• Eric De Muylder (Belgium)

In this edition we introduce a new member of our team in Cheltenham, Martin Little who will provide a blog informing us of contemporary issues and news items and links to the fisheries aquaculture industry which will add much to our portfolio.

International Marketing Manager

Finally our photo shoot goes to sea with a reminder of the dependence on our fisheries resources for capture fisheries and by products such as fish meals that require the effort of our global fisheries operations. Although in decline, it remains a vital industry that must be protected and balanced with a sustainable aquaculture industry capable of efficiently utilising dwindling marine resources whilst offering new avenues for healthy sea food production.

Caroline Wearn Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk Subscription & Circulation Manager Tuti Tan Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk Production Manager Nicky Barnes Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: nickyb@aquafeed.co.uk Design & Page Layout James Taylor Tel: +44 1242 267706 Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk More information: Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

January-February 2011 2 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

WELCOME TO INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED MAGAZINE

Croeso (welcome)

Amino Acids

Choosing the right nutrients for your Aquafeed Headquarters Evonik Degussa GmbH Health & Nutrition feed additives Rodenbacher Chaussee 4 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany phone +49 6181 59-2256 fax +49 6181 59-6734 Europe & Middle East Africa +49 6181 59-6766 Latin America +49 6181 59-6761 North America +1 678 797-4300 Asia North +86 10 85 27-6400 Asia South +65 6890-6861

Our amino acids help to • replace costly and scarce raw materials • improve protein balance and production efficiency • reduce environmental pollution feed-additives@evonik.com | www.aminoacidsandmore.com

The 2011 Editorial Panel - part 1 See our next issue for information about the rest of the Editorial Panel.

You can see the full list of panel members on the Editors page.

Dominique P Bureau Dominique P Bureau obtained a Bachelor's degree in Bio-Agronomy in 1991 and a Master's degree in Animal Science in 1992 from Laval University (Quebec City, Quebec, Canada). He obtained a PhD in Nutritional Sciences from the University of Guelph (Guelph, Ontario) in 1997. He worked as a research associate at the University of Guelph for several years under the mentorship of Dr Young Cho. He joined the faculty of the Dept of Animal and Poultry Science in 2001 and took over the supervision of the UofG/OMNR Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory.

The UofG/OMNR Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory is a joint venture between the University of Guelph and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources established in 1969. It has very good research facilities and a dynamic research team composed of about 15 graduate students, post-docs, visiting scientists, and research assistants. It collaborates with researchers, feed manufacturers, feed ingredient suppliers, aquaculture producers, and governmental agencies in more than 10 countries on five continents. The research program of the UG/OMNR Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory focuses on nutrients (essential amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, phosphorus) utilization by different fish species, cost-effective feed formulation, feedstuff evaluation, management of environmental impacts of fish culture operations, and development of mathematical models of growth and nutrient utilization for fish and shrimp.

Dr Bureau teaches various undergraduate and graduate courses on animal nutrition and agriculture at the University of Guelph. Between 2007 and 2009, he coordinated the “Paris Semester”, a study abroad program for undergraduate students at the University of Guelph.

He serves on a number of international committees, including the US National Research Council Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp which will publish its findings in 2011.

Daniel Merrifield Ensuring food security is vital to keep up with our ever increasing need for quality protein sources; in doing this we must not compromise ethical issues pertaining to welfare, transparency and a “farm to fork” approach which is paramount as consumers become more knowledgeable and the demand for sustainable, welfare conscious and organic farming practices continues. My research program is based around the optimisation of animal health and production focused primarily, but not exclusively, on fish. In order to achieve this I work with economically important farmed species and zebrafish, which has become an integral species in expanding our knowledge of the genetics underpinning animal nutrition, health, host-microbe interactions and welfare. In this regards, my research encompasses aspects of nutrition, microbiology, physiology, development, welfare and disease resistance of both farmed and companion fish species.

My key interests lie with microbial methods for optimising fish health and production. Typically this includes characterising the endogenous gastric microbial populations of fish and utilising microbial dietary supplements (e.g. probiotics and prebiotics) to modulate and fortify these microbial populations to improve gut health, gut function, elevate host immune responses and increase growth performance.

Such factors are of key importance when assessing alternative dietary ingredients to replace fish meal and fish oil. Validation that plant and animal by-product protein sources can replace fishmeal without detrimental effects to microbial balance, as well as growth and production, is a topic of high priority in order to drive sustainability. Indeed, functional feed additives are receiving much attention globally as we strive for eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics, in order to control infectious diseases. This topic forms my core interest, and those of my students within the Nutrition and Health Research Group, at the University of Plymouth.

Eric De Muylder Eric De Muylder has more than 20 years experience in aquafeed production and formulation. He has owned his own company CreveTec for the five years. Eric is involved in further research for optimalisation of shrimp feed formulation.

He is and has been consultant for a number of feed companies all over the world and also offers shrimp farms with biofloc technology on a turnkey basis, in which nutrition plays a valuable role in the results.

His ambition is to improve growth results of shrimp by optimising the production system and nutrition."

Elizabeth Sweetman Elizabeth Sweetman obtained her Ph.D in oceanographic chemistry from the University of Southampton, UK. She has 30 years of experience in aquaculture production and research and development.

She has been responsible for the establishment of numerous commercial microalgae, live feed and larval rearing production units for a variety of warm and cold water finfish species. She is engaged in a number of activities including the development of cost efficient production and hygiene strategies, technical auditing and troubleshooting, staff training and management structuring. Her consultancy company Ecomarine Ltd can be contacted at ecomarin@hol.gr or +30 6944554498.

4 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

Aqua News Fourth International Feed Regulators Meeting

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he International Feed Industr y Federation (IFIF) in cooper ation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) will host the four t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l F e e d Regulator s Meeting (IFRM) January 24-25, 2011 in Atlanta, USA. The Amer ican Feed Industr y Association (AFIA) is assisting with the organization of the event.

Delegates from over 20 countries are expected to attend the two-day event, held in the Georgia World Congress Center, to discuss topics relevant to the feed and pet food industry.

IFRM offers a chance for international regulators to come together and gain greater understanding of the global issues affecting the feed industr y around the world. The meeting

will offer a wide variety of topics, including: A presentation on regulator y developments of feed labeling; The newly reestablished Codex Feed Task Force, hosted by Swiss authorities, - an outlook on the Task Force plans and a discussion of risk assessment methods and management tools; The IFIF Feed Regulator y Comparison Repor t for Feed Additives will compare and contrast the approval processes in Canada, the USA and the EU; FAO/WHO will provide an outlook on the possible emergency notification mechanisms; A report on of the Safe Supply of Affordable Food Everywhere project.

IFIF chairman of the board, Dave Cieslak, Cargill, said of the

event, “It is a unique event for industry and global feed regulators to come together to discuss issues of mutual interest.”

Government feed regulators may attend this event at no fee. For industry and trade association representatives, the cost is $275 USD. The IFRM is being held prior to the International Feed Expo/I nternational Poultry Expo which is on January 26-28, 2011. For more details on the largest annual feed industry tradeshow, visit www. ife11.org or www.ipe11.org.

More

information:

AFIA 2101 Wilson Boulevard Suite 916 Arlington VA 22201 USA Tel: +1 703 5241921 Fax: +1 703 5241921 Email: afia@afia.org Website: www.afia.org

20" x 10" CC-XD

elevator bucket

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apco has i n t r o duced a 20" x 10" Xtreme Duty (CC-XD) elevator bucket to accompany its existing 7" and 8" projection sizes.

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Active ingredients for healthy animals

Producers of petfood, agri- and aquafeed now can benefit from BENEO‘s unique expertise in the food world. BENEO-Animal Nutrition offers a broad range of nature based ingredients that improve nutritional value. It covers speciality ingredients such as vegetable proteins, functional fibres & carbohydrates and prebiotics from chicory. www.beneo-an.com Connecting nutrition and health

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08/06/2010 11:21

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KAHL Extruder OEE for Fish Feed Flexible Flexible production production Hydraulically Hydraulically adjustable adjustable die die Production Production of of floating, floating, slowly slowly sinking, sinking, and and water water stable stable pellets pellets ● ● Fat Fat content content up up to to 30 30 % % ● ● Pellet Pellet diameter diameter 2 2 -- 12 12 mm mm ● ● ● ● ● ●

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg, Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100 info@amandus-kahl-group.de, www.akahl.de MIXING

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January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 5

COOLING

Aqua News A new report by the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans

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new report by the Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans offers good information in the ongoing assessment of closed containment technologies for salmon aquaculture while also noting the amount of analysis still needed when considering new technologies for growing salmon on land.

The Feasibility Study of ClosedContainment Options for the British Columbia Aquaculture Industry, is one of the follow-up steps to a 2008 report titled Potential Technologies for Closed-Containment Saltwater Salmon Aquaculture by the Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat. As part of the CSAS's recommended investigation into closed containment, this latest report assess the economics of these different technologies.

Of nine technologies, the report quickly identifies the current standard of net pen ocean systems and recirculating on land aquaculture systems

as the only two technologies likely to show positive returns.

Capital expenses however, between the two are significantly different - as is the potential stability of the business once constructed.

According to DFO's assessment, the capital costs for net pen operations would sit around $2,000 per tonne of product, while land-based closed containment systems would raise that price to over $9,000/t, with no increase in return.

The analysis shows that any revenues from closed-containment facilities would be much more susceptible to exchange rates, for example, with change significantly impacting income. The systems, once employed, would also have little flexibility to natural fluctuations in the price of salmon - with small variations putting businesses in the red.

This is a concern for the businesses, and for the communities that

have come to count on the 6,000 jobs generated by the BC Salmon Farming industry. Not being able to provide stability would threaten the future of those jobs.

Even if the economics balanced though, there are other keys to sustainability that need to be addressed.

Some of those are noted as part of this analysis, though not in detail.The first is the reminder that there has been no successful project at a commercial scale of recirculating closed containment project Another is the large footprint that would be required if it were to be considered. The 2,500 tonne farm used as a sample in this study would require an 8.09 hectare land base. That would have to be multiplied by 40 to reach the production levels achieved now in farms that currently fit within Stanley Park's boundaries.

The final point is fish health. While farms in the ocean operate at rel-

atively low fish densities of 15kg/ m3, to make the closed containment project profitable at all would require densities up around 50 kg/ m3. This will be challenging for our salmon health and welfare.

The authors of this repor t conclude that, with the financial challenges now laid out, the next logical steps would include a pilot project at commercial scale with a full life-cycle analysis done at that facility.

The suggestion of full life-cycle closed-containment warrants fur ther investigation, but there is a lot more information that's needed before it can be considered a viable alternative. In the meantime, its risks need to be considered as we discuss the future of our business.

To read the full DFO report, http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/lib-bib/nasapi-inpasa/ BC-aquaculture-CB-eng.htm.

Wenger’s Brian Plattner appointed to KSU adjunct faculty

D

escribed as “an invaluable resource for research and industrial client activities of the university’s extrusion lab,” Brian Plattner, process engineering manager at Wenger Manufacturing, Inc, was recently appointed as an adjunct instructor in the Department of Grain Science and Industry at Kansas State University.

As a member of the adjunct faculty, Plattner will assist with teaching at K-State, as well as par ticipate in department research and support.

“Brian has already become a regular guest lecturer for the extrusion class, which I’ve been teaching as part of the curriculum since 2002,” says Dr Sajid Alavi, associate professor in the Kansas State University Department of Grain Science and Industry. “Plus, he has been an instructor in the Extrusion Processing: Technology and Commercialization short courses held here in Manhattan and in India since 2005.”

The latter, Dr Alavi explains, are one-week courses designed for food processors, entrepreneurs, researchers and students who want training in the fundamentals and operation of extruders or who desire to learn the latest trends in extrusion processing. While the course in India is designed for Indian professionals and companies, the course held on the KSU campus is open to professionals in the food and feed industries from around the world.”

According to Alavi, Plattner has also worked on several research and client ser vice projects at K-State that have benefited both the university and the industry as a whole. Speaking in reference to the formal appointment, Alavi adds, “I think this is an excellent opportunity to formalize the great relationship we have established over the past several years with Brian and with Wenger as a major stakeholder and supporter.”

A 1997 graduate of Kansas State

University with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Plattner went on to earn his Professional Engineering License in 2003. In his current position at Wenger Manufacturing, he is responsible for process specification, which calls for helping customers specify new lines and/or improving existing ones. He is also involved in researching new innovations for Wenger’s line of extrusion and drying equipment and he has authored an extensive list of publications, book chapters and patents that highlight his extensive technical background.

“It’s an honor to be named to the adjunct instructor position,” Plattner humbly admits. “I believe it is something that will benefit all of us, especially on the research side. K-State historically looks at emerging technologies that can be several years from realization. Wenger, who is market-driven, focuses on the short-term needs of the food and feed industry. This partnership will

6 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

allow us to combine our efforts to develop and identify the technologies that will be required for the future. I believe it will also give us more exposure on campus and allow us to offer continuing education benefits and a wider range of training options for our clients. So I look at this as a win-win situation and a way to build an even more solid relationship.”

Wenger Manufacturing, Inc, headquartered in Sabetha, Kansas, USA, is a global designer, manufacturer and distributor of extrusion processing equipment and related replacement parts.Wenger systems are distributed in over 90 countries, through international sales offices in the US, Europe and Asia. Wenger offers a full product line including single and twin screw extruders, snack extruders, forming extruders, conical co-rotating twin screw extruders, universal pellet/cookers, dryers and flavor coating and enrobing systems for animal feeds, snack foods and cereal foods.

Aqua News Dominican Republic launches Orego-Stim ®

O

rego-Stim® was recently launched in the Dominican Republic. Around 100 people from the agribusiness sector attended a seminar at which the main speaker on OregoStim was Dr Alfonso Diaz from Colombia.

The seminar was organised by the Meriden Animal Health Ltd distributor Simtec SA and Javier Sicard, CEO, commented: ‘The seminar has been a huge success and we look forward to working

with Meriden Animal Health Limited in developing this exciting market’.

Orego-Stim® is the 100 percent natural feed additive/ flavour used globally in the diets of a var iety of commercial livestock species to enhance and maximise overall performance , increasing fi n a n c i a l r e t u r n s . O r e g o Stim® not only improves the functioning of the gut, but is renowned for other interesting proper ties.

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Delivering Buckets full of experience The world’s largest range of elevator buckets

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January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 7 Revised Buckets C2 half page 2.indd 1

21/09/2010 11:37:09

Aqua News Lallemand and Jebsen & Jessen enter strategic alliance in South East Asia

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ebsen & Jessen Chemicals/ NutriLife SEA will distribute Lallemand Animal Nutrition probiotics and yeast derivatives for the poultry, swine and aquaculture industries in South East Asia Leading probiotic and yeast derivatives producer Lallemand and Jebsen & Jessen Chemicals/NutriLife SEA have entered a strategic alliance for the exclusive distribution of Lallemand Animal Nutrition solutions for poultry, swine and aqua feed in South East Asia, including Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar.

The collaboration took off this November in Bangkok when the two partners got together for a technical and marketing training session, before organizing a seminar with their local clients. Twenty-two sales managers from South East Asia gathered in Bangkok to be put up to speed with the technical aspects, latest research, trials data and applications of Lallemand ‘field led, science supported’ probiotic and yeast-based solutions for profitable and sustainable animal production. In addition, they received marketing and communication information and tools to help the promo-

tion of these products on the Asian market.

Olivier Clech, vice president of Human Health and Animal Nutrition at Lallemand commented about the alliance:“Our two companies actually started to collaborate quite a few years back, in different ingredients markets, and have built mutual trust step by step.The extension of our collaboration to animal nutrition is a natural way forward, as we believe Jebsen & Jessen can be very efficient in bringing our solutions on a market where they have established a credible position of reliable supplier”.

Dr Pradip Linge, area manager Lallemand Animal Nutrition Asia added, “Lallemand Animal Nutrition, with its dedicated and scientific approach has earned a name of repute in Animal Nutrition segment in Europe, North and Latin America. With the collaboration with Jebsen and Jessen Lallemand is looking forward to provide safe and cost effective solutions to for livestock production to the end users in Asia. In days to come, Lallemand will make available all its technical expertise to the customers

in South East Asia by way of farm visits, technical and laborator y support and lecture tours “.

Volker Schmidt, regional managing director of Jebsen & Jessen Chemicals/ NutriLife SEA commented: “Built on an established distribution business Jebsen & Jessen Chemicals/NutriLife creates solutions for its customers in South East Asia. Partnering with a formidable company such as Lallemand Animal Nutrition allows us to further develop a sustainable business in safe solutions for the feed industry in the region.”

In recent years, the animal production market globalization, coupled with the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters in certain countries and food and feed safety concerns, has driven the market of probiotics and yeast cell walls products to enhance livestock performance, health and hygiene in a natural way.

Jebsen & Jessen Chemicals/ NutriLife SEA will distribute Lallemand’s range of feed additives developed for poultry, swine and aqua feed, including: • Levucell® SB (S. cerevisiae boulardii I-1079), the most documented probiotic yeast used in sows and piglets

Kochi conference on track for breakthroughs

F

ollowing the latest review of the Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2011 Conference and Exposition by the Steering Committee at meetings in Kochi from 10-12 September coChairmen Dr C Mohanakumaran and Mr Roy Palmer were happy with the progress and predicted an exciting event for the first international aquaculture conference held in India, the world’s second largest seafood producer.

Dr Mohanakumaran said “We are pleased the way that the Indian governments, industry and academia are embracing the event and with their support and the excellent facilities at Le Meridian Convention complex we are confident that this will be an exciting event. With NRDB collaboration we will be having approximately 500 farmers visiting the event for one day when they will be

treated to hearing some overseas specialists talking about issues which will be focused on their development. This typifies the opportunities that the Conference and Trade Show will be bringing to India.”

The Expo has already been in demand and is now one third sold but with a limit on the number of booths available it is important for potential Expo clients to get in quickly. Roy Palmer said “The Indian seafood export industry is poised to achieve five billion US$ level by 2012 with 75 percent contribution from value-added products so processing and packing technology is widely sought by the Indian processors.Whilst several major feed plants have been established recently with overseas assistance the demand for feed, particularly the extruded feed is on the rise. Additionally there also

a huge potential market for aquaculture medicine, husbandry and hatchery technical knowledge.”

It is no wonder that Conference is attracting much attention as it will run parallel with the Giant Prawn’11 meeting which is being run for the first time since its original event 30 years ago. Plenary speakers will include Dr Jia Jiansan, Head of Aquaculture, FAO; Dr Krishnaiah, Chief Executive NFDB; Ms Leena Nair, Chairman MPEDA, Dr S Ayyappan, Secretary DARE & Director General ICAR, Govt. of India and, still to be confirmed, but likely, Dr Muhammad Yunus. These speakers will inspire everyone in aquaculture and will set the Conference off to a great start.

International Program Chairman, Professor Jose Fernandes-Polanco, said “We have extended the abstract deadline until 30 September and the

8 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

to enhance the whole farrowing process, resulting in improved animal performance, welfare and health.

• Bactocell® (Pediococcus acidilactici 18/5M), a specific lactic acid producing bacteria developed for monogastrics. Bactocell improves broilers and layers zootechnical performance as well as eggs quality. Bactocell is also applied in fish and shrimp production, to enhance performance and pathogens control. To date, Bactocell is the only probiotic bacteria that has been authorized for use in aquaculture by the European authorities.

• Selenium-enriched yeast Alkosel®, a source of highly bioavailable selenium that contributes to maintain immune and reproductive functions.

• Agr imos®, a premium quality yeast cell wall product with consistent, high Mannan Oligosaccharides content.

More

information:

Email: plinge@lallemand.com

recent influx of receipts will ensure that we have a full program. We have Indian and international coChairs for each session which will help us ensure good networking and excellent opportunities for extension.

Besides the Welcome Ceremony, where the Indian Prime Minister has been invited to do the honours, the other main entertainment is the Presidents’ Reception and that will feature a fish barbecue and Bollywood style entertainment at the Fisheries College KAU. Extra effort is being made with all catering in informing the delegates about all aspects of the succulent seafood that will be on offer. All details regarding the event can be seen at www.was.org and www.apa2011. org including all details of the Farm Tours and Sightseeing Tours.

More

information:

Website: www.was.org

Aqua News

Atlas AM Elevator Bucket

4

B are pleased to announce the introduction of the new heavy duty Atlas AM Nyrim elevator bucket. Thanks to its antistatic material, the Atlas AM bucket has excellent surface resis-

the Atlas AM is suitable for heavy industrial applications as well as grain and sticky materials.

4B offers the world’s largest range of elevator buckets, bolts and belts and looks back on more than 120 years of supplying the industry with material handling components.

The company offers a free engineering ser vice as well, helping customers with the design of their new bucket elevators or the upgrade of their existing machines.

tivity dissipating properties, making it ideal for ATEX applications. The bucket’s non-stick properties are enhanced by its smooth surface finish and open design.

The Atlas AM is a very tough, long life elevator bucket with ultra heavy duty design and construction; the material makes this bucket up to six times stronger than other industrial elevator buckets.

A very versatile elevator bucket,

For a catalogue or more in-depth information, please visit 4B’s website at www.go4b.com or send an email to 4b-uk@go4b.com.

More

information:

Simone Biock Marketing Manager 4B Braime Elevator Components Hunslet Road Leeds LS10 1JZ United Kingdom Tel: +44 113 2461800 Fax: +44 113 2435021 Email: 4b-uk@go4b.com Website: www.go4b.com

Trond Williksen appointed new CEO in AKVA group ASA

T

he Board of Directors of AKVA group ASA has appointed Trond Williksen (Born 1963) as CEO of AKVA group ASA. Trond Williksen has broad experience from fishery and fish farming business and is currently Executive Vice President responsible for the fishing vessels in Aker Seafoods. Trond Williksen holds an MBA in strategy, finance and operational management from the University of Washington, USA. As par t of the conditions Trond Williksen has been granted 120.000 share options at a strike price of NOK 17, this within the existing share option program.

"The Board of Director s is ver y pleased to welcome Trond Williksen as the new

CEO of AKVA group ASA. He has good management experience and strong track record from his previous positions for ming the basis for managing AKVA group in the future", says Chairman Amund S k a r h o l t i n A K VA g r o u p ASA. Trond Williksen will take up his position no later than June 1, 2011.

More information: Amund Skarholt Chairman AKVA group ASA Nordlysveien 4 PO Box 271 N-4349 Bryne Norway Tel: +47 51 778500 Fax: +47 51 778501 Mobile: +47 97 559425 Email: info@akvagroup.com Web: www.akvagroup.com January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 9

F: Mycotoxins f

o s t c e f f the e

n i s n i x o t o Myc afeeds aqu n

o s e t a d t up

Recen

by Pedro Encarnação, Biomin, Singapore

I

n recent years, the awareness of mycotoxin-related issues within the aqua industry has grown supported by increasing scientific evidence of the negative impact of mycotoxins in aquatic species and by frequent reports on the prevalence of mycotoxins in many raw materials.

For the most part, mycotoxin contamination of aquafeeds is greatly widespread, especially in countries with humid tropical climates owing to many factors, among which are permissive climatic conditions to mold growth and inappropriate methods of feed processing and storage.

However, the increasing globalization of trade and incorporation of imported raw materials in aquafeeds exposes feed manufacturers and their clients to the risk of combinations of mycotoxins either from multiple mycotoxins in the same raw material or from different mycotoxins in different ingredients in the same formulation (Fegan & Spring, 2008).

Furthermore, due to the rising prices of feedstuffs feed manufacturers are looking for more economical raw materials to avoid increasing feed prices.

However, the use of more affordable raw materials of lower quality might increase the risk of mycotoxin contamination in the feeds.

For example, DDGS is an economical source of energy and protein that can be used in animal feeds, but normally reports show that is contaminated with multiple mycotoxins (Rodrigues, 2008).

Diverse Mycotoxins are structurally very diverse, a characteristic that leads to a wide range of symptoms in mycotoxin affected animals going from decreased production efficiency to mortality.

General, unspecific symptoms associated with mycotoxin exposure make diagnosis difficult.

Further complications in the diagnosis of mycotoxicoses in farm animals can be caused by synergistic effects resulting from the presence Figure 1: Accumulation of lipid in liver of multiple mycotoxins in feeds and cells (a) affected by AFB1 at 100 ppb for 12 weeks (H&E x 400), source (Tu, 2010). by secondary symptoms resulting from opportunistic disease related to the suppression of the immune The toxicity of AFB1 was recently system. studied for the Mediterranean cultured Additionally, sensitivity to mycotoxins species sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and varies greatly between species and is Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). dependent on several factors which can modify the expression of toxicity including age, gender, nutritional and health status Highly responsive sea bass prior to exposure and environmental conFor sea bass, El Sayed & Khalil (2009) ditions (Whitlow and Hagler, 2002). assessed the susceptibility and toxicity of Among all known mycotoxins, aflatoxAFB1 to European sea bass by behavioral and ins are the best characterized and most biochemical evaluations. investigated due to their acute and chronic The results verified that the marine watertoxicity on aquatic species. Despite being reared sea bass was a highly responsive the most studied mycotoxin, new informaspecies to acute AFB1 toxicosis with oral 96 tion is now available regarding the effects h LC50 of 0.18mg/kg bwt when compared to of Aflatoxins in aquatic species not studied the acute LD50 values that ranged from 0.3 before. to 9.0 mg/kg bwt in all species including fish.

Furthermore, there are new insights on In addition there were behavioral changes the importance caused by the consumpand clinical signs in sea bass consistent with tion of aflatoxin contaminated fish through similar studies in other fish species, which the trophic chain in particular for human included skin lesions, yellowing of the body consumption. surface, abnormal swimming, hemorrhages in

10 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

F: Mycotoxins

Recent studies in Vietnam In a recent study in Vietnam, Tu (2010) conducted a comprehensive study on the sensitivity of Tra catfish (Pangasionadon hypophthalmus) to AFB1, analyzing the impacts of feeding AFB1 contaminated diets on growth performance, physiological response, histological changes and disease resistance of Tra catfish.

the negative effects of AFB1, and reported that After eight weeks feeding reduction in application of 1.5kg Mycofix®Secure was effective weight gain (P<0.05) was observed for fish in reducing the negatives effects of AFB1 in diets fed diets contaminated with 50µg AFB1/kg containing 500 µg AFB1/kg. and was reduced further with increasing In tilapia, the mechalevels of AFB1 in the diets. Fish fed diets nism of contaminated with 500 and 1000µg AFB1/kg r or the toxic showed increased (P>0.05) hepatosomatic umbe n g in effects of index (HIS), while an increase in adipose creas g "An in portin AFB1 is still somatic index (ASI) was already observed s is re t n e poorly underin fish fed 50 µg AFB1/kg and above when xic experim are to oxins stood, and compared to the control (Tu, 2010). After 12 t o c y that m some contraweeks, blood serum analysis revealed higher main d the n a h dictory results alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate for fis , e liver exist in different aminotransferase (AST) levels in fish fed the ans ar g r o t studies. El-Banna 50, 100 and 250µg AFB1/kg suggesting occurtarge ne immu e h t d et al. (1992) rence of liver damage, in particular for those an kidney revealed that a fish fed the 250 µg AFB1/kg. (Tu, 2010). n" diet contaminated Disease resistance of fish exposed to functio with 100μg AFB1/kg Edwardsiela ictaluri was also compromised of feed significantly by the presence of AFB1 in the feed and was reduced the growth of directly related to the contamination level.

Nile tilapia for 10 weeks, and a 200μg/kg dose Seven days after exposure, survival rates were led to 16.7%mortality. Cagauan et al. (2004) 50, 41.7, 31.7 and 8.3 % for fish fed control, 50, showed in a 90-day trial that the survival 100 and 250 µg AFB1/kg, respectively. rate of tilapia exposed to 5–38.62 μg AFB1/ This trial shows that, AFB1 contamination kg feed was 67% less than that of the control in tra catfish diets at a level of 50µg AFB1/kg group, and yellowing of the tilapia surface was and above can affect fish performance and disease resistance which confirms previous obserAre you sure vation by (Phuoc I‘m not missing et al., 2004) who a key essential reported that diet containing nutrient?

60 – 300 ppb AFB1 can significantly reduced performance of tra catfish 16.59 ± 0.2 g after 10 or 22 weeks of feeding.

These findings ® seem to suggest that Pangasius catfish is more naturally supports… sensitive to … Per formance AFB1 than other … Health catfish species … Stress management such as channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The study also evaluated the application of an We have your per for mance in mind Aflatoxin binder (Mycofix®Secure) Chemoforma Ltd. CH-4302 Augst Switzerland to counteract Tel +41 61 811 33 55 Fax +41 61 811 28 03

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the head and eye cataracts, as well as damage or gradual deterioration of the liver. In addition, the prolonged oral administration of 0.018mg/kg bwt AFB1 to sea bass for 42 successive days induced a significant increase in serum transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities, and significant decrease in plasma proteins (El Sayed & Khalil 2009).

For gilthead seabream, Centoducati et al.

(2009) conducted an in vitro evaluation on the cytotoxic potential of AFB1 on hepatocytes in order to grade the range of AFB1 toxicity, and the boundary between acute and long-term toxicity, using a wide range of concentrations from 5×103 ng/ml to 2×10-5 ng/ ml of AFB1 and different period of exposure (24, 48, 72 hours).

After each exposure, hepatocytes were examined for morphologic alterations and apoptosis induction. The study demonstrated that seabream hepatocytes are highly sensitive to AFB1 exposure, resulting in a significant reduction of cell viability in a dose- and timedependent manner. Dose-response curves obtained after 24, 48 and 72 hours revealed that prolonged exposure times lead to a significant increase of the toxic potency of AFB1 (Centoducati et al., 2009).

The hapatoxicity of AFB1 was also confirmed by Spahdari et al. (2010) in a study looking at the impacts of AFB1 on Beluga (Huso huso) at levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100ppb AFB1/kg of diet during a threemonths period.

In this case, results showed that the various levels of AFB1 did not significantly affect the specific growth ratio (SGR) (P<0.05) of fish in different treatments.

However, weight gain and food conversion ratio (FCR) varied significantly (P<0.05) between control and treatments with diets contaminated with 75 and 100ppb AFB1/kg after 90 days.

Histopathological studies showed that different level of AFB1 can cause broad range of change in liver tissue, including progressive fat deposition, hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, particularly at concentration of 75 and 100ppb AFB1/kg of diets after 60 days (Spahdari et al., 2010).

January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 11

F: Mycotoxins Performance and health status

Figure 2. Final body weight (g/fish) of rainbow trout fed experimental diets containing low levels of DON from naturally contaminated corn (Hoof, 2010).

observed in the groups given more than 29μg AFB1/kg feed.

However, Tuan et al. (2002) demonstrated that there was no adverse effect when tilapia was fed a diet containing 250μg AFB1/kg.They also considered that only a high dose as 2.5mg AFB1/kg feed would affect the hematocrit and growth performance of tilapia.

The latest study on the effects of AFB1 in tilapia, Deng et al. (2010), focused on the toxic effects of AFB1 during long-term dietary exposure and came to the conclusion that under good culture conditions, tilapia is a rather tolerant species for dietary AFB1. No toxic effects of AFB1 were found during the first 10 weeks, but after 20 weeks, the diet with 245μg AFB1/kg or higher doses reduced the growth and induced hepatic disorder, resulting in decreased lipid content, hepatosomatic index, cytochrome P450 A1 activity, elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and abnormal hepatic morphology, but such dietary AFB1 doses did not affect the survival rate of experimental fish.

Figure 3 - Liver of a rainbow trout fed diet contaminated with 2.6 ppm DON showing multifocal areas of fatty infiltration (arrows) (H&E stain; bar = 50.71 μm), (Hooft, 2010).

In addition to the negative effects of AFB1 in fish performance and health status, recent studies have also reported the presence of AFB1 residues in the muscle of fish fed diets contaminated with low levels of AFB1.

The European Union established 2µg/ kg as the maximum allowable concentration of AFB1 in human food (FAO, 2004).

Han et al. (2009) reported levels of ≈ 3µg/ kg in Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) muscle when fed diets containing 10 µg/kg.

Residual levels of ≈ 5µg/kg were detected in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets contaminated with 18µg/ kg bwt (El Sayed & Khalil, 2009).

This contrast with the findings of Deng et al. (2010) and Udomkusonsri et al., 2008 which found only traces of AFB1 residues in flesh of tilapia and walking catfish, respectively.

This disagreement may be due to the different pathways of metabolism of AFB1 between these species as previously mentioned by Ngethe et al., (1993) who concluded that there are species differences in the metabolism of AFB1 in the liver and affinity of AFB1-derived metabolites to hepatic macromolecules.

Nevertheless, it raises the concern that for some species, AFB1 not only can impair fish performance, but consumption of fish exposed to AFB1 contaminated feeds can have a negative impact on human health.

Although AFB1 is the mycotoxin which receives most attention due to its high toxicity, other studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of other mycotoxins in fish species.

Hooft (2010), studied the effect of DON contamination in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feeds and reported that low, graded levels of DON ranging from 0.3 to 2.6ppm from naturally contaminated corn resulted in highly significant decreases in growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, protein and energy utilization of rainbow trout. Furthermore, significant differences in growth, feed efficiency and in protein and energy utilization between fish receiving a diet containing 2.6 ppm and fish pair-fed the control diet indicated that decreases in the performance of rainbow trout associated with the consumption of DON-contaminated feed is related to direct or indirect deleterious effects on the nutrient metabolism of fish and not strictly the result of reductions in feed intake (Hooft, 2010).

This finding was further supported by evidence of histopathological changes, particularly in the liver, of some fish fed diets

12 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

containing 1.4 and 2.6 ppm DON (Hooft, 2010). Together, these results suggest that rainbow trout are extremely sensitive to low levels of DON from naturally contaminated plant ingredients.

For Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of DON, ZON and Ochratoxin (OTA) (Doll et al., 2010). Results from the study showed that the presence of 3700µg/kg DON in the feed caused a 31% decrease in specific growth rate and 18% increase in FCR (Doll et all., 2010). In addition, DON-dose dependent alteration of plasma enzymes suggested adverse effects in the liver, which need further confirmation by histological evaluation (Doll et al., 2010).

Recommendations for DON It was concluded by the author’s that the present EU recommendations for DON levels in feed (5000µg/kg) do not prevent adverse effects on performance and health of Atlantic salmon. Conversely, concentration of ZON (60 – 770µg/kg) and OTA (90 – 330µg/kg) in the feed did not affect feed intake, growth or health parameters (Doll et all., 2010). Another study on the effects of OTA was conducted in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).

In this study it was concluded that this species was highly sensitive to OTA with a 96 h LC50 of 9.23 mg/kg-1 diet (El Sayed et al., 2009).

In conclusion, an increasing number or experiments is reporting that mycotoxins are toxic for fish and the main target organs are liver, kidney and the immune function.

Although mycotoxin contamination of feed and feed ingredients represents an increase threat to aquaculture operations there are a number of options available to feed manufacturers and farmers to prevent or reduce the risk of mycotoxicosis associated with mycotoxin contamination.

These range from careful selection of raw materials, maintaining good storage conditions for feeds and raw materials, and using a good mycotoxin deactivator to combat the widest possible range of different mycotoxins that may be present.

The Mycofix® Product Line is the result of years of research and its efficacy was proven in scientific and field trials. It guarantees a protection against a wide range of adsorbable and non-adsorbable mycotoxins by combining three strategies – Adsorption, Biotransformation and Bioprotection.

References: Cagauan, A.G., Tayaban, R.H., Somga, J.R., Bartolome, R.M., 2004. Effect of aflatoxin contaminated feeds in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). In: Remedios,

F: Mycotoxins R.B., Mair, G.C., Fitzsimmons, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, pp. 172–178.

Centoducati, G., Santacroce, M.P., Lestingi, A., Casalino, E., Crescenzo, G., 2009. Characterization of the cellular damage induced by Aflatoxin B1 in sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) hepatocytes.

Ital.J.Anim.Sci. vol. 8 (Suppl. 2), 848-850.

Deng S.H, Tian, L.X., Liu, F.G., Jin, S.G., Liang, G.Y.,Yang, H.G., Du, Z.Y., Liu, Y., 2010. Toxic effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus×O. aureus) during long-term dietary exposure.

Aquaculture 307: 233–240.

Doll, S., Baardsen, G., Muller, P., Koppe, W., Stubhaug, I., Danicke, S., 2010. Effects of increasing concentration of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone or ochratoxin A in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) on growth performance and health. Abstract, 14th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding. May 31-June 4, Qingdao, China. p. 120.

El-Banna, R., Teleb, H.M., Hadi, M.M., Fakhry, F.M., 1992.

Performance and tissue residue of tilapia fed dietary aflatoxin. Vet. Med. J. Giza 40, 17–23.

El-Sayed Y. S., Khalil, R.H., 2009. Toxicity, biochemical effects and residue of aflatoxin B1 in marine water-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Food and Chemical Toxicology.

47:1606–1609.

El-Sayed, Y.S., Khalil, R.H., Saad T.T., 2009. Acute toxicity of ochratoxin-A in marine water-reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) Chemosphere.

75:878–882.

Fegan, D., Spring, P., 2008. Recognizing the reality of the aquaculture mycotoxin problem: searching for a common and effective solution. Proceedings of Alltech’s 23st Annual Symposium, Lexington, Kentucky,USA. 343-354 pp.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2004) Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. Food and Nutrition Paper No. 81.

FAO, Rome, Italy.

Han, D., Xie, S., Zhu, X., Yang, Y., Guo, Z., 2009.

Growth and hepatopancreas performances of gibel carp fed diets containing low levels of aflatoxin B1.

Aquaculture Nutrition.

Hooft, J., 2010. The effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on the performance and health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In submition of MSc Thesis. University of Guelph. Guelph, Canada.

108 p.

Ngethe, S., Horsberg, T.E., Mitema, E., Ingebrigtsen, K., 1993. Species differences in hepatic concentration of orally administered 3H AFB1 between rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 114, 355–358.

Rodrigues, I., 2008. Biomin Mycotoxin Survey Program 2008. In: Biomin Newsletter. Biomin Holding GmbH, Vol. 7.

Sepahdari, A., Mosavi, H. A. E., Sharifpour, I., Khosravi, A., Motallebi, A. A., Mohseni, M., Kakoolaki, S., Pourali, H. R., Hallajian, A., 2010. Effects of different dietary levels of AFB1 on survival rate and growth factors of Beluga (Huso huso). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. Vol. 9 No. 1 pp. 141-150 Tu, D. C., 2010. Aflatoxin B1 reduces growth performance, physiological response, histological changes and disease resistance in Tra catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). In Submition of MSc Thesis. Nong Lam University. Ho Chi Min City.Vietnam.

Tuan, N.A., Grizzle, J.M., Lovell, R.T., Manning, B.B., Rottinghaus, G.E., 2002. Growth and hepatic lesions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing aflatoxin B1. Aquaculture 212, 311–319.

Udomkusonsri, P.,Tangmunkhong, P., Chantakru, S., Arthitvong, S., Boonyawiwat,V., Kusucharit, N., 2008.

Study of aflatoxin B-1 levels in muscle and liver and its effects on immune system of Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) after chronic exposure. Proceedings of the 46th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, Kasetsart, 29 January - 1 February, 2008. pp. 588-597.

Whitlow, L.W., Hagler Jr.,W.M., 2002. Mycotoxins in feeds. In: Feedstuffs:The Weekly Newspaper for Agribusiness.Vol. 74.

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January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 13

Least-cost formulation in aquafeeds

by Peter De Letter, Consultant BESTMIX® feed formulation software email: peter.deletter@adifo.be, Adifo NV, Belgium and Jean Broers, Product Manager BESTMIX® feed formulation software email: jean.broers@adifo.be

A

quafeed formulation is a fast growing business, yet relatively new. Growing world population, pressure on the use of marine ingredients, price volatility of raw materials, better availability of nutritional knowledge and difficulties in the production of aqua diet make aqua diet formulation a challenging business. A professional and state of the art least cost formulation software, like BESTMIX® (a product by software specialist Adifo) is essential to develop sustainable, cost effective and nutritionally complete feeds.

in agrifeed. The nutritionist manages his set of ingredients by setting the measured and calculated nutrient values. Then, taking into account the ingredient prices and the

availability per plant, the software creates a least cost formula that fulfils the ingredient and nutritional requirements of the diet.

However, the quality and ‘real world’ cost

Figure 1: Data integration of formulation data

Data management and integration The general principles of least cost formulation for aquafeed are the same as 14 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

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F: Feed formulation effectiveness of the aqua diet stands or falls with the quality of the available data.

Import wizards and special data management tools help the nutritionist to gain time and have a reliable database where prices, stock data, nutritional data and quality constraints are up to date.

BESTMIX® feed formulation software offers the possibility to exchange information with ERP and production systems and to import nutritional data and calculation rules from external ingredient suppliers or research institutes. In addition, the software is able to use online data coming from NIR apparatus filtered through a special lab module called BESTMIX® LIMS (see figure 1).

Fulfilling nutritional and ingredient constraints Aqua diets contain a high concentration of protein and fat. This adds extra complexity to aqua diet formulation.

Aqua feed nutritionists are challenged by the need to reduce reliance on marine protein and lipid sources offering new

Figure 2: use lot optimization to cope with changing ingredient qualities assuring a stable end product quality

sources combined with additives like lysine, methionine, enzymes to increase essential nutrient availability from these sources and phosphate additives taking into account antinutritional factors of phytic acids for example.

Gut physiology and development vary widely between the different aquaculture species and life stages. Therefore it is important to be able to set up aqua diets per species and life stage. The nutritionist can create constraint frameworks and calculate specific nutrient availability for larvae and adult animal types. This concept has already proven to maximize cost effectiveness in agrifeed.

Developing fish feed is a phased research and development project. In the

assure this quality. BESTMIX® contains a lot optimization module to take the real-time ingredient quality in account at production time. Each lot of an ingredient has a specific quality. This quality can be registered and controlled online upon the intake of each lot by using BESTMIX® LIMS, Adifo’s Lab Management Information System software. BESTMIX® will help the nutritionist and production manager to optimize the usage of each lot, guaranteeing an optimal production process and a stable quality (Figure 2).

A second control mechanism is the use of swing values: tolerances are set for minimum and maximum deviations on ingredient percentages determined in the R&D formula.

Adjusting to the market using multiblend tools

"Using BESTMIX® multiblend, feed producers can reduce raw material costs by more than 1%.

This way, the limited and more expensive resources will be divided amongst all aqua diets in the most cost effective way"

alternative protein sources. BESTMIX® helps searching for nutritionally valid alternatives by getting the most out of the nutritional potential of all ingredients.

When setting a maximum constraint on marine oil and protein sources, or in case prices and availability are not favourable, the software will search for a valid and cost effective alternative formula. Such an alternative mixture could consist of vegetable oil and protein (or algae based)

final stage, when the production is defined and set, the diet should not change too drastically in order to guarantee the defined R&D characteristics. Still, the guaranteed nutritional values must be met at all times. Small quality changes of these ingredients will result in large deviations of the quality in the end-product. The production formulator must take this into account to deliver feed with stable quality. Developments are available to

16 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

Theoretically, it is possible to create the ideal formula: being both nutritionally fulfilling as well as cost effective at a certain point in time. Yet, ingredient resources and prices are very volatile and can change drastically in the short term. Using multiblend tools, the least cost formulation program will take into account ingredient availability and prices of stock, contracts and the market.

Nutritionists and purchasers can sit together and create the most economical overall solution for the whole plant for a certain defined period. The moment of stocks and contracts usage can even be optimized: it can be cheaper to keep your current stock for a later period and buy an alternative lot of this ingredient at current market conditions (Figure 3). Using BESTMIX® multiblend, feed producers can reduce raw material costs by more than 1%.

This way, the limited and more expen-

January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 17

F: Feed formulation sive resources will be divided amongst all aqua diets in the most cost effective way.

Coping with production challenges in aqua diets Producing aqua-feed is different from producing compound feed. Most fish feeds

"Only the most advanced formulation software tools such as BESTMIX®

has to consider other production-related parameters as well. One ingredient can be dosed on different scales, while each of these scales has a certain precision and minimal dosing capacity. In some situations, the amount of silos is limited. The formulator can set up these parameters in his formulation software tool to optimize the formula, taking into account the production process parameters of the plant.

Keep your labels up to date

guarantee an added value to aqua diet manufacturers" are extruded and pelletized.This means that the formulator has to pay extra attention to controlling the starch content, the humidity, the density and the high fat contents. To be able to achieve a certain quality and density for optimal pelletizing, the nutritionist or production manager can adjust the dry matter and density parameters in BESTMIX® as to start the pelletizing process in ideal conditions.

When formulating diets, the formulator

The aqua feed world is a highly competitive world. Feed manufacturers have to differentiate themselves from the average level.

A good presentation of the aqua-feed diets is a must for every producer. Generated specifications must have a highly commercial value, whilst the information presented must be complete, 100 percent correct, customer friendly and fulfilling all legal specifications. So how to keep reports and labels up to date when formulas and ingredients vary in time?

And how to keep labels up to date according to changing feed policies? Adjusting these data one by one would be extremely timeconsuming. Therefore it is essential to be able to set up labels in the software in such a way, that they are ‘refreshed’ automatically when needed.

Conclusion The different parameters can be challenging for the team that is responsible for developing and producing aquafeed.

This means that the nutritionist, the feed engineer, the logistic planner, the production manager and the sales manager must all work together in one formulation system in such a way that the information is passed from one step to the next step.

Afterwards, the diet information must be automatically updated when new information comes up or when new parameters have been measured. Only the most advanced formulation software tools such as BESTMIX® guarantee an added value to aqua diet manufacturers, who focus on delivering to their customers exactly what they ordered.

More

information:

Adifo N.V. Industrielaan 11 B Maldegem, B-9990 Belgium Tel: +32 50 303211 Fax: +32 50 711193 Website: www.adifo.com

Subscribe www.aquafeed.co.uk/subscribe.php International Aquafeed is published six times a year, bringing you in-depth features, industry news, events, book reviews and more.

Subscribers to International Aquafeed also receive a free copy of the International Aquafeed Directory worth UK£85. For more information please visit our website.

For a complimentary trial issue, please contact the Circulation & Subscriptions Manager - Tuti Tan - Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

The Aquaculturist

A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

Perendale Publishers Ltd is pleased to announce a new development to the Aquaculturists blog. The news service is proving to be very popular both with existing readers of International Aquafeed as well as people from the wider associated industries. With this in mind, we have launched a new online publication to allow our readers to quickly catch up with the months news from around the global industry

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/ 18 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

VICTAM FIAAP International2011 International 2011 3

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Everything you need from the raw material to the finished product Visit VICTAM International, the world’s largest event for the production and processing of aquafeed and animal feeds, together with FIAAP International, the only dedicated trade show and conference for the supply, use and formulation of ingredients & additives for aquafeed and animal feeds.

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Visitors to the shows will find the world’s foremost companies supplying specialist equipment, technology, ingredients & additives, used in the formulation & production of aquafeeds and animal feeds alongside systems for their handling, storage, packaging & distribution.

Co-located with GRAPAS International The exhibition and conference for flour & rice milling, grain processing, industrial pasta & noodle processing, extruded snack & breakfast cereal production.

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Supporting conferences: The IFF Feed Processing Conference The FIAAP Conference Petfood Forum Europe 2011 Aquafeed Horizons Feed Safety Assurance in a Globalizing Industry

For conference programmes, delegate registration, travel, accommodation and free visitor registration contact: Email: Expo@victam.com Website: www.victam.com Tel: ++31 33 246 4404 Fax: ++31 33 246 4706

F: Raw materials

The multi-formulation: A key tool for the raw materials purchasing

by Bruno Duranthon, CEO, A-Systems, software editor of Allix² feed formulation software and KAllix quality control software., bduranthon@a-systems.fr

W

hy formulating? It is obvious that if commodities’ prices and qualities remain stable and the animal nutritional needs never change, working with fix formulas could be sufficient.

In this case, supplying the feed producers with commodities would be easy as pie.

Unfortunately it is not the case! Indeed, one

single optimisation which can’t help you with the commodities purchase.

Another possibility consists in stating the raw materials consumptions once optimized every single formula one by one.

From the consumptions, the purchaser can deduce the quantities to purchase ‘at any cost’. This method is not responsive at all and can’t allow you to make any simulations.

In addition, the presence of formulas produced in very low quantities or fixed formulas (formulas which never change) complicates the problem.

Indeed you need to take into consideration the raw material consumption coming from these formulas.

As a consequence your program should take them into consideration if you want to have a comprehensive view of the raw material to purchase.

The first question to ask to oneself is about the validity of the production forecasts; for integrated production it could be easy to estimate, however for commercial feed producers it will be a little bit more difficult to predict: in this case it could be useful to study the stability of the results taking into consideration the variations of the stock forecasts.

"The fact remains that the multiformulation, in spite of the high cost relating to the program acquisition is a crucial tool for feed producers who will get a quick return on investment"

of the main uses of a formulation tool is to help the raw material purchasers to take good decisions.

The key tool to optimise purchases is the multi-formulation program. The idea consists in optimising all the formulas taking into consideration their production tonnages.

This method is miles away from the

20 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

The second question to solve before launching the calculation regards the raw materials selection: a producer is always in the situation in which some raw materials are already bought and he has to top up its purchases or take decisions on raw materials bought in excess –bring forward, force the incorporation, resell-.

“I optimise the quantities bought using the cost price and the quantities to buy using the market price”. This though often heard seems to be coherent. However you will find below our thought about it.

You shouldn’t mix up two things Purchases already done, depicting an expense done, fixed and for which there is nothing more to optimise: mathematically said it is a constant.

Remaining purchases: these are the adjusting variable which can be least cost optimised. Indeed, remaining purchases will be optimised using the market price.

Therefore, the calculation of the cost price will be done taking into consideration the purchases already done.

What is the consequence on the purchase of this optimisation using the market price? Taking into consideration the case that we purchased a raw material at a “good price”, meaning that the price of this raw material increased since we placed the order. The following chart shows that with the optimisation using the market price, the quantity bought at a “good price” being less used, the raw material cost price and as a

F: Raw Materials

consequence our selling price increased slower than if we would have optimised with the cost price, which would have made an over-consumption of this raw material.

Once solved this question, the multi-formulation will provide you with information on the raw materials consumptions: then it will be possible to set some constraints on one or several raw material consumptions.

However the program used will always inform you on the cost coming from all the modifications: indeed a solution without stock constraints would be ideal because less costly.

At first the multi formulation can be used to make some simulations, in order to test hypothesis and help purchasers to take right decisions.To do so, a multi-formulation parametric allowing to quickly simulating one or several variations is mandatory.

From our point of view, the following simulation should be quickly done: • Consequences on the variation of a raw material quality (what happen if the Soya 48 has of protein level of only 46.5 percent?)

• Consequences linked to the purchase of an additional 25.5 tons of a specific raw material • Consequences linked to the variation of a price of one or several raw materials.

• Study of the interest of a new raw material (at what price will it be interesting to buy and in which quantities?)

• Study of the reselling of one or several raw materials Then the multi-formulation has an operational role, when it allows optimally allocating the available raw materials, in case of shortage. In this more operational situation it is required to modify formulas one by one in the case of a multi-formulation.

The working method could be the following:

Multi-formulation of the production, without any supply constraints Then set the available quantities

Product managers can then review and adjust the formulas taking into consideration the availabilities.

Another issue concerns the combination of the raw material to use in the plant: in case that the place is limited in the plant and it is not possible to use all the raw materials retained in the multi-formulation, as a consequence a bin optimisation allows to calculating the best combination of the raw material to use.

The multi-plant framework The optimisation issue is more difficult when it is required to optimise the raw material purchase for various plants. Indeed local constraints linked to one or several production units can be added on top of the multi-plant constraints. In this case the multiblend on multi-plant must take into consideration the raw material allocation on the entire production units.

An issue even more complicated regards the optimisation of the raw materials on several period of time.

The goal is to optimise a raw material flow but only a few companies working with important volumes can justify an investment in such a decision help tool.

However, in this configuration problems to solve are really pertinent.

How allocating a raw material contract without fixed dates: for example x tons to allocate

January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 21

during three month (or more) on demand of the purchase?

The fact remains that the multiformulation, in spite of the high cost relating to the program acquisition is a crucial tool for feed producers who will get a quick return on investment. Indeed we consider that using this tool can represent a gain from 0.5 percent to one percent of the raw material cost which is significant. However the most important thing remains the quality of the advice and the follow up provided by your editing software company.

Solutions to all the problems mentioned in the article can be solved using the Allix² Multi-blend solutions. For more information, please feel free to contact us.

More

information:

A-Systems 41 rue des Chantiers 78000 Versailles France Tel: +33 1 39072675 Fax: +33 1 39072677 Email: contact@a-systems.fr Website: www.a-systems.fr

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

22 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

I

n this issue's photoshoot we would like to introduce the newest member to the International Aquafeed team.

Heading up our 'breaking news' service, Martin Little (or" The Aquaculturist" as we like to call him), takes us over some images from his previous career as a consultant observer in the fisheries industry. A good understanding of the problems faced by the fishing industry, is helping us to understand some of the new challenges that are developing in todays aquaculture industry. The Aquaculturist will report about new developments from around the entire aquaculture industry, allowing International Aquafeed magazine to stay true to its roots in the feed sector of the industry. To have a look at the Aquaculturists web pages, please visit: www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

"Hi I am Martin Little, in 1996 I graduated from Bangor University in North Wales with an Honours degree in Marine Zoology/Zoology.

After my degree I started working as a consultant observer for fisheries in the North Atlantic in an area known as the Grand Banks, off Newfoundland & Labrador. Part of my job was to monitor catch and identify species as well as making sure that the North Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO) regulations were followed during fishing periods".

"I was lucky enough to do this job for about eight years, working on-board fishing vessels from Spain and Portugal. There were periods I also worked as a marine mammal observer, monitoring the area around research vessels searching for oil and gas beneath the ocean floor. More recently I became a member of Perendale Publishing as the Aquaculturists, I am the blog editor for the International Aquafeed Magazine. I consider myself to be a very passionate about marine life and the marine environment, and as the aquaculturist I will be searching out news items and stories related to the aquaculture industry from around the world as well as reviewing books on marine subjects and aquaculture".

January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 23

F: Bangladesh Formulation, status and sustainability of aquaculture feed industries in

Bangladesh

by Prabal Barua1,2, M. Shah Nawaz Chowdhury2, Istiaq Ahmad Chowdhury2 1Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India 2Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh A study was undertaken in order to gather information on feed formulating process, production, feed ingredients and feed based culture system of Bangladesh.

The study covered seven districts of Bangladesh with a sample size of 376.

It was found that farmers used a good number of feeds (more than 35) for the selected technologies but they maintained no standard doses for them. There were important differences among the prices of different feeds and other inputs used for different technologies in different parts of the country.

Prices of all inputs were found to be increasing and this increase has been greater in recent years as compared to previous years. Though all the technologies were found to be profitable, the feed situation was not satisfactory. Except for rice polish, the supplies of other local feeds were unable to meet the national demand.

If this situation persists and no measures are taken to secure the local feed supply, the present development of supplementary feed-based aquaculture will become dependent on imported feeds and would not be sustainable in the future.

B

angladesh is endowed with vast water areas in the form of ponds, dighis, lakes, streams, and rivers, coastal areas, natural depressions and estuaries covering an area of 4.56 million ha (DoF, 2006) etc. where fish can be cultured profitably.

Fisheries are diverse with fish and shrimp in the fresh and marine waters of Bangladesh that play a major role in nutrition, employment and foreign exchange earnings with about 12 million people are associated with the fisheries sector. Around 400,000ha of freshwater ponds/ditches and more than 900,000 households are involved in aquaculture (ADB, 2005).

Bangladesh is considered one of the most suitable countries in the world for small-scale freshwater rural aquaculture, because of its favorable resources and agroclimatic conditions.

Over the last three decades, there has been a steady increase in inland freshwater aquaculture production. Total fish production was estimated at 2.2 million tones in 2005 of which 882,091 tonnes (40%) were from inland freshwater aquaculture, 859,269 tonnes (39%) from inland capture fisheries, and 474,597 tonnes (21%) from marine fisheries (DOF, 2006).

The main production systems for fresh-

water aquaculture in Bangladesh are extensive and semi-intensive pond polyculture of carps, which accounts for 80% of the total freshwater aquaculture production (ADB, 2005). The remaining 20% are mainly from pangus, tilapia, small indigenous species (SIS) of fish and rice-fish farming (Muir, 2003).

It is very much difficult to find out the time when formulated feed was introduced in aqua farms of Bangladesh, but it is well known that during the introduction of semi-intensive method supplementary feed was introduced.

Especially in shrimp farms located in Cox’s Bazaar used fishmeal, rice bran and different types of oil cakes as supplementary feed. Local farmer started to use this mixture in 1987-1988.

“The Meghna Farm” of Cox’s bazar first used the pelleted feed in 1989. “Saudi Bangla fish feed ltd” first manufactured pelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, “Bangladesh integrated fishery and poultry limited” first introduced floating feed which is very costly.

According to the newspapers, research reports and various surveys it was found that there are 100 feedmills are available in Bangladesh that are produced aquaculture feed and poultry feeds

24 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

together. It is clear that there is no specific study emphasising sustainability/feasibility of feed-based aquaculture, especially in Bangladesh.

The present study focused on determination for the profitability of the selected aquaculture technologies using supplementary feeds; to examine the compositional variation of fishfeeds across different fish farming practices; to estimate the demand for, and availability of, local feed ingredients for feed-based aquaculture; to study the price movements of local supplementary fish feeds; and to assess the sustainability of fish culture on the basis of findings of the study for expansion of feed-based future fresh water fish culture.

Methodology This study used both primary and secondary data to achieve its objectives.

F: Bangladesh Primary data were collected from the fish farmers, fish entrepreneurs (those provided pond and capital but were not directly related), feed manufacturers, feed dealers and feed retailers.

The survey collected information on cost, return, price, catch and feed composition of fish culture.

On the other hand, secondary data comprised time series information on production of rice, wheat and other mother/ original feed produces.

Primary data were collected through direct interviews while secondary data were collected from different issues of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and unpublished but reliable documents of different feed companies.

Six fish culture technologies were selected to assess the sustainability of feed-based aquaculture: carp (Lobeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) with pangus (Pangasius sutchi) considered as technology-1, carp (Lobeo rohita, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) polyculture considered as technology-2, carp with golda (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

considered as technology-3, pangus mono culture (Pangasius sutchi) considered as technology-4, golda (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) mono and nursery considered as technology-5 and 6 respectively.

The sample was selected on the basis of the concentration of farmers where supplementary feed use in aquaculture was relatively widely practiced.

On the basis of this criterion, seven districts, i.e., Mymensingh, Gazipur, Noakhali, Comilla, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Bagerhat were tentatively selected, from where samples were chosen for the study (see Figure 1).

Here, technology 1 and 3 imply the simultaneous culture of two fishes in same pond in the same time. On the other hand, technology 4 and 5 refer to the culture of one fish in one pond only.

Moreover, technology 2 is the culture of different species of carp and finally nursery refers to fingerling raising ponds. The distribution of the sample is shown in Table 1.

The number of respondents under technology 1, 2, 3, 4 5 and 6 were 55, 100, 65, 51, 50 and 55 respectively (see Table 1).

Thus, the total sample size for the study stood at 376. Moreover, the sample respondents were selected from 22 upazilas (sub-districts) comprising four, three, two, one, three, eight and one upazila from Mymensingh, Gazipur, Noakhali, Comilla, Chittagong, Cox’s Bazar and Bagerhat respectively.

Data were collected for the period of September 2009 to March 2010.

Results and Discussion Feed formulation is the process of designing a mixture that will meet the nutritional requirement of the animal while taking into account certain practical considerations.

On the basis of farmer’s economic condition in Bangladesh, feed formulation process divided into two types: 1) Small scale feed industry and 2) Large scale feed industry.

Small scale feed industry also divided into two types that are home made and on farm feed. Large scale feed industry or aquaculture feed processing technology is a new concept in Bangladesh.

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F: Bangladesh Table 1: Distribution of Samples of the Selected Technologies in experimental areas

Feed Cost: A huge number of feeds (more than 35) were Number of respondents/fish farmers used for fish production under Technology Mymensingh Gazipur Noakhali Comilla Chittagong Coxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bazar Bagerhat All districts the selected technologies in the study area, and the farmers 33 20 2 55 1 (60.00) (36.36) (3.64) (100) followed no standard doses to 27 10 30 27 6 100 apply them.

2 (27.00) (10.00) (30.00) (27.00) (6.00) (100) The highest amount of 2 25 29 9 65 feed used for technology 1 3 (3.08) (38.46) (44.62) (13.85) (100) was rice bran (24.90%), which 12 39 51 was followed by wheat bran 4 (23.53) (76.47) (100) (16.31%), oil cake (12.82%), 1 47 2 50 5 rice polish (8.76%) and litter (2.00) (94.00) (4.00) (100) (8.49%).

20 12 23 55 6 But in terms of cost, (36.36) (21.82) (41.82) (100) meat bone ranked the highAll 94 81 32 27 55 76 11 376 technologies (25.00) (21.54) (8.51) (7.18) (14.63) (20.21) (2.93) (100) est (16.15%) followed by Upazila 4 3 2 1 3 8 1 22 rice bran (15.89%), fishmeal surveyed (No.) (18.18) (13.64) (9.09) (4.55) (13.64) (36.36) (4.55) (100) (14.56%), oil cake (12.00%) Source: Field Survey (2010). and wheat bran (11.59%).

In the case of carp poly Generally, floating feed and sinking feed Moreover, in the nursery technology, technology, the highest feed amount of formulated by feedmills are considered fingerling was purchased on the basis of 26.13% was associated with rice polish. as large scale feed industry. Floating feed both number and weight. Though the The other feed items were oil cake, formulation is very new phenomenon in selected technologies experienced several grass, azola and wheat bran comprisBangladesh while sinking feeds produce fingerling costs, only five major cost items ing 16.94%, 11.42%, 11.37% and 9.14% from 1990 when Saudi- Bangla fish feed of each technology are discussed below. respectively. industry established in Mymensingh disThe residual fingerling items constituted On the basis of cost, this order was trict, which the first is feed industry in minimum shares in total fingerling cost for found to be oil cake, wheat bran, rice polish, Bangladesh. each of the selected technologies. rice bran and poultry dropping with respecAfter establishing this industry it has In the case of technology-1, the hightive shares of 40.05%, 20.12%, 17.53%, great revolution in aquaculture fish feed est amount of fingerling used was panga10.61% and 2.59%. sector in Bangladesh. sius sutchi (88.12%) while it was Labeo It was found that technology3 used rohita (20.24%) for technology 2 and mussel meal in the highest amount (51.84%), Macrobrachium rosenbergii (89.75%) for while the other feed items were wheat bran Profitability technology 3.

(6.22%), saudi bangla fish feed (6.08%), Fingerling cost: It was found that, except The mono culture technologies used wheat (4.07%) and rice polish (3.37%). for technology 4 and 5, the others used only one type of fingerling, i.e., pangasius On cost basis, the maximum expendseveral types of fingerling for fish culture. sutchi mono culture used fingerling and iture was incurred for mussel meal Among them technology 1 used 10 Macrobrachium rosenbergii mono culture (33.76%) and was followed by saudi types while each of the rest used 11 types used fingerling only. bangla fish feed (15.23%), niribili fish feed of fingerling.

Table 2: Sustainability of feed base aquaculture with respect to local feed availability 75% of pond and ditch area S.L. No

1

Feed Items

Availability

Requirement ( MT)

Surplus/ deficit area +/-) ( MT)

85% of pond and ditch area Requirement ( MT)

Surplus/ deficit area ( +/-) ( MT)

Rice Bran

479793.60

1043186.50

(-)3754744.1

1182276.90

(-)702483.3

2

Rice Polish

5190075.00

327193.31

(+)4862881.7

370757.89

3

Wheat Bran

287973.00

878472.00

(-)590499

995601.60

4

Wheat Flour

71993.25

98370.56

(-)26377.31

5

Oil Cake

172085.00

370605.38

6

Maize

3880.00

41178.38

95% of pond and ditch area Requirement ( MT)

Surplus/ deficit area ( +/-) ( MT)

1321368.30

(-) 841574.7

(+)4819317.1

414376.46

(+)4775698.5

(-)707628.6

1112731.20

(-)824758.2

111486.64

(-)39493.39

124602.71

(-)52609.46

(-)198520.38

420019.43

(-)247934.43

469433.48

(-)297348.48

(-)37298.38

46668.83

(-)42788.83

52159.28

(-)52155148

Note : Total pond and ditch area of Bangladesh= 305025 ha (DoF, 2005) 26 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

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F: Bangladesh Table 3: Per Hectare returns and Profitability of the selected technologies Technology

Returns

Costs

Net Return

No of fish/ fingerling harvested

Total Return

Fingerling

Feed Cost

( kg/ha)

(No. / ha)

( $/ ha)

cost ($ / ha)

( $ /ha)

1

18899.20

-

13821.861

1365

5462

1164

7990

5832.03

2

3422.07

-

2375.92

182.70

332

352

867.09

1509

3

1565.88

-

3409.35

47936.23

600

378.08

1663.18

1746.17

4

16389.05

-

12482.26

685

5418

1105

8359.658

4121.75

5

767.09

-

3314.07

821

530

463

1798.63

1515.43

6

756.41

777896.18

12242.20

1670

682

542

2922.01

9463

All

41799.7

777896.18

47645.66

52659.93

13024

4004.08

23600.57

24187.38

777896.18

7940.944

8776.655

2170.667

667.346

3933.42

4031.23

Quantity of fish/ fingerling harvested

Average 6966.617

(7.39%), fish meal (6.63%) and wheat bran (5.74%).

In the case of technology 4, the maximum quantity of feed used was rice bran having relative share of 29.57% in total feed quantity.

The next four feed items were found to be wheat bran, poultry dropping, rice polish and oil cake with their respective shares of 27.81%, 24.12%, 5.67% and 4.71% in total feed quantity.

The most used five feed items for technology 5 were rice (15.52%), pelleted feed (11.31%), mussel meal (11.04%), quality feed (8.6%) and rice bran (7.65%).

On the other hand, the maximum expenditure incurred for five feed items of this technology were quality feed (14.20%), rice (12.22%), niribili fish feed (11.72%), pelleted feed (11.62%) and saudi bangle fish feed (11.34%). In the case of technology 6, rice bran was the most important feed item (20.76%), followed by oil cake (19.65%), pelleted feed (12.00%), wheat bran (9.99%) and rice polish and poultry dropping (each 8.23%).

Composition of Feed Items: In the study area, more than 35 feed items were used by the respondents using different technologies.

Among them, the largest number of feeds (27) was used by technology 3.

The second and third highest feed using technology 5 (24) and 1 (18) respectively.

Each of the technologies 2 and 6 used 17 feed items and ranked fourth while the lowest number of feeds (14) was used by technology 4.

So, technology 3 was the maximum feed-use technology and technology 4 was

the minimum feed-use technology under study.

In terms of the frequency of the respondents and consideration of maximum used five feed items, wheat bran was the most commonly cited feed item by the technology 1 (90.91%), followed by oil cake (85.45%), rice bran (83.64%), vitamin premix (67.27%) and salt (61.82%).

This ranking for technology 2 was oil cake (96.00%), rice polish (70.00%), wheat bran (56.00%), grass (28%) and poultry dropping (23.00%). For technology 3 it was mussel meal (76.92%), oil cake (63.08%), wheat (46.79%), saudi bangle fish feed (46.15%) and wheat bran and rice bran (each of 43.08%).

The ranking of the five common feed items for technology 4 was wheat bran, rice bran, oil cake, vitamin premix and salt having corresponding percentages of total respondents of 98.01%, 96.08%, 68.63%, 62.75% and 56.86%.

For technology 5, it was rice (62.00%), oil cake (56.00%), chira (50.00%), saudi bangle fish feed (40.00%), niribili fish feed and semai (each of 34.00%). Among the five feed items used by the technology 6, oil cake was the most common feed item (87.27%) followed by rice bran (49.09%), meat bone (43.64%), wheat flour (34.55%) and wheat bran (32.73%).

Demand for Local Feed Items: An attempt was made to determine the present demand for local feed items per hectare on the basis of the current pattern of feed use/requirement by the respondents under the selected technologies. Table 2 reveals the requirement of six local feed items.

Among them rice bran appeared with a maximum requirement for technology 1, 4,

28 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

Other Input cost ( $ / ha)

Total cost ( $ / ha)

( $ / ha)

5 and 6 while rice polish and wheat bran were the largest requirement for technology 2 and 3 respectively.

Availability of Local Feed Items: Different feedmills and companies were surveyed regarding the percentages of the above-mentioned six feed items in the mother/original output/produce during the time of study.

According to them, the overall percentages of rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, wheat flour, oil cake and maize polish in mother/original output were estimated to be 2.08%, 22.50%, 14.00%, 3.50%, 63.50% and 97.00% respectively.

So, these percentages were multiplied with the respective original output to determine the availability of local feed items.

Thus, availability of local feed items appeared to be 479,793, 519,0075, 287,973, 71,993, 172,085 and 3880 tonnes for rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, wheat flour, oil cake and maize polish respectively.

Local Feed Prices: An attempt was made to understand the movement of local feed prices for culture fisheries of the country.

The average prices of local feed items for five years were collected which are shown in Figure 2. It was found that highest cost feed item was maize polish followed by wheat flour, oil cake, wheat bran, rice bran and rice polish.

Sustainability of Feed-based Aquaculture: Sustainability of feed based aquaculture with respect to local feed availability was studied.

At present, the total pond and ditch area of Bangladesh is 405,025ha and about 75% of total pond and ditch area is currently under feed based aquaculture (DoF, 2010).

F: Bangladesh Moreover, they stated that the area under feed-based aquaculture is increasing day by day. The sustainability of feed based aquaculture is assessed in Table 2 with respect to 75%, 85% and 95% of total pond and ditch area of the country.

Conclusions and Policy Implication On the basis of the above requirements and availability estimates, except rice polish, all the local feed items required imports to run culture fisheries in the country.

As culture fisheries capture more and more areas under its operation, it is going to become an import-dependent practice if the feed situation prevails without any measures to address it.

As culture fisheries are an important source of income and employment, they have a significant livelihood impact on the economy of Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Department of Fisheries (DoF) and other concerning organisations should record feed and other fisheries related data regularly.

The government and NGOs should come forward to establish local feedmills to cater to the feed requirement of the growing and promising fish culture industry.

Intensive research programs should be undertaken immediately by both GOs and NGOs for quality innovation. Farmers/users should be trained so that they can use the feed and other inputs more efficiently.

Capital should be supplied to the farmers who suffer from a lack of sufficient capital to use/purchase feeds from the market in a timely fashion.

A monitoring system should be developed to check the adulteration of fish feed in the country. A subsidy/duty reduction package can be launched for imported feed ingredients so that supplementary fish culture can be sustained with lower costs of production.

References ADB. 2005. An Evaluation of Small-scale Freshwater Rural Aquaculture Development for Pover ty Reduction. Operation Evaluation Depar tment, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila, Philippines.

BBS, 2000, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.

BBS, 2004, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka.

DoF, 2010. Fisheries Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh (2009-2010), Directorate of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

DOF. 2006. Fishery Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh 20042005. Fisheries Resources Survey System, Depar tment of Fisheries (DOF), Dhaka, Bangladesh Hossain, M.A., Ahmed, M. and Islam, M.N., 1997, Mixed Culture of Fishes in Seasonal Ponds through Fer tilization and Feeding, Bangladesh Journal of Fisheries Resources, 1(2):9-18.

Islam, M.S. and Dewan, S., 1986, Resource Use and Economic Return in Pond Fish Culture.

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Economics, 9(2), 141-150.

Islam, M.S., 1987, An Economic Analysis of Pond Fish Production in Some Areas of Bangladesh, Research Repor t No. 11, Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

One ShOt At

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Muir, J.F. 2003. The Future for Fisheries: Economic Performance.

Fisheries Sector Review and Future Development Study, Commissioned with the association of the World Bank, DANIDA, USAID, FAO, DFID with the cooperation of the Bangladesh Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock and the Depar tment of Fisheries, Dhaka

January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 29 ET-210B.indd 1

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12/17/10 10:27 AM

Feed Management

Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production

by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan

The first article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book

D

uring 2007-2008, there was a soaring increase in food (particularly cereal grain) prices all over the world. This was especially severe in world’s poorest countries and was predicted to contribute to about a 56 percent rise in cereal import bills of those countries in 2007-2008.

This sharp increase in food prices was due to a number of factors, including the reduced production of cereal crops worldwide and continued increases in oil prices resulting in higher freight cost. There

not be economically supplemented with other sources. Fishmeal is the single most important source of protein in fish feed.The increased cost of energy (due primarily to soaring petroleum prices), El Ni–o effects, and increasing demand have resulted in a global increase in fishmeal price. The world price for fishmeal ranged between US$500 and US$700 per tonne during the period 2000–2005. In May 2008, the price of fishmeal was US$1 210/tonne.

The average price of other feed ingredients commonly used in aquafeed rose by 20–92 percent during the period between June 2007 and June 2008. The increasing price of feed ingredients (fishmeal, fish oil and cereal) and increasing manufacturing and transportation costs were, therefore likely to have had a compound effect on global production and the price of aquafeeds. It was reported that during late 2008, feed prices had increased by over 30 percent on average in many of the countries in Asia, while farmgate prices of aquaculture products had remained static, literally impinging on the economic viability of several thousands of small-scale producers that form the backbone of the aquaculture sector, particularly in Asia, the epicentre of aquaculture production. The aquaculture industry will not be immune to this global phenomenon, and specifically smallholders and rural farmers may be particularly susceptible to this global change and the fallout

"In aquaculture, feed accounts for over 50 percent of the production cost.

Fishmeal is the single most important source of protein in fish feed" was also the added concern that the use of certain grains in biofuel production would further aggravate this problem.

In aquaculture, feed accounts for over 50 percent of the production cost. Although considerable variation exists, cereal grains are the usual sources of carbohydrates in most of the aquafeeds and these can-

30 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

may further contribute to their poverty and vulnerability. This global phenomenon could eventually induce small-scale producer to change businesses and/or may result in loss of livelihood.

The impact of an increase feed prices is bound to vary not only between countries and regions but also within different farming systems and for different fish species.

For example, while an increase in fishmeal and fish oil may have a profound impact on the farming of salmonids in Europe, a price increase will not have a profound effect on tilapia, catfish and carp farming in most of the Asian and sub-Saharan African countries as the proportion of fishmeal and fish oil in diets is relatively low, typically, three to seven percent for fishmeal and one percent for fish oil, while soaring prices of other ingredients (e.g. cereal and cereal by-products) may likely have a major impact. A study (Rola and Hasan, 2007) carried out in Viet Nam and Thailand in 2006 showed that proportion of the break-even price with the actual price on catfish farms are 85 percent and 69 percent, respectively, while the respective feed costs are about 86 and 81 percent of total production costs. The higher the break-even price, in comparison to the market price, the more vulnerable is the producer implying that farmers in Viet Nam and Thailand cannot afford to absorb a decrease of the proportion exceeding 15 and 31 percents respectively. This indicates that that most of the catfish and tilapia farmers in these countries will not be able to absorb any further feed price increase.

Under these circumstances, the immediate

World AquAculture 2011

Aquaculture for a Changing World

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Feed Management

A study carried out in Viet Nam and Thailand in 2006 showed that proportion of the break-even price with the actual price on catfish farms are 85 percent and 69 percent, respectively, while the respective feed costs are about 86 and 81 percent of total production costs need is to assess the extent and magnitude of the impact of this global phenomenon on aquaculture to understand the situation, to study the medium- and long-term impact on aquaculture production, including food security and the overall biosecurity of the system, and to develop coping strategies to address the changing situation.

literature and information, as well as data collected in selected market studies. The review had two major focuses: a) a collection of data on the status in the costs and trends of and availability of feed ingredients and aquafeed and b) an analysis to examine how this change was reflected in aquaculture production, the prices of final aquaculture products and their consumption pattern in relation to Activities the biosecurity and safety of aquaculture The study was carried out with special products for human consumption. The reference to the continents of Asia and study includes the following specific topics Europe, considering that Asia contributes to measure the overall impact of increased over 90 percent of global aquaculture price of feed ingredients: production, while the aquafeed industry • assessment of status and trends of aquaculture feed: "while an increase in fishmeal and volume of production, prices ingredients, and product fish oil may have a profound impact of quality with special reference on the farming of salmonids in to countries of south and southeast Asia and western Europe, a price increase will not Europe; of aquaculhave a profound effect on tilapia, •tureassessment products/production: catfish and carp farming in most of volume, quality, price, shift/ change in production patthe Asian" terns (species diversification); and consumption in two regions, Asia and Europe; is most well-developed in Europe. The • impact on biosecurity of aquaculture activities under the study included both products resulting from a change in specific and overall impact analyses which feeding patterns and unavailability of were carried out through the collection, standard nutritional options; and review and analysis of available published 32 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

• comparison of the impacts in Asia and Europe, and development of management measures for adaptation to strengthen national capacity for emergency preparedness and recovery.

Coming in the next issue of The International Aquafeed magazine (March/April issue) will be an excerpt of chapter one from Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production.

The full publication can be found at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1143e/ i1143e00.htm

More information: Krishen J. Rana & Sunil Siriwardena Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom Mohammad R. Hasan2 Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy

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Photo: ©Travis W. Brown

F: Raceway production

High-intensity raceway production could put catfish producers in the fast lane

by YSI Incorporated Above: An innovative raceway production system being tested by Auburn University researchers could reduce per-pound production costs by half while tripling annual yield per acre

A

n experimental, highintensity raceway production system designed by US researchers at Auburn University could drive Alabama producers’ catfish production costs – currently well above 70 cents per pound – down to about 50 cents by improving feed and energy efficiency.

Butch Wilson, president of the Alabama Catfish Producers Association and the producer hosting the research project on his 450-acre (182 hectare) farm near Marion Junction, Ala., says his industry’s future depends upon cutting per-pound production costs and boosting output.

“If we’re going to compete in a world market, it’s critical,” he says.

Carefully managing fish in tightly populated raceways could yield 25,000 to 35,000lbs of catfish per acre per year, more than three times the state’s average of 8000lbs per acre per annum.

“The main goal of the system is to produce a high volume of fish in a small area with minimal energy input and lower production cost than traditional methods,” says graduate research assistant Travis Brown, who is managing the project as part of his dissertation through Auburn’s Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures.

Though converting a traditional earthen pond to a raceway system may cost as much as US$7000 to US$8000 per acre, Brown says the reduction in input costs associated with increased production, as well as the tripling of production, are likely to pay off quickly.

Tight fit The high-volume system packs an acre’s worth of fish into each of six concrete raceways that are 32 feet long, 16 feet wide and 4 feet deep (9.75 meters by 4.9 meters by 1.2 meters).

The raceways are arrayed side-by-side in a portion of a traditional, six-acre (2.4-hectare) earthen pond.

The series of raceways comprises a multi-stage system. Though they contain fish of a uniform size and age – minimizing predation – each is stocked at different times throughout the year to stagger harvest dates and prevent the pond from carrying a full load of harvest-weight fish in each raceway at one time.

In addition to concentrating fish in the raceways, the system concentrates aeration efforts where the fish are located, notes

34 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

Brown. Instead of running conventional paddlewheel aerators that require three to five horsepower per acre, the Auburn system requires just 0.5 horsepower per raceway to operate a slow-turning paddle wheel.

“Our paddles are just for current flow, not for aeration,” Brown says.

“We have a large paddle running at 1.2rpm to create a constant current through the raceway, counter-clockwise around the pond. We can evacuate the water from the raceway every three minutes, and we’re trying to keep the entire quantity of water thoroughly mixed to prevent stratification during the summer months.”

Low-pressure blowers An air diffuser system located at the head of each channel is operated by 1.5 horsepower, low-pressure blowers activated intermittently by the system’s water quality monitoring instruments to provide supplemental oxygen in each raceway as needed.

As the water travels away from the raceways and out into the rest of the pond, it encounters an array of biological treatments – a menagerie of aquatic species that keep it aerated and clean.

A stable bloom of algae thrives on dissolved

nutrients from manure and bits of feed, adding oxygen to the water.

However, notes Brown, pumping solid manure out of a trough at the end of the raceways minimizes nutrient overloading that can cause boom-and-bust algal blooms.

Brown says a bloom heavy enough to consistently maintain 20 to 30 cm of Secchi disk visibility represents the ideal level of algae to manage the system’s water.

Beneath the surface, paddlefish graze on zooplankton.

Tilapia control blue-green algae that can cause off-flavors in the catfish. Fathead minnows eat the flatworms that can cause proliferate gill disease, or ‘hamburger gill’.And red-eared sunfish or ‘shell crackers’ keep mollusks under control.

Boosting feed efficiency Keeping fish in a raceway also makes it easier to deliver food to them quickly, efficiently and frequently, notes Professor Jesse Chappell, who heads up the study.

“We’re not trying to feed the same way other growers are feeding,” he says.

“We’re feeding multiple times per day, getting feed efficiency in line with what the animal will do. We try to reduce stress and get the animal in the best possible position to obtain the best possible feed efficiency.”

Professor Chappell points out that most Alabama catfish farmers achieve feed conversion ratios (FCR) in the range of 2.8:1 to 3.0:1.

His goal through intensive feeding is to improve FCR to 1.5:1.

With today’s feed costs nearly double what they were in early 2007, improving feed efficiency has a profound impact on the producer’s bottom line.

In any fish production system, a significant proportion of the nutrient inputs end up as waste. Brown points out that collecting waste solids in a trough at the end of the raceways will allow high-intensity producers to recapture some of their feed investment.

“Only 30 to 35 percent of the nutrients in the feed are utilized in fish growth and maintenance,” he explains.

“If we can reclaim some of that money by using the fish waste in a slurry on farmland or as compost, we have made this even more profitable.”

A closer watch Intensifying production requires more careful scrutiny of conditions in the raceways.

To keep a close watch on temperature and dissolved oxygen levels, Brown and Chappell placed a YSI5200 multiparameter monitoring and control instrument at the tail end of each

raceway, and a seventh 5200 monitors the quality of incoming water.

If oxygen or temperatures drift outside of acceptable levels, the instruments call Brown’s cell phone with an alarm message.

A low-oxygen reading will also activate an emergency blower system as necessary.

Brown points out that he can also set the instruments to automatically dispense feed in each raceway. YSI software can automatically adjust feed timing and quantity based on biomass in the pond.

He says he plans to bring the automatic feeding capabilities online soon. In the meantime, the YSI5200s keep constant watch on water quality.

“The more intensive the operation, the better management and control you need to have,” says Tim Grooms, Global Business Development Manager for YSI. “If you push the envelope too far, you can create a lot of stress.”

Surprisingly, Wilson – whose Dean Wilson Catfish Farm encompasses 34 ponds – points out that the raceway system was actually his most stable pond during a power failure this summer.

“We had a six-hour outage, which was very rare,” he recalls.

“All we did in that pond was stick in a tractor with a portable aerator.That pond never got close to killing fish. In our other ponds, we were running around, putting in aerators to keep fish alive.”

A backup generator now provides peace of mind, he adds.

Seeing the raceway system

January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 35

Each raceway is monitored with a YSI 5200 multiparameter monitoring and control instrument that tracks oxygen and temperature. The YSI 5200s activate oxygen blowers as needed; they will soon also be used to automatically deliver feed, adjusting for growing biomass

succeed on his farm provides another kind of peace of mind for Wilson – hope that his state’s catfish industry, battered for years by high production costs and competition from imports, can prevail through more intensive management.

“The future of the catfish industry is in lowering the cost of production,” Wilson says.

“It always has been, but it’s more critical now.”

More

information:

YSI Incorporated 1700/1725 Brannum Lane, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387-1107, USA Tel: +1 937 7677241 Fax: +1 937 7679353

Photo: ©Travis W. Brown

F: Feature

The Aquaculturist A regular look inside the aquaculture industry

Hi my name is Martin Little. I am the Aquaculturists, with a background in Marine Zoology and eight years working in the field as a consultant fisheries observer in the North Atlantic, I am now part of International Aquafeed magazine, and as well as my column in the pages of the magazine I will be running a accompanying blog that can be found at http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

H

Also on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Aquaculturists

i welcome to the aquaculturists, during November there was a good selection of news covered, on November 3, 2010 a story about Catfish farming on the Mekong River Delta was covered with a video to accompany the story, the story looked at how aquaculture on the Mekong has an impact on the river and its surrounding environment, highlighting the challenges that our industry face going forward.

On November 16, 2010 I covered a story about Lake Buti and the effects that aquaculture had on the lakes population of tilapia from that lake that were killed.

On November 26, 2010 I covered a story about Integrated Multi Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), and how using this system could reduce the effects of pollution from aquaculture. These news stories and more from November can be found in our monthly round up e-magazine and by going to theaquaculturistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s blog. At http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com.

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

Book review Bivalve Molluscs Biology, Ecology and Culture (2003)

I

n 2003 Elizabeth Gosling published a comprehensive guide to bivalves called ‘Bivalve Molluscs - Biology, Ecology and Culture’.

Chapter one is an introduction to the subject and phylum of molluscs, describing the body plan that the group as a whole are characterised by. Bivalves are one of the most important groups within the phylum of mollusc due to the fact that they are the one that are eaten by humans in large amounts.

Chapter two looks at the morphology of bivalves, the shells, mantle, gills and foot. The internal body structure along with the heart and gonads and excretory organs are also covered. This chapter also looks at the nerves and sensory receptors, the labial palps and alimentary canal.

Chapter three looks at the ecology and global and local distribution patterns of bivalves and the phylum of molluscs.

Chapter four covers how bivalves feed, the filtration rates, body size and particle processing on the gills. Factors affecting filtration rate along with regulation of the rate of filtration and the energy costs involved. Also a closer look at the feeding biology of bivalves is covered along with the mouth and oesophagus the stomach and extracellular digestion.

Chapter five deals with reproduction, settlement and recruitment. It also covers the reproductive effort and fecundity of the bivalves.

Chapter six deals with bivalve growth the methods of measuring absolute growth, growth curves and scope for growth along with factors affecting growth.

Chapter seven looks at circulation, respiration, excretion and osmoregulation of bivalves and other mollusc covering haemolymph plasma and haemocytes, heart rate, respiration and factors affecting oxygen consumption.

Chapters eight, nine and 10 cover fisheries, management of natural population’s along with bivalve culture and genetics in aquaculture.

Chapter 11 looks at disease and parasites,.

Chapter 12 deals with public health, its covers the effects of bacterial and viral infections, biotoxins, and industrial pollutants. Its looks at the different assay types along with monitoring and quality control and covers the hazard analysis critical control point HAACP system.

This is an excellent book that covers the subject matter with concise and detailed information. Well written and presented and easy to understand, in my opinion a book worthy of all good student, zoologist, aqauculturist and marine scientists as well as anyone working in shellfish aquaculture - a must have book for the bookshelf.

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January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 37

17-09-10 15:46

Book review

Aquaculture

Biosecurity: Prevention, Control and Eradication of Aquatic Animal Disease health, plant life and health and associated environmental perils. n 2006 ‘Aquaculture Through an example from a recent study conducted in controlling Biosecurity’ was published disease in shrimp aquaculture in India. and edited by A. David Scarfe, Chapter three written by C.V. Mohan and Melba G. BondadCheng-Sheng Lee and Patricia Reantaso describes the regional approach to aquatic animal J. O’Bryen. A book dedicated to the health management—views and programs of the network of understanding of aquatic animal aquaculture centres in the Asia–Pacific, with 16 member coundisease and one that deals the tries; as well as promoting rural development and sustainable prevention, control and eradication aquaculture through responsible trade in aquaculture products. of aquatic disease. Each editor is a Also addressing animal health issues through proactive cooperspecialist in their respective field. ation’s In later chapters Canada’s approach to aquatic biosecurity, the In Chapter one Eva-Marie Bernoth deals US Fish & Wildlife service approaches and Wisconsin’s veterinary with aquaculture biosecurity looking at the views and approaches of the approaches to fish health. Harmonized, standardised, and flexible World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) a governmental organinational frameworks for ensuring diagnostic data and test result sation created in 1924. In March 2004 it had 166 member countries. validity: A critical need for aquatic animal health diagnostic systems Within its mandate under the World Trade Organization Agreement and for biosecurity in aquaculture, also disinfectants and disinfection on the Application of Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures (SPS and aquatic animal health surveillance.

Agreement), its role is to safeguard world trade by publishing health This book is a collaboration of many authors from many disstandards for international trade in animals and animal products. The ciplines all working towards the achievement of good animal main normative works produced by the OIE for aquatic animals are health and to reduce disease and eventually prevent infections the Aquatic Animal Health Code and the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and the spread of aquatic disease. Well written with considerfor Aquatic Animals. able insight into the subject. This in my opinion is one of the most Chapter two written by Rohana P. Subasinghe and Melba G. important books written for aquaculture in the world today. A Bondad-Reantaso, looks at biosecurity in aquaculture. This chapter must have text for student and teachers as well as aquatic scidescribes the role of biosecurity for reducing disease risks and the entists and anyone working in aquaculture. Definitely one for the opportunities and challenges for developing countries. Biosecurity bookcase. provides a strategic framework and integrated approach to assess and manage the risks that threaten food safety, animal life and

I

ISBN 978-0-8138-0539-9

Aquaculture Principles and Practices (Second edition)

I

n 2005 M N Kutty and T V R Pillay wrote the second edition on the principles and practices of aquaculture. The book is divided into two sections; the first section deals with the principles of aquaculture and the second deals with the practices in aquaculture.

In chapter one, the authors look at the scope and definition of aquaculture along with the cultural and social- economic and the biological, technological elements of aquaculture with its role in fisheries management.

Chapter two looks at the history of aquaculture, from Asia to Central Europe and how it has developed from humble beginnings on a small scale to the large-scale role it plays today, it also looks at the ancient practice of rearing koi carp by the Japanese and Chinese right up to modern day methods.

Chapters three deals with the national planning of aquaculture and how it must move forward with good planning and framework to aid its future. The social and economic development needed to ensure its success as a business.

Chapter four discusses the selection of the sites for aquaculture,

the feasibility and viable operation. Also site selection depends on the spices to be cultured and the type of technology that will be installed into the farm.

Chapter five covers the species to be cultured along with the biological and characteristics aspects with the economic and market consideration.

Chapter six looks at the design and construction of the aqua farm, where everything is considered from soil quality to water quality, salinity and the tidal flows if coastal. Also the size and shape of the aquafarm along with the construction methods and materials used.

The later chapters in this publication deals with feed and nutrition, reproduction and genetics also health and disease and how to control weeds and the problem of pests and predators. The contents of this book are as diverse as the species that are cultured in aquaculture.

In my opinion this is an excellent book full of good solid information that is valuable to anyone involved in aquaculture weather it is as a scientist or student or an employee. A great book well written and presented a must for anyone with an interest in aquaculture and a valuable asset on your shelf.

ISBN: -10: 1-4051-0532-1 38 | International AquaFeed | January-February 2011

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January-February 2011 | International AquaFeed | 41

EVENTS • Aquatic Asia 2011, BITEC, Bangkok

EVENTS 2011 17th - 20th January

9th - 11th March

*

International Trade & Exhibition Centre, Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Guus van Ham, P.O. Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel: +31 30 2952302 Fax: +31 30 2952809 Email: aquatic.asia@vnuexhibitions.com Web: www.aquatic-asia.net

•

3rd - 5th May

Asia Pacific Aquaculture 2011, Kochi, India Contact: Mario Stael, Begijnengracht 40, B9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +32 92334912 Email: Mario.Stael@scarlet.be Web: www.was.org

28th February 11 - 3rd March 11

Aquaculture America 2011, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Contact: Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000, Gent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

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22nd - 25th May 11 The Alltech 27th International Animal Health and Nutrition Symposium, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Contact: Roel Coenders, Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA Tel: +1 859 8873244 Fax: +1 859 8873256 Email: rcoenders@alltech.com Web: www.alltech.com/

26th - 29th May

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15th - 17th June

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Indo Fisheries 2011 Expo & Forum, Grand City Expo Surabaya, Indonesia Contact: Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, Indonesia Tel: +62 21 8644756 Fax: +62 21 8650963 Email: devi@napindo.com Web: www.indolivestock.com

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•World Aquaculture 2011 incl Giant Prawn 2011, Natal, Brazil Contact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium Tel: +32 9 2334912 Fax: +32 9 2334912 Email: mario.stael@scarlet.be Web: www.marevent.com

18th - 21st October

•

Aquaculture Europe 2011, Rhodos, Greece Contact: EAS, Slijkensesteenweg 4, B8400 Ostend, Belgium Tel: +32 59 323859 Fax: +32 59 321005 Email: eas@aquaculture.cc Web: www.easonline.org

10th - 12th November 11

Is there an event that our readers need to know about!

Events listings are free of charge and will appear in the printed magazine and online.

To add your event to our listing, contact Tuti Tan Tutit@aquafeed.co.uk

Expo Pesca & AcuiPeru, Jockey Convention Center, Peru Contact: JKUMAR ( J K), 674/6 U.E, Karnal, India Tel: +91 9812 390009 Fax: +91 1844 030999 Email: jkumar@thaiscorp.in Web: www.thaiscorp.com

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Visit our website for more information!

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www.aquatic-asia.net 9 -11 March, BITEC Bangkok, Thailand

Find your suppliers of innovative products and services in the Fish, Molluscs, Crustaceans and Algae business

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In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue.

If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Manager, Caroline Wearn.

Email: carolinew@aquafeed.co.uk |Tel +44 1242 267706

WEB LINKS

Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co = www.amandus-kahl-group.de Andritz Feed & Biofuel = www.andritz.com A-Systems = www.allix-formulation.com BENEO-Animal Nutrition = www.beneo-an.com Biomin Holding GmbH = www.biomin.net Braime Elevator Components Ltd = ww.go4b.com Buhler AG = www.buhlergroup.com Chemoforma Ltd = www.chemoforma.com Engormix = www.engormix.com Evonik Industries AG = www.evonik.com Extru-Tech Inc = www.extru-techinc.com Format International = www.formatinternational.com Geelen Counterflow = www.geelencounterflow.com Muyang Group = www.muyang.com Nutri-Ad International nv = www.nutriad.net Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. = www.ottevanger.com PT Napindo Media Ashatama = www.napindo.com SPF (activite Aquativ) (new) = www.aquativ-diana.com Tapco Inc = www.tapcoinc.com THAIS CORPORATION = www.thaiscorp.in UBM Asia Trade Fairs Pte Ltd = www.aquarama.com.sg Victam International = www.victam.com VNU Exhibitions Europe = www.viv.net World Aquaculture Society (WAS) = www.was.org Wynveen International BV = www.wynveen.com/ YSI Incorporated = www.ysi.com Zhengchang Group (ZCME) = www.zhengchang.com

Fatten up your bottom line. Buhler high-performance animal and aqua feed production systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com.

B端hler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96 fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com

The solution behind the solution.