aP u c k l i e
B u i ko
A d e n ’ s H i s t o r y 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 9
Contents The Keith Family Pages 1-2
The Russell Family Pages 3-4
The Remodel o Mansion House Pages 5-7
Bunf (Banff) an Buchan Pages 8-11
A Pucklie o Scotland’s History Pages 12-19
Bibliography Pages 20-23
The Keith Family
Page 1
a Gander o the Keith Clan The first we see of the Keith family in Scotland is in the year 1010 during the battle of Barrie. Robert de Keith, the chief of the Germanic tribe “Catti”, was recognised by Malcolm II for “slaying the Danish General Camus” (Connection, Scots 2019) leading to his appointment as Marischal of the Kingdom and Custodian of the Royal Regalia which saw him held responsible for the safety of the Monarch within Parliament (Connection, Scots 2019). The Keith family, although not native to Scotland, were in ownership of many Scottish estates between Berwick and John O’Groats. The Keiths fought in the War of Independence alongside Robert the Bruce. Having recognised their loyalty, Robert the Bruce rewarded Clan Keith with granting Robert Keith I, Great Marischal of Scotland, the Barony of Aden. One of the main Keith Clan residences was Dunnottar Castle which is located near Stonehaven. The Keith’s swapped their lands of Struthers with Clan Lindsey for Dunnottar Castle in 1392 (Shop, Scotland 2019). The Keith’s completed the construction of Dunnottar castle including the Tower House which can still be seen when visiting the ruins in the current day. After completing the construction of the tower house Pope Benedict XIII, in 1395, removed the excommunication which was passed by the bishop of (Scotland, Visit 2017) St. Andrew’s against Sir William Keith, the Great Marischal of Scotland, for encroaching on consecrated ground known as the Rock of Dunnottar (Holland, Stephen 2019). They inhabited the castle and a number of their other estates, including Aden, until the 18th Century, when George Keith fought beside the Jacobite’s causing their properties to be forfeited to the crown (Shop, Scotland 2019). The Keith’s an Aden It was after an archaeological dig, fueled by a project aiming to uncover the “Celtic Monastery where the Book of Deer was written” (Observer, Buchan 2016) that two structures, now known to be foundations, were discovered south of the Mansion house site. The largest of the two foundations found during the dig takes form of a T and it’s thought to have been constructed during the late medieval period as either a tower house or castle (Observer, Buchan 2016). Due to the prior knowledge that the Keith’s were fond of the T form floorplan it has been discussed that the form found within Aden Park were the foundations of the long-lost castle of Aden (Observer, Buchan 2016). The second structure, smaller in size, takes the form of what is thought to be an annex as it sits on the northside of the castle structure much like other Keith owned castles. The discovered ruins of the long-lost castle sparked curiosity and it is thought that the structure might have been modified after the use of the Keith’s changing its function from residential castle to a secret Episcopalian meeting place.
(Jennings, Derek 2018)
Page 2 Secret Meeting Placie Research undertaken by Derek Jennings discovered that after the Scottish crown was offered to William and Mary in 1689, ministers were demanded “to pray for the Hanoverians by name in public worship” (Jennings, Derek 2018). Unlike the Presbyterians, the Episcopal bishops remained loyal to the “Stuart dynasty” (Jennings, Derek 2018) which lead to their rejection from all parish churches within Buchan. Many people were Episcopalian, including a Keith titled the Earl Marischal, with the Church of Deer being an exception. It is most likely that the reason for George Keith remaining as minister of the Old Deer Parish Church until his death is due to his family name. It was after the death of George Keith, when people wanted an Episcopalian, William Livingston to replace Keith as their new minister however the presbytery wanted son of the Provost of Aberdeen, John Gordon as their new minister. The controversy caused a public riot, known as “the Rabbling of Deer”, against the provost of Aberdeen. After Gordon was appointed to another church the locals of Deer were banned from having an Episcopalian minister. The rejection of Episcopalians from the parish church in 1711 led to their secret meetups in local woodland areas. It is thought that the small T shaped building discovered during the archaeological dig was a meeting house as it is located on what would have been the Earl Marischal’s land. Further affecting Episcopalians was a law, passed in 1719, that limited Episcopalian ministers from preaching to large congregations which were limited to nine people (Jennings, Derek 2018). It is thought that to jump through the loopholes of the law, Ministers would stand in a corridor and preach to small groups of nine each in different rooms. This law remained in force until 1792. (Jennings, Derek 2018). Duke Cumberland sent troops to set fire to the meeting house in 1746 (Jennings, Derek 2018), which could account for the charred timbers and stones that were found when the two structures were discovered at Aden (Observer, Buchan 2016). After the fire William “Livingston and his congregation tried to rebuild” (Jennings, Derek 2018) the meeting place however, a woman named Mrs Ferguson, who was a loyal Presbyterian, sent forces to dismantle what had been rebuilt. For this, Mrs Ferguson was taken to court in Aberdeen, where the sheriff authorised the rebuild of the meeting house under the condition that William Livingston prayed “by the name of the Monarch” (Jennings, Derek 2018).
(Jennings, Derek 2018)
The Russell Family
Page 3
1758 - 1937
a Gander o the Russell Family Aden’s present appearance dates from the ownership of the Russell family. Alexander Russell, a Banffshire laird from Montcoffer, purchased the estate in 1758, along with the village of old Deer from James Ferguson of Pitfour. His plan was filled with current ideas of farming ‘Improvements’. He re-organised his tenant farms, planted woods for shelter and built a modest house overlooking the South Ugie River. Succeeding generations of Russells completed the transformation by building the unique steading in 1800, enlarging the mansion (rebuilt in the neo-classical style by Aberdeen architect John Smith) and adding a coach-house and gate lodges in 1832-33. By late Victorian times, the estate included the lands of Kininmonth and Ludquharn and covered 31 sq. Miles. At Aden, a small army of staff serviced the mansion house, estate, and needs of the laird. Remains of this lavish lifestyle are still visible in and about the mansion house, including an ice-house, laundry and a gaswork. Earlier Information The Russell Clan was a Scottish armigerous clan, registered with the Court of Lord Lyon. The clan originated from Normandy and had ancestral ties to the English Dukes of Bedford and had numerous descendants in Great Britain and America. Russell had come to Aberdeenshire with Rozel, an English baron, who had fought during the Siege of Berwick and the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333. Following this they moved to Scotland. His family was called 'Russell of this Ilk'. In 1630 Alexander Russell- a descendent of the Russell’s of Bradshaw bought a property in Moray. His son Patrick Russell married Catherine Campbell in 1680. They bought the Montcoffer lands in Banffshire and had five children. Alexander Russell of Montcoffer, Banff and Aden (1723 – 1798) In 1752, Alexander Russell sold Montcoffer to his cousin William. In 1758 he bought the Aden Estate and the Old Deer village from James Ferguson. He became the second laird of Aden. The Russell’s were to hold the estate for almost 200 years and make improvements to the house and they planned to enhance the beauty of estate by incorporating drives, planting and a bridge across the river Ugie. He planned to improve the current ideas of farming re-organise the tenant farms, plant woods for shelter and built a modest house overlooking the South Ugie River Alexander Russell of Aden ( 1792 – 1829) In 1792 Alexander married Margaret Cumine. Margaret was a member of the notable family owning the land adjoining Aden. This added largely to the family lands. The couple had twelve children and two of them became lairds. Alexander introduced the semi-circular farm steading in 1792 James Russell of Aden (1797 – 1875) The next heir (Alexander Cumine Russell) drowned before the estate could be passed to him instead It was passed on to his brother James George Ferguson Russell. James married Caroline Lambton and they had four children together. He held the office of Justice of the Peace for Aberdeen. James and Caroline rebuilt Aden mansion during the early years of their marriage.
(Aberdeenshire Council, 2015)
Page 4 In 1832 James commissioned Scottish Architect, John Smith (a.k.a Tudor Johnnie) to design improvements to Aden House and Estate. John Smith planned to bury the house under a contemporary Victorian façade. He introduced a raised West wing with Doric columns and strong Doric features were incorporated into the South front. Caroline redesigned the landscape by introducing more trees into the estate. The trees lined the driveways and followed the approach to the mansion. Francis Shirley Russell of Aden (1840 – 1912) Frank Shirley Russell inherited Aden in 1887. He married Philippa Augusta Maria Baillie and they had five children, two daughters and three sons. He was a colonel in the Prusse army and held the office of Deputy Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire. He was highly ranked in the military and moved to Berlin with his wife. In 1892 Colonel Frank and Mrs Russell returned from Germany to live in Aden. In 1912 Frank Russell died at 72 and was succeeded by his second son Drostan Russell (seventh laird). Drostan died of blackwater fever in (Old Deer, 2019) 915 while serving in the army and so the estate was passed onto his brother Sidney Cumine Russell (the eighth and final laird). Sidney Cumine Russell of Aden (1895 – 1965) The estate was inherited by Sidney Russell in 1915. He was the Eighth and final laird. He was highly ranked as Lieutenant in the Scots Guards. He fought in the First World War. He married Meriel Eleanor Fetherstonhaugh and they had four children. After the First World War, despite the sale of three quarters of the estate, spiralling maintenance costs combined with falling farm income became a growing burden. Finally, in 1937 the last resident laird, Sidney Russell, reluctantly sold Aden, much of Old Deer and the estate’s remaining 52 farms. (TuckDB, 2019) Neglect and Rebirth New owners used the estate mainly for shooting and the home farm and policies were let out to local farmers. Instead of the care lavished on the estate by the Russells and their staff, the grounds were neglected and the buildings became derelict. In 1974 Banff and Buchan District Council purchased the Aden site and in 1975 Aden was designated a Country Park. With considerable support from the Countryside Commission for Scotland the mansion house was consolidated and in 1983 the renovation of the steading as a Farming Museum was completed.
The Remodel o The Mansion House
Page 5
1832 - 1833
Remodeling by John Smith I (Tudor Johnny) Following this a description of the adjustments/additions made to the Mansion House structure are listed and described.
West Wing •
•
•
West wing façade was clad in golden granite Top windows on the façade were shortened and the lower windows were designed with overhanging flat pediments at the top. Paired Roman Doric columns built from the west intermediate bay.
South Elevation • • •
•
A tetrastyle Porte cochere in grey ashlar granite. Some parts of the existing walls were clad in golden granite 4-windowed quoined ashlar pedimented centrepiece was constructed into the existing wall in golden granite. An extension was created at one corner to contain a bathroom.
Entrance Hall •
Three inner slate steps running across the full width of the hall giving access to the upper part of the entrance
East Elevation •
A centred entry façade was designed on the elevation
North Elevation
•
A laundry room that also served as a cook’s bedroom was constructed on the elevation and it contained a cheese press Stone skirting of light grey slate was added around the base of the redesigned walls Fireclay balustraded parapets
•
The gate lodges and coach house
•
•
The Plan This plan illustrates the changes the building went through. The brown walls in the plan formth the existing structure, the blue were inserted in the late 18 century, the green walls were added by Architect John Smith in 1832-33 and the yellow walls were
(0duniyi, Daniel 2019)
at-
Page 6 Design Influences The building elements incorporated during the remodelling were typical of the Neo-classical Era which borrowed a lot of its elements from the Classical Era.
The Columns Inspired by the Doric Order, popular in the 18th century in Ancient Greek Architecture and later in Roman Architecture Characterised by: • Simple circular capitals at the top • Smooth surfaced • No base; drops straight to the platform • Wide square cushion at the top •
Tetrastyla Porte Cochere • •
•
(Kang’ethe, E. 2019)
Common in Ancient Greece Widely used in 18th and 19th century mansions and elaborate private homes to allow passengers in carriages to avoid weather elements when arriving and departing Tetrastyle refers to the use of 4 columns
Pedimented Roof Gable •
•
•
A decorative element developed in Ancient Greek Architecture later used in Ancient Rome, the Renaissance Era and during Architecture revivals Pediments were used as a non-structural element over windows and doors Normally decorated with a sculpture within the triangle
(Kang’ethe, E. 2019)
Quoins • • •
Used in the Classical, Neo- Classical and Baroque Architectural Eras Term refers to masonry blocks at the corner of the wall Said to add aesthetic details to a façade; implying strength, prominence and expense while reinforcing a sense of physical strength
(Kang’ethe, E. 2019)
Page 7 Ashlar • •
• •
Finely dressed (cut and worked) stone. The visible face may be quarry-faced or features a variety of treatments. It is used as an alternative material to bricks and granite. Often contrasted with rustication in Classical Architecture
Fireclay Balustrade Parapet Wall •
Decorative crown-like feature that was used to imply prominence and stature in the Renaissance Era
(Kang’ethe, E. 2019)
Bunf (Banff) an Buchan
Page 8
1937: The Estate was Sold by Sidney Russell •
“After the First World War it is a difficult time for farming and three quarters of the estate is sold off” (Friends of Aden, 2019)
1937-1974: The New Owners •
•
•
These new occupiers of the land were most likely businessmen from Manchester and friends of the Russells. During their ownership, the buildings of the estate were neglected as the area was mainly used for hunting and the majority of the land was let out to local farmers During WW2 the park was used as a billet for soldiers, during which period the main house was still intact and the farm houses still inhabited. Following this the estate falls into deterioration resulting in removal of the roof from the main house. (Friends of Aden, 2019)
(Canmore National Records of Historic Environment, 2019)
Page 9 1974: The estate was bought by Banff and Buchan District Council (Friends of Aden, 2019) 1975: Country Park Designation This came from a joint support by both Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Council, who set to reverse the deterioration of the estate. (Friends of Aden, 2019)
1976: Both Aden House and the Aden House Stables (currently the Aberdeenshire Farming Museum) were assessed by Historic Environment Scotland and given category B Listing, along with several other smaller structures within the estate. For Aden House, in the statement of special interest it justifies the B listing as “Of outstanding merit, graded B on account of ruined condition”. For the stables the listing was far more complexly justified: “Sited a short distance to the east of the now ruinous Aden House at the heart of the Aden estate, this fine semicircular former steading, now a museum, is a rare example of its type . Only a handful of semicircular steadings exist in Scotland and the plan form, rarity and date of Aden contribute to its importance as a particularly good illustration of a post-Improvement Period steading.”
(Historic Environment Scotland)
1977: The Old Deer conservation area (which contains Aden park, the village of Old Deer, a section of the former Buchan and Formartine railway line and other historic monuments such as a stone circle West of the park) was designated by the Banff and Buchan council.
Page 10 1983: Renovation The early 19th century semi-circular steading on the estate was renovated by the Banff and Buchan District Council and was completed in 1983 to house a Farming Museum. It has since become one of the most visited attractions in the North East of Scotland. (The Gazetteer for Scotland, 2019)
1990: Hareshowe of Ironside is brought to Aden, piece by piece As a link to the Farming Museum, the Hareshowe of Ironside was dismantled from its original location near New Deer and reassembled in Aden park, to display an example of a typical North East tenant farmstead; “ built in the 1890s, the building is now reflecting the interior how it would have looked in the 1950s when the Barron family inhabited the house, which they did between 1935 and 1990.” (Live LIfe Aberdeenshire, 2019)
2007:
(Friends of Aden)
The building which currently houses the Aberdeenshire Farming Museum was upgraded to category A listing by Historic Environment Scotland.
2016: •
•
The park is, by this time, known as “the jewel in the Buchan crown” and also receives a Green Flag Award as it is recognised as a park with great green-spaces, well-maintained facilities and high standard of safety and security. (Friends of Aden, 2019) Ice cream Architecture, a Glasgow based practice which comprises of several design disciplines, teamed up with ‘Friends of Aden Country Park’ over a period of 4 months in the Summer of 2016 and created a document which outlines the strategy to introduce and develop art into the many different areas of the park. As part of this they hosted walks through the park, film screenings and discussion nights in order to gather community based ideas. From this well researched document they have timetabled a series of action plans which are broken down into short term (2016-17), medium term (2018-20) and long term aspirations (2020 onwards).
(Ice Cream Architecture Website)
Page 11 2017: “Geophysical survey carried out by RGC around the ruins of the house identified numerous anomalies of possible archaeological significance. These lie mainly to the west and indicate garden features, including paths and a probable fountain shown on earlier OS maps. Other anomalies indicative of structures have also been detected to the west of the house. Ground penetrating radar within the ruins produced mixed results, and there is no clear evidence for an earlier structure.” (Aberdeenshire Council, 2019)
2018: A plan for future development of the park was produced, with the use of Lottery funding even though the park has been recognised as a Green Flag park and an important part of the community, Aberdeenshire Council is looking to the future of the park and has started the Aden Country Park Restoration & Redevelopment Project. This project aims to redevelop the park into a varied park that will improve visitors experience and biodiversity within the park, but at the same time protect and promote the heritage of the estate. In more detail this is planned to be achieved by: • Making general updates of roads and paths • Adding new plantations and control invasive species • Building a new play area • Uncovering, recording and interpreting archeological sites, in various areas of the park • Restoration of buildings and the landscape • Additional learning opportunities for visitors and schools to learn more about the culture, heritage and biodiversity in the park • Arranging activities and events related to the heritage of the park (Jura Consultants, 2018) However, redevelopment of the park on this scale requires resources and fortunately £1.25 million were awarded by the National Lottery to fund their £2.1 million renovation project. The remainder of the funds comes from grants, cash from developer obligations as well as council investment (Tamsin, G. 2018).
New Play Within Aden Country Park (Tamsin, G. 2019)
a Pucklie o Scotland’s History
Page 12
1295: The Auld Alliance Military diplomatic agreement between Scotland and France. The Auld Alliance aimed to control the expansion of England. Scottish armies assisted France in struggles against the English (1421 Battle of Bauge). The alliance allowed for trading opportunities and an original alliance that granted dual citizenship (revoked by French government 1903).
1297: The Wars of Independence The Wars of Independence started following a dispute between two claimants of the vacant Scottish Throne. Edward I of England was called to mediate and prevent civil war. Edward looked to exploit the situation and soon after Balliol’s crowning, Edward claimed taxes and Scottish troops for English battles. The Scottish and King Balliol were beaten in battle when they tried to resist. Edward set out to destroy Scotland and ensure it became part of his kingdom. In 1297 rebellions led by William Wallace and Andrew Murray led to a great Scottish victory over the English at the battle of Stirling bridge. Further battles followed and the English gained control again until Robert the Bruce took back most of Scotland by force. At the Battle of Bannockburn Bruce’s army defeated a vastly superior force. Bruce (Tartan Army, Paisley 2008) continued to push until his Kingship and Scotland’s Independence was recognised in 1328. • 1308 battle of Inverurie – Robert Keith fighting in support of Robert the Bruce • 1314 battle of Bannockburn – Robert Keith commands Scottish horse for Robert the Bruce • 1324 Barony of Aden given to Robert Keith for loyal service during wars of independence & title Earl Marischal given to Keith family
1320: The Declaration of Arbroath A letter written by the Earls and Barons of Scotland to the pope asking for recognition of Scotland’s independence and Robert the Bruce’s kingship. The letter was ignored, and Robert the Bruce continued to fight England until independence and his kingship was recognised 1328.
1332: The Second Wars of Independence A conflict between supporters of Bruce claim to Scottish throne and Balliol claim to Scottish throne. Following Bruce’s death, he was succeeded by his son King David II in 1329. Edward Balliol, son of former king John Balliol, invaded Scotland and defeated a large force loyal to King David II at the battle of Dupplin Moor. Balliol force later defeated, and he was chased into England. Conflict continued between supporters of the two claimants. King Edward III of England joined the conflict in support of Balliol knowing he could manipulate Balliol and control Scotland. The conflict saw David II flee to France and be captured by Edward III on his return to Scotland. Additionally, Balliol accepts a payment and relinquishes his claim to Scottish Crown to Edward.
Page 13 The Second Wars of Independence came to an end following the Treaty of Berwick. • 1332 Battle of Dupplin Moor – Robert Keith Present, supporting King David II and Killed • 1346 Battle of Neville’s Cross – Grandson of Robert Keith (also named Robert Keith) present and killed
1349: The Plague A major outbreak in Scotland killed as many as 200,000 of Scotland’s 1,000,000 population.
1357: Treaty of Berwick The treaty marked the end of the second wars of independence. The treaty agreed the release of David II from English imprisonment in exchange for ransom payments. The payments caused great anger in Scotland and the full amount was never paid.
1371: King David II Dies King David II dies and is succeeded by his nephew Robert Stewart. Robert II reigned as King 1371-1390.
1388: Battle of Otterburn A conflict following raids by Scottish forces into England. The Percy family of England and the Douglas family of Scotland had a violent history and fought for territories. The Battle of Otterburn saw the English force, led by Sir Henry Percy, attack the Scottish force, led by Sir James Douglas. The Earl of Douglas was killed but the Scottish defeated the English.
1390: Robert III Crowned King of Scotland Robert III, Eldest son of Robert II, succeeds his father. As a result of a riding injury, Robert III’s son, David Stewart, was declared Lieutenant of the Kingdom and ruled in his Father’s place. David, who provoked English forces and was then defeated, was unpopular in Scotland and was imprisoned by his uncle, Robert Duke of Albany. David died while imprisoned in St Andrews. Robert III’s last remaining son, James Stewart, and his supporters were defeated in battle by the Duke of Albany. James was fled and was later imprisoned by Henry IV of England. Following Robert III’s death, Robert Duke of Albany was declared Governor and Regent of Scotland.
1406: Robert Duke of Albany Declared Governor of Scotland With the Death of Robert III, Robert Duke of Albany was appointed Governor and Regent of Scotland in place of, James Stewart who was still imprisoned by Henry IV.
1413: University of St Andrews Founded
Page 14 1420: Murdoch Succeeds Robert as Governor of Scotland Murdoch, 2nd Duke of Albany, succeeds his father as Regent and Governor of Scotland. Murdoch is executed by James I upon his delayed return to Scotland following release from English imprisonment.
1424: James Stewart Crowned King of Scotland Following his release from English prison and marriage to relative of Henry IV, King of England, James Stewart is declared King in Scotland. James I returned to Scotland but was met with hostility from those who challenged the legitimacy of his claim to the throne.
1437: Assassination of James I James I assassinated by challengers of his claim to the throne. Succeeded by his son James II (aged 6). The young king was manipulated and controlled by powerful families for many years.
1449: James II Takes Formal Control of Kingdom Gained popularity as King in Scotland and later turned attention to conflicts with England.
1460: Siege at Roxburgh King James II lays siege to Roxburgh and the castle is later seized from English by Scottish forces. James II is killed during explosion of canon and succeeded by his nine year old son, James III. The young king was controlled by powerful families until he took control for himself in 1468.
1482: Edinburgh Captured and James III Imprisoned The English invaded in support of the claim of Alexander IV, James’ brother. Later released but became increasingly unpopular and isolated.
1488: James III Killed Killed at the Battle of Sauchieburn by forces led by revolting Scottish nobles who supported James’ fifteen year old son, James IV.
1495: University of Aberdeen Founded 1513: Auld Alliance Invoked King James IV invades England in Support of French but informs Henry VIII, King of England, before marching forces to Northumberland. A disastrous defeat for the Scottish occurred at the Battle of Flodden. 25,000 Scottish met and English force of 20,000. James IV’s warning to Henry VIII meant the English were prepared. Up to 10,000 Scots were killed including King James IV. • 1513 Battle at Flodden – A Lord Keith survives slaughter
Page 15 1513: King James V Crowned The Duke of Alban ruled on behalf of the infant King until 1526 when James took control aged 14. • 1517 – 2nd Earl Marischal William Keith acts as custodian of young king • 1531 – Dunnottar Castle gifted to the Keith’s by James V
1537: King James V Marries Madeleine of Valois
(Houses, Historic 2018)
King James marries the French Princess to gain a large dowry and strength the Auld Alliance. Princess Madeleine was already ill with tuberculosis and died that year. In 1538, James V married Marie de Guise (adopted sister of Madeleine) and received another large dowry. King James V struggled in conflicts with the English as Henry VIII demanded the Scottish break away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Scottish could not afford to lose the payments from the Pope and battled with The English until King James’ death. • William Keith accompanies King James V to France for the marriage
1542: Mary Queen of Scots Born & King James V Death King James V died of sickness (suspected to be cholera) and was succeeded by his infant daughter, Mary Queen of Scots.
1543: Mary Queen of Scots Crowned & ‘Rough Wooing’ Henry VIII of England and Henri II of France fought to annex Scotland through marriage of their sons and Mary. The ‘Rough Wooing’, a campaign by Henry VIII, aimed to achieve forced marriage of Mary and his Son. Henri II of France offered a haven for Mary and supporting troops. Later, Mary married his son, Francois II, in 1558. • 1547 Battle of Pinkie – 4th Earl Marischal William Keith fought against Henry VIII
1561: Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) Returns from France to Protestant Scotland as Queen The Queen became involved in conflicts related to her next husband as different groups fought to achieve a partner and marriage that benefited them. • 1561 William Keith acts as member of Queens Privy Council • 1562 Keith family host Queen at Dunnottar Castle
1566: Charles James VI Born Son of Mary Queen of Scots
Page 16 1567: Mary Queen of Scots Abdication Following Mary’s marriage to James, Earl of Bothwell, an uprising occurred. Many Scots believed Bothwell to be the murderer of Mary’s previous husband and a rebel force, led by protestant nobles, imprisoned Mary. Her infant son became king, and Scotland was ruled by James Stewart, 1st Early of Moray.
1568: Marian Civil War Supporters of Mary Queen of Scots battled with forces led by James Stewart (ruling kingdom for infant king James VI). • 1571 Battle of Craibstone and Battle of Tillieangus – Keith Clan support Forbes clan fighting against supporters of Mary Queen of Scots
1572: Death of John Knox Leading figure in Presbyterian reformation – supported by Keith Family
1587: Mary Queen of Scots Beheaded Mary fled to England and was imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth who feared Mary’s claim to the English throne. She was sentenced to death following unfair implication in a plot against Queen Elizabeth.
1590: James VI and Anne of Denmark Married - Anne Crowned Queen Marriage organised by George Keith 5th Earl Marischal
1593: Creation of Marischal College By George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal
1603: Union of Crowns, James VI/I Scotland and England Elizabeth I died childless and the only effective claimant, James VI of Scotland was crowned James I of England. Scotland and England remained separate sovereign states with a shared monarch until 1707 when Acts of Union dissolved Scottish parliament and merged Scotland and England to create the United Kingdom.
1611: James VI/I Set Out to Undermine Gaelic Language and Culture Following receipt of the English crown, James VI/I became uninterested in Scotland, spent much of his time in England and influenced by English and European cultures and lifestyles, set out to remove much of Scottish culture which he viewed as inferior.
1625: Death of James VI/I Succeeded by Son Charles I Charles I gained many enemies in his attempts to alter religious and parliamentary practices in Scotland and England.
Page 17 1638: National Covenant Signed by many prominent Scottish figures, the National Covenant aimed to protect Scottish cultural and religious practices. The removal of governance by Bishops in Scotland, enforced by Covenanters, resulted in conflict with forces of Charles I. • Signed by William Keith Earl Marischal
1639: The Bishops War and Wars of Three Kingdoms Charles I attempts to enforce Anglican practices and Scotland abolish Episcopacy.
1642: English Civil Wars Parliamentary forces battle royalist forces of Charles I. Conflict follows Charles I attempts to remove opposing members of parliament. Parliamentary forces are supported by Presbyterian Scottish forces who capture Charles and turn him over to the forces of parliament. A second conflict started, and Oliver Cromwell led parliamentary forces to victory.
1649: Charles I Executed 1651: Charles II, Son of Charles I, Crowned in Scotland Charles II signed Covenant and agreed to attempt to enforce Presbyterianism on England. As a result, Oliver Cromwell invades Scotland with parliamentary forces. • 1651 Dunnottar Castle and Earl Marischal William Keith besieged by parliamentary forces, castle surrendered 1652 • Dunnottar Castel retained by army until 1695 when it was returned to the Keith family Charles II reclaimed throne with support from Scotland’s General Monck (previously a commander for parliamentary forces).
1685: Charles II Death, Succeeded by James Stewart II/VII James, whose father converted to Catholicism before death persecutes Presbyterians and hangs many Scots who sought to enforce Presbyterianism.
1688: William of Orange Arrives William of Orange, considered a protestant hero, accepted invitation from protestant parliament members and nobleman. He fought James II/VII and was declared King in Scotland and England in 1689 with Mary as Queen (Brain, Jessica 2019)
Page 18 1690: Jacobite and Irish Rebellions Catholic forces are defeated by William and Mary, joint monarchs.
1702: William of Orange Death, Succeeded by Queen Anne William’s sister in law succeeds him following death. The majority of the Queen’s reign of England, Scotland and Ireland focussed on conflict with Spanish forces.
1707: United Kingdom Scottish Parliament dissolved under Act of Union and Scotland and England merge to form the United Kingdom with Queen Anne as the first Sovereign of Great Britain. • William Keith 9th Earl Marischal implicated in further Jacobite uprisings and imprisoned.
1707: The Act of Union In 1707, Scotland was united with England by creating one Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster Palace, London. The parliament met for the first time in October 1707 (History, Scottish 2016).
1746: The Battle of Culloden The Jacobite’s made their final stand in the Battle of Culloden but they were unable to claim victory against the Hanoverian army as the battle only lasted an hour (History, Scottish 2016).
1746: Highland Clearances A period known as the Highland Clearances, in 1746, occurred due to the introduction of several laws to enable landlords to evict their tenant farmers in order to increase their income (History, Scottish 2016).
1750s: The Enlightenment Era The Enlightenment Era was in intellectual movement that tried to obtain an understanding of the natural world and the human mind though research in science, engineering, technology, medicine poetry and history. There were significant figures in both Scotland and Great Britain like David Hume, Adam Smith, Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott – who are still commemorated for their research (History, Scottish 2016).
1800’s: The Urban and Industrial revolution in Scotland The industrial revolution in Scotland caused economic and social progress due to trades such as tobacco, sugar, cotton and jute. This created more jobs within cities and caused a need for mass expansion in housing and factories to accommodate all the new workers. Developments in mining, shipbuilding, textiles and the creation of the locomotive were important in Scotland’s evolution which had positive effects that were seen worldwide (History, Scottish 2016).
1914: First World War During the First World War, Scottish regiments like the Black Watch and Royal Scots were essential on the front line. Glasgow’s shipyards, iron works and steel works, that were located along the River Clyde, were also vital to the war effort to provide weapons and transportation for the Allies (History, Scottish 2016).
Page 19 1939: Second World War During the Second World War many Scottish cities were bombed as there were more than 500 German air raids, they ranged from single aircraft hit ad runs to mass bombings by 240 planes. Glasgow was a major target due to the factories down the Clyde, however, Peterhead, Fraserburgh and Montrose were also hit (McIvor, J. 2015).
1967: North Sea Oil In 1967 Scotland drilled in the North Sea for the first time, which was a major industrial accomplishment at the time, this created a new supply into the countries economy and allowing the UK to stop importing as much oil (History, Scottish 2016).
1999: Scottish Parliamentary reconvenes and devolution There was a referendum held in 1997 that showed the need for Scotland to have its own Parliament, so in 1999 the Parliament reconvened for the first time in 300 year in 1999 (History, Scottish 2016).
2014: Referendum In 2014, a Referendum was help on Scottish Independence, when the vote was to be respected by both governments. On the 18 September 2014, the people of Scotland voted. In response to the question, 'Should Scotland be an independent country', 1,617,989 (45%) voted Yes and 2,001,926 (55%) voted No (History, Scottish 2016).
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This booklet was created by: The Keith Family: Rebecca Hawley & Aimee Florence Jackson The Russell Family: Kate Pittendreigh & Julian Belfils The Remodel o The Mansion House: Daniel Oduniyi & Elizabeth Kang’ethe Bunf (Banff) and Buchan: Cameron Brown & Evelina Olsson a Pucklie o Scotland’s History: Connor Downie (1295-1707) & Ahmed Reda (1707-2014)