Blaming it on Eve - More Histories Vol.II

MORE HISTORIES VOLUME II

Blaming it on Eve AN ANTHOLOGY OF STORIES ON WOMEN IN MALTA

GIOVANNI BONELLO

Blaming it on Eve GIOVANNI BONELLO

i

First published by Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti and Kite Group Ltd, 2024 Editorial Copyright © Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti, 2024 Literary Copyright © Giovanni Bonello, 2024 Photographic Copyright © Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti, photographers, and institutions, 2024 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the author, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without prior conditions, including this condition, being imposed on any subsequent publisher.

This new series is being generously supported by the Francis Miller Memorial Fund.

Creative Director Michael Lowell Design and Layout Lisa Attard Editor Giulia Privitelli Illustrations Rebecca Bonaci Produced by Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti ISBN 978-9918-23-161-4 Printed in Malta Progress Press Co. Ltd

in partnership with

MORE HISTORIES VOLUME II

Blaming it on Eve AN ANTHOLOGY OF STORIES ON WOMEN IN MALTA

GIOVANNI BONELLO

The title page illustration, by Rebecca Bonaci, features uniquely designed interrelated motifs that reflect the themes of each volume of this new series, More Histories.

ABOUT THE NEW SERIES

Just over ten years ago, in 2013, Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti published the last volume of Histories of Malta, a twelve-part series which overflows from the narrowest and darkest corners into the most iconic and unforgettable aspects of the Maltese Islands’ history and heritage. Archival and visual records, literature, artefacts and artworks, hearsay, and local knowledge, passed from generation to generation to the perked ears and readied pen of the author, Giovanni Bonello. They fed and shaped that microcosmic narrative, inviting the reader down foreboding corridors and exciting and unexpected turns into, not quite the heart, but the outskirts of Malta’s labyrinthine history. There are many leading actors, both heroes and villians, in these stories, but ultimately it is the one holding the pen who also wields the sword that will deliver the final blow. With this new series, it is as though Bonello feels that time has not yet come; there is still more to discover about the monster lurking within before we even dare face it. Some steps ought to be retraced, stories revisited, and others viewed from different angles.

To help us, as if equipping us with Ariadne’s thread, stories previously published and scattered among several issues of local newspapers and periodicals have been collected, many widely reworked, and presented here thematically.

Though this new series will not be as extensive as its forerunner, its content is nonetheless a potent mix of humanity, crime and creativity, and illustrates some of the most haunting (and hopeful?) questions concerning the human condition: Why do humans err? Who or what can be blamed for such error? How can it be dealt with, transformed, or even, remembered? None of these questions are addressed in a direct way, but read closely and you might catch them watching you, perhaps quietly gesticulating the way onwards. Remember where you are in this labyrinth: the periphery. But, even if against all reason, it is the heart, the centre of all things, that we desire most to reach. And so, we are compelled to thread on, guided by the author’s hand, and with uncertainty accompanied hand in hand with our curiosity.

v

ABOUT THE VOLUME

Let not us Women glory in Men’s fall, Who had power given to over-rule us all.

Till now your indiscretion sets us free, And makes our former fault much less appear; Our Mother Eve, who tasted of the Tree, Giving to Adam what she held most dear, Was simply good, and had no power to see, The after-coming harm did not appear: The subtle Serpent that our Sex betrayed, Before our fall so sure a plot had laid.

Aemilia Lanyer, Deus Rex Judaeorum (1611)

History-writing has not been kind to women. Or rather it has been unkinder, which is ironic if we had to stick to the generative meaning of this word. Women— the rib that causes the wound—have been treated as both the womb and tomb of men, the scabbard of the sword, the wench, nymph, crone—chronicling that thorny and stigmatic view of women as a reproductive organ with legs. From ‘wif ’ (Old English for ‘woman’) to the (un)possessable ‘wife’, many were (and are) the words used to articulate and define a woman’s journey through life and across the ages—words determined by attitudes towards women which, perhaps not so surprisingly, still echo loudly in the vocabulary and gendered language used today.

But though much is revealed through language, a woman’s say on history amounts to much, much more than that. And so strong is her say that despite the crippled and voiceless state to which she is often reduced, volumes have been written, are being written, and could still be written about her resilience,

vi

her pursuit of change, her determining presence that made and makes history, that is history.

Once considered almost ubiquitously the undoer of man, she now provokes another undoing: that of written history. As in other publications revolving around the place of women in history, this second volume of More Histories strives to collect and present revaluations of history with her as protagonist, or at least as an equal player of history, in this case, in the socio-political, legal, and cultural timeline of Malta. Penned by a former judge of the European Court of Human Rights, Giovanni Bonello admits to the overbearing superiority and elevation of the male chromosome and, through a series of anecdotes—at times fictional and enigmatic—rescales it to its proper size, revealing how devastatingly lacking it often is. With his distinctive witty touch, he introduces an ingredient that is far too often absent from retellings of stories about women, however violent and upsetting: humour, turned around to face ‘man’ head on.

To you, reader, of whatever sex, gender, and standing, may these retellings prove to be a rewarding venture, full of double-takes, discoveries, and revelations.

And may it add another step to your Magdalene experience in which you rush forth to share with all, all that you have discovered: not a tomb full of rot and shame, but an empty one—a cave of mystery that signals not death but life, hope, and possibility where, perhaps, you least expected it.

Giulia Privitelli Editor

vii

CONTENTS

Quadruple Murder in Malta in 1672

1

Temptations of a Young Knight: Agostino Grimaldi (1639–1660)

23

When the Inquisitor and the Grand Master Clashed over a Young Lady

45

Gio Domenico Ottonelli on Lechery in Malta

55

When All Paris Laughed at the Balì De Mesmes

67

Abortion in Malta at the Time of the Knights

87

The Love Children of Grand Master de Valette

103

Christian Warriors, Mortal Sinners

125

Memories of Caterina Scappi

133

Maltese Women in the Books of the Knights: The First Fifty Years

151

Laura Battiferra: A Poetess for the Great Siege

159

On the Trail of the First Maltese Woman Translator

185

Mixed Marriages in the Early British Period

199

Enigmas of the Maltese Għonnella

229

About the Author

244

Provenance

246

Index

248

QUADRUPLE MURDER IN MALTA IN 1672

x

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Giovanni Bonello served as a Judge at the European Court of Human Rights for twelve years, after a career as a constitutional and human rights lawyer, in the course of which he defended 170 human rights lawsuits in domestic and international courts. He is a founding member of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (The Venice Commission); drafted the European Convention Act in 1987; chaired the National Commission for the Reform of the Administration of Justice and the Drugs Offenders Rehabilitation Board, and the University Board for Discipline and Ethics, the Notarial Archives Foundation, and the Bank of Valletta Art Committee. He also served as President of the Malta Historical Society.

Presently, Bonello is General Editor of Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti, and chairs the Strickland Foundation. He is Cavaliere della Republica of Italy and was a member knight of the Sovereign Military Order of St John. He was awarded gold medals by the Malta Society of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce, and by the Judiciary of Moldova, and the insignia of merit by the Russian Federation. He was made Companion of the National Order of Merit and, most recently in 2023, he was awarded a Doctorate of Literature Honoris Causa by the University of Malta.

His interests include archival research, non-figurative photography, African art, and Baroque music, and has written extensively on these topics and on human rights and constitutional law, publishing no less than thirty-six volumes, five of which were awarded ‘Best Book of the Year’ award by the Malta National Book Council.

Five books about his career and achievements have been published independently.

244

245

PROVENANCE

The chapters included in this volume, many revised and augmented, were first published as shown in brackets: STOM – The Sunday Times of Malta TOM – Times of Malta

Quadruple Murder in Malta in 1672 (STOM, 17 and 24 November 2013) Temptations of A Young Knight (STOM, 27 November and 13 December 2015) When the Inquisitor and the Grand Master Clashed over a Young Lady (STOM, 2 July 2017) Gio Domenico Ottonelli on Lechery in Malta (STOM, 31 March 2019) When All Paris Laughed at the Balì De Mesmes (STOM, 23 February and 2 March 2014) Abortion in Malta at the Time of the Knights (STOM, 3 and 10 December 2017) The Love Children of Grand Master Jean de Valette (STOM, 26 May and 2 June 2013) Christian Warriors, Mortal Sinners (TOM, 14 April 2019) Memories of Caterina Scappi (STOM, 23 and 30 August 2015) Maltese Women in the Books of the Knights: The First Fifty Years (STOM, 4 October 2020) Laura Battiferra: A Poetess for the Great Siege (TOM; 28 July and 4 August 2012) On the Trail of the First Maltese Woman Translator (STOM, 21 May 2023; Reproduced in Gabriel Farrugia and Theresa Vella, eds, Scientiae et Patriae: Festschrift in honour of Maroma Camilleri [Malta: Malta Libraries, 2024], pages 55-66) Mixed Marriages in the Early British Period (STOM, 9 and 23 September 2012) Enigmas of the Maltese Għonnella (Treasures of Malta, Vol. 25 No.2, Easter 2019)

246

247

INDEX

A Abela, Joan 137 Abela, Gian Francesco 232 Abela, Gio Batta 92 Abela, Leonardo, Bishop of Sidon 47 Accademia Senese degli Innocenti 164 Accarigi, Fra' Giocondo 137 Fra' Giulio Cesare 137 Adalbert of Hamburg-Bremen 118 Adam vi, 32, 56 Adelaide, Queen 216, 217 Aeneid 161 Agrippina 7 Aix-en-Provence (France) 26 Akhmatova, Anna 88 Albertini 22n4 Alboranti, Caterina 145 Gabriello 145 Alcides (Hercules) 178 Alexander VI, Pope 187 Alexander VII, Pope 32 Alexander Street (Valletta) 192, 211 Alfonce, Alexandre 111 Emanuel 112 Allori, Alessandro 164, 166 Aloisia 156 Alte Pinakothek, Munich 99 Amazon 31 Ammannati, Bartolomeo 161, 164-165, 167, 168, 178, 183 Claudio 165 Ancien régime 74 Angelica 80, 85 Annuccia 154 Antoinette 111

Aquilina, Mario 92 Archbishop Street (Valletta) 144 Archdiocese of Malta 193-194, 194 Argenta 147 Ariosto, Ludovico 80, 161 Arrigucci, Andrea 119 Astell, Mary 56 Astier, Régine 72, 80, 83, 86 Attard, Euphemia 50, 54 Giovanni Paolo 50 Auberge d’Italie 156 Auguste 81-82, 84 Ave Maria 36 Avogadro, Fra' Filiberto 156

B Bac, Fra' Domenic 154 Bacchantes 81 Baldacchino, Giacomo, Notary 119, 124n16 Bailiff of Eagle 137 Bandinelli, Fra' Ottavio 137 Barbary Coast 8, 17, 29 Barbazza, Francesco 115 Baroque 26, 127-128, 135, 244 Battiferra, Antonia 162 Ascanio 163 Giovan’ Antonio 162 Giulio 163 Jacobo 162 Battiferra Ammannati, Laura 159, 160-165, 167-169, 171, 173, 175, 177-178, 180-184 ‘Bedoja’, Catherina 157 Bell, John 220 Bembo, Fra' Pietro 179, 187 Benczur, Gyula 125 Benson,

248

INDEX

Dr Edward 224 Robert Hugh 224 Berain, Jean 73 Bertu u Rosi 21 Biblioteca Norberto Bobbio (Turin) 3, 22 Bibliothèque nationale de France 131 Birgu (see Vittoriosa) Birkirkara (Malta) 91, 190, 192 Blankaart, Steven 143 Boccaccio, Giovanni 64, 129, 185, 187, 188, 194, 196 Bologna (Italy) 3, 21, 22n3-6 Bonaci, Rebecca iv Bonaventura, Perina 157 Bonavita, Ignazio Gavino, Judge 215 Bonnici, Grazia 92 Borg, Maria Carmela, née Mamo 217-219, 221, 226-227 Natalizia 92 Borgia, Cesare 21 Lucrezia 179, 187 Bormla (Cospicua) 90-91 Bosio, Giacomo 116, 118-119 Bourbon 195 Bouverie, Sir Henry Frederick, Governor 192, 210-211 Bracciolini, Niccolò 174 Bravin, Modesta 90 Brescia (Italy) 169 Briggs, Rev. Elias 192 Brindisi (Italy) 148 Britannicus 7 Britain (see Great Britain) Bronzino, Agnolo 159, 163-164, 167 Buhagiar, Salvu 149 Buonaccorsi (Bonaccorso), Antonio 119 Family 119, 120

Giovanni 119 Giulio 119 Niccolò 119 Stefano 119-123 Buonamici, Francesco 54 Busavia, Nicola 119 Buttigieg, Domenico 150n20

C Calabria (Italy) 21 Calleja, Giasmina 157 Callette, Agostino 155 Calli (Calì) Giovanni 155 Isabella 155 Calorio (Coleiro), Prudenzia 156 Caltabiano, Salvatore 195 Calvi, Pasquale 195 Calzolari, Pietro 168 Camenzuli, Ferdinando 150n20 Camerata 183 Candia (Heraklion) 38, 39-40 Caniso, Francesco 145 Sperenza 145 Canton Ticino 189 Capello, Giacomo 128 Carasi 51, 237 Cardinale, Antonia 155 Carmelite Order 91 Carnival 62, 63, 65 Caro, Annibale 168-169 Carreri, Gemelli 238 Carroz, Fra' Vincenzo 35-36 Cars, J. F. 70 Caruana Dingli, Edward 229, 241 Casa Rocca Piccola House Museum 240 Casa Scappi 138

249

INDEX

Casanova, Giacomo 74 Casetta 93, 95, 141, 141-142, 144 Cassar, Girolamo 146 Vittorio 146 Cassia, Giacomo, SJ 62 Castellano d’Amposta 35 Catania (Sicily) 47-48, 50, 62, 232 Catherine ‘Grecque’ 107-108, 110, 114, 118 Catholic Curia 213 Cavendish Ponsonby, Fredrick, Governor 222 Ceci, Salvatore, Magisrate 227 Celano (Italy) 231 Cellini, Benvenuto 167 Cenci, Beatrice 1, 9, 10 Francesco 10 Lucrezia 9 Certaldo (Italy) 189 Chapel of N[ostra] Donna Dioria 148 of Our Lady of Philermos 54 of St Magdalene 148 of St Theresa 85 of St Nicholas of Tolentino 148 Chapelle, Francesco, Judge 215 Charles V, King 34 Charles IX, King 105, 106, 111, 113 Charlotte 111 Chiesa della Madonna delle Grazie 29 di San Giovannino degli Scolopi 164, 166, 183 Chigi, Fabio, Inquisitor 32 China 80 Chirazza di Malta 55, 233 Christ 33-34, 38, 105, 130, 173 Christ and the Canaanite Woman (painting) 164, 166 Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel 133, 135,

148-149, 150 of Santa Caterina d’Italia 192, 194 of St Catherine 51 of St Lawrence 119 of St Ursula 51 of the Discalced Carmelites 85 Ciantar, Giovann’ Antonio, Count 232 Ciappara, Frans 90 Cibo, Eleonora (also Cybo) 175, 176, 177 Cicero 33 Città del Castello (Umbria) 173 Città Vittoriosa (see Vittoriosa) Civil Establishment of Dependents 191 Clarini, Pietro 155 Claudio 156 Coccapane, Maddalena 162-163 Codice de Rohan 201, 203, 207-209, 211 Codice Municipale 201 Coelemans, Jacob 27 Coleiro (Calorio), Prudenzia 156 Colonial Library of Valletta 241 Colonna, Vittoria 179-180 Commanderie de Vaulx 111 Congregation of the Nobles 29 Conservatorio Gesù e Maria (Cospicua) 91 Constant, Fra' Claude 155 Conti, Fra' Ascanio 137 Convent Murate 175 of Santa Scolastica 91 of St Catherine 51 of St Ursula 48, 50-51, 90 of the Augustinians 141, 148-149 of the Magdalene Nuns (Repentite) 138, 139, 140, 204 Corfu 37 Corogna, Luigi 90 Correa Montenegro, Fra' Antonio 38 Corsica 189 Cospicua 91

250

INDEX

Cotoner, Nicolás, Grand Master 3, 47, 130 Council of Elvira 96 of the Order 122, 138, 153-157 of Trent 188, 222, 224 Counter Reformation 167-168 Court of Special Commission 191 Crete (Candia) 38, 39-40, 40, 42 Cumbo Navarra Baron Ugolino 90 Gertrude 90 Cutelli, Don Mario, Count 47-48 Ferrante 50 Fra' Francesco 47, 50-51, 54 Giuseppe 47 Cybo, Eleonora (see Cibo) Cyprus 189

Ċ Ċilqana / Ċulqana 231

D D’Andria, Paola 156 D’Homedes, Fra' Hieronimo 157 Da Cortona, Pietro 58 Da Varignana, Lucia 21 Da Vinci, Leonardo 87 Dal Pozzo, Bartolomeo 10 Dalzel, Archibald 191 Andrew 191 Charles Shaw 192 Edward 191 George 191-192, 205, 208, 211 Martha Jane 192

Dalzel & Gingell 191, 206 Dalzel Onofrio, Jane 189, 194, 196, 197 Dante 164 De Añaia 157 De Ballestreros, Fra' Domingo Lopez 156 De Beauvoir, Simone 200 De Boissat de Licieu, Pierre 45 De Bonetiis, Vincenzo Bonaventura 157 De Gand, Alexandre Maximilien Balthazar Villain, Count of Middleburg 80 De Gremonville, Fra' Francois Bretel 40 De la Porta, Fra' Giovanni 155 De L’Isle-Adam, Philippe Villiers, Grand Master 117-118 De L’Isle-Bouchart 111 De la Cruz, Sor Juana Inés 68 De Leu, Thomas 106 De Loudun, Caterina 145 De Lugny, Fra' Adrien 155 De Medici, Cosimo 170-171, 173, 180, 182 Eleonora 180 De Mesmes, Balì Jean-Jacques 68-69, 70, 7172, 74-78, 80-81, 83-85 De Molino, Speranza 156 De Mondion, François 69 De Morlina, Petrizia 145 De Nava, Giuseppe 157 De Nicolai, Nicolo 233 De Paule, Antoine, Grand Master 130, 145 De Pizan, Christine 46 De Redin, Martin, Grand Master 28, 36-37, 44 De Rhodes (Rodes), Fra' Antoine 111 De Rohan-Polduc, Emmanuel, Grand Master 93, 130, 201, 208 De Saint-Simon, Duc 69 De Toledo, Don Garcia 169, 173, 178, 181 De Valette, Alexandrine 114 Barthélemy 107-108, 110-114, 116, 123

251

INDEX

Family 110 Gio Battista (possibly) 124 Jean Parisot, Grand Master 103, 104105, 107-108, 110, 113-114, 115, 116119, 121-123, 124n3 Matteo (possibly) 124 De Valois, Charles, Grand Prior of France 111 De Vertot, L’Abbé 53, 69 De Vilhena, António Manoel, Grand Master 92, 144 Decameron 187, 188 Deguevara, Giuseppe, Notary 119 Del Rosso, Fra' Paolo 182 Della Corgna, Ascanio 175 Della Descrittione di Malta 232 Dell’ Epifania (or della Santa Epifania), Gian Paolo (Giovanni Paolo) 25 Della Strafa, Gentilina 174 Department of Health (Valletta) 137 Depasquale, Antonio 194 Litteria 194 Depiro, Marchesino Adriano 192 Des Chesnes, Fra' Eme 111 Despautere, Jean 120 Despuig, Ramón, Grand Master 71, 130 Di Correggio, Francesco Balbi 177 Di San Francesco, Padre Enrico 26 Dingli, Adriano, Sir 101-102 Anna 92 Paolo, Judge 215 Marius 92 Salvo 92 Dionis, Fra' Petrus 156 Discalced Carmelites 25, 85 Dolivar, Juan 73 Doneo Caterina 146

Francesco 138, 146 Giovanni 146 Marietta 145 Donna dell’Isola di Malta 233 Doria, Fra' Agostino 155 Drake, Judith 126 Du Mont, Sieur 233 Dubarry, Madame 125 Dupré, François-Xavier 103 Durini, Angelo Maria, Inquisitor 92

E East 177 Egypt 178, 190, 213 El Escorial (Madrid) 113 Elissa 189 Elizabeth I, Queen 80, 173-174, 231 Epiphany 50 Europe 3, 10, 21, 32, 95, 122, 127, 130, 142, 161, 179, 180 European Court of Human Rights vii Evans Laboratories 144 Eve vi, 20, 32, 56

F Faddighia 232 Fadedda 232 Faldetta 145, 219, 221, 231-232, 235, 237, 240-241 Falsone, Marietta 157 Fanano (Italy) 58 Farnese, Alessandro (see also Paul III) 163 Fra' Ranuccio 163 Favray, Antoine 233, 237 Fenarolo, Girolamo 169

252

INDEX

Fenech, Domenica 145 Ferdinando 5-6, 8, 11, 18 Filippo, Signor 51 First World War 161 Fiteni, Paolo 154 Fiume 189 Flanders 173, 175, 190 Fleming, William 106 Fleury, Fra' Charles / Carogue 155 Florence (Italy) 58, 60, 119, 123, 159, 164165, 166-167, 170, 173, 175, 177, 182183, 187, 188, 189 Floriana (Malta) 141, 204, 208, 209, 225 Fluvian 117 Fondazione Nibbia 141 Foret, Jean (see also Gianforet) 90 Fortuin, Fra' Raimondo 157 France 11, 26-27, 37, 39, 69, 71, 75, 81, 83, 85, 106, 107, 110-114, 116, 118, 132, 145 Francesco (see Scappi) Freller, Thomas 125, 127, 129 Fremantle, Arthur James Lyon, Governor 225 Furini, Francesco 99

G G. X. 22 Galea, Canon Paolo 101 Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica (Rome) 1 Garibaldi 195 Gascony (France) 118, 189 Gatt, Maria 92 Genesis 230 Genoa 25 Għonnella 145, 230-233, 234, 236-237, 239, 240-242, 241 Gianforet (or Jean Foret) 90 Gibbons, Joseph 212 Gingell, Charles 191

Gio Battista (possibly de Valette) 124 Gioanne 92 Giuliana (see Scappi) Goddard, Lord Rayner, Chief Justice 212 Goggi, Antonietta 41 Gold Coast 191 Gonnella 231-232 Gori (family) 148 Gori Pannilini, Giovanni Battista 148 Gorizia 189 Government Printing Press 95, 102n15, 196 Government Street Naming Committee 191 Gozo 92-93, 154, 191, 226, 229, 241 Gozo Cathedral 92 Grand Harbour 20 Grand Master’s Palace 69 Grand Studio 239 Grandi, Don Leonardo 48 Grassi, Francesco, Admiral 40 Gratia 92 Grazzini ‘Il Lasca’ 167 Great Siege (1565) 105, 110-111, 114, 119, 153, 157-158, 160, 162, 168-169, 171, 174, 177-178, 180, 182-183 Grimaldi Family 25 Fra' Agostino 23, 24-26, 27, 28-33, 35, 37-39, 41, 43, 44 Giovanni 28 Girolamo, Cardinal 26, 27 Gristi, Pietro 54 Grotto of St Paul 146 Grungo, Pasquale, Judge 214 Guasconi, Isabella 116, 118-119 Guerra, Cristoforo 109 Guidacci, Francesco 119 Guidotti, Fra' Opizio 55, 64, 233 Guiducci, Madalena 165 Guy of Lusignan 189

253

INDEX

Ġ Ġilekku / ġilekk 231 Ġnien is-Sultan 17

H Habat 119 Haxiach, Joanna 92 Heraklion 39-40 Heritage Malta 15, 52, 179 High Renaissance 161 Hiroshima 82 Holy Innocents 101 Holy Land 189 Holy Scriptures 162 Hompesch, Ferdinand, Grand Master 130 Hospitaller Order of Malta (see Order of St John of Jerusalem) Houël, Jean 233 Huppeau, Jacques 114

Innocent VIII, Pope 175 Innocent XII, Pope 90 Inquisition 18, 47, 54, 146, 187 Inquisitor’s Palace 52, 52, 54 International Eucharistic Congress (1913) 224 Inverness (Scotland) 212 Isabella 4-11, 14, 17-18, 21 Italy 10, 13-14, 58, 64, 141, 170, 175, 187, 189, 195, 244

J Jackson Henry, Lord 217 Jameson, Andrew 210 Janssonius, Johannes 39-40 Jesuit College 61, 65 Jesuits (or Society of Jesus, SJ) 29, 57-58, 65, 164-165, 183 Jesus (see Christ)

K Ħ Ħal Għargħur 231 Ħal Kirkop 91

Kantina Café (Valletta) 191 Kingdom of Italy 195 Kirkham, Victoria 168, 177, 180-181, 184 Knights of St John (see Order of St John of Jerusalem) Kramer, Heinrich 95

I Il Mediterraneo 228n9 ‘Il Moretto’ 233, 235 Il Portafoglio Maltese 101, 207, 210, 219, 227 Iliff, Mary 196 Illustrated Guide of Malta and Gozo 229, 241 Illustrated London News 216 Index of Prohibited Books 187 Inguanez, Francesca 157

L L’Idea del Cavaliere Gerosolimitano 26, 42-43 L’Ordine 101, 219, 227, 228n9 La Canea 40 La Cassière, Jean L’Evasque, Grand Master 130, 156 Labini, Vincenzo, Bishop 95-96, 97, 98, 100

254

INDEX

Lagnosco, Fra' Marc’ Antonio 138, 150n8 Landolina (family) 28 Language Question 196 Langue of Germany (de Bavière) 105 Lanyer, Aemilia vi Lascaris Castellar, Giovanni Paolo, Grand Master 28, 58-59, 65, 89 Le triomphe de l’amour 79 Leggi e Costituzioni 92 Leo XIII, Pope 224 Library of Congress 136 Libyan Sea 34 Lija 91 Lintorn Simmons, Sir John, Governor 224 Liotard, Jean Etienne 233 Liverpool 213 Livorno 187, 189 London 53, 97, 195, 201, 205, 216, 225-226 Lonicer, Adam 94 Loreto 164 Louis XIV, King 26, 71 Louis XV, King 77, 125 Luigina 59 Lully 80

M Madonna di Oria 148 Magdalene nuns (see also Repentite) 237 Maggi, Claudio 41 Veronica 41 Maiano 165 Main Guard Square (Valletta) 233 Maitland, Sir Thomas, Governor 131, 196 Malatesta, Antonio 3, 11, 13 Malleus Maleficarum 18, 19, 95 Mallia, Margherita 92 Malta Steam Flour Mill 217

Malta University (see University of Malta) Manderaggio 147 Manfredonia (Italy) 61 Mannesson-Mallet, Allain 132 Manuele (slave) 91 Marais, Mathieu 84 Marian Congregation of Artists 58 Mariettina 90 Marina (see Porta di Marina / Monte) Marmara Agatha 157 Antonio 157 Marmont, Marshal Auguste 213 Marot, Daniel 79 Marquis of Letni 26 Marriage Act (1975) 223-224 Mars 34, 118 Marseilles (France) 11, 12, 13 Marsigli Rossi, Silvio Antonio 149 Massingberd, Sir Oswald 154 Mattei, Giacomo 26, 43 Matteo (possibly de Valette) 124 Maxfield, Thomas 207-208 Mazarin, Cardinal 26 Medici, Giovanni Angelo (see Pius IV) Mediterranean Sea 30 Mediterraneo 218 Medor 80-82 Mellazza, Girolama Lavinia 111 Merchants Street (Valletta) 204 Mercieca, Simon 123-124 Messina (Sicily) 26, 43, 62, 193, 194-195, 228n2 Michelangelo 164 Michigan (USA) 211 Mifsud Antonio 41 Giobatta 213 Rosa 91 Mignanelli, Fra' Bartolomeo 148 Milanesi, Luigi 195

255

INDEX

Militia Office 190 Miloro, Anton 195 Minighi, Fra' Giacomo Filippo 154 Mitrovich, Giorgio 201 Modena (Italy) 58 Modica (Sicily) 23, 25-26, 28, 41 Monaco 25 Monastero delle Murate 175 Monastery of St Ursula (see Convent of St Ursula) Mondovi 156 Monroy 231 Montano Aloisetta 147 Lucrezia 146 Palermino 146 Monti, Giacomo 3, 11, 13, 22n1 Montmorency, Duke 111 Moscati Andreotta 90 Lorenza 90 Mount Etna (Sicily) 71 Msida (Malta) 141 Msida Bastions Cemetry 215 Mugwort 93, 94 Muscat Beatrice, Sr 91 Christine 237 Leonora, Sr 91-92 Musée des Beaux-Arts, Tours 67 M.U.S.E.U.M 242 Muslims 29, 175 Muxi Anna Maria Pelagia, Sr 50 Arcangelo, Padre 50 Domenico Ignatio 50 Eufemia, Sr 50 Fabritio 47, 50 Giacobino 50, 54 Maria 47, 50-52

Theresa 50-51 Myres, Sir Christopher 154

N Naples (Italy) 10, 111, 180 Napoleon 95, 231 Naselli, Carmelina 232 National Archives of Malta 195 National Archives of Paris 83 National Library of the Netherlands 39-40 National Library of Valletta 3, 42-43, 53, 55, 141, 153, 184, 184n4, 198n1, 199, 228 National Portrait Gallery 106 Navarra, Gertrude (see also Cumbo Navarra) Navarra-Bivona, Giacomo 195 Nazju 21 Neefs, Jacob 172 Neptune 178 Neptune Fountain (Florence) 164, 167, 178 Nero 7 Nero d’Avola 36 Newcastle-upon-Lyme (England) 212 Nibbia, Fra' Giorgio 144 Nice (France) 13, 22n5, 189 Notarial Archives (Valletta) 54, 137, 147 Notarial Archives Foundation 244 Nottinghamshire (England) 196

O Oakes, Major General Hildebrand 228n2 Old Bakery Street (Valletta) 138 Olivier, Geronima 155 Onofrio Argentina 190 Ferdinando 190 Giovanna 191

256

INDEX

Giuseppe, Notary 190 Luigi 190-191 Paolo 190 Rosario 192, 193-194, 194-195 Opera (Paris) 75-76, 78, 85 Ordan Anna 51 Stefano 51 Order of St Stephen 170, 173 Order of Malta (see Order of St John of Jerusalem) Order of St John of Jerusalem 10, 17, 25, 28, 30, 34, 36-37, 69, 71-72, 89, 97, 105, 107, 111, 117, 119, 122, 127-128, 138, 140, 148, 151, 153, 162, 170, 201, 204, 240, 244 Orion 171, 173 Orlando Furioso 80 Ortolano, Giovanni 41 Ospizio (Floriana) 208, 209 Österreichische Nationalbibliothek 45 Ottoman Turks 39, 171, 182 Ottonelli, Gio Domenico 56-59, 60, 61-62, 64-65 Otto-Peters, Louise 186

P Pace, Pietro, Bishop of Malta 225 Padova 12, 22n4 Padre Arcangelo di Malta (see Muxi) Pajas, Teresa 190 Palace Square (Valletta) 36 Palais Royal (Paris) 76, 81 Palazzo Barberini (Rome) 1 Palazzo Falson Historic House Museum 176, 177, 203 Palazzo Vecchio (Florence) 159 Palermo (Sicily) 10, 54n2

Pallavicini, Raniero, Inquisitor 10 Pannelini (family) 148 Pantin 81, 84 Panzavecchia, Fortunato 213 Papanti, Giovanni 187, 189 Paris (France) 45, 68, 71, 75, 81-84, 70, 86n6, 107, 110, 114, 120, 131, 150n13 Parish of St Domenic (Valletta; see also Porto Salvo) 190, 192, 212 Parisi Antonino 25, 30 Padre 29, 32, 35 Passalaqua, Cesare 41 Paul III, Pope 163 Pavia (Italy) 150n8 Pelagio, Padre 20 Pellegrino, Luigi 195 Perellós y Roccafull, Ramón, Grand Master 51, 53, 71, 130-131, 142 Perez d’Aleccio, Matteo 179 Pertrucci, Fra' Marc’ Antonio 137 Petrarch 164, 182 Philip II, King 173, 180 Piazza della Signoria (Florence) 164, 167, 178 Piccolomini, Fra' Celio 137 Piedmont (Italy) 26 Pietà 141, 146, 211 Pietraviva, Fra' Paolo 156 Pignatelli, Antonio, Inquisitor (see also Innocent XII) 90 Pinto da Fonseca, Manuel, Grand Master 1516, 17, 130 Pisarri, Antonio 22n3 Pius IV, Pope 113 Pius V, Pope 135 Platamone, Donna Aloisia 190 Pope, Alexander 18 Porta di Marina / Monte 6, 8, 17, 52 Porto Salvo / St Domenic (Valletta) 147, 190 Positano, Francesco 146-147

257

INDEX

Powell, Jim 160 Preti, Mattia 35 Prevost Françoise 67, 72, 75, 77, 80, 83-85 Jeanne 85 Protestant 165, 192, 201, 205, 211, 213, 215, 218, 223-224, 226, 242 Provincia di Santo Albetto (Sicily) 26 Prozac 165 Psaila Angelica 92 Michele 21

130 Romoli, Domenico 135 Rose, Jane 212, 214-215 Simon 212-214 Rosetta 119 Rosi 21 Rossetti, Christina 104 Rosso (family) 28 Rosso-Landolina, Donna Girolama 28 Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo (see El Escorial) Ruffo, Fra' Fabrizio, Prior della Bagnara 40

Q S Quinault, Philippe 79

R Rabat (Malta) 146, 195, 238 Raoux, Jean 67, 70 Regnauld, Fra' Geoffroy 111 Reims 118 Renaissance 127, 161 Reni, Guido 1 Repentite 138, 139, 140, 204 Republic Street (Valletta; also Kingsway) Reynaldos, Francesco 41 Rhodes 39, 107-108, 111, 162 Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam) 27, 172, 185 Rimini (Italy) 12, 22n4 Risorgimento 187 Rivera, Giovanni 155 Rogers, Daniel 18 Roman Curia 169 Rome (Italy) 1, 9, 10, 26, 32, 96, 113, 130, 151, 168, 178, 182, 225 Romegas, Fra' Mathurin d’Aux de Lescout

Sacra Infermeria (Valletta) 38, 95, 140-141, 144 Saliba Maria 91 Grazia 91 Salvu 91 Sammut Clive 192 Giovanni Angelo 90 Sanmaniati Anna 48 Don Giacomo 48 Sant, Giuseppe 41 Santa Maria della Pietà 141, 149 Santa Maria della Scala (Siena) 141 Santa Veneranda 40 Santo, Marietta 145 Sappho 160, 168 Sarabande 80 Sassi Carlo Alberto 22n5 Clemente Maria 22n5 Satan 5, 30-31, 90-91, 145, 165

258

INDEX

Satariano, Caterina Camilla 190 Savoy 189 Scaglia, Asconio 150n10-11;20 Scappi Bartolomeo 135, 136 Caterina / ‘La Senese’ 133, 134-135, 136, 137-138, 140-141, 144-149 Francesco (servant) 144 Giuliana (servant) 145 Maria 140 Maria Maddalena, Marchesa 148 Schellinks, Willem 233, 234 Schembri Giovanni Battista 99 Ignatio 213 School of Music 138 Sciman 91 Sciortino, Dr Paolo 213 Second World War 241 Segond, Abbé 221 Semini Antonio 205 George 212 Giovanna 205 Joseph A. 211 Margaret 192, 195, 205, 207 Serbelloni Fabrizio, Inquisitor 91 Gabrio 170 Sereni, Vittorio 164-165 Sicily 25-26, 29-30, 35, 50, 65, 113, 169, 175, 179-180, 189, 194-195, 232 Siena (Italy) 61, 134-135, 137, 140-141, 147-148 Siġġiewi (Malta) 92 Simmons-Rampolla Agreement 224-225 Society of Jesus (SJ; see Jesuits) Spain 113, 174, 180 Spedale 141 Sprenger, Jacob 95

St Andrews’ Scots Church (Valletta) 212 St Augustine 40, 64 St Bartholomew (Bartolomeo) 164-165 St Catherine of Siena 134-135 St Christopher Street (Valletta) 137 St George’s Square (Valletta) 235 St Gregory 33 St John of God 18 St John’s Conventual Church (also CoCathedral) 40, 54 St Martin 33 St Paul 34 St Paul’s Anglican Cathedral (also ProCathedral) 216, 217 St Paul’s Bay (Malta) 123 St Peter 163 St Ursula Street (Valletta) 49 Staffordshire (England) 212 Stamigna 231 Stato Libero 193-194, 194 Statuta Hospitalis Hierusalem 151 Stevens, William John Jr 214 Stopford, Mary Elizabeth 106 Strada Alessandro (or Alexander Street) 192, 211 Strada Reale (or Republic Street or Kingsway) 51, 191 Strada San Giovanni (or St John Street) 191 Strada San Paolo (or St Paul Street) 217 Strada Stretta (or Strait Street) 192, 212 Stuart, General Sir John 228n2 Sud Tyrol 189 Suda 40 Suor Anna Maria Pelagia (see Muxi) Suor Eufemia (see Muxi) Swatar (Malta) 190 Sweden 212 Switzerland 195 Syracuse (Sicily) 61-62

259

INDEX

Urbino (Italy) 162 Ursulines 145 Uzès (France) 114

T Ta’ Braxia Cemetery (Msida) 211 Tambourine 80 Tasso, Torquato 161 The Convent 105 The Malta Mail 228n9 The Malta Times 226, 228n9 The Other Voice 168 The Trustees of the British Museum 70 Tholossenti, Paolo 41 Titian 109, 163, 185 Tobias 119 Torre Falca 177 Torrellas, Fra' Giovanni Ottone 157 Torto, Fra' Torquato 155 Touchet, Marie 111 Trento (Italy) 189 Treviso (Italy) 22n4 Tridentine 33 Trieste (Italy) 189 Tripoli (Libya) 59 Tropea (Italy) 21 Turin (Italy) 11, 22n1 Turner, Robert 217 Tuscany (Italy) 35, 39, 123, 170, 189 Tyrrhenian Sea 173

V

U United Kingdom 201, 215, 224-225 United Kingdom Life Insurance Company 191 United Nations 130 United States of America (USA) 162, 211 University of Chicago 184 University of Malta 3, 22, 22n1, 244 University of Toulouse 114 University of Turin 3, 22 Uramini, Fra' Pietro Maria 137

Vagnon, Fra' Alexander 155 Valera, Fra' Giovanni 41 Valletta 4, 17, 36, 40, 47, 48-49, 62, 65, 69, 90, 95, 121, 129, 130, 133, 135, 137-138, 139, 141, 144, 146-147, 149, 153, 156, 170, 179, 190-192, 205, 211-213, 217, 235, 240-241, 241, 244 Van Dalen, Cornelis II 185 Vassalli, Mikiel Anton 146 Vatican 113, 162, 224 Vecellio, Cesare 109 Vella, Ambrogio 41 Pietro 150n3;18 Venice (Italy) 22, 22n5, 38, 109, 136 Venice Commission 244 Venturina, Constantia 155 Venus 118, 143 Vercelli 156 Verona (Italy) 12, 22n4 Veronica 91 Versailles (France) 71, 77, 103, 115 Vettori, Pietro 168 Vianeo brothers 21 Victoria Gate (Valletta) 17 Vilhena (see De Vilhena) Legislation (1724) 93 Virgin Mary (or Madonna) 91 Visscher I, Nicolaas 39-40 Vitale, Caterina 135 Vitelli Faustina 175 Gian Luigi Chiappino 169, 171, 172,

260

INDEX

173-175, 177-178 Gian Vincenzo 175 Vittoriosa (Birgu) 33, 52, 91, 119, 121, 124 Vivaldi, Fra' Costanzo 156

Jean Antoine 111 Zimelli Ettore (Hector) 212-213 Francesco 63, 199 Giovanna 212, 215, 217 Teresa Giuseppina 213

W Wardle Ensign John 213 Hector 213 John 213 Maryanne 213 Teresa Giuseppina, née Zimelli 213 Watt/s, John (Giovanni) Vuat 190 Weil, Simone 24 Weingarten Monastery Library 19 Wellcome Collection 9, 99, 143 Wembley Empire Exhibition (1924) 241 West, Dorothy 152 Westminister Parliament 224 Wettinger, Godfrey 91 Whitechapel (London) 205 Wignacourt Museum (Rabat, Malta) 233, 238 William of Malmesbury 18 Wollstonecraft, Mary 2 World Digital Library 151

Ż Żabbar 91

X Xiberras, Ambrogio 150n3;20 Xuereb, Giuseppe ‘ix-Xudi’ 22 Xurqana 231

Z Zamet, Charles 111

261