Multiculturalism in Australia and India: Lessons from each other

From the editor’s desk

Multiculturalism is not just an abstract ideal; it is a lived experience that shapes societies in profound ways. Both Australia and India stand as remarkable examples of multicultural nations, though their journeys and challenges differ. Australia, a country built on immigration, has woven a rich cultural fabric by embracing diverse communities from across the world. India, on the other hand, has been multicultural for millennia, with its history marked by the coexistence of various religions, languages, and traditions. While both nations celebrate their diversity, they also face challenges in ensuring inclusion, harmony, and equal opportunities for all. There is much they can learn from each other in their pursuit of a truly cohesive multicultural society.

Australia’s multiculturalism is a modern phenomenon, largely shaped by post-war immigration policies. From European settlers to waves of migrants from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, Australia has transformed into a nation where nearly half the population has at least one parent born overseas. This diversity has enriched Australian society, bringing culinary, artistic, and intellectual influences from around the globe. However, the journey has not been without obstacles. Racism, discrimination, and social exclusion remain challenges, especially for newer migrants and Indigenous Australians. The country has taken significant steps through anti-discrimination laws, cultural exchange programs, and policies promoting social inclusion, but the work is ongoing.

India’s multiculturalism is rooted in its ancient history. With 22 officially recognized languages, multiple religions, and a vast array of cultural traditions, India exemplifies how diversity can coexist within a single nation. The Indian Constitution upholds secularism and grants equal rights to all citizens, regardless of religion or ethnicity. However, India, like Australia, faces its own set of challenges. Communal tensions, caste-based discrimination, and regional disparities sometimes threaten national unity. Governments, civil society, and ordinary citizens continuously strive to strengthen social harmony, ensuring that diversity remains a source of strength rather than division.

among different communities. Even amidst differences, Indian traditions emphasize shared cultural practices, whether through festivals, food, or language crossovers. Australians could benefit from adopting more grassroots multicultural initiatives that foster deeper community engagement beyond government policies and institutional frameworks. Encouraging interfaith and intercultural dialogue at the community level can help build resilience against racial and cultural divisions.

Conversely, India can draw inspiration from Australia’s structured approach to multiculturalism. Policies such as the Racial Discrimination Act and programs that actively promote social integration help migrants and minority communities feel included. Australia's emphasis on multicultural education ensures that young Australians grow up with an appreciation for different cultures, reducing the likelihood of racial prejudice. India, while deeply multicultural, could benefit from a stronger institutional framework that actively promotes multicultural education in schools, ensuring that children from different backgrounds learn about and respect each other’s traditions from an early age.

Both countries also face the challenge of managing the economic dimensions of multiculturalism. In Australia, migrants contribute significantly to the economy, but they also encounter difficulties such as workplace discrimination and barriers to employment. The Australian government has taken steps to improve migrant employment opportunities, but gaps remain. In India, economic disparities between different communities can sometimes fuel tensions. While affirmative action policies such as reservations for disadvantaged groups exist, their effectiveness is debated. A more balanced approach, focusing on education and skill development, could help bridge socio-economic gaps while maintaining harmony. Social cohesion is another area where both nations can exchange insights. Australia’s multicultural festivals, like Harmony Day and Lunar New Year celebrations, promote inclusivity and foster a sense of belonging. India, with its numerous religious and cultural festivals, already has a deeply ingrained tradition of communal celebrations. However, ensuring that all communities feel equally represented in national narratives remains a challenge. Both nations could enhance social cohesion by ensuring that media, arts, and public discourse reflect the true diversity of their populations.