Grade 4 Study Guide Social Sciences Geography

Intermediate Phase Grade 4 • Study Guide

Social Sciences: Geography CAPS IEB

Social Sciences Study guide: Geography

1804-E-SOS-SG02

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Grade 4

CAPS aligned

M Lübcker E van Emmenes

Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE............................................................................................................................ 5 YEAR PLANNER ................................................................................................................ 7 UNIT 1: Places where people live ................................................................................... 11 Lesson 1: Places to live ............................................................................................. 13 ACTIVITY 1 ....................................................................................................... 15 Lesson 2: Jobs that people do in different places...................................................... 15 ACTIVITY 2 ....................................................................................................... 17 Lesson 3: Buildings in different places and their uses ............................................... 18 ACTIVITY 3 ....................................................................................................... 20 Lesson 4: Roads and trials – how they are used in settlements ................................ 22 ACTIVITY 4 ....................................................................................................... 24 Lesson 5: Identify beacons: natural and man-made .................................................. 25 ACTIVITY 5 ....................................................................................................... 27 Lesson 6: Describe and sketch a short journey ......................................................... 29 ACTIVITY 6 ....................................................................................................... 30 Lesson 7: Needs and wants ...................................................................................... 31 ACTIVITY 7 ....................................................................................................... 31 Lesson 8: Basic needs: water, food, energy, shelter and healthcare ........................ 32 ACTIVITY 8 ....................................................................................................... 33 Lesson 9: Ways in which people meet their needs.................................................... 34 ACTIVITY 9 ....................................................................................................... 34 REVISION EXERCISE ...................................................................................... 36 UNIT 2: Map skills ............................................................................................................ 38 Lesson 10: Different views of simple objects ............................................................. 39 ACTIVITY 10 ..................................................................................................... 43 Lesson 11: Pictures or letters as symbols or keys ..................................................... 44 Lesson 12: Large-scale map symbols ....................................................................... 45 ACTIVITY 11 ..................................................................................................... 46 ACTIVITY 12 ..................................................................................................... 47 Lesson 13: Grid or grid references on a simple grid .................................................. 47 ACTIVITY 13 ..................................................................................................... 48 Lesson 14: Read and write direction on map and area ............................................. 48 UNIT 3: Reading important maps ................................................................................... 50 Lesson 15: How we indicate oceans and land on a map ........................................... 51 Lesson 16: South Africa’s provinces and their capitals ............................................. 53 ACTIVITY 15 ..................................................................................................... 54 Lesson 17: The Earth is round and the map is flat .................................................... 55 ACTIVITY 16 ..................................................................................................... 57 1

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

UNIT 4: Food and farming in South Africa..................................................................... 59 Lesson 18: Food people eat from plants and animals ............................................... 61 Lesson 19: Ways people get their food ..................................................................... 62 ACTIVITY 17 ..................................................................................................... 64 Lesson 20: Subsistence farming and commercial farming ........................................ 66 ACTIVITY 18 ..................................................................................................... 67 Lesson 21: Cultivating food in towns and cities ......................................................... 68 Lesson 22: Different kinds of farming ........................................................................ 69 Lesson 23: Crop farming in South Africa ................................................................... 71 Lesson 24: Fruit farming in South Africa ................................................................... 73 Lesson 25: Livestock: large animals, small animals and poultry ............................... 75 Lesson 26: Case study: cattle farming in South Africa .............................................. 76 ACTIVITY 19 ..................................................................................................... 80 Lesson 27: Major crop and livestock farming areas in South Africa .......................... 81 Lesson 28: What is processed and unprocessed food? ............................................ 83 Lesson 29: How and why food is processed ............................................................. 84 Lesson 30: From farm to factory, from shop to home ................................................ 87 UNIT 5: Water in South Africa ......................................................................................... 90 Lesson 31: Uses of water .......................................................................................... 91 ACTIVITY 20 ..................................................................................................... 92 Lesson 32: Industrial uses of water ........................................................................... 93 Lesson 33: Water as a resource................................................................................ 95 Lesson 34: The water cycle ....................................................................................... 98 Lesson 35: Water storage and its importance ........................................................... 99 ACTIVITY 21 ................................................................................................... 101 Lesson 36: Natural water sources ........................................................................... 102 Lesson 37: Personal and daily uses that pollute water ............................................ 104 Lesson 38: Waste water and sewage recycling....................................................... 106 STUDY/REVISION.......................................................................................... 108 REVISION EXERCISE .................................................................................... 109 GLOSSARY..................................................................................................................... 111 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 116

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

LESSON ELEMENTS LEARNING AIMS What learners should know at the end of the lesson. Taken from CAPS.

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY New terminology to extend understanding of the subject as part of this lesson.

DEFINE Definitions of concepts to understand the content.

IMPORTANT Explain misunderstandings; possible confusion regarding existing knowledge.

TIPS Any information other than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.

FOR THE CURIOUS Encouragement to do in-depth research about the content. Expand the activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are encouraged to explore. For the gifted learners: expanded exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs (LSEN): explain the need to complete the basic questions to achieve a passing mark.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

ACTIVITY Questions throughout the lesson that must be done in order to test the knowledge of the lesson completed.

EXERCISE In conclusion of the specific unit. Formative assessment.

CORE CONTENT Emphasise the core of content; in-depth explanation of a specific section of the lesson; needs to be understood.

STUDY/REVISION Time spent to study the content in conclusion of the unit and in preparation for the test or examination.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

PREFACE Geography is the study of people and the physical environment. Geography helps us understand a complex world. We investigate different branches of geography, namely physical geography and human geography.

In physical geography we investigate natural processes and characteristics, including the atmosphere, land formations and ecosystems. Human geography explores the activities and impact of humans on the earth.

To ensure that all concepts that are covered in this study guide are fully understood and applied, the lessons are followed by an activity. All activities in this study guide must be completed for marking purposes, as a consolidation of the content covered, but most importantly as revision for any test or examination.

When you do the activities, remember to write down the number of the activity and to number all questions exactly as they are numbered in this study guide. This will make it far easier to mark and also for you to refer back to your work in the future.

INTRODUCTION

This introduction is based on CAPS’s proposed topics that need to be specifically studied each unit. All work, tests and examinations must be completed to the best of your abilities to ensure that you receive maximum marks.

Each unit is accompanied by a number of lessons. There is an activity after each lesson that is based on the specific outcomes of the particular lesson.

Ensure that you understand the activity and answer each activity as completely as possible.

It serves as preparation for tests and examinations. Ensure that you answer all questions in full sentences, as you will be able to express yourself in far more detail that way.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

It is highly recommended that you also use the additional textbook: Dilley. L, Monteith. M, Nunneley. D, Proctor. A and Weldon. G, Oxford Successful Social Sciences: Grade 4, Oxford University Press South Africa, 2013.

The purpose of the additional textbook and resources is to give you a broader perspective of how questions can be asked, different ways to answer a question and to have more than one view on a particular topic. Additional books can also help you to answer and complete tasks.

Since Geography is the study of the world around us, it is extremely important that this subject is completed in a practical manner as well. Use all resources available to you.

Visit different areas in your environment that relate to the content being covered. There are a large number of resources available online, including videos, games and extra activities.

However, if you do not have this at your disposal, make use of public libraries, books, newspapers or any number of written resources available.

Make learning fun by making the content relevant. Use a wide range of resources and explore the different topics that we cover. This will make everything more relatable and therefore, relevant for you. Good luck for the year!

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

YEAR PLANNER DATE

DATE

STARTED

COMPLETED

WEEK

UNIT AND LESSON

Term 1

UNIT 1: PLACES WHERE PEOPLE LIVE

1

Lesson 1: Places to live

2

Lesson 2: Jobs that people do in different places

3

Lesson 3: Buildings in different places and their uses

4

Lesson 4: Roads and trails – how they are used in settlements

5

Lesson 5: Identify beacons: natural and man-made

6

Lesson 6: Describe and sketch a short journey

7

Lesson 7: Needs and wants

8

Lesson 8: Basic needs: water, food, energy, shelter and healthcare

9

Lesson 9: Ways in which people meet their needs

10

Study/Revision: Mind map

11

Revision exercise

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Term 2

UNIT 2: MAP SKILLS

12

Lesson 10: Different views of simple objects

13

Lesson 11: Match plan or top view and side view

14

Lesson 12: Pictures or letters as symbols or keys

15

Lesson 13: Large scale map symbols

16

Lesson 14: Draw your own map using symbols and keys

17

Lesson 15: Grid or grid references on a simple grid

18

Lesson 16: Read and draw directions on map and area

UNIT 3: READING IMPORTANT MAPS 19

Lesson 17: How we indicate oceans and land on a map

20

Lesson 18: South Africa’s provinces and their capitals

21

Lesson 19: The earth is round and the map is flat

22

Study/Revision: Mind map

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Term 3

UNIT 4: FOOD AND FARMING IN SOUTH AFRICA

23

Lesson 20: Food people eat from plants and animals

24

Lesson 21: Ways people get their food

25

Lesson 22: Subsistence farming and commercial farming

26

Lesson 23: Cultivating food in towns and cities

27

Lesson 24: Different kinds of farming

28

Lesson 25: Crop farming in South Africa

29

Lesson 26: Fruit farming in South Africa

30

Lesson 27: Livestock: large animals, small animals and poultry

31

Lesson 28: Case study: cattle farming in South Africa

32

Lesson 29: Major crop and livestock farming areas in South Africa

33

Lesson 30: What is processed foods?

34

Lesson 31: How and why food is processed

35

Lesson 32: From farm to factory, from shop to home

36

Study/Revision: Mind map

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Term 4

UNIT 5: WATER IN SOUTH AFRICA

37

Lesson 33: Uses of Water

38

Lesson 34: Industrial uses for water

39

Lesson 35: Water as a resource

40

Lesson 36: The water cycle

41

Lesson 37: Water storage and its importance

42

Lesson 38: Natural water sources

43

Lesson 39: Personal and daily uses that pollute water

44

Lesson 40: Waste water and sewage recycling

45

Study/Revision: Mind map

46

Revision exercise

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

1

UNIT 1: Places where people live LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Once you have completed this unit, you should be able to: 

Identify and describe the various places people live, including farms, villages, towns, and cities.



Identify and describe the various places where people work.



Identify and explain various types of buildings and their uses, including, houses, animal shelters, shops, schools, clinics, banks, offices, places of worship, factories, garages and train stations.



Understand roads and footpaths and how each is used within settlements.



Identify various landmarks.



Understand the difference between natural and man-made landmarks.



Describe and draw a short journey, such as explaining the route you take to school or a shopping centre.



Explain how to get from one place to another using terminology such as left, right and straight, identifying significant landmarks and correctly naming roads or streets.



Differentiate between needs and wants.



Identify the basic human needs, including water, food, shelter, healthcare and energy.



Understand the different ways in which people meet their needs.



Apply the knowledge you have learnt with a case study or relevant situation.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

1

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this unit is to encourage you to explore places, people, issues and events with the assistance of various sources such as books, photos and the internet. Explore the world and people around you and apply the content covered to your own experiences.

It is important to use a number of different sources and to explain how you used them. We will also be investigating the interaction between society and the natural environment. It means that people need their environment to provide in their basic needs.

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY: 

Settlement



Farm



Town



City



Rural



Employment



Farming



Agriculture



Clinic



Factory



Landmark



Route



Natural



Man-made



Needs



Wants



Shelter



Healthcare

It is very important to learn and understand the terms that we cover. This will help you understand the content. Make yourself a terminology list or page at the back of your book, which lists all the new words we learn.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

1

Lesson 1: Places to live

CORE CONTENT Everybody lives somewhere. People live in many different places and environments.

A settlement is where a group of people live.

Some people live in towns or cities where everyone lives very close to one another in flats or townhouses, while others live in the countryside on farms or plots.

Let’s have a look at the various settlements that were mentioned:

A town is a settlement; in other words, people live there. We find different sized towns and that is why we distinguish between a village and a town. A town is big enough to contain many streets, schools, banks, shopping centres and police stations.

Image 1: A picture of a small town. http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_9ns7cBDuBU/maxresdefault.jpg

A village is smaller than a town and not many people live there. Most of the time people living in a village know each other. A town has more streets, homes and shops than a village and people living in a village would have to travel in order to get to a shopping centre or hospital.

Image 2: A village in Africa. http://api.ning.com/files/PJRyqNb4Aktd-6hGLlDtJmBh6D170bGDrahJszFUcCwhcvaGbm*ZFmwJjjvJe99deKH-cJstOcU4z*CYwXGq3HHUiJS*rZM/hutsofafrica.JPG

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A city is much bigger than a town. It has many more streets, shops and houses. The result is that there are many more offices in a city and therefore more job opportunities. Most big cities have their own airports and hospitals.

Image 3: The City of Cape Town. http://arounddeglobe.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/11/CapeTown_Africa.jpg

Farms are more prevalent in rural areas. There are not that many buildings, streets or shops.

Farmers usually do their shopping in the nearest town. Farmers usually farm with livestock or crops.

Crops are edible plants like wheat, maize, etc.

Farmers make money by selling their crops or animals.

Image 4: An example of a farm. http://www.tygerphoto.co.za

DEFINE Settlement: a place where people live.

Farm: a big piece of land on which people who keep animals or cultivate crops live.

Town: a settlement with streets, houses, shops and buildings such as schools and banks.

City: bigger than a town with many more shops and streets, and sometimes even an airport.

Rural: an area that is not within a city.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

1

ACTIVITY 1 Study the area around you and answer the following questions.

1.

What kind of job does your mom, dad, guardian and/or facilitator do?

(2)

2.

Are there different shops near your home? Name any two nearby shops.

(2)

3.

How far is the nearest petrol station from your home?

(1)

3.1. Down the road?

3.2. In the next town?

3.3. Within walking distance?

4.

Is there a school near your home?

(1)

5.

Where do sick people go in your area?

(1)

6.

Is there a place for children to play, such as a public park?

(1)

7.

What do you and your family do over weekends or holidays?

(2) [10]

Lesson 2: Jobs that people do in different places

DEFINE Employment: to work or do something for money to provide for your basic needs.

Farmer: someone who lives on a farm and cultivates crops or livestock that are sold in order to make a living.

Agriculture: An industry that has to do with farming and/or the planting of crops.

CORE CONTENT A person’s job can depend on where they live. People who live in cities can have different professions, such as a lawyer, sales representative or real estate agent.

People who live on farms or in rural areas sell their produce, such as fruit, vegetables and meat in order to make a living. That is the work which they do.

Villages are very small, so there won’t likely be a large shopping centre or hospital close by. This means that people might have to travel to get work, especially if they work as a salesman, bookkeeper or nurse.

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

1

FOR THE CURIOUS If you have access to the internet, find out more about various types of jobs.

There are many types of jobs available, so make a separate list for each type of settlement, e.g.: 

On the farm



In the city



In the town



In the village

Try to list at least five jobs under each heading. (You are not allowed to use the examples given in the activity below.)

If you do not have internet access, ask your facilitator for assistance using books, newspapers or other resources.

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Unit

1

ACTIVITY 2

1.

In the word bank below is a list of various jobs or job descriptions. Study the list and separate them into jobs you can most likely have on a farm and jobs you can most likely have in the city. Copy the following table to tabulate your answers.

WORD BANK plant mealies/maize | harvest wheat | attorney | policeman | banker | teacher | sow grain | milk cows | doctor | chef | farm manager | hairdresser | sheep shearer | fireman | plough fields | herding cattle

Jobs on a farm

Jobs in the city

(16) 2.

2.1.

Study the following pictures and indicate the type of job that is depicted in each.

Image 5

2.2.

Image 6

(2) [18]

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Unit

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Lesson 3: Buildings in different places and their uses

DEFINE Clinic: a place where you can get cheap or free healthcare; a smaller version of a hospital.

Factory: a building where something is manufactured, in other words, where something is made. For example an automobile factory makes cars.

CORE CONTENT There are buildings in every type of settlement. The size of the settlement plays a role in the number of buildings that can be found there. Each building has a specific role to play.

A small settlement, such as a village, has very few people and therefore there are not as many buildings. In cities with more people, there are more and a larger variety of buildings.

The most common example of buildings are houses in which people live and sometimes they are also used as home offices. Houses come in different shapes and sizes; it all depends on where the person lives.

Other buildings we can mention are: flats, schools, clinics, animal shelters, shops, factories, banks, places of worship such as churches, mosques and temples, petrol stations, train stations and airports.

This following photo is an example of a building in Pretoria.

This is the Union Buildings, which is the office of the president and the ministers of South Africa.

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Image 7: The Union Buildings in Pretoria https://finepixtrix.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/dscf8715.jpg

This following photo is an example of buildings in Johannesburg.

It is called Sandton City, and is considered to be the richest city block in Africa.

Image 8: Sandton City http://sisonkevillagecab.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Sandton-by-night1.jpg

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Unit

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ACTIVITY 3

1.

Match the words/descriptions in the following word bank with the pictures that follow.

Only write down the correct word/description next to the question number, e.g. 1.11 Factory WORD BANK house | place of worship | flats | airport | hospital/clinic | bank | petrol station | shopping centre | school | farmhouse | animal shelter | train station

1.1. Image 9

1.2. Image 10

https://phototuneps.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/0

http://www.madsondesign.com/project_gallery/hig

3_riebeeck-kasteel_a-7898.jpg

hslide/images/large/farmhouse_long.jpg

1.4. Image 12

1.3. Image 11

http://www.supernews.co.za/wp-

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2013-04-

content/uploads/2013/01/08-Fast-and-far-the-

11_14-00-53_South_Africa_-

Gautrain.jpg

_Gauteng_Rhodesfield.JPG

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Unit

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1.5. Image 13

1.6. Image 14

http://i.ytimg.com/vi/P5ZE9VVLWqc/maxresdefault

http://architectafrica.com/sites/default/files/fnb2.jpg

.jpg

1.7. Image 15

1.8. Image 16

http://www.pa-journal.com/news/wp-

http://www.mangaung.com/wp-

content/uploads/2015/06/Sasol_009_petrolstation.

content/uploads//2012/01/Hospitaal%202011%20k

jpg

leiner-872888711.jpg

1.9. Image 17

1.10. Image 18

https://www.accommodirect.com/media/pictures/pl

http://capl.washjeff.edu/2/l/4040.jpg

aces/9276/9276-3.jpg

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Study Guide G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

1

Unit

1.11. Image 19

1.12. Image 20

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b

http://petparent.me/wp-

/ba/9.3.07GardenStatePlazaMallbyLuigiNovi.JPG

content/uploads/2014/10/AR-1303196101.jpg

(12) 2.

Write down a basic description of each of these buildings.

(12) [24]

Lesson 4: Roads and trials – how they are used in settlements

DEFINE Road: a big piece of land that is flat or has been flattened so that vehicles such as cars, trucks and buses can travel on it.

Trail: small footpath along which people and animals can walk.

CORE CONTENT Roads and trails are used to travel from one place to another. Some roads are big, such as highways and national roads. However, there are also some smaller roads or paths, such as trails, which are not usually designed for large vehicles.

Big roads are wide enough for many vehicles to travel on. These big roads are usually made from tar, but they can also be made from gravel, concrete or dirt. These biggest roads are usually called highways. Thousands of cars at any given time can travel on them, and they usually connect major cities to each other. Most roads have signs or instructions alongside the road, telling motorists how to behave on the road, how fast they are allowed to drive, and also to relay tourist and safety information.

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Image 21: South Africa’s major national highways. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/South_Africa_roads_N1.png

http://www.cape-town-tourism.za.net/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/Long-Street-by-night.jpg

Image 22 & Image 23: Long Street, a popular street

http://www.capetown.travel/toolkit/entry/cultureand-heritage-imagery

in the heart of Cape Town.

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Trails are small and are most used by people to walk or cycle on. They are often just dirt paths that have formed as a result of people walking over the area for many years. Animals can also be herded along these trails back to their enclosures.

Image 24: An urban footpath

Image 25: Cattle on a dirt footpath

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a

An_urban_footpath.JPG

c/Cattle_on_the_coast_path_-_geograph.org.uk__1461215.jpg

ACTIVITY 4

Answer the following questions.

1.

Give a short description of a town, a city and a farm.

2.

List any five buildings you can think of, and describe what each is used for.

3.

(6)

(5 x 2) = (10)

Are the following statements true or false?

3.1. Only people use trails.

(1)

3.2. We don’t need roads and trails.

(1)

3.3. Trucks can also travel on trails.

(1)

3.4. Road signs are very important for both drivers and pedestrians.

(1) [20]

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Lesson 5: Identify beacons: natural and man-made

DEFINE Landmark: something that stands out or is very prominent in a public place.

Natural: things found in nature that were not made/planted by humans, such as trees, rivers, mountains etc.

Man-made: objects made by people, such as buildings, bridges, statues, etc.

CORE CONTENT Each place on Earth has certain characteristics or something unique to the area. Cape Town has Table Mountain, Pretoria’s streets are lined with the beautiful Jacaranda trees, and Johannesburg is home to the Nelson Mandela Bridge. These are examples of something special and unique to these areas. These characteristics are called landmarks.

Landmarks can be natural or man-made.

Natural landmarks include rivers and mountains; things not made by people. Even a big tree can be natural landmark, as long as it was not moved or planted there by people.

Examples of natural landmarks include Table Mountain in Cape Town, the Vaal River and the Cango Caves in Oudtshoorn.

Man-made landmarks are structures that were made by people. Churches, schools, police stations, monuments and even bridges and roads can be landmarks. Examples of manmade landmarks include the Nelson Mandela Bridge in Johannesburg, The Voortrekker Monument and the Union Buildings in Pretoria, as well as uShaka Marine World in Durban.

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Image 26: Table Mountain http://www.checkouttravel.com/assets/images/geodata/92156.jpg

Image 27: Nelson Mandela Bridge with Johannesburg in the background. http://www.runnersworld.co.za/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2012/02/Nike-Run-Jozi-Launch-1.jpg 26

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