Gr 8-Social Sciences-Study Guide History 1

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SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: HISTORY Grade 8

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Social Sciences Study guide: History

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Study Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: History

CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE............................................................................................................................ 5 YEAR PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 6 UNIT 1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain and South Africa from 1860 .................... 7 Lesson 1: Changes in Britain during the Industrial Revolution ....................... 8 ACTIVITY 1.................................................................................. 20 ACTIVITY 2.................................................................................. 29 Lesson 2: Southern Africa by 1860 .............................................................. 31 ACTIVITY 3.................................................................................. 37 Lesson 3: Diamond mining in Kimberley since 1867 .................................... 38 ACTIVITY 4.................................................................................. 44 STUDY/REVISION ...................................................................... 46 EXERCISE 1 ................................................................................ 48 UNIT 2: The Mineral Revolution in South Africa ........................................................... 50 Lesson 4: Britain, diamond mining and increasing labour control and land expansion .................................................................................... 51 Lesson 5: Gold mining on the Witwatersrand since 1886............................. 55 ACTIVITY 5.................................................................................. 57 ACTIVITY 6.................................................................................. 64 ACTIVITY 7.................................................................................. 70 STUDY/REVISION ...................................................................... 71 EXERCISE 2 ................................................................................ 73 UNIT 3: The Scramble for Africa ..................................................................................... 74 Lesson 6: European colonisation of Africa in the late 19th century ............... 75 ACTIVITY 8.................................................................................. 79 ACTIVITY 9.................................................................................. 88 Lesson 7: The Ashanti Empire ..................................................................... 89 ACTIVITY 10 ................................................................................ 94 STUDY/REVISION ...................................................................... 94 EXERCISE 3 ................................................................................ 96 UNIT 4: World War I (1914 – 1918) .................................................................................. 97 Lesson 8: The causes of World War I .......................................................... 97 ACTIVITY 11 .............................................................................. 104 Lesson 9: Aspects of experiences during World War I ............................... 104 ACTIVITY 12 .............................................................................. 109 Lesson 10: Women in Britain during World War I ......................................... 112 LESSON 11: The defeat of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles ................. 114 ACTIVITY 13 .............................................................................. 118 STUDY/REVISION .................................................................... 119 EXERCISE 4 .............................................................................. 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 123

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Study Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: History

YEAR PLAN UNIT/ TERM

DATE STARTED

LESSON LESSON 1: Changes in Britain during the Industrial Revolution

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LESSON 2: Southern Africa by 1860 LESSON 3: Diamond mining in South Africa since 1867

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LESSON 4: Britain, diamond mining and increasing labour control and land expansion LESSON 5: Gold mining on the Witwatersrand since 1886 LESSON 6: European colonisation of Africa in the late 19th century

3 LESSON 7: The Ashanti Empire

LESSON 8: The causes of World War I LESSON 9: Aspects of experiences during World War I

4 LESSON 10: Women in Britain during World War I LESSON 11: The defeat of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles

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DATE FINISHED

Study Guide G08 ~ Social Sciences: History

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UNIT 1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain and South Africa from 1860 LEARNING AIMS: After you have completed this unit, you must:  Understand and explain why the Industrial Revolution happened.  Investigate and explain the changes that happened as a result of the Industrial Revolution.  Compare the economic and social structures of Britain before and after the Industrial Revolution.  Explain the changes to labour and the introduction to trade unions.  Describe the political settlement and labour structure of South Africa by 1860.  Investigate and describe indentured labour in Natal and the labourers’ working and living conditions.  Investigate and describe diamond mining in Kimberly.  Explain why diamonds are so valuable.  Explain and describe how Griqualand West was annexed by the British.  Explain the development of the diamond market monopoly and the effects thereof.  Describe the formation of De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited and how they regulate the cost and value of diamonds.

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INTRODUCTION The focus of this unit is to investigate the changes that took place in the 19th and 20th century as a result of the Industrial Revolution. A revolution is a complete change and the changes that took place in Britain made Britain the centre of trade. South Africa, during that time a colony of Britain, quickly followed suite and began industrialising as well. South Africa’s development and change are also a result of the diamond mining industry and Britain’s interest in South Africa.

LESSON 1: CHANGES

IN

BRITAIN

DURING

THE

INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION A revolution is a complete change, thereby making the Industrial Revolution a complete change in industry. There were many causes for these changes, both internal and external. However, the changes that took place during this revolution were astronomical and therefore had a major impact on society.

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Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Wealth from the slave trade External causes refer to events that happen outside the country, but also influence the change inside the country. Prior to these changes, Britain already made its mark as international trader because of the Atlantic slave trade. This trade is also known as the triangular trade route and can be divided into three phases. 

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Phase 1 (first leg): Britain took manufactured goods such as guns, ammunition, tobacco, pots and pans to Africa and traded these products for slaves. But as the demand for slaves increased, African leaders struggled to meet the growing demand. Ultimately, Europeans began capturing slaves instead of exchanging goods for them, and it caused this phase to disappear with time.

Phase 2 (middle passage): The second phase, also known as the middle passage, included the transportation of thousands of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas where they were sold as labourers and put to work on plantations.

Phase 3 (third leg): The slaves in the Americas harvested crops such as tobacco, sugar, coffee and cotton. These raw materials were then transported to Britain by ship, where it was processed into tradable goods. These products were then traded to the rest of the world.

Because it was involved with all three stage of this process, Britain made a large profit.

This profit was invested in the development of factories and new inventions to generate even more profit. Britain became known as the workshop of the world due to its growing © Impaq

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influence in Europe and because it was the centre of trade. Britain was also the first country to start industrialising.

1.2

Economy before the Industrial Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution Before there could be a change in industry, there had to be a change in the way that Britain obtained its natural resources.

There were significant changes in the agricultural industry that drastically increased the production of local goods. Some of these changes included the invention of the seed drill and the horse hoe by Jethro Tull, who later was considered to be the first modern farmer.

These inventions allowed for the land to be ploughed with the help of a horse, rather than relying on manpower, which meant that a field which used to take between four days and a week to plough could now be completed in one day.

Jethro Tull, inventor of the seed drill and horse hoe Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e 0/Jethro_Tull_(agriculturist).jpg

Seed drill and horse hoe Source: http://www.mouthofthetweed.co.uk/wpimages/wp8 65336ef_05_06.jpg

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The parts of a seed drill Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Jethro_Tull_seed_drill_(1762).png

A new four-step harvesting process called crop rotation was introduced by Lord Charles Townshend, which allowed farmers to leave only a quarter of their land uncultivated, rather than half of their land. This process resulted in farmers harvesting double the amount of produce at the end of any given season, instead of half of the previous season.

This drastic increase in production had several impacts on society. The price of food decreased and fresh produce was sold cheaper in urban areas than ever before. It also led to a decline in farm labour and therefore job opportunities for people living in rural areas drastically decreased. As a result of this change, people in rural areas were forced to look for jobs in urban areas.

Lord Charles Townshend Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Charles_Townshend,_2nd_Viscount_Townshen d_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt_(2).jpg

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The four-step harvesting process

Cottage industries Prior to all the changes in industry, the majority of goods were produced at home. Today, it is known as the cottage system. It mainly focused on wool products, such as cloth and material. The whole family was involved in this process – women acted as spinsters who spun and combed the wool into thread, while men acted as weavers and used the thread to weave the thread into bigger cloth. Once the cloth was prepared, a merchant would purchase it and each person was paid for his/her role in the process.

The cottage industry Source: http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/108411-004-70BC4BBE.jpg

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DEFINE Revolution: External:

A complete or total change.

Something on the outside of a process or event with influence.

Manufactured: Products produced from raw materials.

Plantations: Large farms that specialise in specific raw materials such as cotton or sugar.

Harvest: When you yield the crops or produce you planted.

Agriculture: The science or practice of farming.

Plough: The preparation of soil to plant crops.

Crop rotation: A system where the farmer changes the type of crop and the area in which he plants specific crops to avoid depleting the soil of its nutrients.

Fallow: No crops are planted in a certain area to allow the soil to recover.

1.3

What did the Industrial Revolution entail?

The Industrial Revolution was a series of changes that caused a complete change in the dynamics of Britain’s society and economic system. The most remarkable change is that Britain changed from an economy built on agriculture and cottage industries into an economy that relied on mining and factories. There are many factors that caused these changes. External wealth from the Atlantic slave trade allowed merchants to finance new inventions and ventures. This in turn led to a revolution in various fields that caused Britain to become industrialised.

Political stability and the Enclosure Acts Britain was not only a constitutional monarchy that had been in power for generations, but their wealth and power gave them relative political stability. Laws were incorporated to benefit all. A good example is the Enclosure Acts that were introduced in the 16th century and formed part of the agricultural revolution. The government was in control of farmers’ lands. Common land was phased out and farms were divided with fences. Commercial farms could merge, although these mergers only benefitted the wealthier owners. Without common land to farm on, many small-scale farmers were forced to move to cities to find work.

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A schematic diagramme depicting the typical English community before and after the implementation of the Enclosure Acts Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/qWlF9K_1kdE/UMK7MBPE6rI/AAAAAAAAAEw/848SQjOLX4w/s400/Enclosure_acts_diagram_small.jpg

Population increase The increase in the quantity of food that was available meant that people could live healthier lifestyles and enjoyed a higher life expectancy. This resulted in dramatic population growth. Because of the few job opportunities in rural areas, the majority of people moved to urban areas. This process is known as urbanisation. Urbanisation meant that people could no longer live off the land as they once did and the demand for manufactured goods increased. It was not, however, the only impact on the industry. As the demand for manufactured goods increased, the number of labourers in cities also increased. There were more people available to work in factories, which also resulted in the massive decrease in production time of tradable goods.

The population increase in Britain 33

Population (in millions)

35 30 25

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1700

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Natural resources One of Britain’s most valuable resources is the abundance of coal and iron ore mines. The smelting process had been the same for centuries. Along with the population increase came a great demand for iron. Iron was used to manufacture agricultural, industrial and domestic tools. The smelting process had to be changed to find a better and faster way of smelting iron. The new process did not only improve the speed at which iron and steel were smelted, but also improved the quality of products. With the improved iron and steel, engineers in Britain were able to design and construct better and bigger buildings and structures.

A map depicting Great Britain’s natural resources Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/C67p2WhL42U/TyKuYZyRUsI/AAAAAAAABOk/ETp7527LLcM/s1600/GB_Large+version.jpg

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Textile Revolution Due to the population increase and urbanisation, a huge demand for manufactured cloth developed. The cottage system that was responsible for the production of the cloth, could not meet this demand. New inventions and designs completely renewed this process of home industry. The changes were so drastic that it did not only change the process, but also mechanised it. Materials and textiles were produced much faster, was of a better quality, and the duration of the whole process was greatly accelerated.

One of these inventions was the spinning jenny, which was invented and built by James Hargreaves. This invention utilised eight spindles rather than the original one spindle, which meant that eight products could be produced. This invention was later improved and became the core of textile factories across Britain.

James Hargreaves, the inventor of the spinning jenny Bron: http://fe867b.medialib.glogster.com/media/2d/2dbe 66a8473bb654b0f9001404724d84181418c1a1f461 3d78231bd70b5fbe1c/jjjjjjjjjj.jpg

The spinning jenny, an invention that mechanised the spinning of thread Bron: http://spartacuseducational.com/TexJenny2.jpg

Another important change took place in America with the invention of the cotton gin, designed and built by the American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793. The cotton gin mechanised the cotton cleaning process, which accelerated cotton production. Since America was a British colony, it not ensured that Britain received more cotton. Because cotton was so cheap and easily available at the time, people rather purchased material than weave it themselves. This was useful, as many people moved to urban areas.

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An original cotton gin from a museum Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 5/54/Cotton_gin_EWM_2007.jpg

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The parts of a cotton gin Source: http://www.buzzle.com/images/diagrams/cott on-gin.jpg

A Venn diagram depicting the changes in the textile industry when it changed from a cottage industry to a factory industry Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Lwg009zOnac/RcTUQkAWRAI/AAAAAAAAADw/v3ss9ea8Cg8/s400/COTvsFACT. jpg

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Technological Revolution The wealth from the slave trade led to a new, wealthy merchant class, who was able to spend their money on education and also had the time to develop new inventions. These inventions sped up and increased the production of many sectors. New forms of power were discovered, in particular Newcomen’s steam pump, which allowed for much of the labour to now be done by machines, rather than people. It enabled mines to pump water from the mines, allowing miners to dig deeper and mine more ore.

A diagramme depicting Newsmen’s steam pump Source: http://cs.brown.edu/~tld/publications/books/talking/web/figures/fig-syntax-newcomen.png

Transport Revolution One of the most important inventions was the steam powered locomotive. This was the beginning of what we now know as trains, as these locomotives pulled wagons that filled with raw materials and manufactured goods. The canal systems and roads were improved, as well as infrastructure and bridges that were refurbished and reinforced with the newly improved steal. The invention of tarmac by John McAdam made roads sturdier with better drainage and a strong foundation. All these developments made transport cheaper, faster and more reliable, which was a significant benefit for the local trade of goods and raw materials.

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