Gr 6-Social Sciences-Study Guide Geography 2

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SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: GEOGRAPHY Grade 6

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Social Sciences Study guide: Geography

2006-E-SOS-SG02

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Grade 6

CAPS aligned

E van Emmenes

G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Contents

Lesson elements.......................................................................................................................................... 5 Preface............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 6 Year plan........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Unit 1: Map skills........................................................................................................................................ 9 Lesson 1: Hemispheres on a globe........................................................................................................................10

Activity 1......................................................................................................................................................................11

Lesson 2: Longitudes and latitudes on a globe................................................................................................ 12 Activity 2..................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Lesson 3: Finding countries and cities by longitude and latitude...........................................................14

Activity 3..................................................................................................................................................................... 16

Unit 2: Scales..............................................................................................................................................17 Lesson 4: What is a scale?.........................................................................................................................................18

Lesson 5: Different types of scales........................................................................................................................19 Lesson 6: How to measure straight line distances between cities..........................................................19 Activity 4..................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Unit 3: Atlases, global statistics and current affairs.....................................................................21 Lesson 7: How an atlas works................................................................................................................................. 22

Activity 5..................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Lesson 8: South Africa’s provinces in an atlas.................................................................................................. 25 Lesson 9: The world’s most important characteristics................................................................................ 26

Activity 6..................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Revision exercise....................................................................................................................................................28

Unit 4: Why people trade.......................................................................................................................31 Lesson 10: Trade as an exchange of goods........................................................................................................ 32 Lesson 11: Exports and imports between South Africa and the world................................................. 33

Lesson 12: What people trade in – goods and skills...................................................................................... 35

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Study Guide

Unit 5: Resources and their value.......................................................................................................37

Lesson 13: The value of raw materials and manufactured goods............................................................ 37 Lesson 14: Case study: Where chocolate comes from..................................................................................39

Activity 7......................................................................................................................................................................41

Unit 6: Fair trade.......................................................................................................................................42

Lesson 15: Fair and unfair trade............................................................................................................................42 Revision exercise....................................................................................................................................................44

Unit 7: Climate across the world..........................................................................................................45 Lesson 16: The earth’s climates.............................................................................................................................. 46 Unit 8: Tropical rainforests.................................................................................................................. 50

Lesson 17: The location of tropical rainforests on Earth............................................................................ 51 Unit 9: Deserts...........................................................................................................................................56

Lesson 18: The location of deserts on Earth .................................................................................................... 57 Unit 10: Coniferous forests....................................................................................................................61

Lesson 19: The location of coniferous forests on Earth............................................................................... 62

Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 65

Unit 11: South Africa’s provinces and people .................................................................................66

Lesson 20: Population distribution and density............................................................................................. 67 Activity 8..................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Activity 9..................................................................................................................................................................... 72

Unit 12: Why people live in specific places......................................................................................73 Lesson 21: Reasons for settlements’ locations................................................................................................74

Unit 13: People across the world.........................................................................................................77

Lesson 22: Population distribution across the world...................................................................................78

Glossary.......................................................................................................................................................81 Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................84

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G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Learning objectives What learners should

know at the end of the

lesson according to CAPS requirements.

Lesson elements

Important terminology

Tips

New terminology to assist

Any information other

with the understanding of the subject as part of the lesson.

than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.

Activity Define Definitions of concepts to understand the content.

Questions to complete to

test learners’ knowledge of the completed lesson.

For the curious Encouragement to do

in-depth research about the content. Expand the

activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are

encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded

Core content

Study/Revision

Emphasise the core of

Time spent studying the

the content; in-depth

explanation of a specific section of the lesson;

learners must understand

content at the end of the

unit and to prepare for a test or examination.

exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs

(LSEN): Explain the need to

complete the basic questions to achieve a pass mark.

this content.

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Study Guide

Preface

Recommended book It is important to buy an atlas.

Introduction

What is geography?

Geography is the study of the human and physical environment. Geography helps us understand

the complex world. We investigate the following branches of Geography, namely physical

geography and human geography.

In physical geography, we investigate natural processes and characteristics, including the atmosphere, landforms and ecosystems.

In human geography, we investigate the activities and impact of people on the earth.

To make sure that all concepts that are shown in the study guide are thoroughly understood and can be applied, there is an activity after each lesson. All activities in the guide must be

revised for the tests and examinations.

When you do the activities, remember to write down the activity number.

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Year plan

Keep the following in mind when planning your year:

●● ●● ●●

Be realistic and flexible

Keep your other subject timetables in mind

Allow for enough time to study for tests and examinations

Term

Unit and lesson

Date started

Date completed

Unit 1: Map skills Lesson 1: Hemispheres on a globe

Lesson 2: Longitudes and latitudes on a globe Lesson 3: Finding countries and cities by longitude and latitude Unit 2: Scales

1

Lesson 4: What is a scale?

Lesson 5: Different types of scales Lesson 6: How to measure straight line distances between cities

Unit 3: Atlases, global statistics and current affairs

Lesson 7: How an atlas works

Lesson 8: South Africa’s provinces in an atlas

Lesson 9: The world’s most important characteristics Revision exercise

Unit 4: Why people trade

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Lesson 10: Trade as an exchange of goods Lesson 11: Exports and imports between South Africa and the world Lesson 12: What people trade in – goods and skills Unit 5: Resources and their value

Lesson 13: The value of raw materials and manufactured goods Lesson 14: Case study: Where chocolate comes from Unit 6: Fair trade

Lesson 15: Fair and unfair trade Revision exercise

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Study Guide Unit 7: Climate across the world Lesson 16: The earth’s climates Unit 8: Tropical rainforests

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Lesson 17: The location of tropical rainforests on Earth Unit 9: Deserts Lesson 18: The location of deserts on Earth

Unit 10: Coniferous forests Lesson 19: The location of coniferous forests on Earth Revision exercise Unit 11: South Africa’s provinces and people

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Lesson 20: Population distribution and density Unit 12: Why people live in specific places

Lesson 21: Reasons for settlements’ locations Unit 13: People across the world

Lesson 22: Population distribution across the world

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Eenheid Unit 1 1 Map skills

Learning aims After completing this unit, you must be able to do the following: ●●

Understand and work with a variety of resources – including maps, data and

●●

Identify and extract information from texts, atlases and other resources,

●● ●● ●●

pictures.

Use and draw maps.

including visual resources like pictures.

Work with data and statistics in the form of graphs, tables and diagrams.

Check information by using the various resources.

Introduction Geography teaches us about the world we live in. This term, we will look at different maps

and learn about countries around the world. You will also learn more on how to find places. If

possible, keep an atlas handy.

Important terminology Equator

Greenwich meridian

Latitude

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Longitude Location

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Study Guide Tips Make sure that you know all the new words in each lesson and that you can apply the content.

After each lesson, there is an activity that asks questions about the most important aspects of that lesson. The activities are good preparation for term tests and exams.

Lesson 1 Hemispheres on a globe

Define Equator: an imaginary line which divides the earth into two equal parts (north and south)

Greenwich meridian: an imaginary line on a map or globe which stretches from the North

Pole to the South Pole and divides the earth into two equal parts (east and west)

Core content The earth can be described as a sphere, that is why we talk about the globe. The equator is an imaginary line in which divides the earth into two equal parts.

We call it the northern and southern hemispheres. In the northern hemisphere, we get the North Pole and in the southern hemisphere, we get the South Pole.

The Greenwich meridian is a line which stretches from the North Pole to the South Pole

and divides the earth into two equal parts. The two hemispheres are called the eastern

hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

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G06 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Greenwich Meridian

Image 1.1: The earth is divided into4 four hemispheres.

For the curious Watch the YouTube video on how to make your own papier mâché globe. Once you have

finished your globe, draw lines on it to clearly indicate the equator and Greenwich meridian.

Also indicate the four quarters in which the hemispheres are located. You can also use a

balloon if you do not have the required materials to make a papier mâché globe. Keep your globe for the next lesson. bit.ly/2G5SdvA

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Study Guide Activity 1 Here is a schematic representation of the earth. Fill in the hemispheres, as well as the most important lines of longitude and latitude.

Lesson 2 Longitudes and latitudes on a globe

(6 Ă— 1) = [6]

Define Latitude: lines that run over the breadth of a globe, from east to west and/or west to east

Location: the place or position of a certain country or region with respect to lines of latitude and longitude

Longitude: lines that run over the length of a globe, from north to south and/or south to

north

The earth is a sphere. If we want to represent it on a piece of paper, it will be like pressing a ball flat, which is very difficult.

This is the reason why there are lines on a globe as well as on a map. These lines run parallel to one another. There are two types of lines:

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Latitudes: the lines run across the globe, like the equator. The equator is the most important

latitude on the globe at 0°. The place or position they indicate are called latitudes and they are measured in degrees north or south of the equator.

Longitudes: the lines are drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole like the Greenwich

meridian. The Greenwich meridian is the most important longitude at 0°. The place or

Australia

Southern

Northern hemisphere

Eastern hemisphere Western

hemisphere

Africa South America

North America

Europe

Asia

the Greenwich meridian.

hemisphere

position they indicate are called longitudes and they are measured in degrees east or west of

Image 1.2: A world map indicating the latitudes and longitudes

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Study Guide

For the curious Use your balloon from the previous lesson and now draw longitudes and latitudes on it.

Remember that the most important latitude is the equator and the most important longitude is the Greenwich meridian. These lines are already on your balloon.

Location of South Africa Every place on Earth is located in two hemispheres at the same time. It is located in either the northern or southern hemisphere and in either the eastern or western hemisphere.

South Africa is located in the southern hemisphere, because it is south of the equator, as well as in the eastern hemisphere because South Africa is east of the Greenwich meridian.

Activity 2 Study the map on the previous page and answer the questions.

1.

In which two hemispheres is South Africa located?

(2)

4.

In which two hemispheres is South America located?

(2)

2.

3.

In which two hemispheres is Australia located?

In which two hemispheres is North America located?

(2) (2)

[8]

Lesson 3 Finding countries and cities by longitude and latitude On a map, we can see how far north or south from the equator a place is by looking at the

latitudes. It is usually marked at the sides of a map. Above the 0° is the northern hemisphere and below the 0° is the southern hemisphere.

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