Gr 5-Social Sciences-Study Guide Geography 2

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SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: GEOGRAPHY Grade 5

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Social Sciences Study guide: Geography

CAPS aligned

M Lübcker E van Emmenes

2005-E-SOS-SG02

Í4%È-E-SOS-SG02[Î

Grade 5

G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Contents

Lesson elements.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 7 Year plan........................................................................................................................................................8 Unit 1: World map and compass directions.................................................................................... 10 Lesson 1: Position of the equator, North and South Poles on a globe ................................................... 11 Activity 1..................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Lesson 2: The seven continents ............................................................................................................................. 13 Activity 2..................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Lesson 3: Eight points on a compass ...................................................................................................................14

Lesson 4: Eight directions from a fixed point on a world map ................................................................. 16

Activity 3......................................................................................................................................................................17 Revision exercise.....................................................................................................................................................17

Unit 2: Africa, our continent..................................................................................................................19 Lesson 5: Position of Africa on a world map and globe...............................................................................20

Lesson 6: Oceans around Africa ............................................................................................................................ 21 Lesson 7: Concepts of countries and borders .................................................................................................. 22 Activity 4..................................................................................................................................................................... 23

Lesson 8: Locations of countries in Africa ........................................................................................................ 23

Activity 5..................................................................................................................................................................... 26

Lesson 9: Countries with a coastline ................................................................................................................... 26

Lesson 10: Madagascar and Zanzibar.................................................................................................................. 27 Lesson 11: South Africa’s neighbouring countries ........................................................................................28

Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 32

Unit 3: A physical map of Africa ..........................................................................................................34

Lesson 12: Reading a physical map....................................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 13: Africa’s highest peaks .........................................................................................................................38

Lesson 14: Africa’s three largest lakes ................................................................................................................39

Lesson 15: Africa’s great rivers............................................................................................................................... 41

Lesson 16: Southern Africa’s famous waterfalls.............................................................................................. 42 © Impaq

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Study Guide

Lesson 17: Africa’s great deserts............................................................................................................................43

Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 45

Unit 4: Images of Africa ..........................................................................................................................47 Lesson 18: Photos of a range of scenes and landscapes in Africa............................................................48

Lesson 19: Use grid references on a map to determine position ............................................................49

Revision exercise.....................................................................................................................................................51

Unit 5: Physical features of South Africa...........................................................................................53 Lesson 20: A physical map of South Africa........................................................................................................54

Lesson 21: Indicating altitude ................................................................................................................................ 56 Activity 6.....................................................................................................................................................................58

Lesson 22: Physical features....................................................................................................................................59

Lesson 23: Naming of important places.............................................................................................................60

Lesson 24: Where rivers start and end...............................................................................................................63

Lesson 25: Concept of river systems....................................................................................................................64

Lesson 26: Main rivers of South Africa ............................................................................................................... 65

Activity 7......................................................................................................................................................................67

Unit 6: Physical features and human activity................................................................................. 68

Lesson 27: Human activities in different physical environments............................................................69 Lesson 28: Influence of human activities on the physical environment...............................................70

Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 72

Unit 7: Water, climate and vegetation of South Africa..................................................................76 Lesson 29: Elements of weather and precipitation ...................................................................................... 77 Lesson 30: Measuring temperature and rainfall and the instruments used ......................................79 Activity 8.....................................................................................................................................................................80

Lesson 31: Determination and description of wind direction.................................................................. 82 Lesson 32: Weather charts and weather conditions..................................................................................... 83

Activity 9..................................................................................................................................................................... 85

Unit 8: Climate, rainfall and natural vegetation.............................................................................86

Lesson 33: Rainfall in South Africa........................................................................................................................ 87 Lesson 34: Rainfall patterns.....................................................................................................................................89 4

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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Lesson 35: Difference between weather and climate...................................................................................90

Lesson 36: Different types of climate in South Africa................................................................................... 91 Lesson 37: Climate of own environment............................................................................................................92

Activity 10.................................................................................................................................................................. 92

Lesson 38: What is natural vegetation?..............................................................................................................92 Lesson 39: The relationship between climate, natural vegetation and wildlife................................93

Lesson 40: The Savannah grasslands .................................................................................................................. 96

Activity 11.................................................................................................................................................................. 97 Revision exercise....................................................................................................................................................98

Unit 9: Mineral and coal resources in South Africa....................................................................100

Lesson 41: Minerals as a non-renewable resource......................................................................................101 Lesson 42: The most important minerals mined in South Africa and their uses........................... 102 Lesson 43: How coal is formed............................................................................................................................ 104

Lesson 44: Uses of coal............................................................................................................................................ 106 Lesson 45: Location of mineral and coal mines............................................................................................ 108

Activity 12............................................................................................................................................................... 109

Unit 10: Mining and mining environments...................................................................................110

Lesson 46: What mining is and the ways of mining.....................................................................................111 Lesson 47: Open cast/surface mining and shaft/deep level mining................................................... 112 Lesson 48: Pollution, waste and sewage.......................................................................................................... 114

Lesson 49: Health and safety risks for mineworkers................................................................................. 116 Revision exercise................................................................................................................................................. 118

Glossary....................................................................................................................................................120

Bibliography............................................................................................................................................ 124

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Study Guide

Learning objectives What learners should

know at the end of the

lesson according to CAPS requirements.

Lesson elements

Important terminology

Tips

New terminology to assist

Any information other

with the understanding of the subject as part of the lesson.

than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.

Activity Define Definitions of concepts to understand the content.

Questions to complete to

test learners’ knowledge of the completed lesson.

For the curious Encouragement to do

in-depth research about the content. Expand the

activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are

encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded

Core content

Study/Revision

Emphasise the core of

Time spent studying the

the content; in-depth

explanation of a specific section of the lesson;

learners must understand

content at the end of the

unit and to prepare for a test or examination.

exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs

(LSEN): Explain the need to

complete the basic questions to achieve a pass mark.

this content.

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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Preface

Prescribed book Recommended books are used supplementary to this study guide. It is always good to refer to other text books, such as:

●

●

Diley, L., Monteith, M., Proctor, A. & Weldon, G. 2013. Oxford Successful Social Sciences

Grade 5. Oxford University Press: South Africa.

Any printed atlas, such as the Oxford Primary Atlas for South Africa.

Introduction

Geography forms a part of Social Sciences, which aims to encourage learners to study their

worlds with fresh, critical eyes and introduce them to a world outside of their immediate realities. Geography is therefore the study of both our human and physical environment. We

investigate different branches of Geography, namely physical geography and human geography.

This study guide will place specific focus on spatial literacy, patterns and trends, with a focus on

Africa and its place in the world, paying specific attention to South Africa. We will investigate

the physical features, weather, climate and vegetation of South Africa. It will also cover a section on the minerals and mining of these minerals in South Africa. This is in accordance with the

guidelines set out in the CAPS curriculum.

Do not merely study the content provided in this study guide. Since Geography is constantly changing, you must also study the world around you, broaden your knowledge through the

internet, libraries and magazines. Most importantly, keep abreast of current affairs by reading or listening to the news a minimum of three times a week.

To make sure that all concepts that are shown in the study guide are thoroughly understood and can be applied, there is an activity after each lesson. All activities in the guide must be

revised for the tests and examinations. There are also a number of online tests, quizzes and activities available for extra revision.

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Study Guide

Year plan

Keep the following in mind when planning your year: ● Be realistic and flexible ● Keep your other subject timetables in mind ● Allow for enough time to study for tests and examinations

Term

Unit and lesson

Date Date started completed

Unit 1: World map and compass directions Lesson 1: Position of the equator, North and South Poles on a globe Lesson 2: The seven continents Lesson 3: Eight points on a compass Lesson 4: Eight directions from a fixed point on a world map Unit 2: Africa, our continent

Lesson 5: Position of Africa on a world map and globe Lesson 6: Oceans around Africa Lesson 7: Concepts of countries and borders 1

Lesson 8: Locations of countries in Africa Lesson 9: Countries with a coastline

Lesson 10: Madagascar and Zanzibar

Lesson 11: South Africa’s neighbouring countries Unit 3: A physical map of Africa

Lesson 12: Reading a physical map Lesson 13: Africa’s highest peaks

Lesson 14: Africa’s three largest lakes Lesson 15: Africa’s great rivers

Lesson 16: Southern Africa’s famous waterfalls Lesson 17: Africa’s great deserts Unit 4: Images of Africa

Lesson 18: Photos of a range of scenes and landscapes in Africa Lesson 19: Use grid references on a map to determine position Unit 5: Physical features of South Africa

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Lesson 20: A physical map of South Africa Lesson 21: Indicating altitude

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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography Lesson 22: Physical features

Lesson 23: Naming of important places Lesson 24: Where rivers start and end 2

Lesson 25: Concept of river systems

Lesson 26: Main rivers of South Africa

Unit 6: Physical features and human activity

Lesson 27: Human activities in different physical environments Lesson 28: Influence of human activities on the physical environment

Unit 7: Water, climate and vegetation of South Africa

Lesson 29: Elements of weather and precipitation Lesson 30: Measuring temperature and rainfall and the instruments used Lesson 31: Determination and description of wind direction Lesson 32: Weather charts and weather conditions Unit 8: Climate, rainfall and natural vegetation

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Lesson 33: Rainfall in South Africa Lesson 34: Rainfall patterns

Lesson 35: Difference between weather and climate

Lesson 36: Different types of climate in South Africa Lesson 37: Climate of own environment

Lesson 38: What is natural vegetation?

Lesson 39: The relationship between climate, natural vegetation and wildlife Lesson 40: The Savannah grasslands

Unit 9: Mineral and coal resources in South Africa

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Lesson 41: Minerals as a non-renewable resource Lesson 42: The most important minerals mined in South Africa and their uses Lesson 43: How coal is formed Lesson 44: Uses of coal

Lesson 45: Location of mineral and coal mines Unit 10: Mining and mining environments

Lesson 46: What mining is and the ways of mining Lesson 47: Open cast/surface mining and shaft/deep level mining Lesson 48: Pollution, waste and sewage Lesson 49: Health and safety risks for mineworkers

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Eenheid Unit 1 1 World map and

compass directions

Learning aims After completing this unit, you should be able to do the following: ●

Understand and work with a variety of resources – including maps, data and pictures.

●

Know the position of the equator and North and South Poles on a map or globe.

●

Use these cardinal points and identify the eight directions from a fixed point

● ●

Identify and know the positions of the seven continents.

Identify the eight cardinal points on a compass. on a map.

Introduction This unit covers a study of the globe and your place in the world. You will learn about the seven continents, how our world is divided, how to use a compass and what the eight cardinal points of the compass are.

Important terminology Equator

Hemisphere Continent

Compass

World map

Ensure you understand all new concepts. Draw up a terminology list for yourself, so that you can learn all the important concepts taught to you throughout each unit.

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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

Lesson 1 Position of the equator, North and South Poles on a globe

1

Define Equator: an imaginary line on the globe that divides the earth in half, dividing the northern and southern hemispheres

Hemisphere: Half of the world which has been divided by the equator. Generally, the

northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

People used to believe that the earth was flat, like image 1.1, and if you sailed too far, you would fall off the edge.

However, we know now that the earth is round, like a beach ball, with no edges. The equator is an imaginary line which divides the earth into two equal parts. The top part is the northern hemisphere and the bottom part the southern hemisphere. South Africa lies south of the equator and is therefore in the southern hemisphere.

Image 1.1: A depiction of a flat earth

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Study Guide Northern hemisphere

Equator Southern hemisphere

Image 1.2: The location of the equator, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere on a map

The North and South Poles are the tips of their respective

hemispheres. The northernmost point of the globe is

the North Pole and the southernmost tip, the South Pole.

Equator Image 1.3

Activity 1 Use the words in the following word bank to label the diagram of the earth.

Equator

Northern hemisphere

Southern hemisphere

South Pole North Pole

Image 1.4

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Lesson 2 The seven continents

1

Define Continent: a large land mass on the globe consisting of various countries

Core content The world is divided into seven land masses, which form the seven continents. They all consist of various countries, except Antarctica.

Here is a map that shows the seven continents.

Image 1.5: A world map of the oceans and continents

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Study Guide Activity 2 Study the globe and name the highlighted continents.

Image 1.6

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Lesson 3 Eight points on a compass

Define Compass: an instrument used to determine direction

Core content We use a compass to indicate direction. Before the compass was invented, people used the stars as a point of reference.

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G05 ~ Social Sciences: Geography

A compass can indicate sixteen different directions. This year, however, we are learning the eight cardinal points.

A compass works with a magnet which is pulled towards magnetic north. Magnetic north is the direction or area to the north towards which the needle of a compass points, situated in a specific area near the North Pole. This means that a compass will always point north, and we can determine the direction in which we are travelling using this as a reference. On a compass, abbreviations are used for the different directions.

Study the image below. The eight directions and abbreviations used are:

N

N – North

NO – Northeast

NW

O – East

NE

SO – Southeast S – South

W

SW – Southwest W – West

E

NW – Northwest North, east, south and west are the four main directions and the others are in-between directions.

SW

SE S Image 1.7

Tips An easy way to remember the four main directions is by memorising this rhyme:

Naughty

Elephants Spray Water

Image 1.8

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Study Guide

As north and south are most important, the next four points will start with these directions, followed by whichever direction is closest, e.g., NW (northwest) or SW (southwest).

We don’t carry around compasses anymore. If you need to find your way around, you can use the following method to help you find your way:

The sun always rises in the east. If you look at the sun, north will be on your left and south will be on your right. The sun sets in the west, so west should be directly behind you.

Lesson 4 Eight directions from a fixed point on a world map

Define World map: a flat portrayal of the world where you see the whole world in a single view The island of Madagascar is highlighted on the map of Africa below. We must be able to determine direction from any given point on a map; there is, therefore, usually a small compass drawn on maps to help us. North always points towards the top of a map.

Image 1.9

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