Gr 5-Natural Sciences and Technology-Study Guide

Í2’È-E-TEC-SG01DÎ

1

8

0

5

-

E

-

N S

T

-

S

G

0

1

NATURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY STUDY GUIDE

Grade 5

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Natural Sciences and Technology Study guide

1805-E-NST-SG01

Í2%È-E-NST-SG01QÎ

Grade 5

CAPS aligned

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

CONTENTS

LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 5 UNIT 1: Life and living ....................................................................................................... 6 Lesson 1: Plants and animals on Earth ....................................................................... 6 1.1 Many different plants and animals ....................................................................... 7 ACTIVITY 1a: Identifying marine animals and plants ........................................ 9 ACTIVITY 1b: Studying an aquatic habitat...................................................... 13 ACTIVITY 1c: Counting plants and animals .................................................... 17 1.2 Interdependence in an ecosystem..................................................................... 18 ACTIVITY 1d: The honey badger and the honeyguide ................................... 21 ACTIVITY 1e: The water cycle........................................................................ 23 ACTIVITY 1f: Describing interdependence ..................................................... 24 1.3 Animal types ...................................................................................................... 26 ACTIVITY 1g: Classifying animals .................................................................. 27 ACTIVITY 1h: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... once I caught a bug alive! ................................. 33 ACTIVITY 1i: Identifying common characteristics ........................................... 34 ACTIVITY 1j: Comparing endoskeletons and exoskeletons............................ 36 STUDY/REVISION ......................................................................................... 37 Lesson 2: Animal skeletons ....................................................................................... 39 2.1 Skeletons of vertebrates.................................................................................... 39 ACTIVITY 2a: Identifying bones in your body ................................................. 40 ACTIVITY 2b: The bones in the human skeleton ............................................ 41 2.2 Movement in vertebrates ................................................................................... 48 ACTIVITY 2c: Describing movement in vertebrates ........................................ 49 STUDY/REVISION ......................................................................................... 51 Lesson 3: Skeletons as structures ............................................................................ 53 3.1 Frame and shell structures ................................................................................ 53 ACTIVITY 3: Designing and making a skeleton .............................................. 59 STUDY/REVISION ......................................................................................... 64 Lesson 4: Food chains ................................................................................................ 65 4.1 Food and feeding in plants and animals ............................................................ 65 ACTIVITY 4a: Identifying herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, scavengers and decomposers .................................................................................................. 69 4.2 Food chains ....................................................................................................... 71 ACTIVITY 4b: Making food chains .................................................................. 73 ACTIVITY 4c: Arranging plants and animals in food chains............................ 74 ACTIVITY 4d: Where do you fit in the food chain? ......................................... 75 ACTIVITY 4e: Write a food chain poem .......................................................... 76 STUDY/REVISION ......................................................................................... 78 Lesson 5: Life cycles .................................................................................................. 80 5.1 Growth and development .................................................................................. 80 5.2 Plant life cycle ................................................................................................... 81 1

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

ACTIVITY 5a: The life cycle of a tomato plant ................................................ 84 5.3 Animal life cycle................................................................................................. 86 ACTIVITY 5b: Life cycle of the frog ................................................................. 86 ACTIVITY 5c: How do fruit flies reproduce? ................................................... 88 ACTIVITY 5d: The frog’s life cycle .................................................................. 91 STUDY/REVISION ......................................................................................... 93 UNIT 2: Matter, materials and processing ..................................................................... 96 Lesson 6: Metals and non-metals .............................................................................. 96 ACTIVITY 6a: Choosing material to build a house .......................................... 97 6.1 Properties of metals .......................................................................................... 98 INVESTIGATION 1: The properties of metals................................................. 99 ACTIVITY 6b: The properties of metals make them useful to make things ... 100 ACTIVITY 6c: How can dirty copper coins be made shiny again? ................ 103 6.2 Properties of non-metals ................................................................................. 104 INVESTIGATION 2: The properties of non-metals ....................................... 105 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 108 Lesson 7: Uses of metals.......................................................................................... 109 7.1 Special properties of metals ............................................................................ 109 ACTIVITY 7a: Learning about magnetism .................................................... 110 ACTIVITY 7b: Using magnetism to solve a problem ..................................... 111 ACTIVITY 7c: Learning about heat flow (thermal conductivity) ..................... 113 INVESTIGATION 3: Learning about corrosion (rust) .................................... 116 ACTIVITY 7d: How can dirty copper coins be cleaned? ............................... 119 7.2 Uses of metals ................................................................................................ 120 ACTIVITY 7e: The uses of metals in your home ........................................... 121 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 122 Lesson 8: Processing materials ............................................................................... 125 8.1 Combining materials........................................................................................ 125 ACTIVITY 8a: A research project about stainless steel ................................ 125 ACTIVITY 8b: Make your own glue ............................................................... 127 ACTIVITY 8c: Make jelly ............................................................................... 128 ACTIVITY 8d: Make bricks............................................................................ 131 ACTIVITY 8e: Reinforcing concrete .............................................................. 134 ACTIVITY 8f: Let’s have fun making flapjacks! ............................................. 137 ACTIVITY 8g: How does the amount of material we start with affect the amount of new material we can make?......................................................... 140 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 141 Lesson 9: Processed materials ................................................................................ 143 9.1 Properties and uses ........................................................................................ 143 ACTIVITY 9a: Raw or processed material? .................................................. 143 ACTIVITY 9b: Processed materials around us ............................................. 148 9.2 Traditional processing ..................................................................................... 148 ACTIVITY 9c: Traditional materials and processing ..................................... 149 ACTIVITY 9d: Making a mud house stronger ............................................... 152 ACTIVITY 9e: Hetsie’s house ....................................................................... 158 2

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

ACTIVITY 9f: Identifying objects made from plant fibre ................................ 161 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 163 UNIT 3: Energy and change .......................................................................................... 165 Lesson 10: Stored energy in fuels ........................................................................... 165 10.1 What are fuels? ............................................................................................. 165 ACTIVITY 10a: Energy from food ................................................................. 169 INVESTIGATION 1: How much energy can we get from different fuels?...... 171 10.2 Burning fuels ................................................................................................. 174 INVESTIGATION 2: What happens when a flame is deprived of oxygen? ... 175 10.3 Fire safety ..................................................................................................... 178 ACTIVITY 10b: Dangerous situations involving fire ...................................... 179 ACTIVITY 10c: Talking about fire in our communities .................................. 180 ACTIVITY 10d: Play: what to do in case of a fire .......................................... 181 ACTIVITY 10e: Creating a fire poster ........................................................... 181 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 183 Lesson 11: Energy and electricity ............................................................................ 185 11.1 Cells and batteries......................................................................................... 185 ACTIVITY 11a: How does a torch work? ...................................................... 185 ACTIVITY 11b: Making a simple circuit......................................................... 187 11.2 Mains electricity ............................................................................................. 189 11.3 Electricity safety ............................................................................................ 191 ACTIVITY 11c: Safety tips for electricity ....................................................... 192 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 194 Lesson 12: Energy and movement .......................................................................... 196 12.1 Elastics and springs ...................................................................................... 196 ACTIVITY 12a: Making your own catapult .................................................... 197 ACTIVITY 12b: Build an elastic band powered boat ..................................... 199 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 203 Lesson 13: Systems for moving things ................................................................... 204 13.1 Wheels and axles .......................................................................................... 204 ACTIVITY 13a: Identifying vehicles with wheels ........................................... 207 ACTIVITY 13b: A simple wheel and axle machine ........................................ 208 ACTIVITY 13c: Making a trailer with wheels and axles ................................. 209 ACTIVITY 13d: Making and evaluating different wheels and axles ............... 212 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 215 UNIT 4: Earth and beyond ............................................................................................. 217 Lesson 14: Planet Earth ............................................................................................ 217 14.1 The earth moves ........................................................................................... 217 ACTIVITY 14a: Where is it daytime? ............................................................ 219 ACTIVITY 14b: Your head can be a model of the earth ................................ 221 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 224 Lesson 15: Surface of the earth ............................................................................... 225 15.1 Rocks ............................................................................................................ 225 ACTIVITY 15a: What will you find if you dig a hole as deep as it can go? .... 226 ACTIVITY 15b: The layers of the earth ......................................................... 232 3

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

ACTIVITY 15c: So what is below our feet? ................................................... 233 15.2 Soil comes from rocks ................................................................................... 235 ACTIVITY 15d: Can rock and stone wear away?.......................................... 235 ACTIVITY 15e: Make a model of acid water breaking up rocks .................... 239 ACTIVITY 15f: Look at different types of soil ................................................ 241 ACTIVITY 15g: Make your own soil .............................................................. 243 15.3 Soil types ....................................................................................................... 246 INVESTIGATION 1: Different amounts of sand, silt and clay........................ 247 ACTIVITY 15h: Soil retains water ................................................................. 253 INVESTIGATION 2: Which soil holds more water? ...................................... 255 INVESTIGATION 3: Compare how well plants grow in different types of soil........................................................................... 258 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 261 Lesson 16: Sedimentary rocks ................................................................................. 263 16.1 Formation of sedimentary rock ...................................................................... 263 ACTIVITY 16a: Depositing sediments .......................................................... 265 ACTIVITY 16b: Which sediment is the oldest? ............................................. 266 ACTIVITY 16c: Rebuild the mountain ........................................................... 269 16.2 Uses of sedimentary rock .............................................................................. 270 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 273 Lesson 17: Fossils .................................................................................................... 275 17.1 Fossils in rock................................................................................................ 275 ACTIVITY 17a: Make a model of a body fossil ............................................. 279 17.2 Body and trace fossils ................................................................................... 284 17.3 Importance of South African fossils ............................................................... 286 ACTIVITY 17b: The Cradle of Humankind .................................................... 292 ACTIVITY 17c: Important fossil sites in South Africa .................................... 293 STUDY/REVISION ....................................................................................... 294 NOTES ............................................................................................................................ 295

4

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

UNIT 1: Life and living Lesson 1: Plants and animals on Earth

LEARNING AIMS • • • • •

What's the coldest place where animals live?

How deep is the sea and are there animals and plants down there?

Where is the highest mountain on Earth? Do plants and animals live there?

Are there living things in a desert?

What are vertebrates and invertebrates?

You might have heard that people say Earth is the “Blue Planet”. When astronauts in space look down on Earth, the water that covers more than two thirds of the planet makes it appear blue. Thousands of plants and animals are able to live on Earth because there is water.

Plants and animals live in specific places.

FOR THE The place where a plant or animal lives is CURIOUS called its habitat.

When we talk about all the animals and plants and their different habitats, it is called biodiversity.

The biodiversity of a specific area includes all the habitats, plants and animals in that area.

Plants and animals need water to live. Scientists search for water on other planets because they hope that if they find water they might find other life forms there.

QUESTIONS Why is it important to study the biodiversity of our planet? Write down some of the main points from your class discussion or the discussion with your facilitator below.

6

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

Unit

1

1.1 Many different plants and animals

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY • • • • •

adapted extinct classify indigenous biome

The earth is home to the most amazing diversity of animals and plants. Animals and plants live and grow in areas in which they will thrive, in other words, their habitat.

We can identify different types of habitats on Earth, such as: • Aquatic (water) • Desert • Grassland • Forest Within each habitat there are animals and plants that have adapted to live and grow specifically in that environment. Let’s take a look at some of the most common plants and animals that live in each of these different kinds of habitats of South Africa.

Aquatic habitats Thousands of different animals and plants live in or near water. There are two main kinds of aquatic habitats – marine (saltwater) habitats and freshwater habitats. The plants and animals that live in these habitats are adapted to either live in saltwater or in freshwater.

FOR THE CURIOUS

In South Africa both types of aquatic habitats are found.

Our country has a long coastline with many different types of habitats in which many different kinds of plants and animals are found. For example, many animals live in and around rock pools. They have to withstand the harsh sun and the constant pounding of the waves.

7

Aqua means "water" in Latin. A word with aqua in it normally has something to do with water, such as aquatic or aquarium.

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

Unit

Seagulls resting on a shore.

1

Starfish are found in rock pools along the coast.

FOR THE CURIOUS • South Africa is the only place on Earth that we know of where Great white sharks jump out of the water when they catch seals (off Seal Island in False Bay).

• Female dolphins are called cows, males are called bulls and young dolphins are called calves.

A rocky coastline with rock pools.

Our seas are full of a wide variety of mammals and fish. It ranges from the smallest sardine to large mammals such as whales and dolphins.

Dolphins playing in the waves.

A Southern right whale with her calf off the coast of Hermanus, a popular breeding ground for whales in September.1

The sea is home to many species of fish. A group of fish is called a school of fish. The coral reefs off the South African coast, especially on the East coast such as at Sodwana Bay, are very rich in fish and animal species.

8

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

Where a river runs into the sea, an estuary develops.

The fresh water from the river mixes with the salty sea water. Mudskippers are often found here (fish that are adapted to also be able to live on land, and can cling to roots, rocks and tree trunks just above the water level).

FOR THE CURIOUS The waters off South Africa’s coast is home to many rare fish species such as the coelacanth. Scientists thought this prehistoric fish was extinct until they found living coelacanths in South Africa's waters in 1938!

Mudskippers live in estuaries, but they can hop onto land and into low branches.2

ACTIVITY 1a: Identifying marine animals and plants Carefully study the pictures of different marine animals and plants off South Africa's coast. Answer the questions about these pictures.

A crab3

A school of fish4

9

Š Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

A crayfish in the shallow water.5

A penguin diving down under the water.6

Green seaweed flowing in the water.7

Mussels growing on the rocks.8

Sharks9

Jellyfish10

Kelp seaweed11

Turtles12 10

Š Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

QUESTIONS 1. Can you imagine how difficult it must be to live on rocks being pounded by waves all day and all night long? Which animals in the above picture live on or near rocks?

2. Describe at least three different ways in which these animals protect themselves against the pounding waves.

3. Carefully study all the animals in the pictures and find things that they have in common. Classify the animals into groups based on these similarities.

4. Many ecotourists like to visit our country to see the attractions. Some tourists like to go on tours where they are in a shark cage which is lowered into the water. The tour operators often chuck small pieces of meat into the water to attract sharks which then swim around the cage. This is called shark cage diving. Do you think shark cage diving is appropriate? Explain why you think so.

11

Š Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

Now let’s look at the plants and animals that live in freshwater, such as dams, ponds, stream and rivers

FOR THE CURIOUS

Many animals live in or near freshwater ponds, Sharks have amazing hearing.

They can “hear” (feel the vibrations dams and lakes, rivers and streams. These of) a fish moving in the water from include snails, clams, crabs, frogs and fish. Larger as far as 500 metres away. animals such as turtles, snakes, hippos and crocodiles, and birds such as ducks also live in or near water.

Ducks raise their ducklings near plants where there is enough food for their young in between the reeds and water plants.

Hippopotamuses live in and around freshwater.

Can you see how this frog is resting on the lily pad?

A crocodile lies by the side of a river.

Some water plants have roots, for example water lilies and reeds. Water plants make oxygen for the animals to breathe and provide food for many of the animals.

12

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

FOR THE CURIOUS Waterblommetjiebredie is made from waterblommetjies (or Cape-pondweed). Have you ever eaten it?

Waterblommetjies floating on the water.13

In South Africa, we also have large wetlands where the water stands still or runs very slowly. Wetlands provide food and shelter and a natural habitat for an incredible amount of animals: frogs, reptiles, birds (such as ducks and waders) and fish, to name a few.

ACTIVITY 1b: Studying an aquatic habitat Work in groups of 3 or 4 MATERIALS • pencil • paper • clipboard • sunblock and a hat INSTRUCTIONS 1. Visit an aquatic habitat near your home: a stream or river, pond or dam, or perhaps a rock pool if you are near the sea.

2. Find different examples of three animals and three plants that live and grow in that environment.

3. Carefully study where they live/grow and think about how the animals and plants are suited to their habitat. Answer the following questions: a.

Are the stems of the plants rigid or flexible? b.

Do the plants grow inside the water or just outside the water? c.

What do the animals eat? d.

How do the animals breathe?

4. If possible, take some pictures of the plants and animals you observe without disturbing them.

5. Tell your class or facilitator what you learnt.

Deserts and semi-desert habitat Deserts are areas that have a very low rainfall each year – in some deserts it only rains once every 10 years!

13

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

Unit

1

The Namibian desert

The desert may look dry, but there are many different plants and animals that are adapted to live in these dry regions. Desert plants can survive without much water and these include grasses, acacias, aloes, cacti and other succulents. Succulents are plants that store water in their leaves and stems and survive well in dry climates.

Can you see the thick leaves in which succulents store water?

Many animals live in the desert (for example, the Kalahari), including: • Predators (e.g. lions, cheetahs and leopards, hyenas, jackals).

• Large and small mammals (e.g. meerkats, giraffes, warthogs, porcupines).

• Antelope (e.g. eland, gemsbok, springbok and hartebeest, steenbok, kudu, duiker) • Many species of birds (e.g. falcons, ravens, eagles, buzzards, hawks, turtle doves).

The social weavers are small weaver birds that build family nests where hundreds of weaver families can live.

• Many different reptiles (e.g. puff adders, cobras, lizards, geckos, iguanas).

• A great many insects also live in the desert, such as bees and butterflies, grasshoppers and many more.

14

© Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

Unit

1

An alert meerkat

A huge nest made by social weaver birds.14

An eland

A jackal

A puff adder

Warthogs

Grassland habitat Grasslands are covered in different grass types with a few trees and bushes. As soon as the first rains fall, the grass grows incredibly fast and new plants sprout all over the bare earth. In springtime when the rain season has started, it is also the time when many animals are born as the new grass is food for the mothers to provide plenty of milk for the young.

15

Š Impaq

Study Guide G05 ~ Natural Sciences and Technology

1

Unit

QUESTIONS List some of the animals which you think live in grasslands.

Forest habitat A forest is a large area that is covered in trees and dense vegetation. Forests are extremely important for life on Earth. Trees clean the air and provide oxygen for the animals on Earth. They also provide people with fuel, food and shelter, medicine and employment (forestry). Many animals live in forests, from large elephants and bears to smaller monkeys, squirrels, owls and woodpeckers.

We need to conserve (look after) our forests and stop people who want to cut down naturally growing trees. Equally important are the animals that help pollinate trees and spread their seeds. Without these animals, the trees would not be able to reproduce and would become extinct.

Inside the Knysna forest, one of South Africa’s indigenous forests.

FOR THE CURIOUS Elephants can change a forest into grassland in a matter of months!

They break off tree branches and eat the bark, leaves and twigs.

An elephant in the Knysna Elephant Park.

16

Š Impaq