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SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDY GUIDE: GEOGRAPHY Grade 4
A member of the FUTURELEARN group
Social Sciences Study guide: Geography
2004-E-SOS-SG02
Í4$È-E-SOS-SG02YÎ
Grade 4
CAPS aligned
M Lübcker E van Emmenes
G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Contents
Lesson elements.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction................................................................................................................................................. 7 Year plan........................................................................................................................................................ 9 Unit 1: People and places.......................................................................................................................11 Lesson 1: Places to live............................................................................................................................................... 13
Activity 1..................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Lesson 2: Jobs that people do in different places............................................................................................ 15 Activity 2..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Lesson 3: Buildings and their uses in different regions............................................................................... 17 Activity 3..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Lesson 4: How roads and trails are used in settlements............................................................................. 22 Activity 4..................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Lesson 5: Identify natural and man-made beacons....................................................................................... 25
Activity 5..................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Lesson 6: Describe and sketch a short journey................................................................................................29 Activity 6..................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Lesson 7: Needs and wants.......................................................................................................................................30
Activity 7......................................................................................................................................................................31
Lesson 8: Basic needs: Water, food, energy, shelter and healthcare....................................................... 31 Activity 8..................................................................................................................................................................... 33
Lesson 9: How people meet their needs.............................................................................................................34 Activity 9..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................... 36
Unit 2: Map skills..................................................................................................................................... 38
Lesson 10: Different views of simple objects....................................................................................................39
Activity 10.................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Lesson 11: Pictures or letters as symbols or keys.......................................................................................... 43
Lesson 12: Large-scale map symbols................................................................................................................... 45 Activity 11.................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Activity 12.................................................................................................................................................................. 46
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Study Guide
Lesson 13: Simple grids and grid references.................................................................................................... 46
Activity 13...................................................................................................................................................................47
Lesson 14: Read and write directions on a map and in an area...............................................................48
Unit 3: Reading important maps.........................................................................................................51
Lesson 15: How we indicate oceans and land on a map.............................................................................. 52 Lesson 16: South Africa’s provinces and their capitals................................................................................54
Activity 14.................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Lesson 17: The earth is round and maps are flat…........................................................................................ 56 Activity 15..................................................................................................................................................................58
Unit 4: Food and farming in South Africa........................................................................................ 60
Lesson 18: The food we eat – plants and animals.......................................................................................... 61 Lesson 19: Ways we obtain food............................................................................................................................63 Activity 16..................................................................................................................................................................64
Lesson 20: Subsistence farming and commercial farming......................................................................... 66 Activity 17..................................................................................................................................................................68
Lesson 21: Cultivating food in towns and cities..............................................................................................69 Lesson 22: Different kinds of farming..................................................................................................................70
Lesson 23: Crop farming in South Africa............................................................................................................73
Lesson 24: Fruit farming in South Africa............................................................................................................ 75
Lesson 25: Livestock: Large animals, small animals and poultry............................................................ 77 Lesson 26: Case study: Cattle farming in South Africa.................................................................................79
Activity 18..................................................................................................................................................................84
Lesson 27: Major crop and livestock farming areas in South Africa....................................................... 85
Lesson 28: Processed and unprocessed foods................................................................................................. 87 Lesson 29: How and why food is processed......................................................................................................89
Lesson 30: From farm to factory, from supermarket to home.................................................................. 93
Unit 5: Water in South Africa................................................................................................................97
Lesson 31: Uses of water...........................................................................................................................................98
Activity 19..................................................................................................................................................................99
Lesson 32: Industrial uses of water......................................................................................................................99
Lesson 33: Water as a resource............................................................................................................................101 Lesson 34: The water cycle.................................................................................................................................... 103 4
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Lesson 35: The importance of water storage................................................................................................ 104
Activity 20................................................................................................................................................................ 107
Lesson 36: Natural water sources ..................................................................................................................... 108
Lesson 37: Personal and daily uses that pollute water..............................................................................111 Lesson 38: Waste water and sewage recycling............................................................................................. 113
Revision exercise.................................................................................................................................................. 117
Glossary.................................................................................................................................................... 119
Bibliography............................................................................................................................................ 123 Addendum: Water cycle wheel.......................................................................................................... 125
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Study Guide
Learning objectives What learners should
know at the end of the
lesson according to CAPS requirements.
Lesson elements
Important terminology
Tips
New terminology to assist
Any information other
with the understanding of the subject as part of the lesson.
than the content, to guide learners through the learning process.
Activity Define Definitions of concepts to understand the content.
Questions to complete to
test learners’ knowledge of the completed lesson.
For the curious Encouragement to do
in-depth research about the content. Expand the
activity and exercise to such an extent that learners are
encouraged to explore. For gifted learners: expanded
Core content
Study/Revision
Emphasise the core of
Time spent studying the
the content; in-depth
explanation of a specific section of the lesson;
learners must understand
content at the end of the
unit and to prepare for a test or examination.
exercises. For Learners with Special Educational Needs
(LSEN): Explain the need to
complete the basic questions to achieve a pass mark.
this content.
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Preface
Geography is the study of people and the physical environment. Geography helps us understand
a complex world. We investigate different branches of geography, namely physical geography and human geography.
In physical geography we investigate natural processes and characteristics, including the
atmosphere, land formations and ecosystems. Human geography explores the activities and
impact of humans on the earth.
To ensure that all concepts that are covered in this study guide are fully understood and applied, the lessons are followed by an activity. All activities in this study guide must be completed for
marking purposes, as a consolidation of the content covered, but most importantly as revision for any test or examination.
When you do the activities, remember to write down the number of the activity and to number all questions exactly as they are numbered in this study guide. This will make it easy to mark and for you to refer to your work in future.
Introduction
This introduction is based on CAPS’s proposed topics that need to be specifically studied in each unit. All work, tests and examinations must be completed to the best of your abilities to ensure that you receive maximum marks.
Each unit is accompanied by several lessons. There is an activity after each lesson that is based on the specific outcomes of the lesson.
Ensure that you understand the activity and answer each question. It serves as preparation for tests and examinations. Answer all questions in full sentences.
It is highly recommended that you use this additional textbook:
Dilley, L., Monteith, M., Nunneley, D., Proctor, A. and Weldon, G., Oxford Successful Social Sciences:
Grade 4, Oxford University Press South Africa, 2013.
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Study Guide
The purpose of this textbook is to give you a broader perspective of how questions can be asked, different ways to answer a question and to have more than one view on a topic. Additional
books can also help you to answer and complete tasks.
Since geography is the study of the world around us, it is important that this subject is completed in a practical manner as well. Use all resources available to you.
Visit different areas in your environment that relate to the content being covered. There are
many resources available online, including videos, games and extra activities. However, if
you do not have this at your disposal, visit public libraries and use books, newspapers or any written resources available.
Make learning fun by making the content relevant. Use a wide range of resources and explore the different topics that are covered.
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Year plan
Keep the following in mind when planning your year:
●● ●● ●●
Be realistic and flexible
Keep your other subject timetables in mind
Allow for enough time to study for tests and examinations
Term
Unit and lesson
Date started
Date completed
Unit 1: People and places Lesson 1: Places to live
1
Lesson 2: Jobs that people do in different places Lesson 3: Buildings and their uses in different regions Lesson 4: How roads and trails are used in settlements Lesson 5: Identify natural and man-made beacons Lesson 6: Describe and sketch a short journey
Lesson 7: Needs and wants Lesson 8: Basic needs: Water, food, energy, shelter and healthcare Lesson 9: How people meet their needs Unit 2: Map skills
Lesson 10: Different views of simple objects
Lesson 11: Pictures or letters as symbols or keys Lesson 12: Large-scale map symbols 2
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Lesson 13: Simple grids and grid references Lesson 14: Read and write directions on a map and in an area Unit 3: Reading important maps
Lesson 15: How we indicate oceans and land on a map Lesson 16: South Africa’s provinces and their capitals Lesson 17: The earth is round and maps are flat
9
Study Guide Unit 4: Food and farming in South Africa Lesson 18: The food we eat – plants and animals Lesson 19: Ways we obtain food Lesson 20: Subsistence farming and commercial farming Lesson 21: Cultivating food in towns and cities Lesson 22: Different kinds of farming
3
Lesson 23: Crop farming in South Africa
Lesson 24: Fruit farming in South Africa Lesson 25: Livestock: Large animals, small animals and poultry Lesson 26: Case study: Cattle farming in South Africa Lesson 27: Major crop and livestock farming areas in South Africa Lesson 28: Processed and unprocessed food Lesson 29: How and why food is processed Lesson 30: From farm to factory, from supermarket to home Unit 5: Water in South Africa
Lesson 31: Uses of water
Lesson 32: Industrial uses of water 4
10
Lesson 33: Water as a resource Lesson 34: The water cycle
Lesson 35: The importance of water storage
Lesson 36: Natural water sources Lesson 37: Personal and daily uses that pollute water Lesson 38: Waste water and sewage recycling
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Unit 1
People and places
Learning objectives After completing this unit, you should be able to do the following: ●●
Identify and describe the various settlements in which people live, including
●●
Identify and explain various types of buildings and their uses, including houses,
●●
●● ●● ●● ●●
farms, villages, towns, and cities.
Identify and describe the various places where people work.
animal shelters, shops, schools, clinics, banks, offices, places of worship,
factories, garages and train stations.
Understand the difference between roads and footpaths and how each is used
within settlements.
Identify various landmarks.
Understand the difference between natural and man-made landmarks.
Describe and draw a short journey, such as explaining the route you take to school or to a shopping centre.
●●
Explain how to get from one place to another using terminology such as left,
●●
Differentiate between needs and wants.
●● ●● ●● ●●
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right and straight.
Identify significant landmarks and correctly name roads or streets.
Identify basic human needs, including water, food, shelter, healthcare and energy.
Understand the different ways in which people meet their needs.
Apply the knowledge you have learnt to a case study or relevant situation.
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Study Guide
Introduction
The aim of this unit is to encourage you to explore places, people, issues and events with the
assistance of various sources such as books, photos and the internet. Explore the world and
people around you and apply the content to your own experiences.
It is important to use several different sources and to explain how you used them. We will also
be investigating the interaction between society and the natural environment. It means that
people need their environment to provide in their basic needs. Important terminology Settlement
Factory
City
Natural
Farm
Town
Rural
Employment Farming
Agriculture Clinic
Landmark Route
Man-made Needs
Wants
Shelter
Healthcare
It is very important to learn and understand the terms that we cover. This will help you
understand the content. Make yourself a terminology list or use a page at the back of your book, which lists all the new words we learn.
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Lesson 1 Places to live
1
Core content Everybody lives somewhere. People live in many different places and environments.
A settlement is where a group of people live.
Most people live in towns or cities. The most common form of dwelling in towns and cities
are houses. Other people live very close to one another in flats or townhouses. The rest of
the population lives in the countryside on farms or plots/holdings.
For the curious Watch the short YouTube video on the difference between life in the country and life in the city.
bit.ly/2TgJ7VA
Let’s have a look at the various settlements that were mentioned.
A village is smaller than a town and not many people live there. They are mostly found in rural areas, and all the people of the village usually know one another. A village doesn’t have as
many streets, homes and shops than a town, and inhabitants usually must travel far to get to a shopping centre or hospital.
A town is a settlement that is larger than a village, but smaller than a city. A town is big enough to contain many streets, schools, banks, shopping centres and police stations.
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Study Guide
Image 1.1: Qunu, a rural village in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Nelson Mandela was buried in Qunu in 2013.
Image 1.2: An aerial photo of the town of Upington in the Northern Cape province
A city is much bigger than a town. It has more streets, shops and houses. This results in more offices in a city and therefore more job opportunities. Most big cities have their own airports and hospitals.
Farms are more prevalent in rural areas. There are not that many buildings, streets or shops. Farmers usually do their shopping in the nearest town. They usually farm with livestock or crops. They earn a living by selling their crops or animals.
Image 1.3: Cape Town’s city centre. Cape Town is the oldest city in South Africa and is also the capital of the Western Cape.
Image 1.4: A typical picture of a South African farm
Define City: bigger than a town, with more shops and streets and sometimes even an airport Farm: a big piece of land where people live and keep animals or grow crops, or both Rural area: the countryside
Settlement: a place where people live
Town: a settlement with streets, houses, shops and buildings such as schools and banks 14
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
1
Activity 1 Study your surroundings and answer the questions.
1.
What job does your mum, dad, guardian and/or facilitator do?
(2)
4.
Is there a school close to your home?
(1)
2.
What shops are close to your home? Name any TWO.
3.
5.
6.
7.
How close is the nearest petrol station to your home?
Where do sick people go in your area?
Is there a place for children to play, such as a public park?
How do you and your family spend your weekends and holidays?
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(2)
[10]
Lesson 2 Jobs that people do in different places
Define Agriculture: an industry that has to do with farming and/or the planting of crops
Employment: to work or do something to earn money and provide in your basic needs
Farmer: someone who lives on a farm and cultivates crops or livestock that are sold to
make a living
Core content Someone’s job can depend on where they live.
People who live in cities can practise a variety of occupations, such as a lawyer, sales representative or real estate agent.
People who live on farms or in rural areas sell their produce, such as fruit and vegetables, animal skins or wool, and meat to make a living.
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Study Guide
Since villages are small and often isolated, it's unlikely to find a large shopping centre or hospital nearby. This means that people must travel far to get to work, especially if they
work as sales people, bookkeepers or nurses.
For the curious Do some research on different types of jobs. There are many types of jobs available, so make a separate list for each type of settlement, e.g.:
●● ●● ●● ●●
On the farm
In the city In town
In the village
Try to list at least five jobs under each heading.
(Do not use the examples mentioned in activity 2).
Activity 2 Study the word bank and answer the questions.
The word bank contains a list of occupations and job descriptions. Word bank
planting maize | harvest wheat | attorney | police officer
banker | teacher | sowing grain | milking cows | doctor | chef | farm manager hairdresser | sheepshearer | firefighter | ploughing fields | herd cattle
1.
16
Sort the occupations in the word bank in the table on the next page. Would these
occupations be more likely to be performed on a farm or in the city? Copy the table and complete.
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography On a farm
In the city
(16)
2. Which occupations are depicted in the pictures below?
Image 1.5
1
Image 1.6
(2)
[18]
Lesson 3 Buildings and their uses in different regions
Define Clinic: a place where you can get cheap or free medical care (like a hospital, but smaller) Factory: a building where something is manufactured, e.g., a car factory Core content There are buildings in every type of settlement. The size of the settlement can determine the amount of buildings to be found. Each building serves a function.
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Study Guide
A small settlement, such as a village, has very few people, and therefore not as many buildings. Cities have more and a larger variety of buildings.
The most common building in which people live is a house. Sometimes houses are also used as home offices.
Other buildings that serve an important purpose: schools, clinics, animal shelters, shops, offices, factories, banks, places of worship (such as churches, mosques and temples), petrol stations, train stations and airports.
Below is a picture of the Union Buildings in South Africa’s capital city, Pretoria. The Union Buildings is the official seat of the South African government. The offices of the president and ministers of South Africa are situated in the Union Buildings.
Image 1.7: The Union Buildings in Pretoria
For the curious Watch the YouTube video on the Union Buildings. bit.ly/2MDWLfH
The buildings on the next page are in Sandton, Johannesburg. The shopping centre and the
surrounding office buildings are known as Sandton City, and is the richest city block in Africa.
Nelson Mandela Square is located next to Sandton City.
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G04 ~ Social Sciences: Geography
Image 1.8: Sandton City
For the curious Put on your safety belt and take a tour through the streets of Sandton by watching the
YouTube video.
bit.ly/2BbIPF5
Activity 3 Study the word bank and answer the questions.
The word bank contains a list of buildings that serve different purposes. Word bank
house | place of worship | flats | airport | hospital/clinic | bank | petrol station shopping centre | school | farmhouse | animal shelter | train station | factory
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Study Guide 1.
20
Match the buildings in the word bank to the pictures on this page.
Only write the correct term next to the question number, e.g., 1.13 Factory.
Image 1.9.1
Image 1.9.2
Image 1.9.3
Image 1.9.4
Image 1.9.5
Image 1.9.6
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