Gr 11-Agricultural Sciences-Facilitator's Guide

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AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES FACILITATOR’S GUIDE Grade 11

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Agricultural Sciences Facilitator’s guide

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Í3+È-E-AGS-FG01@Î

Grade 11

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M Kotzè JC Zandberg

Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Sciences

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................6 ADDITIONAL SOURCES ..................................................................................................6 RESOURCES .....................................................................................................................6 LESSON ELEMENTS ........................................................................................................7 TIMETABLE AND TIME MANAGEMENT ........................................................................8 ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................9 STUDY TIPS AND METHODS ........................................................................................10 YEAR PLAN ......................................................................................................................11 UNIT 1: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.............................................................13 LESSON 1: Introduction to chemistry.............................................................................14 Test yourself 1............................................................................................................ 14 LESSON 2: Chemical bonding.........................................................................................16 Test yourself 2............................................................................................................ 16 LESSON 3: Inorganic and organic compounds..............................................................18 Test yourself 3............................................................................................................ 18 LESSON 4: Alkanes and alcohols....................................................................................20 Test yourself 4............................................................................................................ 20 LESSON 5: Fatty acids, bio-molecules and lipids/fats..................................................21 Test yourself 5............................................................................................................ 21 LESSON 6: Proteins..........................................................................................................22 Test yourself 6............................................................................................................ 22 LESSON 7: Carbohydrates...............................................................................................24 Test yourself 7............................................................................................................ 24 UNIT 2: SOIL SCIENCE....................................................................................................26 LESSON 8: Soil texture.....................................................................................................27 Test yourself 8............................................................................................................ 27 LESSON 9: Soil structure.................................................................................................28 Test yourself 9............................................................................................................ 28 LESSON 10: Soil colour and pores..................................................................................29 Test yourself 10.......................................................................................................... 29 LESSON 11: Soil air...........................................................................................................31 Test yourself 11.......................................................................................................... 31 LESSON 12: Soil moisture................................................................................................32 Test yourself 12.......................................................................................................... 32 LESSON 13: Soil temperature..........................................................................................34 Test yourself 13.......................................................................................................... 34

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LESSON 14: Soil morphology..........................................................................................35 Test yourself 14.......................................................................................................... 35 LESSON 15: Soil classification........................................................................................35 Test yourself 15.......................................................................................................... 35 LESSON 16: Soil colloids and soil acidity......................................................................37 Test yourself 16.......................................................................................................... 37 LESSON 17: Soil alkalinity and salinity...........................................................................38 Test yourself 17.......................................................................................................... 38 LESSON 18: Organic matter.............................................................................................40 Test yourself 18.......................................................................................................... 40 LESSON 19: Non-living organic matter...........................................................................41 Test yourself 19.......................................................................................................... 41 UNIT 3: PLANT STUDIES................................................................................................43 LESSON 20: Photosynthesis............................................................................................44 Test yourself 20.......................................................................................................... 44 LESSON 21: Water and nutrients.....................................................................................45 Test yourself 21.......................................................................................................... 45 LESSON 22: Mineral nutrition..........................................................................................46 Test yourself 22.......................................................................................................... 46 LESSON 23: Plant nutrient uptake and analysis............................................................47 Test yourself 23.......................................................................................................... 47 LESSON 24: Organic and inorganic fertilisers...............................................................49 Test yourself 24.......................................................................................................... 49 LESSON 25: Organic fertilisers and fertilisation practices...........................................50 Test yourself 25.......................................................................................................... 50 LESSON 26: Plant reproduction.......................................................................................52 Test yourself 26.......................................................................................................... 52 LESSON 27: Fertilisation and ablactation.......................................................................54 Test yourself 27.......................................................................................................... 54 LESSON 28: Plant reproduction.......................................................................................56 Test yourself 28.......................................................................................................... 56 LESSON 29: Plant improvement and biotechnology.....................................................57 Test yourself 29.......................................................................................................... 57 LESSON 30: Weed control management.........................................................................59 Test yourself 30.......................................................................................................... 59 LESSON 31: Plant diseases/pests and their control......................................................60 Test yourself 31.......................................................................................................... 60 UNIT 4: OPTIMAL RESOURCE UTILISATION..............................................................63 LESSON 32: Soil surveying and planning.......................................................................64 Test yourself 32.......................................................................................................... 64 © Impaq

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LESSON 33: Water use/irrigation.....................................................................................65 Test yourself 33.......................................................................................................... 65 LESSON 34: Soil drainage systems................................................................................66 Test yourself 34.......................................................................................................... 66 LESSON 35: Greenhouse, hydroponics and aquaculture.............................................68 Test yourself 35.......................................................................................................... 68

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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Sciences

YEAR PLAN UNIT WEEK LESSON

LESSON CONTENT

TARGET DATE

TERM 1 1

BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Introduction to chemistry Chemical bonding Inorganic and organic compounds Alkanes and alcohols Fatty acids, bio-molecules and lipids/fats Proteins Carbohydrates

SOIL SCIENCE 8 9 10

8 9 10

Soil texture Soil structure Soil colour and pores TERM 2

2

SOIL SCIENCE 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Soil air Soil moisture Soil temperature Soil morphology Soil classification Soil colloids and soil acidity Soil alkalinity and salinity

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UNIT WEEK LESSON

LESSON CONTENT TERM 3

2

3

SOIL SCIENCE 18

18

19

19

Soil organic matter: Living organic matter Soil organic matter: Non-living organic matter

PLANT STUDIES 20 21

20 21

22

22

23 24 25

23 24 25

26

26

27

27

Plant nutrition and photosynthesis Water and nutrients Mineral nutrition: Macro- and micro-elements Plant nutrient uptake and analysis Organic and inorganic fertilisers Organic fertilisers and fertilisation practices Plant reproduction: Sexual reproduction and pollination Fertilisation and ablactation Seeds and fruit setting Seed germination TERM 4

3

PLANT STUDIES 28 29 30 31

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Plant reproduction: Asexual reproduction Plant improvement and biotechnology Weed control management Plant diseases/pests and their control

OPTIMAL RESOURCE UTILISATION 32 32

32 33

33

34

34

35

Soil surveying and planning Water use and irrigation Soil drainage systems, cultivation and crop rotation Greenhouses, hydroponics and aquaculture

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TARGET DATE

1

Basic agricultural chemistry

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LESSON 1: Introduction to chemistry Test yourself 1 1.1 Atoms: The smallest building blocks that make up everything around us.  1.2 Molecules: A neutral group of two or more atoms tied together,  strong enough to

act as a separate unit  in a chemical reaction.  1.3 Periodic Table: Elements are arranged according to their chemical  and

physical properties.  1.4 Isotopes: Atoms with the same atom number,  but different masses.  1.5 Elements: An element is a pure substance.  Elements contain only one type of atom  and therefore cannot be broken down into smaller substances.  1.6 Compounds: A compound is formed when two or more elements connect to each other chemically  in a strong connection.  1.7 Solutions: Pure homogeneous mixtures of substances,  which are present in the same phase  and consist of two or more substances in the same phase.  (16) 2.

MIXTURES

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES Substances in the mixture are in the same phase, e.g. Air (N2 (gas), O2 (gas), CO2 (gas)).

Components cannot be distinguished from each other, e.g. salt water (solution of salt in water).

Is a mixture with a uniform composition, e.g. cool drink (concentrate in water).

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES Substances in the mixture are in different phases, e.g. mud (sand in water) Easily distinguishable, e.g. feed mix (maize, molasses syrup, ground lucerne and soybean oilcake).

Is a mixture with a non-uniform composition, e.g. feed mix (dry molasses powder, lucerne and coarse salt).

Are not solutions but suspensions, e.g. mud (sand in water) Water and oil Conglomerate rock.

Mixtures that are also called solutions, e.g. Gaseous solution: Air A mixture of two or more gasses Gas-liquid solution: Soda water A gas dissolved in a liquid Liquid solution: Water and methanol A mixture of two or more miscible liquids Solid solution: Seawater A solid fully dissolved in a liquid.

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3.

ELEMENTS Pure substance Consists of one type of element

COMPOUNDS MIXTURES Pure substance 1.3.1 Impure substance 1.3.2 A chemical bond A physical combination of of two or more types of two or more elements elements Consists of one type of 1.3.3 Consists of the same Quantities of substances in atom elements in the same a mixture can vary mass ratio Cannot be separated 1.3.4 Can only be 1.3.5 Can be separated by separated by chemical physical methods methods Has own, unique properties Properties of the compound 1.3.6 Substances in the is different to the properties mixture retain their unique of the elements properties (9) 4.

The electrons always occupy the orbitals with the lowest possible energy value first.  Each orbital can contains a maximum of two electrons, provided they spin in opposite directions.  A single electron in an orbital is called an unpaired electron. Electron pairing can only take place (two electrons in one orbital) when all the orbitals of the same energy level contain at least one electron.  (6)

5.

A molecule that consists of two atoms of the same element.  (1)

6.

An element;  it consists of one type of atom/it can’t be separated.  (2)

7.

Isotope

Atomic number

Atomic mass

29 29

64 65

Number of protons 29 29

29

63,5

29

Cu − 64 Cu – 65 Cu as given in Periodic Table 8.1 Element name Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Manganese Copper

Symbol Ca P Mg Mn Cu

Atomic number 20 15 12 25 29

Atomic mass 40 31 24 55 63,5 15

Number of neutrons 35 36 34 (12 x ½) = (6)

Number of Number of Number of protons electrons neutrons 20 20 20 15 15 16 12 12 12 25 25 30 29 29 34 or 35 © Impaq

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Selenium Zinc Iodine Cobalt

Se Zn I Co

34 30 53 27

79 34 34 45 65 30 30 35 127 53 53 74 59 27 27 32 (Everything correct for each element x 1 mark) = (9)

8.2 Element name Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Manganese Copper Selenium Zinc Iodine Cobalt

Group number and name 2 – alkaline earth metals 15 – non-metals 2 – alkaline earth metals 7 – transition metals 11 – transition metals 16 − non-metals 12 – transition metals 17 – halogens 9 – transition metals

Period number 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 4

Metal or non-metal Metal Non-metal Metal Metal Metal Non-metal Metal Non-metal Metal (36 x ¼) = (9)

9.1 Electrons , in energy levels.  (2) 9.2

.

i. ii.

Atom number;  it indicates the amount of protons in the core.  (2) Number 4 in presentation: Amount of protons and neutrons in core.  Number 2 in the illustration: Core with protons and neutrons.  (2) Total: 70

LESSON 2: Chemical bonding

Test yourself 2 1.1 A chemical bond is a force that holds atoms together to create a single unit called a molecule in most cases.  1.2 A molecule is a group of covalently bonded atoms.  1.3 Anions are negatively charged ions.  1.4 Cations are positively charged ions.  1.5 Ionic compounds form when electrons are transferred from one element gained by another element and electrostatic forces (attraction forces) pull the positively charged ion and the negatively charged ion together in a crystal lattice.  (10) 2.

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A molecule of water (H2O) consists of 2 hydrogen atoms  and 1 oxygen atom.  As water consists of more than one type of atom, it is called a compound.  (3)

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3.

Give the structural formulae for: 3.1 Hydrogen gas (H2): H – H  3.2 Oxygen gas (O2): O = O  3.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2): O = C = O  (6)

4.

A covalent bond is formed by two atoms sharing one or more valence electrons so that the atoms combine to form molecules.  Covalent bonding occurs because the atoms in the compound have a similar tendency for electrons to fill their valence electrons.  The bond is usually formed between two non-metallic elements, which combine to form a molecular compound.  For every pair of electrons shared between two atoms, a single covalent bond is formed.  (4)

5.

An ionic bond is when electrons are transferred.  One atom is the electron donor and forms a positive ion (cation)  and the other atom is the proton receiver and forms a negative (anion).  The positive and negative ions attract each other by electrostatic forces to form an ionic crystal lattice.  (4)

6.

Magnesium reacts with fluorine to form magnesium fluoride. For this reaction: 6.1 Mg + F2 → MgF2  reactants  products  balanced.

(3) 6.2 Ionic bond.  (1) 6.3 Electrostatic forces keep the particles together.  (1) 6.4 Crystal lattice.  (1) 6.5 High melting point.  A lot of energy required to overcome the ionic forces between positive and negative ions.  (2) 6.6 Only conducts in a solution or when melted.  Solids are bonded together in crystal lattices and cannot move.  (2)

7.

The diagram shows the structure of various compounds.

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7.1

A – (polar) covalent  B – (polar) covalent  C – ionic  D – (polar) covalent  E – ionic  (5) 7.2 The two lines represent double bonds between atoms or two bonds between atoms.  (2) 7.3 7  (1) 7.4 The two elements in B are oxygen (O)  and carbon (C) .

The element that exists as a diatomic molecule in its natural form is oxygen,  therefore: Molecular formula: O2  Structural formula: O = O  (5) Total: 50

.

LESSON 3: Inorganic and organic compounds Test yourself 3 1.

a.

All compounds are known as inorganic or organic, depending on the composition of elements in the compound.  Inorganic compounds deal with the make-up of non-living things  and organic compounds include carbon and hydrogen.  (5)

b.

Water is the main component.  It primarily serves as the solution to the other organic  and inorganic compounds  and serves as the medium in which chemicalreactions take place.  (4)

c.

When carbon (C)  is combined with the element hydrogen (H),  an organic compound is formed.

(4)

2.

Compound Water Glucose Carbon dioxide Magnesium sulphate Sodium chloride

a. H2O b. C6H12O6 c. CO2 d. MgSO4 e. NaCI (5)

3.

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Water is made up of two elements, hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).  The subscript 2 indicates that 2 hydrogen atoms bond with 1 oxygen atom.  (4) 18

Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Sciences

4.

Unit

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The structures consist of: The symbol of a particular element.  Dots representing the valence electrons. 

Lewis dot structures show each atom and its position in the structure of the molecule,using its chemical symbol.  Excess electrons that form lone pairs are represented as pairs of dots. 

(7)

5.

Water is an important solvent.  Mineral salts that are in soil dissolve in water and are then absorbed through plant roots.  Gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, must be dissolved in water to enter body cells.  All chemical reactions in living organisms take place in water.  Substances are dissolved in water, so that they can be transported around the body.  Plants and animals need water to keep their bodies cool.  The cytoplasm of cells consists mainly of water.  (7)

6.

All living things contain carbon in some form.  Carbon has a very important attribute in that it can bond with other carbon atoms to form long carbon chains or ring structures – also called aliphatic compounds.  Carbon serves as a building block for biomolecules.  It is the primary component of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and carbohydrates.  Carbon is common in the food we grow, in the fibres we produce (such as cotton and wool) and in the fuels we use (coal and petroleum products).  Carbon can also form single, double and triple bonds with itself.  (Any five) (5)

7.

Monomers are small molecules, which can be chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer.  Polymers are compounds made up of long, repeating chains of atoms like beads on a string.  (4)

8.

oxygen,  hydrogen,  carbon  nitrogen,  small quantities of other elements.  (5) Total: 50

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LESSON 4: Alkanes and alcohols Test yourself 4 1.

a. Alkane.  (2) b.

These atoms are joined by single bonds. (1) c. The n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.  (2) d.

The simplest member of the alkane family has one carbon bonded to four hydrogens.  (2)

2.

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas.  (2)

3.

After methane, ethane is the second largest component of natural gas and consists of two carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.  The concentration of ethane gas in natural gas can vary from less than 1% to 6%. It is an odourless, colourless gas. Ethane is mainly used in the petrochemical industry for ethylene production.  Ethane is a by-product of oil refining.  Ethane is isolated on an industrial scale from natural gas.  (5)

4.

Butane: Molecular formula: C4H10 Structural formula: H │ H ─ C ─ H

│ H ─ C ─ H │ H ─ C ─ H

│ H ─ C ─ H │ H  (5)

5.

a.

b.

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Metabolism is a set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to sustain life.  (2) Metabolism is divided into two categories, namely catabolism  and anabolism.  Catabolism breaks down organic matter,  but anabolism uses energy to construct components of cells.  (4)

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Unit

1

Alkanes and alcohols are hydrocarbons.  In alcohols, one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a hydroxyl (-OH).  In an ethane molecule (C2H6), two carbon and six hydrogen atoms combine.  (5) Total: 30

LESSON 5: Fatty acids, bio-molecules and lipids/fats Test yourself 5 1.1

Photo A contains the most fat.  Photo A: 14% Photo B: 11% (3)

1.2

Photo A.  25% (2)

1.3

Photo B.  It contains less fat and the least cholesterol.  (2)

1.4

Saturated fats contribute to raised cholesterol levels and are not good for you,  while unsaturated fats, such as vegetable oil, are much healthier.  (2)

2.

A triglyceride molecule consists of three long-chain fatty acid molecules bonded to a molecule of glycerol.  Each bond is called an ester link.  A molecule of water is lost from the formation of each ester link or bond.  Because a water molecule is given off to make an ester bond, we call this a condensation reaction.  (4)

3.

•

• • • •

•

FATS Fats originate mostly from animal products, and from some plants such as coconut butter.  Composed of saturated fatty acids.  They are solid at room temperature, for example lard and butter.  Fats have a higher melting point than oils.  Fats are more abundant in fat storage cells of animals and less in non-storage cells.  Increase blood cholesterol in human beings. 

•

• • • •

•

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OILS Oils are mostly derived from plant products, vegetables, nuts, seeds and fish.  Composed of unsaturated fatty acids.  They are liquids at room temperature, for example olive and sunflower oil.  Oils have a lower melting point than fats.  Oils are more abundant in non-storage living cells of plant cells and less in storage cells.  Lower blood cholesterol in human beings.  (6) © Impaq

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4.

(5) 5.

As fat in organisms can easily be changed into carbohydrates, and carbohydrates into fat, it is an important form of storage and source of energy, as well as a building source for plants and animals.  In the respiration process, fatty acids are used for the release of large quantities of energy.  Fatty tissue forms a barrier under the skin of a lot of animals to protect them against cold and bumps.  Lipids play a role in the flow of energy in and out of living cells.  Vitamins A and D are soluble in fats. Because of this, these vitamins can be absorbed into the body.  Waxes are a type of lipid. Waxes play an important role in waterproofing the outer body surfaces of plants and animals.  (6) Total: 30

LESSON 6: Proteins Test yourself 6 1.

2.

A monomer (one) is an atom or a small molecule  that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer.  (2) H │ R  ─ C  ─ COOH │ HN2

(5)

3.

Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms.  The occurrence of life and the chemical reactions  that take place in the protoplasm  of living organisms are closely connected.  Enzymes are needed to help these chemical reactions  to take place fast enough.  (6)

4.

The haemoglobin in red blood cells consists of protein  and globin,  which is in compound with coloured hem-molecules.  The hem-molecule is related to chlorophyll.  Some enzymes only function when in compound with other molecules. 

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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Sciences

5.

Unit

Carbon (C),  Hydrogen (H),  Oxygen (O),  Nitrogen (N),  A small quantity of sulphur (S) and  sometimes even phosphorus (P). 

1

(6)

6.

Synthesis or formation of proteins is when the amino group of one amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of another amino acid.  A water molecule is released  and the two amino acids combine to form a dipeptide.  (3) Hydrolysis occurs when proteins are treated with enzymes  to break them down into amino acids  and shorter peptide chains.  (3)

7.

•

•

•

.

Simple proteins Simple proteins are proteins that are made of amino acid units only, joined by peptide bonds.

When broken down, they yield only amino acids and possibly small carbohydrate compounds.

Examples: oo Albumins: egg albumin, serum albumin, lact albumin oo Globulin: tissue globulin, serum globulin oo Gliadins: wheat gliadin, hordein (barley) oo Other: glutelins, histones, protamines.

Complex proteins Two types of complex proteins.

1. Conjugated proteins: Composed of simple proteins combined with a nonproteinous substance called prosthetic group or cofactor.

• Examples: oo Chromo-proteins: haemoglobin in which the prosthetic group is iron. oo Phospho-proteins: casein in milk in which the the prosthetic group is phosphoric acid. oo Other: nucleoproteins and glycoproteins.

2. Derived proteins: These proteins are not naturally occurring proteins and are derived from simple or conjugated proteins by the action of enzymes and chemical agents with physical or chemical means.

• Examples: oo Denatured proteins and peptides. oo Peptones, proteoses, etc.

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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Sciences

The different parts of cells are built from protein, like the cell membrane, core membrane, chromosome, chloroplast, etc.  All the enzymes that control the chemical reactions in cells are proteins.  Along with other molecules, protein forms important composite proteins.  Proteins are part of every cell in the body.  Proteins are part of the membranes that surround most cell organelles and the cell itself.  Proteins are important for the growth and repair of muscles, bones, skin, tendons, ligaments, hair, eyes and other tissue in animal and human bodies.  Antibodies are protein components in animal and human immune system.  Haemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.  (8) Total: 50

LESSON 7: Carbohydrates Test yourself 7 1.

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