Gr 11-Agricultural Management Practices-Study Guide

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AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES STUDY GUIDE Grade 11

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Agricultural Management Practices Study guide

1 8 11 - E - A M P - S G 0 1

Í2+È-E-AMP-SG01|Î

Grade 11

CAPS aligned

JC Zandberg

Study Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... 5 YEAR PLANNING .......................................................................................................................... 6 UNIT 1: Crop production – maize ................................................................................................. 7 Lesson 1: Maize – main production areas .............................................................................. 7 ACTIVITY 1.1: ............................................................................................................ 10 Lesson 2: Maize – classification of crops ............................................................................. 11 ACTIVITY 1.2 ............................................................................................................. 23 Lesson 3: Maize – important cultivars .................................................................................. 24 ACTIVITY 1.3: ............................................................................................................ 29 Lesson 4: Maize – soil sampling and profile studies ............................................................. 30 ACTIVITY 1.4: ............................................................................................................ 40 Lesson 5: Soil characteristics and properties ....................................................................... 41 ACTIVITY 1.5: ............................................................................................................ 44 Lesson 6: Soil cultivation and tillage practices ..................................................................... 45 ACTIVITY 1.6 ............................................................................................................. 49 Lesson 7: Irrigation and water scheduling ............................................................................ 50 ACTIVITY 1.7 ............................................................................................................. 52 Lesson 8: Soil and water management aspects ................................................................... 53 ACTIVITY 1.8 ............................................................................................................. 55 Lesson 9: Fertiliser management and application ................................................................ 56 ACTIVITY 1.9 ............................................................................................................. 59 Lesson 10: Fertilising methods and programmes ................................................................. 60 ACTIVITY 1.10:........................................................................................................... 62 Unit 2: Crop management aspects ........................................................................................... 63 Lesson 11: Maize – crop establishment practices ................................................................ 64 ACTIVITY 2.1: ............................................................................................................ 70 Lesson 12: Maize – weeds and diseases ............................................................................. 71 ACTIVITY 2.2: ............................................................................................................ 78 Lesson 13: Maize – pests .................................................................................................... 79 ACTIVITY 2.3: ............................................................................................................ 82 Lesson 14: Principles of crop rotation .................................................................................. 83 ACTIVITY 2.4: ............................................................................................................ 85 Lesson 15: Calibration and setting of farm implements ........................................................ 86 ACTIVITY 2.5 ............................................................................................................. 97 Lesson 16: Manipulation of plant growth .............................................................................. 98 ACTIVITY 2.6: .......................................................................................................... 105 Lesson 17: Crop protection programme ............................................................................. 106 ACTIVITY 2.7: .......................................................................................................... 108 UNIT 3: Animal production ....................................................................................................... 109 Lesson 18: Sheep Farming – economic importance........................................................... 109 ACTIVITY 3.1 ........................................................................................................... 114 Lesson 19: Breed standards .............................................................................................. 115 © Impaq

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Study Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

ACTIVITY 3.2 ........................................................................................................... 118 Lesson 20: Breeding systems ............................................................................................ 119 ACTIVITY 3.3: .......................................................................................................... 122 Lesson 21: Reproduction ................................................................................................... 123 ACTIVITY 3.4 ........................................................................................................... 127 Lesson 22: Housing and facilities ....................................................................................... 128 ACTIVITY 3.5: .......................................................................................................... 137 Lesson 23: Diseases.......................................................................................................... 138 ACTIVITY 3.6 ........................................................................................................... 141 Lesson 24: Animal handling and facilities........................................................................... 142 ACTIVITY 3.7 ........................................................................................................... 146 Lesson 25: Basic veterinary practices ................................................................................ 147 ACTIVITY 3.8 ........................................................................................................... 149 Lesson 26: Parasitology..................................................................................................... 150 ACTIVITY 3.9 ........................................................................................................... 158 Lesson 27: Feeding aspects .............................................................................................. 159 ACTIVITY 3.10.......................................................................................................... 163 UNIT 4: Plant reproduction ....................................................................................................... 164 Lesson 28: Record-keeping ............................................................................................... 164 ACTIVITY 4.1: .......................................................................................................... 170 Lesson 29: Production-related legislation........................................................................... 171 ACTIVITY 4.2 ........................................................................................................... 174 Lesson 30: Pasture management ...................................................................................... 175 ACTIVITY 4.3: .......................................................................................................... 179 Lesson 31: Fodder flow planning ....................................................................................... 180 ACTIVITY 4.4 ........................................................................................................... 182 Lesson 32: Carrying capacity and veld composition ........................................................... 183 ACTIVITY 4.5: .......................................................................................................... 189 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 190

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Study Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

YEAR PLANNING TERM

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LESSON 1. Maize – main production areas 2. Maize – classification of crops 3. Maize – important cultivars 4. Maize – soil sampling and profile studies 5. Maize – soil characteristics 6. Maize – soil cultivation 7. Maize – irrigation and water scheduling 8. Maize – climate requirements 9. Maize – soil and plant analysis 10. Fertilising methods and programme 1. Maize 2. Maize – weeds and diseases 3. Maize – pest control 4. Crop rotation 5. Farm implements 6. Manipulation of plant growth 7. Crop protection programme 1. Sheep farming – economic importance 2. Sheep farming – breed standards 3. Sheep farming – breeding systems 4. Reproduction 5. Housing and facilities 6. Sheep farming – diseases 7. Sheep handling and facilities 8. Basic veterinary practices 9. Sheep – Parasitology 10. Sheep – Feeding aspects and requirements 1. Keeping records 2. Production-related legislation 3. Objectives of field management 4. Fodder flow planning 5. Carrying capacity and field composition

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DATE COMPLETED

Study Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

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UNIT 1: Crop production – maize LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this unit, you must be able to do the following:

 Know the main production areas in South Africa and its potential role in the industry.

Have a overview of the economic importance of crop production.

Lesson 1: Maize – main production areas FOR THE CURIOUS: Western civilisation has probably been introduced to maize when Columbus discovered the New World in 1492. It was cultivated by the most developed Indian races. The Indians called this cereal "maize".

An indication of the true age of the mealie can be obtained from fossils of pollen grains, which were dug up 60 m beneath the current city of Mexico. Although it is believed to be approximately eighty thousand years old, its morphological characteristics were almost identical to the pollen of modern maize. Wild maize, therefore, has existed for thousands of years.

All the most well-known endosperm types of maize have been cultivated since the earliest times – such as dent maize, flint maize, mealy maize, sweet corn and popcorn. Because it was cultivated across such a wide region, there was a large variety of types. Among others, late varieties, with a growth period of 11 to 12 months, that were cultivated in the tropical parts of South America, and varieties that became ripe within two months which were cultivated by the Mandanes from North Dakota. In the south-western part of the USA, there were types that were particularly deep rooted. These were cultivated in regions where summer rainfall was very low. These characteristics are still used today, for selection of new cultivars.

The black people of South Africa cultivated maize long before the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck. Van Riebeeck apparently planted maize for the first time in 1658. The Great Trek (1836 – 1838) played an important role in the distribution of maize.

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CLASSIFICATION Genus: Zea Species: Zea mays ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAIZE 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Maize generate foreign currency due to maize exports.

Maize is the staple food of a large part of the population.

Other industries develop around maize, because farmers spend millions of rand on fuel, fertiliser, seed, implements and wages for labourers.

Thousands of job opportunities are created.

Other industries which are directly dependent of maize cultivation are: • Millers • Producers of cattle feed • Starch factories • Breakfast cereal producers • Producers of bio-fuel such as ethanol.

Main production areas in South Africa

1. Mainly the summer rainfall regions.

2. Dry land cultivation, in regions with an annual rainfall of between 600 mm and 900 mm.

3. The most important maize producing regions in the RSA are the maize quadrangle.

This region lies between the towns of Zeerust, Christiana, Ladybrand and Ermelo.

Approximately 90% of the South Africa’s maize is produced in this quadrangle. The production alternates between 4 million tonnes (in 1984 to 9 million tonnes in 2002).

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Maize producing countries or regions of the world Comparative figures for maize production by the top ten producers are shown below (measure in millions of tons). Look, amongst other things, at the tremendous difference in crops between South Africa and the USA. Ten main maize producers

Maize production in South Africa

Production (in million Country/Region tons rounded down to the nearest million)

Northwest

Free State Northern Cape

Western Cape

Eastern Cape

USA

333

Asia

234

China

163

Europe

84

Africa

57

Brazil

51

Mexico

20

Indonesia

18

India

17

France

15

Argentina

13

South Africa

12

Ukraine

10

World

817

Labels: Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, KwaZuluNatal, Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, North West.

CORE CONTENT: The richest maize region in South Africa is known as the summer harvest region and these sowing areas are indicated in green on the map.

Traditionally, it was known as the Maize Triangle. Some sources indicate the three points as the towns of Zastron, Mafeking and Machadodorp, indicated on the map. Other sources indicate the points as Ladybrand in the Free State, Mafikeng in North West and Carolina in Mpumalanga. However, it does not differ much from the former three points and the precise demarcation can in fact no longer be disputed.

This summer harvest region is the great maize barn of South Africa. Many towns in the area have big silos for storing maize, as well as mills which ground it.

Maize is found in this region because, as a summer crop, it thrives here – weather permitting, because it needs water. It is, of course, also planted because it is popular with South Africans, for use in mealiepap, and also as samp, mealie rice and even as popcorn.

Maize is a staple food for many South Africans.

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Study Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

ACTIVITY 1.1

1.1

Name the five most well-known endosperm types of maize.

(5)

1.2

Give the classification of maize.

(4)

1.3

Discuss the economic importance of maize.

1.4

Name the four towns in the maize quadrangle.

(4)

1.5

What is the meaning of the word “staple food”?

(1)

1.6

Name any other three products made of maize.

(3)

(13)

TOTAL: 30

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Lesson 2: Maize – classification of crops LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this lesson, you must be able to do the following:

 Know the classification of crops according to the agronomic characteristics of seed and plant.  Understand the growth curve and critical period during growth.

Characteristics of maize

PLANT DESCRIPTION ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Maize belongs to the grass family.

Maize is an annual grown in summer.

It grows upright.

Development: the plant has mainly single stems, although some cultivars may form sprouts, to a greater or lesser degree. ∗ A plume or male flower is at the top of the plant. ∗ The cob or female flower is more or less in the middle of the plant. ∗ Maize is a monocotyledonous plant.

ROOT SYSTEMS ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

After planting, radicals develop out of the maize plant and they function for six weeks after planting (that is until the five-leaf stage).

During the six-leaf stage the rich branching of the adventitious roots develop.

The adventitious root consists of nodes under the ground.

Radicals are also known as primary roots.

Adventitious roots are also known as secondary roots.

Adventitious roots reach one meter to the sides and two meters downwards.

Capillary roots are found on the adventitious roots.

After the appearance of the plume (male flower), tabular roots develop, which support the plant. They can also take up water and nutrients. They develop from 2 or 3 knots under the ground.

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Unit

Tabular

adventiti

Plume with male Flower

Beard Cob (female flower)

Beard Cob Leaf sheath

Tabular Roots

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Plume

Leaf blade

Node

Segment Node Leaf sheath

Hilum Node

Stem

Young maize cob

Node

Hilum

Nodes out of which sprouts can develop

SKETCH OF THE MAIZE PLANT

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STEM ∗

Consists of internodes and nodes.

Internodes are situated between two nodes. ∗ An offshoot with a cob, develops from the hilum on the eighth node from the bottom. ∗ Offshoots can develop out of the lowest nodes. ∗ The stem has 8 to 21 segments.

Stem

Node Leaf

Ground

Tabular

Surface

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LEAVES ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

The plant has 8 to 20 leaves.

Leaves are arranged in a spiral on the stem.

A leaf consists of a leaf sheath and a leaf blade.

Each leaf has a prominent middle nervure, with nervure parallel to it.

Leaf blade

Stem

Middle Nervure Parallel Veins Nervures

Leaf sheath

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Study Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

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GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF THE GROWING MAIZE PLANT ∗

The different growing stages are numbered from 0 to 10.

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Growing stage 0: From planting to sprouting of seed.

Growing stage 1: Four leaves fully unfolded.

(2 weeks after sprouting.)

Growing stage 2: Eight leaves fully unfolded.

(4 weeks after sprouting.)

Growing stage 3: 12 leaves fully unfolded.

(6 weeks after sprouting.)

Growing stage 4: 16 leaves fully unfolded.

(8 weeks after sprouting).

Growing stage 5: Beard appears and pollen deposit. (66 days after sprouting.)

Growing stage 6: Green maize stage.

Growing stage 7: Soft dough stage.

Growing stage 8: Hard dough stage (Suitable for ensilage).

Growing stage 9: Physiologically ripe (Cobs beginning to hang and are ready for harvest).

Growing stage 10: Biological ripe-drying out of the kernels.

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗

Photo: Two leaf stage: Look at the frill on the second leaf.

Photo: During the two leaf stage the growing point is still under the ground level.

Photo: First leaf stage: Look at the oval point of the first leaf. The first five leaves disappear as the plant grows.

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GROWING STAGE 0: ∗ ∗ ∗

From planting until sprouting.

Plant depth influences the time it takes for the seed to sprout.

Too much fertiliser near the seed, may burn the seedlings.

Small plume

Ground level

Koleoptiel Coleoptyl

cotyl

Root Sheath Wortelskede

Primary wortel root Primêre

Young maize plant with good root development (Use of photo with thanks to Pannar)

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Seminal roots