Gr 11-Agricultural Management Practices-Facilitator's Guide

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AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FACILITATOR’S GUIDE Grade 11

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Agricultural Management Practices Facilitator’s guide

1 8 11 - E - A M P - F G 0 1

Í2+È-E-AMP-FG01TÎ

Grade 11

CAPS aligned

JC Zandberg

Facilitator’s Guide G11 – Agricultural Management Practices

CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 PREFACE ............................................................................................................................ 5 LETTER TO THE FACILITATOR ........................................................................................ 6 STUDY TIPS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 7 WORK SCHEDULE ............................................................................................................. 7 UNIT 1 ................................................................................................................................. 8 Lesson 1: Maize – The main production areas in the RSA ............................................ 8 ACTIVITY 1.1: MEMORANDUM ........................................................................... 8 Lesson 2: Maize – Classification of crops...................................................................... 9 ACTIVITY 1.2: MEMORANDUM ........................................................................... 9 Lesson 3: Maize – Important cultivars ......................................................................... 10 ACTIVITY 1.3: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 10 Lesson 4: Soil sampling and profile studies................................................................. 11 ACTIVITY 1.4: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 11 Lesson 5: Soil characteristics and properties .............................................................. 12 ACTIVITY 1.5 ...................................................................................................... 12 Lesson 6: Soil cultivation and tillage practices ............................................................ 13 ACTIVITY 1.6 ...................................................................................................... 13 Lesson 7: Irrigation and water scheduling ................................................................... 14 ACTIVITY 1.7 ...................................................................................................... 14 Lesson 8: Soil and water management aspects .......................................................... 15 ACTIVITY 1.8 ...................................................................................................... 15 Lesson 9: Fertiliser management and application ....................................................... 16 ACTIVITY 1.9 ...................................................................................................... 16 Lesson 10: Fertilising methods and programmes ........................................................ 17 ACTIVITY 1.10 .................................................................................................... 17 UNIT 2 ............................................................................................................................... 18 Lesson 11: Crop establishment practices .................................................................... 18 ACTIVITY 2.1: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 18 Lesson 12 Maize – Weeds and diseases .................................................................... 19 ACTIVITY 2.2: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 19 Lesson 13: Maize – Pests ........................................................................................... 20 ACTIVITY 2.3: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 20 Lesson 14: Principles of crop rotation.......................................................................... 21 ACTIVITY 2.4: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 21 Lesson 15: Calibration and setting of farm implements ............................................... 22 ACTIVITY 2.5: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 22 Lesson 16: Manipulation of plant growth ..................................................................... 23 ACTIVITY 2.6: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 23 Lesson 17: Crop protection programme ...................................................................... 25 ACTIVITY 2.7: MEMORANDUM ......................................................................... 25

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Facilitator’s Guide G11 – Agricultural Management Practices

UNIT 3 ............................................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 18: Sheep farming – economic importance ..................................................... 26 ACTIVITY 3.1 ...................................................................................................... 26 Lesson 19: Breed standards........................................................................................ 27 ACTIVITY 3.2 ...................................................................................................... 27 Lesson 20: Breeding systems ..................................................................................... 28 ACTIVITY 3.3 ...................................................................................................... 28 Lesson 21: Reproduction............................................................................................. 29 ACTIVITY 3.4 ...................................................................................................... 29 Lesson 22: Housing and facilities ................................................................................ 31 ACTIVITY 3.5 ...................................................................................................... 31 Lesson 23: Diseases ................................................................................................... 32 ACTIVITY 3.6 ...................................................................................................... 32 Lesson 24: Animal handling and facilities .................................................................... 33 ACTIVITY 3.7 ...................................................................................................... 33 Lesson 25: Basic veterinary practices ......................................................................... 34 ACTIVITY 3.8 ...................................................................................................... 34 Lesson 26: Parasitology .............................................................................................. 35 ACTIVITY 3.9 ...................................................................................................... 35 Lesson 27: Feeding aspects........................................................................................ 36 ACTIVITY 3.10 .................................................................................................... 36 UNIT 4 ............................................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 28: Keeping records ........................................................................................ 37 ACTIVITY 4.1 ...................................................................................................... 37 Lesson 29: Production-related legislation .................................................................... 39 ACTIVITY 4.2 ...................................................................................................... 39 Lesson 30: Objectives of veld management ................................................................ 40 ACTIVITY 4.3 ...................................................................................................... 40 Lesson 31: Fodder flow planning ................................................................................. 41 ACTIVITY 4.4 ...................................................................................................... 41 Lesson 32: Carrying capacity and veld composition .................................................... 42 ACTIVITY 4.5 ...................................................................................................... 42

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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

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UNIT 1 Lesson 1: Maize – The main production areas in the RSA

ACTIVITY 1.1: MEMORANDUM

1.1

1.2

dent maize  flint maize,  mealie maize,  sweet corn and  popcorn. 

(5)

Genus:  Zea  Species:  Zea mays 

(4)

1.3

Maize generates foreign currency due to exports.  Maize is the staple food of a large part of the population.  Other industries develop around maize because farmers spend millions of rands on fuel, fertiliser, seed, implements and wages for labourers.  Thousands of job opportunities are created.  Other industries which depend directly on maize cultivation are: Millers  Producers of cattle feed  Starch factories  Breakfast cereal producers  Producers of bio-fuel such as ethanol  (13)

1.4

Zeerust,  Christiana,  Ladybrand and  Ermelo. 

(4)

1.5

It is food that is eaten every day by a certain population of the country.

(1)

1.6

samp  mealie rice or grits  popcorn 

(3) TOTAL: 30

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Facilitator’s Guide G11 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

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Lesson 2: Maize – Classification of crops ACTIVITY 1.2: MEMORANDUM

1.1

Maize belongs to the grass family.  Maize is an annual crop, grown in summer.  It grows upright.  Development: the plant has mainly single stems,  although some cultivars may form sprouts,  to a greater or lesser degree.  A plume or male flower is at the top of the plant.  The cob or female flower  is more or less in the middle of the plant.  Maize is a monocotyledonous plant.  (10)

1.2

The plant has eight to 20 leaves.  Leaves are arranged in a spiral on the stem.  A leaf consists of a leaf sheath and a leaf blade.  Each leaf has a prominent middle nervure, with nervure parallel to it. 

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

(8)

66 days after sprouting.  Appearance of beard and shedding of pollen.  The plant stops growing.  Temperatures that are too high harm pollination.  The pollen dries out.  Too much moisture causes pollen grains to burst.  Hail damage can destroy the total harvest.  Cool, moist weather is necessary (February / March).  Tabular roots appear at the end of the growing point.  moisture  nutrients in the ground  head units 

(10)

(3)

GROWING STAGE 9:  Maize plants physiologically ripe. Cobs begin to hang.  Black layer on basis of kernels.  Sheath leaves around cobs fade to light brown.  Moisture contents of maize fall quickly to 35%. 

(5)

This is the last stage and takes about 50 to 100 days.  The plant is biologically ripe.  The moisture contents of the kernel drop quickly.  Maize is harvested when the moisture content of kernels is 14% or less. 

(4)

TOTAL: 40

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Lesson 3: Maize – Important cultivars ACTIVITY 1.3: MEMORANDUM

1.1

Ear space does not play such a big role in South Africa as most varieties are selected correctly by breeders.  Ear space of 1,5 m is ideal.  Higher place of the heads can cause the plants to collapse easily  especially when it rains too much or  due to root diseases.  The ear height of cultivars in the rapid growing seasons tend to be lower than later growing season hybrids.  Information about specific cultivars’ ear height can be obtained from the seed companies.  (6)

1.2

Rust,  Northern leaf scorch,  Grey leaf spot,  Bacterial leaf spot,  Maize streak virus,  Diplodia and  Fusarium.  (7) The soil temperature should be above 15 °C before planting maize.  Maize seed germinate at temperatures below 10 °C.  The ideal soil temperature is 18 °C.  At low temperatures seedlings tend to turn purple.  Phosphate are usually inaccessible to the plant at low temperatures.  (5)

1.3

1.4

An organism that arose through cultivation  and survival,  in other words maize seeds developed to a certain extent.  (3)

1.5

Yield potential,  stability and  agronomic characteristics. 

1.6

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(3)

Adaptability  Disease pressure  Expected date of harvest  Is silage cut by contractor  Yield or return  Desired quality 

(6) TOTAL: 30

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Lesson 4: Soil sampling and profile studies

ACTIVITY 1.4: MEMORANDUM

Geological , biological,  and hydrological additions  and removal (erosion) 

(4)

It is a system continually subject  to soil-forming,  soil-leaching  and soil erosion processes. 

(4)

1.3

Climate,  vegetation,  topography,  man 

(4)

1.4

The age of soil 

(1)

1.5

A layer of soil  more or less parallel  to the ground surface

(2)

1.6

O;  A;  B;  C ; R 

(5)

1.7

No.  It is texture differences only due to seasonal deposits of a river. 

(2)

1.8

Climate;  Vegetation;  Topography 

(3)

1.9

This is a sequence of horizons  visible in a vertical section through the soil. 

(2)

1.1

1.2

1.10. It is lacking organic material. 

(1)

1.11 Reduction or decrease 

(2) TOTAL: 30

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Lesson 5: Soil characteristics and properties ACTIVITY 1.5: MEMORANDUM

1.1

1.2

1.3

soil surface,  plough layer,  directly beneath plough layer and  subsoil. 

(4)

root growth,  nutrient uptake and  biological activity. 

(3)

gross density,  porosity,  aeration and  specific area. 

(4)

1.4

In acid  and alkaline conditions  most nutrients  are not accessible to plants.  This is the main reason why most plants grow best at a neutral  to slightly acid pH.  (6)

1.5

The clay’s structure causes it to have a negative charge.  This is known as the soil’s cation exchange capacity (CEC).  The CEC gives the soil the ability to keep and exchange  the most important positive charged nutrients (like Ca, Mg and K).  The CEC of different types of clay differ significantly.  The base saturation refers to the percentage of exchange complex filled with basic cations  like Ca, Mg and K.  (10)

1.6

compacted layers  residues on the surface  roughness 

(3) TOTAL: 30

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Lesson 6: Soil cultivation and tillage practices ACTIVITY 1.6 MEMORANDUM

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

This way: root restrictive horizontal,  as well as vertical compaction layers in the soil are counter acted,  water run is limited,  crusting on the surface is offset,  and soil chemical conditions improve. 

(5)

to prepare the seedbed,  to control weeds and  to improve the structure of the soil. 

(3)

The elimination of crop residues  Primary tillage or ploughing  Secondary tillage or harrow  Weeding  Fertilisers and deep ploughing 

(8)

fertilisers,  root development,  water usage and  disease tolerance 

(4)

root growth,  nutrient uptake and  biological activity. 

(3)

1.6

For conventional tillage you need to mix the soil  and remains thoroughly  before the primary operations start.  (3)

1.7

the handling of remains from the summer,  primary tillage and  preparation of the seedbed. 

(3)

chisel 

(1)

1.8

TOTAL: 30

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Lesson 7: Irrigation and water scheduling ACTIVITY 1.7 MEMORANDUM

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

rivers  dams  lakes  boreholes 

(4)

Flood irrigation  Drip irrigation  Sprinkler 

(3)

Let irrigation  Strip irrigation  Ditch irrigation 

(3)

precipitation  temperature  evaporation  radiation  humidity 

(5)

With irrigation water use efficiency of 19 kg per hectare per millimetre to  20 kg per acre per millimetre is realistic.  That means for every millimetre of water, 19 kg to 20 kg grain per acre  can be produced.  (5) TOTAL: 20

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Lesson 8: Soil and water management aspects ACTIVITY 1.8 MEMORANDUM

1.1

the soil,  the climate and  the average rainfall. 

(3)

1.2

Maize germinates at 10 °C and higher.  Warm, wet soil hastens germination.  Maize should be protected from frost between November and March.  The growth cycle may be shortened by the fact that maize is sensitive to frost.  (4)

1.3

Water is a very important ecological factor, because without it, life on earth is inconceivable.  Apart from the fact that between 80% and 90% of organisms’ body mass  is made up of water  it is also crucial for physiological processes  in plants and animals.

Water is not only a necessity, but also a limiting factor.  (5)

1.4

The movement of water from the atmosphere to earth is called precipitation.  Precipitation includes dew,  mist,  hail,  snow,  rain.  Apart from the fact that it provides moisture to the earth and organisms,  rain,  snow,  dew,  hail,  etc. absorb  heat. Soil,  water masses  and organisms  are cooled. Water that reach soil is partially absorbed by the (capillary and hygroscopic water).  (17)

1.5

The presence of enough moisture  in the soil around the seed to let it germinate  and let the seedling grow.  (3)

1.6

Dry weather conditions extend the time  between the shower of pollen  and the forming of the beard.  It has a detrimental effect on the pollination  and seed setting of the head,  which causes the yield to decrease,  particularly when it lasts longer than five or six days.  (7)

1.7

One to two weeks before flowering. 

(1) TOTAL: 40

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Lesson 9: Fertiliser management and application ACTIVITY 1.9 MEMORANDUM

1.1

To supplement the organic matter (plant food)  used by the seedlings,  or to provide organic matter  to infertile soil. .

(4)

1.2

The roots of crops use large amounts of nitrogen,  phosphor, potassium  and calcium  in the form of various compounds in the soil.  These compounds need to be replenished periodically to ensure a good harvest.  (7)

1.3

Harvest = rainfall (mm)  x effective soil density  x F Where: Rainfall 

=

Soil depth = 

annual average from May to April  depth to restricting layer 

F is read from tables,  for example 0,007 818 for red sandy loam soils. 

(8)

1.4 Excess aluminium released in soil.  Aluminium inhibits root growth.  Plant shows symptoms of drought, despite having enough moisture. 

(4)

1.5 Manual labour is saved,  because bags do not need to be handled anymore.  Liquid is immediately available to the plant. 

(3)

1.6 The addition of the required plant nutrients  like nitrogen (N),  phosphate (P)  potassium (P)  and other elements  (5) 1.7

To determine if there are any deficiencies  or imbalances  or excesses that might inhibit growth.  To determine the soil fertility  with regard to recommendations for fertilising and adding lime which need to be done according to set guidelines.  In certain situations to help harvest potential.  For planning purposes.   (8) TOTAL: 40

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Lesson 10: Fertilising methods and programmes ACTIVITY 1.10 MEMORANDUM

1.1

Through faeces,  dead plants  and animal residue. 

1.2

On or near the seed kernel: 

(3)

Here the fertiliser is immediately available to the seedling,  but not sufficient for sustained growth.  It can be followed by low fertiliser arrows.  The fertiliser is applied at planting.  (6) Belt positioning:  15cm

15cm

Fertiliser is available fairly quickly  but usually not sufficient for high production.  Single or dual-band application can be used.  Effective at medium soil fertility  and medium level of fertiliser application.  It must be applied at planting time.  (8)

Belt positioning plus broadcasting:  Fertiliser is available fairly quickly  and is also sufficient (broadcasted part) for high production.  It is effective with high levels of soil fertility  and the application of artificial fertiliser.  The broadcasting before planting time can save time  by eradicating the need to stop and fill up planters.  The overall broadcasting of P is done to increase the P level.  Agricultural lime can also be spread by broadcasting.  1.3

Granular:  This group of liquid fertiliser can be compared to a soft porridge.  This solution contains a lot of lumps. Suspensions:  Looks like soft porridge without big lumps.  Liquids:  Solid particles remain  and dropout is almost impossible.  Clear solution:  Can be compared to a little salt in water.  Dropout is impossible.  1.4

(11)

From four weeks:  due to leaching, everything is not applied equally. 

(2)

TOTAL: 40

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UNIT 2 Lesson 11: Crop establishment practices ACTIVITY 2.1: MEMORANDUM

1.1

A management plan includes the methods to manage  pests,  nutrients  and fertiliser.  It takes into account the monitor  and testing of soil  chemical treatments (such as herbicides)  and feeding livestock.  (8)

1.2

Less money is spent on fertiliser,  pesticides,  energy,  feeding,  and the amount of work is done more effectively. 

1.3

(5)

Crop Management Practices means farmers regularly look for ways  to manage natural resources  in a way that a productive agricultural system can be maintained.  (3) Seeding: Management factors that affect the harvest  includes row spacing  and the quantity of plants in a row.  The optimum plant population depends on  factors like hybrid selection,  moisture,  soil fertility  and target harvest.  (8)

1.4

Dry weather conditions extend the time between the shower of pollen  and the forming of the beard.  It has a detrimental effect on the pollination  and seed setting of the head,  which causes the yield to decrease,  particularly when it lasts longer than five or six days.  (6)

1.5 available soil moisture.  soil potential 

effective depth  hygroscopicity 

soil fertility  cultivar – Some cultivars must be planted more densely than others  to prevent sprouts forming.  annual rainfall.  nitrogen fertiliser measured in kg / ha.  (9) 1.6

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(1) TOTAL: 40

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Lesson 12 Maize – Weeds and diseases ACTIVITY 2.2: MEMORANDUM

1.1

Weeds take valuable moisture  and nutrients  from the soil that are essential to the maize plant. (3)

1.2

Competition for moisture, nutrients, space and air.  Weeds serve as a breeding ground  and shelter  for insect plagues and plant diseases.  Harvesting can be delayed because the harvester can be blocked.  The presence of harmful seeds, like oil boom,  could cause a load to be refused at the grain elevator.  (11)

1.3

Crop rotation is done  so weeds doesn’t have the opportunity to settle in a plantation.  A braising crop can be planted that suffocate and kills the weeds by “overgrowing”. Use only weed free seed.  Clean equipment and tractors after use  to prevent seed dispersal.  A very expensive option is to cover soil with plastic  so weeds doesn’t get light  and can’t grow.  (9)

1.4

Mechanical,  chemical  and biological. 

1.5

Identification of weeds,  namely broadleaf weed or grass, are essential.  A spray pump on a tractor  or aerial application can be used.  The correct dose of herbicide for the weed must be closely followed.  Herbicides as liquid  or grain.  Herbicide with a contact force has no residual effect.  Weeds must be thoroughly wetted.  Herbicides with a hormonal action  can inhibit initial growth of a weed seedling. 

1.6

(3)

(11)

Diseases that can be controlled by seed treatment, are Fusarium, (seed rot),  dry ear rot,  pink ear rot  and plume or ear burn.  Diseases that cannot be controlled by seed treatment, include cob rot,  stripe disease,  powdery mildew  and white rust and brown rust. 

(8)

TOTAL: 45

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