Gr 10-E-Agricultural Management Practices-Facilitator's Guide 11

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AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FACILITATOR’S GUIDE Grade 10

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Agricultural Management Practices Facilitator’s guide

1810-E-AMP-FG01

Í2*È-E-AMP-FG01RÎ

Grade 10

CAPS aligned

JC Zandberg

Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 5 PREFACE............................................................................................................................ 4 LETTER TO THE FACILITATOR ........................................................................................ 5 HOW TO ASSESS THE LEARNERS .................................................................................. 6 WORK SCHEDULE/TIME ................................................................................................... 7 YEAR PLANNING ............................................................................................................... 8 UNIT 1: Crop production ................................................................................................... 9 Lesson 1.1: Introduction .......................................................................................... 9 ACTIVITY 1.1 ............................................................................................. 9 Lesson 1.2: Farming systems ............................................................................... 11 ACTIVITY 1.2 ........................................................................................... 11 Lesson 1.3: Different enterprises .......................................................................... 12 ACTIVITY 1.3 ........................................................................................... 12 Lesson 1.4: Soil and water management in crop production: Basic requirements 13 ACTIVITY 1.4 ........................................................................................... 13 Lesson 1.5: Soil and water management in crop production: Soil cultivation methods ............................................................................................. 14 ACTIVITY 1.5 ........................................................................................... 14 Lesson 1.6: Soil and water management in animal production ............................. 16 ACTIVITY 1.6 ........................................................................................... 16 Lesson 1.7: Water sources ................................................................................... 18 ACTIVITY 1.7 ........................................................................................... 18 Lesson 1.8: Crop management aspects ................................................................ 19 ACTIVITY 1.8 ........................................................................................... 19 Lesson 1.9: Crop management aspects: Monoculture and crop rotation .............. 20 ACTIVITY 1.9 ........................................................................................... 20 Lesson 1.10: Crop management aspects: Recordkeeping .................................... 21 ACTIVITY 1.10 ......................................................................................... 21 UNIT 2: Animal production.............................................................................................. 23 Lesson 2.1: Animal production practices in South Africa ...................................... 23 ACTIVITY 2.1 ........................................................................................... 23 Lesson 2.2: Main production areas in South Africa ............................................... 24 ACTIVITY 2.2 ........................................................................................... 24 Lesson 2.3: General classification of farm animals ............................................... 26 ACTIVITY 2.3 ........................................................................................... 26 Lesson 2.4: Cattle breeds ..................................................................................... 28 ACTIVITY 2.4 ........................................................................................... 28 Lesson 2.5: Sheep breeds .................................................................................... 29 ACTIVITY 2.5 ........................................................................................... 29 Lesson 2.6: Pig breeds ......................................................................................... 30 ACTIVITY 2.6 ........................................................................................... 30

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Lesson 2.7: Poultry breeds ................................................................................... 31 ACTIVITY 2.7 ........................................................................................... 31 UNIT 3: Animal management aspects ............................................................................ 33 Lesson 3.1: Handling of farm animals ................................................................... 33 ACTIVITY 3.1 ........................................................................................... 33 Lesson 3.2: Care of farm animals ......................................................................... 35 ACTIVITY 3.2 ........................................................................................... 35 Lesson 3.3: Housing of farm animals .................................................................... 36 ACTIVITY 3.3 ........................................................................................... 36 Lesson 3.4: After-care of farm animals ................................................................. 38 ACTIVITY 3.4 ........................................................................................... 38 Lesson 3.5: Identification methods ........................................................................ 39 ACTIVITY 3.5 ........................................................................................... 39 Lesson 3.6: Basic concepts of animal feeding ...................................................... 40 ACTIVITY 3.6 ........................................................................................... 40 Lesson 3.7: Diseases and parasites ..................................................................... 42 ACTIVITY 3.7 ........................................................................................... 42 Lesson 3.8: Recordkeeping................................................................................... 44 ACTIVITY 3.8 ........................................................................................... 44 Lesson 3.9: Basic principles of management programmes ................................... 45 ACTIVITY 3.9 ........................................................................................... 45 UNIT 4 Management principles ....................................................................................... 47 Lesson 4.1: Definition of management .................................................................. 47 ACTIVITY 4.1 ........................................................................................... 47 Lesson 4.2: Management principles...................................................................... 48 ACTIVITY 4.2 ........................................................................................... 48 Lesson 4.3: Different types of natural resource management ............................... 49 ACTIVITY 4.3 ........................................................................................... 49 Lesson 4.4: Soil potential and management: Soil improvement ............................ 50 ACTIVITY 4.4 ........................................................................................... 50 Lesson 4.5: Soil potential and management: Conservation practices ................... 52 ACTIVITY 4.5 ........................................................................................... 52 Lesson 4.6: Waste management: Different types of waste ................................... 53 ACTIVITY 4.6 ........................................................................................... 53

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

YEAR PLANNING

4 MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

3 ANIMAL MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

2 ANIMAL PRODUCTION

1 CROP PRODUCTION

UNIT

LESSON

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

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Introduction Farming systems Different enterprises Soil and water management in crop production: Basic requirements Soil and water management in crop production: Soil cultivation methods Soil and water management in animal production Water sources Crop management aspects Crop management aspects: Monoculture and crop rotation Crop management aspects: Recordkeeping Animal production practices in South Africa Main production areas in South Africa General classification of farm animals Cattle breeds Sheep breeds Pig breeds Poultry breeds Handling of farm animals Caring for farm animals Housing of farm animals After-care of farm animals Identification methods Basic concepts of animal feeding Diseases and parasites Recordkeeping Basic principles of management programmes Definition of management Management principles Different types of natural resource management Soil potential and management: Soil improvement Soil potential and management: Conservation practices Waste management: Different types of waste

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DATE

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

1

Unit

flint maize

UNIT 1: Crop production

Lesson 1.1: Introduction ACTIVITY 1.1

Consider the climate of the area.  Choose crops that are suitable for those specific climatic and soil conditions.  Plant the crops at the right time of the year.  Select and plant good quality seed that is free from diseases.  Choose the correct fertiliser to provide the specific nutrients needed by the crop to grow.  Consider the water needs of the plant.  Practise integrated pest management.  (7)

1.1

1.2 Type of crop

Tropical fruits

Subtropical fruits

Deciduous fruits

Climatic requirements

Soil requirements

• Grows well in temperatures ranging between 13 and 38 °C. • Has a relative humidity of 75 – 85%.

• High temperatures cause sun scorching.

• Strong winds damage crops.

Any two =  • Needs a climate without frost and with little wind.

• The optimum growth temperature is between 20 and 24 °C. • Annual rainfall should exceed 1 000 mm.

• Requires hot, dry conditions.

Any two =  • Grows in moderate climate areas.  • Cool, wet winters with little frost.  • Warm, dry summers. 

• Prefers deep, rich, loamy soils, with a pH between 6 to 7,5.

• Soil should be well drained with adequate moisture.

• Must be rich in nitrogen with adequate phosphorus and plenty of potash.

Any two =  • Needs well-aerated, well-drained soil that is deeper than 1 m.

• Requires a clay content of 20 – 40%; if less, the soil will have a limited water-retention capacity.

Any two = 

• Requires well-aerated soils with good organic matter.  • Requires well-drained soil with depth of 1 m.  • The ideal clay-content should be between 10 to 35%. 

(14)

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

1.3

Commercial production of fruit for both canning and fresh fruit consumption.

About 48,7% of deciduous fruit was exported, making it a major earner of foreign exchange for South Africa.  Commercial production of vegetables also contribute richly to the economy of South Africa.  Proteas and roses are sought-after exports and provide major revenue to our economy.  (3)

1.4

Fynbos is unique vegetation that is found and produced mainly in South-western Cape  in an area referred to as the Cape Floral Region.  (2)

1.5

Ideal soil must have good aeration and be easily drained, slightly acidic,  high in organic matter and with high water-holding capacity.  Soils must be well sterilised to protect them against soil-borne diseases,  pathogens and pests.  (4)

1.6

Land includes all natural resources.  Labour includes all human resources.  Capital includes all human-made resources, including money.  Management includes the structures that bring the previous three together efficiently to produce outputs.  (4)

1.7.1

Something that is used by humans to survive, to make a living or to create wealth. 

1.7.2

Something that has value, and that can be exchanged, bartered or sold for a price, usually on a willing seller, willing buyer basis.

1.7.3

Risk is the chance or threat of damage or any other negative occurrence for a person. 

1.7.4

Management is the general term used for various methods that are put in place to make a farm productive and profitable.  (8)

1.8

Working capital is money that is available to run the farm. The farmer needs working capital to pay wages, buy livestock, seed and fertiliser, and to pay any debts the farm incurs.  Fixed capital includes equipment, buildings and any form of technology designed to increase the productive potential of the farm.  Moveable capital is capital of a less permanent nature such as livestock, farm implements, equipment and machinery.  Natural capital is part of the natural world and its ecological systems. The river from which the farmer pumps water, the soil of the land and the rain that falls are all part of natural capital.  (8) TOTAL: 50

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

Lesson 1.2: Farming systems ACTIVITY 1.2

1.1.1 Subsistence farming is when crops and animals are produced by a farmer to feed his family, rather than taking it to the market.  1.1.2 Commercial farming is when crops and animals are produced to sell a market for a profit.  (4) 1.2

1.3

Make sure that feed and clean, fresh water are available at all times.  Enough feeders and drinkers should be available.  Vaccinate against Newcastle disease and Coccidiosis.  Temperature in the broiler house should be reduced during warm days. 

(4)

Gathering information on the sub-field.  Analysis of that information.  Making decisions based on the analysed information.  Implementation of these decisions. 

(4)

1.4

The farm tools used are cheap.  All family members usually help with the farm work.  The maximum contact between the farmer, land and crops leads to a finer observation.  The farmer can give attention to individual plants,  remove diseased plants and  gather seed from the best plants for the next season.  (6)

1.5

Advantages: It is time-saving.  It requires a few farm workers.  Disadvantages: The implements are very expensive.  It may happen that a farmer spends too much on his implements that he can end up in a debt position. 

(4)

1.6.1 A plot of ground/building where livestock are fattened for the market.  1.6.2 Used to match to production capabilities of the farm with the animals’ requirements in order to obtain the greatest margin over feed costs, within safe limits of natural resource utilisation.  1.6.3 A program for the management of the feed throughout the production cycle, where the correct nutrients are provided to the herd on an ongoing basis.  (3) TOTAL: 25

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

Lesson 1.3: Different enterprises ACTIVITY 1.3

1.1 Sunflowers • Sunflower can tolerate high temperatures and drought conditions more effectively.  • Sunflower is a very efficient user of soil moisture as a result of its deep and branched tap root system.  • A warm, somewhat dry climate is considered optimal for sunflower production.  • Cool, moist weather conditions, especially during the ripening period, are unsuitable.  • Sunflower can tolerate cold nights and light frost much better than maize.  • Slow sunflower cultivars require an annual rainfall of 650 – 850 mm.  Any 5 = (5)

Wheat • Wheat is a coolweather crop. It requires cool temperatures and sufficient moisture for growth, followed by warm, dry weather for harvesting.

• Wheat performs best with rainfall of 450 – 650 mm.

Wheat is sensitive to frost and very cold conditions.  • Planted from last week in April to end of May in winter rainfall areas, depending on timing of first rainfall.  • Planted from August to September in summer rainfall areas, depending on soil moisture.  Any four = (4)

Grain sorghum • Grain sorghum is well adapted in areas with a summer rainfall of 400 – 800 mm. However, high humidity may sometimes affect seed set.  • This crop is very sensitive to frost and most cultivars require approximately 30 – 140 frost free days during the growing season.

The length of the growing season of cultivars will be critical in this respect.  • Germination is slow at soil temperatures below 18 °C. It is more sensitive to low soil temperatures than maize, which still germinates well even at 12 °C – 15 °C.  • The ideal growing temperature is 25 – 30 °C with a minimum of 15 °C.  • Grain sorghum can withstand high temperatures better than most other crops, but extremely high temperatures during flowering may be detrimental.  Any five = (5)

Soybeans • Warm, moist conditions, with a rainfall of 550 – 850 mm, evenly distributed over the growing season, are ideal.  • Soybeans also do well in warm, dry areas under irrigation.  • Yields are affected as temperature rises above 30 °C.  • Day length influences the development of soybeans (photoperiod sensitivity).  • Soybeans are most susceptible to drought during the flowering and pod formation stages. Any five = (5)

1.2

The ratio,  distribution  and intensity of rainfall. 

1.3

Evaporation is the process whereby liquid water is lost  from the soil surface in the

form of vapour.  The degree of shading of the crop canopy and the amount of water available  at the soil surface are factors that affect the evaporation process.  Evaporation from the soil surface is a direct loss and waste of water. 

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(3)

(5)

Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

1.4

Wind is the horizontal movement of air.  This is caused by differences in air pressure.  Air always moves from areas of higher pressure  to areas of lower pressure. (4)

1.5

Absolute humidity  is the water content of air.  (2) Relative humidity,  expressed as a percent,  measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum for that temperature.  (3) Specific humidity  is a ratio of the water vapour content  of the mixture to the total air  content on a mass basis.  (4) TOTAL: 40

Lesson 1.4: Soil and water management in crop production: Basic requirements ACTIVITY 1.4

1.1

Commodity is something that has value,  and that can be exchanged, bartered or sold for a price,  usually on a willing seller, willing buyer basis.  (3)

1.2

The soil map can be used to plan  the control, utilisation and distribution of water.  Where the water table is high, low-lying soils must be well drained.  The physical planning of farm camps.  Grazing camps must be planned in such a way that they will match the boundaries of the different soil types.  A grazing camp should contain of one type of soil, because the soil type determines the plants.  (6)

1.3

For farming purposes, it is important to determine the depth of soil  before deciding on planting a certain crop.  The deeper the soil, the better root development in plants.  Deeper soil causes plants to develop and produce better. 

(4)

1.4

Adding organic matter to the soil.  Digging the soil will reduce soil compaction, improves aeration and soil drainage  and makes it easier for plant roots to penetrate into the soil. Avoid rapid wetting or drying of soil.  Be careful with deep ripping techniques to fracture the subsoil.  Avoid flood and farrow irrigation.  (6)

1.5

Soil texture will determine the type of crops that can be planted.  The type of irrigation system that must be installed.  The type of drainage that must be used. 

(3)

1.6

Water capacity is the ability of a soil to retain a given quantity of water  after soil had been completely saturated with water.  This happens after rain or irrigation and after drainage.  (3)

1.7

Respiration 

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

Texture and structure  Depth  Temperature 

1

(4)

1.8

Organic matter in soil comes from dead plants and animals.  Organic matter is an important component of soil.  It occurs mainly in the topsoil and can vary from 0% to approximately 20% organic matter per unit mass.  Organic matter decays and plant nutrients are released  through the action of soil microbes.  (5)

1.9

It is slowly decomposed by the action of soil microbes.  The quantity of humus in soil depends on the type of plant material that goes into the soil.  The more fibrous and woody material, the more humus will be formed in the soil.  (3)

1.10

Regularly cultivated soils that are well aerated.  Warmer regions have a much lower quantity than colder regions.  The denser the plant cover in a region, the higher the humus content of that soil.  The inclusion of perennial rest crops will lead to the accumulation of humus in the soil.  (any three) (3) TOTAL: 40

Lesson 1.5: Soil and water management in crop production: Soil cultivation methods ACTIVITY 1.5 1.1

The aim of soil cultivation is done to improve the condition of the soil before a crop is planted.  Some soil needs more cultivation than others.  Soil first needs to be examined.  If necessary, send soil examples for soil analysis.  Decide then which cultivation practices must follow.  (5)

1.2

Mulching is the covering of cultivated soil with different substances,  such as tree bark or hay to prevent water loss or wind erosion.  Bare Cultivation is when all remains of the previous crop are either removed  or ploughed into the soil.  (4)

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

1.3 • • • •

Flood irrigation 50% of water is wasted and not used by crops.  Lower production if water stays on the crop too long. Great water losses can occur if the system is not well designed and maintained.  This system is also quite labour intensive. 

• • • • •

Sprinkle irrigation Permanent systems are much more expensive than movable systems. The moving of pipes of movable systems damages crops. Need more labour.  Moving hoses with sprinklers is heavy. Complete an irrigation cycle for the whole area can take a long time. (9)

1.4

Soil drainage systems are ways in which a farmer gets rid of excess water and salts. Excess water causes soil to become waterlogged  or brackish  and this may result in reduced production of crops or complete crop failure.  (4)

1.5

The amount of water to be removed in the soil profile.  Topography of the ground.  The characteristics of the soil.  The requirements of the crop. 

(4)

1.6

No cultivation of soil is called minimum or no tillage farming.  The soil in which the new crop is planted remains covered with the leaves and stems of the previous crop.  The planter opens a furrow between the plant remains into which the seeds are dropped.  Weeds are killed by slashing and left on the soil to decay.  This method results in less movement of heavy vehicles over the soil.  which reduces soil compaction and prevent plough pans.  (6)

1.7

Obtain and examine aerial photos of the area.  Look for possible causes of the problem.  A soil survey will describe the soil characteristics that are important for drainage such as:  the depth of the soil,  permeability of the soil layers  depth of the water table.  The origin and direction of the source  and movement of underground water has been determined. 

(8) TOTAL: 40

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

Lesson 1.6: Water sources ACTIVITY 1.6

1.1

Food chains show the different levels of dependency between producers and consumers in an ecosystem.  For example, mice eat green plants. The mice in turn are eaten by owls, which are hunted by hawks.  Food webs refer to more complex relationships when a number of food chains overlap.  The owl can also hunt mice, and the hawk can also eat the mouse and snake.  Food pyramids illustrate the degree of dependence between the different levels in an ecosystem.  The lowest level of the pyramid will be the biggest, with every level on top smaller.  (6)

1.2

Manure and bedding should be collected and stored in waterproof containers or under covers to reduce runoff into water bodies.  Apply manure only to crops that can benefit from the nutrients.  If too much manure is applied, the nutrients can seep into the groundwater.  Do not apply manure to fields when heavy rain is expected and the chance of runoff is high.  Do not spread manure near waterways.  Do not allow livestock into sensitive areas near riverbanks and wetlands. Where possible, divert runoff from land above livestock areas and away from nearby surface, waters and dams. Limit access of livestock to streams of rivers for drinking by putting up fences, or provide another water supply for the livestock. (8)

1.3

Rotational grazing encourages an even distribution of grazing throughout a paddock,  allowing resting periods in between rotations that help maintain the health of forage.  This discourages competition from weeds and undesirable plant species  that often invade when forage is overgrazed and weakened. 

1.4

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Limited soil compaction which encourages root growth and reduces leaching of fertilisers;  Reduced soil erosion due to the presence of continuous ground cover throughout the year;  Reduced weeds from ample resting periods;  Longer grazing season because of shorter forage recovery periods when rotating paddocks;  Improved animal productivity;  More efficient use of forage compared to continuous grazing;  Improved nutrient distribution (manure) since livestock have fixed schedules,  Each rotation covering a limited area in each paddock.  (8) 16

Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

1.5

1.6

Unit

The type of veld,  The condition of the veld,  The livestock utilising of the veld,  The level of management. 

1

(4)

Overgrazing:  Plants are continuously grazed and the plant die.  Palatable plants are overgrazed first, followed by less-palatable plants.  Condition of the veld deteriorates.  Soil erosion follows.  Selective grazing:  Livestock prefer certain types of plants or plat parts.  Detrimental to vegetation.  Overgrazing of palatable plants decreases their competitiveness.  It results to the increase of less-palatable plants.  Continuous grazing:  Animals are placed in a camp when the pasture is ready for grazing and stay there for a period of the year.  The number of animals can vary, but there are always animals in the camp.  Cheap option, management is simple and little labour is required to move animals. Condition of the vegetation deteriorates resulting in sparse coverage.  (15) TOTAL: 45

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

Lesson 1.7: Water sources ACTIVITY 1.7

1.1

An area drained by a river system, Olifantsriver.  The quality of water running into the river is monitored. (3)

1.2

Sheep farming  Wine growing 

(2)

Sheep manure can pollute the water.  Soil washes into water.  The increase of soil erosion.  Increasing turbidity. 

(4)

Sheep cause erosion on the river bank  allowing soil to wash into the water,  making it muddy. 

(3)

It is not fit for humans to drink  The water is polluted. 

(2)

Yes,  if the nitrate  and phosphate  and pH-levels is suitable for wine-growing. 

(4)

Turbid water blocks out light,  Water plants and algae cannot photosynthesise.  This leads to a drop in oxygen levels in the water. 

(3)

Turbidity  Pollution by organic matter, such as manure. 

(2)

Reduce of income in the area (winery)  Fewer jobs 

(2)

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

TOTAL: 25

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Facilitator’s Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

1

Lesson 1.8: Crop management aspects ACTIVITY 1.8

1.1

1.2

1.3

Maize belongs to the grass family and is an annual summer growth.  It grows upright.  The plant has mainly single stems,  although some cultivars may form sprouts to a greater or lesser degree.  A plume or male flower is at the top of the plant.  Maize is monocotyledonous plants. 

(6)

Available soil moisture  Soil potential  effective depth  hygroscopicity  Soil fertility  Cultivar  Yearly rainfall  Nitrogen fertiliser in kg/ha 

(8)

Maize grows in any kind of soil – from sand to clay, but loamy soil is the best.  There must be no restrictive layers like plough soles or clay banks to prevent the roots from growing downwards.  pH from 5 to 7 is required.  The maize plant’s harvest potential is determined by soil moisture  and effective depth of the soil.  (5)

1.4 FUSARIUM COB ROT: It is a secondary infection, which takes place when the plant is damaged physically by hail or stem borers  Fungi invades the wounds.  Damage can only be seen at harvest time.  It is sometimes confused with Diplodia cob rot.  Combating is dependent upon prevention through the control of stem borers. 

DIPLODIA COB ROT: This is a fungal disease, which can take on epidemic proportions in favourable wet seasons.  Reddish and brownish spots on kernel.  White “wax layer” on kernels when leaves are pulled off.  Chemical control is not really effective.  To plough contaminated fields helps to control the disease, especially where systems of minimum cultivation were followed.  (10)

1.5

Prices received by farmers for agricultural products on the open market. 

(1)

TOTAL: 30

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