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UNIT 2: SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE UTILISATION
Lesson 8: Agricultural legislation
ACTIVITY 8: MEMORANDUM
1.1 Landownership: Refers to the person to whom a specific piece of land belongs. 1.2 Tenure: Holding a position of employment, or of land and property. 1.3 Reform: Make changes in something in order to improve it. 1.4 Restitution: Restoring something to its original owner or compensation. 1.5 Title deed: Legal document providing evidence of a person’s right, especially to owning a property. 1.6 Land reform programmes: To restore land rights. 1.7 Land redistribution: To address the skewed ownership of land along racial lines. 1.8 Tenure reform: Recognises the rights of people, such as farm workers and labour tenants, to own land. 1.9 The Constitution is a set of rules and principles that state how a country is to be governed. 1.10 Green papers are government reports of proposals that are being considered, but are not yet accepted. 1.11 White papers are reports issued by the government to give information on a subject. 1.12 A bill is a draft of a proposed law to be discussed by parliament. 1.13 Amendments are changes made to a written law, or a change made to a previously adopted law. 1.14 Regulations are part of specific legislation. They are applicable to the entire country. 1.15 By-laws are for legislation that is applicable only in a specific municipal area or organisation. (15 x 1) = (15)
2. Encourage policy integration between different levels of government. Build stronger relationships and partnerships among locally-based groups that affect agriculture. Creates an awareness of agriculture and its importance to the overall well-being of communities and provinces. Provide ongoing monitoring to ensure a better understanding of land use relationships. Develop agriculture area plans within several key farming areas and focused agricultural area plans at local level. (5)
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Lesson 9: Indigenous knowledge
ACTIVITY 9: MEMORANDUM
1. Is practical knowledge of the environment and how to survive in it. It is unique to every culture or society. (3)
2. Scientific knowledge is based on: Observations and facts and exclude the human perspective, spirituality and local traditional customs. gathering data through observations and experimentation
Indigenous knowledge is:
practical knowledge of traditional cultures and the environment based on the experiences of each generation passed on orally from generation to generation. (7)
3. IK is passed orally in the local language, therefore it is easy to grasp the concept. IK products are prepared when needed, the shelf life and the expiry date of the product are not relevant. Farmers administer the IK products and there is no need for the veterinarians. IK encourages an awareness of environmental conservation. (5)
4. It can be time-consuming to search for herbs in the veld. Some indigenous technologies systems are seen as ineffective. Natural growing herbs used for medical purposes can become depleted. IKS is not effective in large scale production. Some religious discourage the use of IKS owing to superstition. Government laws prohibit some traditional practises, such as unauthorised tree cutting. Most indigenous remedies have not been scientifically validated. (any FIVE) (5)
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Lesson 10: Agricultural organisations
ACTIVITY 10: MEMORANDUM
1. National Provincial Local.
2. to provide new economic opportunities, to enhance the environment and natural resources, to sustain a competitive agricultural economy, to ensure food safety and producing food of high quality. (3)
(4)
3. The NAMC plays an important role in the import and export of agricultural products, They provide the Department of Agriculture on the strategic positioning of South African agriculture in global markets, Provide the Department of Agriculture with accurate advice, Support farmers with knowledge, training and mentorship, Supporting them in attaining market access. (5)
4. Directed and multidisciplinary research to improve quality of life through industrial and scientific development. (3)
5. Build environment Laser technologies Natural resources and environment Materials and manufacturing services Food, biological and chemical technologies Defence, peace, safety and security (any FIVE) (5)
6. Research of agriculture is done, Results is transferred to farmers to increase their production, Farmers are updated with information regarding prices and general trends, Agricultural organisations explore new international markets Farmers are represented when policies are drawn up that directly influence their operation.
(5) [25]
Lesson 11: Agricultural resources
ACTIVITY 11: MEMORANDUM
1. Differences between natural and agricultural resources.
NATURAL RESOURCES AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
• Water • Soil • Vegetation Cannot be made by people. They form part of nature.
• Farming equipment • Fuel • People
Those resources that are
necessary to farm successfully.
Natural as well as man-made
resources.
2.1 Soil: Agriculture relies on soil to grow crops. Soil is needed for grazing plants for livestock. Soil can be damaged by poor agricultural practices. 2.2 Water: All living things need water. Water comes from rain, rivers and dams. Water is scarce in South Africa. 2.3 Natural vegetation: Natural vegetation is used for grazing. Indigenous forests are a natural resource. (12)
(3)
(3)
(2)
3.1 Fossil fuels: Natural fuels formed in the geological past. 3.2 Nutrients: Substances that nourish plants and animals. 3.3 Monocultures: Growing of a single plant. mono – one.
4. Improve and protect soil quality, Farm with crops that are suited to the conditions of the farm, Let animals graze in different areas of the veld, Reduce the use of pesticides, Use natural fertilisers, Use water carefully, Avoid pollution. (any FIVE)
5. Mari-culture is the farming of marine organisms, including fish, mollusc, crustaceans and plants for commercial purposes. (1) (1) (1)
(5)
(2) [30]
Lesson 12: Soil conservation and management
ACTIVITY 12: MEMORANDUM
1. Soil is a permanent resource and cannot be replaced. It can only in a minor way be improved, but it can also easily be totally destroyed. The management of the farm must be adapted according to the soil characteristics, to prevent the soil characteristics to degrade and so that farming can stay sustainable over a long period of time. (5)
2. Overgrazing causes vegetation to become thinner. Ploughing up and down instead of following the slope contours. No wetlands – wetlands slow the flow of water. Not enough organic matter (humus) in soil. After veld is burnt, the ground is bare. (5)
3. Control traffic – it can easily re-compact 60% to 80% of the loose cultivated land.
Rain water on the soil surface must be able to infiltrate the plow layer. Use minimum tillage to prevent compaction, Break up compacted soil with deep tillage. (5)
4. Soil acidification occurs when: the soil pH decreases over time. (2)
5. A drop in crop and pasture production, some nutrients are less available while other elements reach toxic levels. (3)
6. Soil Pollution occurs when the soil surface or groundwater contaminated by substances that are not in their natural form it occurs. Soil Pollution leads to the breakdown of total destruction of the ecosystem that lives on earth sustain. (6)
7. Soil can be dug up and removed. Reduce the use of pesticides. Grow plants that absorb heavy metals. Re-use or recycle materials.
8.1 Salination 8.2 Leaching 8.3 Water table 8.4 Hardpan 8.5 Chemical soil degradation (4)
(5) [35]
Lesson 13: Water management
ACTIVITY 13: MEMORANDUM
1. Chemical characteristics: pH: how acidic or alkaline the water is,
The oxygen available in water for organisms,
Pollution by fertilisers,
Pesticides that wash into rivers,
Dissolved metals and salts. biological characteristics:
Taste and colour are factors important for drinking water quality.
Some organisms can live in polluted water,
Faecal bacteria: causes cholera.
Parasitic organisms.
2. Main sources: Rain and groundwater. Rainwater is stored in rivers and dams. Underground water is pumped to the surface. Water is piped for irrigation. (10)
(5)
3. Sprinkler systems: This method is virtually identical to watering the lawn with a house pipe. Sprinkler irrigation is mostly used in regions with a moderate climate. The amount of water used through this system is considerably less as opposed other irrigation systems. (4)
4. ydroponics prevent: Bad drainage Bad soil structure Weeds Harmful organisms
5. Groundwater cannot be replaced Droughts Alien vegetation Global warming
6. Livestock causes water pollution by: Trampling the riverbanks and causes water pollution Dams are polluted by organic wastes such as manure Farmer should rather supply a water trough.
Lesson 14: Agricultural pollution
ACTIVITY 14: MEMORANDUM
1. Health problems in humans and animals Damage to natural ecosystems Crop losses Decreased food production. (4)
2. Natural waste: Farmyard manures Carcasses Washes off fields
Non-natural waste:
Packaging such as plastic and cardboard, Animal health products Waste from machinery like used oil, tyres etc. Building waste. (any THREE)
3. Soil fertility decrease. Soil and natural nutrients are lost. Soil yield decrease. The balance of organism in soil decrease. Soil structure changes. Salinity of soil increases – soil is useless. (any FIVE) (4)
(4)
(3) [30]
(3)
(3)
(5)
4. Slurries: Slurries is a mixture of water and substance (farmyard manures) that cannot dissolve in water. The spreading of manure and slurries can cause water- and soil pollution. Manure on the land should be removed.
5. Making use of natural fertilisers, Making use of natural pesticides, Applying the correct amount of fertilisers, Ploughing back crop residues into the soil, Recycling containers.
6. Natural wastes Non-natural wastes Pesticides Fertilisers (4)
(5)
(4)
7. Crop residues should not be destroyed or removed from the field. They protect the field from erosion, add organic materials to the soil. (any TWO) (2)
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Lesson 15: Basic soil components
ACTIVITY 15: MEMORANDUM
1.1 Organic matter Soil air Soil water Mineral particles. 1.2 A good source of nitrogen, That it improves the soil’s capacity to retain water, That is has a crumbling effect on the mineral component, That it is the only source of energy-rich nutrients required by micro-organisms in the soil.
2. Being a good source of food and medicine, The maintaining of soil structure, Controlling the growth of plants, Cycling the nutrients needed by plants. (4)
(4)
(5)
3.1 Hygroscopic water: This is not available to plants or animals. Apparent capillary water: It is available to both plants and small animals in the soil.
Real capillary water: It is usually available to plants during dry periods. Free water or seepage: This water temporarily fills the larger air spaces in the soil and drains under the influence of gravity. It is available to plant roots. 3.2 Soil texture. Soil structure. Humus content of the soil. Soil depth. (8)
(4)
4.1 A good source of nitrogen, That it improves the soil’s capacity to retain water, That is has a crumbling effect on the mineral component, That it is the only source of energy-rich nutrients required by micro-organisms in the soil.
(5) [30]
Lesson 16: Primary and secondary minerals
ACTIVITY 16: MEMORANDUM
1.1 Aluminium (AI) 1.2 Calcium (Ca) 1.3 Iron (Fe) 1.4 Magnesium (Mg) 1.5 Oxygen (O) 1.6 Phosphorus (P) 1.7 Potassium (K) 1.8 Silicon (Si) 1.9 Sodium (Na) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
2.1 Mineral components: These are components derived from rocks. Over a lengthy period rocks break down into very tiny particles. (2) 2.2 Weathering: wearing away by exposure to the effects of the weather. (1) 2.3 Lava: Molten rock that flows or erupts from a volcano. (1) 2.4 Crystallise: The form of crystals. (1) 2.5 Igneous: Igneous is formed by the action of a volcano. (1) 2.6 Precipitate: To be deposited into a solid form from a solution. (1) 2.7 Primary minerals: Are formed deep in a volcano and is not altered chemically. (1) 2.8 Secondary minerals: Minerals formed through the decomposition of a primary mineral. (2)
3. (10)
PRIMARY MINERALS SECONDARY MINERALS
Present in soil as sand or silt particles. Present in soil as clay particles. Crystallised out from magma, Formed through the weathering of primary deposited as igneous rock. minerals or through re-precipitation. Formed at high temperatures and Formed at low temperature and pressure. pressure. Formed in the absence of free oxygen. Formed in the presence of oxygen.
4. Secondary minerals are formed when primary minerals undergo chemical weathering. The weathering products of primary minerals can also combine to form new minerals with new properties. Secondary minerals are formed at low temperature. (4)
5. Minerals have a definite chemical composition. The colour is the visible light spectrum radiation reflected. The colour from minerals varies. Minerals have the ability to transmit light. Minerals are tough. (any TWO) (2)
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Lesson 17: Rocks and their formation
ACTIVITY 17: MEMORANDUM
1. A Rock is a hard, compact, non-living material made by different types of minerals. Rock is the basic material that all soils are made of. (4)
2. Igneous rocks form when: molten magma or lava form inside the Earth cools and solidifies or becomes hard rock The texture of these rocks is mainly determined by the speed at which cooling takes place. (6)
3. These rocks are the softest group, These rocks are easy to break, They weather quickly, They can be rough or smooth, They have different colours, They are opaque. (any FIVE) (5)
4. Granite: When quarts undergo physical weathering, soils are easy to cultivate. Micas and veldspars are changed to clay. Quarts changes and forms the sand fraction of soil. (4)
5. Sedimentary rocks are igneous rocks which undergo weathering and break up into smaller particles. The weathering products (sand, clay and gravel) of igneous rocks are deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans and combine with living organisms. Weathering and erosion processes lead to the forming of sediments. (6)
