Gr 10-Agricultural Management Practices-Study Guide

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AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES STUDY GUIDE Grade 10

A member of the FUTURELEARN group

Agricultural Management Practices Study guide

1810-E-AMP-SG01

Í2*È-E-AMP-SG01zÎ

Grade 10

CAPS aligned

JC Zandberg

Study Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

CONTENTS LESSON ELEMENTS.......................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4 YEAR PLANNING ............................................................................................................... 5 UNIT 1: Crop production ................................................................................................... 6 Lesson 1.1: Introduction .............................................................................................. 6 ACTIVITY 1.1.................................................................................................. 14 Lesson 1.2: Farming systems.................................................................................... 15 ACTIVITY 1.2.................................................................................................. 29 Lesson 1.3: Different enterprises............................................................................... 29 ACTIVITY 1.3.................................................................................................. 41 Lesson 1.4: Soil and water management in crop production: Basic requirements .... 42 ACTIVITY 1.4.................................................................................................. 48 Lesson 1.5: Soil and water management in crop production: Soil cultivation methods.................................................................................................. 49 Lesson 1.6: Soil and water management in animal production ................................. 63 ACTIVITY 1.6.................................................................................................. 69 Lesson 1.7: Water sources ........................................................................................ 69 ACTIVITY 1.7.................................................................................................. 74 Lesson 1.8: Crop management aspects .................................................................... 75 ACTIVITY 1.8.................................................................................................. 79 Lesson 1.9: Crop management aspects: Monoculture and crop rotation .................. 79 ACTIVITY 1.9.................................................................................................. 83 Lesson 1.10: Crop management aspects: Recordkeeping ........................................ 83 ACTIVITY 1.10................................................................................................ 89 UNIT 2: Animal production.............................................................................................. 91 Lesson 2.1: Animal production practices in South Africa ........................................... 91 ACTIVITY 2.1.................................................................................................. 94 Lesson 2.2: Main production areas in South Africa ................................................... 95 ACTIVITY 2.2................................................................................................ 101 Lesson 2.3: General classification of farm animals ................................................. 101 ACTIVITY 2.3................................................................................................ 106 Lesson 2.4: Cattle breeds........................................................................................ 106 ACTIVITY 2.4................................................................................................ 114 Lesson 2.5: Sheep breeds....................................................................................... 115 ACTIVITY 2.5................................................................................................ 119 Lesson 2.6: Pig breeds ............................................................................................ 120 ACTIVITY 2.6................................................................................................ 122 Lesson 2.7: Poultry breeds ...................................................................................... 122 ACTIVITY 2.7................................................................................................ 129 UNIT 3: Animal management aspects .......................................................................... 130 Lesson 3.1: Handling of farm animals ..................................................................... 130 ACTIVITY 3.1................................................................................................ 138

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Study Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Lesson 3.2: Caring for farm animals........................................................................ 139 ACTIVITY 3.2................................................................................................ 149 Lesson 3.3: Housing of farm animals ...................................................................... 149 ACTIVITY 3.3................................................................................................ 156 Lesson 3.4: After-care of farm animals .................................................................... 157 ACTIVITY 3.4................................................................................................ 162 Lesson 3.5: Identification methods .......................................................................... 162 ACTIVITY 3.5................................................................................................ 166 Lesson 3.6: Basic concepts of animal feeding......................................................... 167 ACTIVITY 3.6................................................................................................ 176 Lesson 3.7: Diseases and parasites ........................................................................ 176 ACTIVITY 3.7................................................................................................ 184 Lesson 3.8: Recordkeeping ..................................................................................... 185 ACTIVITY 3.8................................................................................................ 189 Lesson 3.9: Basic principles of management programmes ..................................... 190 ACTIVITY 3.9................................................................................................ 194 UNIT 4: Management principles ................................................................................... 195 Lesson 4.1: Definition of management .................................................................... 195 ACTIVITY 4.1................................................................................................ 200 Lesson 4.2: Management principles ........................................................................ 201 ACTIVITY 4.2................................................................................................ 203 Lesson 4.3: Different types of natural resource management ................................. 204 ACTIVITY 4.3................................................................................................ 207 Lesson 4.4: Soil potential and management: Soil improvement .............................. 208 ACTIVITY 4.4................................................................................................ 212 Lesson 4.5: Soil potential and management: Conservation practices ..................... 212 ACTIVITY 4.5................................................................................................ 217 Lesson 4.6: Waste management: Different types of waste...................................... 218 ACTIVITY 4.6................................................................................................ 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 222

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Study Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

YEAR PLANNING

4 MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

3 ANIMAL MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

2 ANIMAL PRODUCTION

1 CROP PRODUCTION

UNIT 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6

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LESSON Introduction Farming systems Different enterprises Soil and water management in crop production: Basic requirements Soil and water management in crop production: Soil cultivation methods Soil and water management in animal production Water sources Crop management aspects Crop management aspects: Monoculture and crop rotation Crop management aspects: Recordkeeping Animal production practices in South Africa Main production areas in South Africa General classification of farm animals Cattle breeds Sheep breeds Pig breeds Poultry breeds Handling of farm animals Caring for farm animals Housing of farm animals After-care of farm animals Identification methods Basic concepts of animal feeding Diseases and parasites Recordkeeping Basic principles of management programmes Definition of management Management principles Different types of natural resource management Soil potential and management: Soil improvement Soil potential and management: Conservation practices Waste management: Different types of waste

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DATE COMPLETED

Study Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

Unit

UNIT 1: Crop production Lesson 1.1: Introduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this lesson, you should have knowledge of: Four crop production enterprises: • General crop production practices and factors • Overview of the economic importance of crops • General overview and comparison of crop production in South Africa: o Potential role and importance of the industry o Main production areas for different crops • Requirements for successful crop production, with reference to: o land (soil, water, climate and other natural resources) o labour o capital o management

INTRODUCTION Crop production is a complex business that requires many skills (such as biology, agronomy, mechanics and marketing) and covers a variety of operations.

Crops are plants that are grown for food or other uses.

We distinguish between four basic categories: • Horticultural crops • Field crops • Fodder crops • Forest crops

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IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY Agri: That which relates to agriculture.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods produced and services rendered in one year.

Crops: Plants grown for food or other uses, especially cereals.

Volume of agricultural production: The amount of products produced at any given time.

Horticultural crops Horticultural crops are the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees and plants. It also includes plant conservation, landscape restoration, landscape and garden design, construction, and maintenance.

Field crops Field crops (other than fruits or vegetables) are grown for agricultural purposes; cotton, hay, and grain are examples of field crops.

Fodder crops Fodder crops are primarily cultivated for animal feed. Natural grasslands and pastures are included, whether they are cultivated or not. Fodder crops may be classified as either temporary or permanent crops. They are cultivated and harvested like any other crop.

Forest crops Forest farming is the cultivation of high-value specialty crops under a forest canopy that is intentionally modified or maintained to provide shade and habitat that enhance growth and production levels. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems.

GENERAL CROP PRODUCTION PRACTICES AND FACTORS Soil and climate conditions must be considered and good management practices must be applied to ensure an optimal harvest.

Factors for successful crop production: • Take the climate of the area into account.

• Choose crops that are suitable for the specific climatic and soil conditions.

• Plant the crops at the right time of the year.

• Select and plant good quality seed that is disease-free.

• Choose the correct fertiliser to provide the specific nutritional needs of the crop to grow.

• Consider the water needs of the plant.

• Apply integrated pest management. © Impaq

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HORTICULTURAL CROPS FRUIT Fruits are generally classified into three groups: • Tropical fruits such as bananas, papayas, mangos and pineapples.

• Subtropical fruit such as avocados, citrus fruits, granadillas, litchis and nuts.

• Deciduous fruits such as grapes, apples, pears and stone fruit such as peaches and cherries.

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Basic climate and soil requirements for fruit: Type of crop • Tropical fruits

• • • •

Subtropical fruits

Deciduous fruits

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• • • • • •

Climatic requirements Grows well in temperatures ranging between 13 and 38 °C. Has a relative humidity of 75 – 85%.

High temperatures cause sun scorching.

Strong winds damage crops.

Needs a climate without frost and with little wind.

The optimum growth temperature is between 20 and 24 °C. Annual rainfall should exceed 1 000 mm.

Requires hot, dry conditions.

Grows in moderate climate areas.

Cool, wet winters with little frost.

Warm, dry summers.

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Soil requirements • Prefers deep, rich, loamy soils, with a pH between 6 to 7,5.

• Soil should be well drained with adequate moisture.

• Must be rich in nitrogen with adequate phosphorus and plenty of potash.

• Needs well-aerated, well-drained soil that is deeper than 1 m.

• Requires a clay content of 20 – 40%; if less, the soil will have a limited water-retention capacity.

• Requires well-aerated soils with good organic matter.

• Requires well-drained soil with depth of 1 m.

• The ideal clay-content should be between 10 to 35%.

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www.ppecb.com/index.php/production-map.html

VEGETABLES Vegetables are divided into five groups, based on the plant organ in which the food is stored. We distinguish between: • • • • •

root vegetables e.g. carrots and beetroot leaf vegetables e.g. spinach and cabbage stem vegetables e.g. potatoes fruit vegetables e.g. tomatoes flower vegetables e.g. cauliflower

totalfruitandvegetable.com

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Basic climate and soil requirements for vegetables: Type of crop

Root vegetables

Climatic requirements • Winter crops.

• Early harvests require full sunshine.

• Main crops require protection from the sun.

Leaf vegetables

• • • •

Stem vegetables

Fruit vegetables

Flower vegetables

Requires a moderate climate.

Cabbage is extremely hardy.

Germinate readily at 18 – 28 °C. High soil temperatures reduce and impair germination.

• • •

• • •

• The optimum soil temperature to initiate tuber growth is between 16 and 19 °C. • Cool night temperatures are important for the accumulation of carbohydrates in the tubers.

• Yields are higher when average daytime temperatures are about 21 °C.

• • •

• • • • • •

• •

Requires a fairly hot, dry climate.

Needs plenty of sunshine.

No excessive shading.

Does not survive frost.

Requires a cool, moist climate.

Temperatures between 10 and 21 °C are needed for good germination.

• High temperatures result in yellowish leaves.

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Soil requirements Deep, light, sandy loam is ideal.

Does not tolerate dry conditions.

Does not grow well in waterlogged or badly drained soil.

Requires fertile, sandy loam with high organic matter levels.

The soil’s pH should range between 6,4 and 6,8.

Soil that is too acidic or too alkaline will kill plants.

Requires a light, sandy soil.

Soil should be tilled thoroughly.

Use a moderate amount of fertiliser or compost.

For maximum sunshine, potato rows should run from north to south.

Requires rich soil.

Plenty of fertiliser should be added to poor soil.

• Is cultivated in sandy to heavy, well-drained soil which is rich in organic matter.

• A pH of 5,5 – 7,0 is required.

FLOWER CROPS The most important flower crops that are extensively produced in South Africa are fynbos, garden flowers and cut flowers. Fynbos is a unique vegetation that is mainly found in the South Western Cape, in a protected area called the Cape Floral Region. The Cape Floral Region is one of South Africa’s eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and is also known as the Cape Floral Kingdom/Cape Floristic Region. Garden flowers and cut flowers are produced throughout South Africa, mainly close to urban areas, and therefore close to markets. Agritourism is an important contributor to the economy of the Western Cape.

Ecotourism allows people to experience the amazing floral diversity of fynbos.

FYNBOS Fynbos is divided into three groups based on their leaf types: • Restios • Proteas • Ericas © Impaq

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FOR THE CURIOUS The best-known fynbos plant is the protea.

GARDEN FLOWERS Garden flowers are used locally and internationally as features to beautify landscapes, home gardens, towns and cities.

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CUT FLOWERS A cut flower is any flower that is cut from a plant and are ready to be used in fresh flower arrangements.

Basic climate and soil requirements of flower crops: Type of crop

Fynbos

Garden flowers

Cut flowers

Climatic requirements Soil requirements • Adapts well in a colder climate with • Most fynbos plants need a slightly wet winters and warm, dry summers. acidic soil with a pH between 5 and 6.

• Grows well in mineral-based soils that are low in phosphates and drain quickly.

• Requires a moderate climate with • Requires light, well-drained, fertile, cool, wet conditions, followed by a loamy soil mixtures that are rich in warm, dry season. organic matter.

• Extreme temperatures and excessive rainfall can damage flower crops.

• Climatic requirements vary • Ideal soil must have good aeration and according to the species. be easily drained, slightly acidic, and rich in organic matter with high water• Some species grow well in cool holding capacity. climates, while others prefer hot climates.

• Soils must be sterilised to protect against soil-borne diseases, pathogens and pests.

ECONOMIC VALUE OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS: The gross value of horticultural crops contributes about 25,7% of the total gross value of agricultural production.

• Commercial production of fruit for both canning and fresh fruit consumption. About 48,7% of deciduous fruit are exported, making it a major foreign exchange earner for South Africa.

• Commercial production of vegetables also contribute richly to the economy of South Africa.

• Proteas and roses are sought-after exports and earn major revenue for our economy. © Impaq

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REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL CROP PRODUCTION

CORE CONTENT Land is needed for the production of all materials for all aspects of human life and different human activities. From an economic viewpoint is land the most basic of resources. In the context of agriculture, land refers to a piece of earth used for farming and agricultural production.

• Land includes all natural resources.

• Labour includes all human resources.

• Capital includes all human-made resources, including money.

• Management includes all the structures that bring the previous resources together to efficiently produce outputs.

LAND The most basic function of land is to support life.

DEFINE Resource: Something that is used by humans to survive, to make a living or to create wealth.

Commodity: Something that has value, which can be exchanged, bartered or sold for a price, usually on a willing seller, willing buyer basis.

The most important functions of land: • It enables the production of food, fibre, fuel and other biotic materials for human use.

• It provides physical space for human settlements.

• It provides physical space for industries, recreation and transport links.

Examples of land uses for agricultural purposes: • Natural grazing • Dry-land agriculture • Irrigation farming • Plantations • Orchards • Vineyards • Feedlots

af.wikipedia.org

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LABOUR Labour refers to people and the work they do.

It can be described as the sum total of human, physical and mental effort to produce goods and services. There are two types of labour: • Physical effort • Mental effort Agriculture plays an important role in providing job opportunities, thereby helping to reduce unemployment in South Africa. smithfield-news.com/ 2009/ 08/ 02/

CAPITAL Capital includes anything needed to operate the farming enterprise. Capital is one of the pillars of agricultural production. Capital generally refers to money.

ASSETS Assets are physical items of economic value, which can be converted into cash if sold.

Land is an asset, as is all the machinery on the farm, the livestock and the crops in the fields.

CASH FLOW Cash flow refers to the money that comes into and goes out of the farmer’s bank account.

Money is needed to pay creditors, and the farmer must sell produce from the farm to bring in cash. The farmer may also borrow money from the bank.

TYPES OF CAPITAL: • Working capital is the money that is available to run the farm. The farmer needs working capital to pay wages, buy livestock, seed and fertiliser, and to pay any debts the farm incurs.

• Fixed capital includes equipment, buildings and any form of technology designed to increase the productive potential of the farm.

• Moveable capital is capital of a less permanent nature, such as livestock, farm implements, equipment and machinery.

• Natural capital is part of the natural world and its ecological systems. The river from which the farmer pumps water, the soil of the land and the rain that falls are all part of natural capital.

MANAGEMENT Management is the general term used for methods that are put in place to make a farm productive and profitable.

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DEFINE

Risk is the chance or threat of damage or any other negative occurrence.

Five basic principles of effective management: • Set goals.

• Plan how to achieve the goals.

• Allocate responsibility by deciding who will do what.

• Direct how things must be done.

• Ensure that results are achieved and that goals are reached.

REVISION •

• • • • • •

The most important production factors in agriculture are: o Land o Labour o Capital o Management Labour and capital cannot exist without land.

Labour is one of the cornerstones of agricultural productions.

Capital refers to money.

Cash flow refers to money moving into, through and out of the farming enterprise.

Capital is linked to production.

Risk is always an issue in farming.

ACTIVITY 1.1 1.1 1.2

Discuss the factors for successful crop production.

Complete the following table:

Type of crop Tropical fruit Subtropical fruit Deciduous fruit 1.3 1.4 1.5

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Climatic requirements   

(7) (14) Soil requirements

Explain the economic value of horticultural crops.

Explain the statement: “Fynbos is highly diverse vegetation.”

List the soil conditions required for the production of cut flowers.

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   (3) (2) (4)

Study Guide G10 ~ Agricultural Management Practices

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1.7

1.8

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In the context of agriculture, land refers to an area of earth used for farming and agricultural production.

Explain this statement and refer to the resources used.

(4) Define the terms: 1.7.1 Resource 1.7.2 Commodity 1.7.3 Risk 1.7.4 Management (4 x 2) = (8) Discuss the FOUR types of capital.

(8) TOTAL: 50

Lesson 1.2: Farming systems LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completing this lesson, you should have of: Farming systems based on: A. OUTPUT: • Subsistence farming • Commercial farming • Cash farming • Seed producers B. INPUT: • Labour intensive farming • Capital intensive farming C. SOIL USAGE: • Intensive farming • Extensive farming.

D. COMPONENTS: • Crop farming • Animal farming • Mixed farming • Specialised farming.

E. TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY: • Hand driven • Animal driven • Mechanised

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INTRODUCTION Productivity is important on any farm. A productive farm should be seen as a functional entity where livelihoods are important.

Farming methods differ from farmer to farmer and from country to country. In developing countries, many traditional farmers continue to apply their customary practices. But in highly industrialised countries, intensive cultivation and mechanised farming are common, as is the case with large plantations operated by multinational companies and by individuals having sufficient capital.

FARMING SYSTEMS BASED ON: A. OUTPUT SUBSISTENCE FARMING Subsistence farming is a form of agriculture that is intended to provide a self-sufficient lifestyle for the farmer and his family, as well as to provide in all they need to live simply and comfortably.

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Livestock and crop yields are usually small and just enough to support the family requirements, not for selling or trading. The surplus is not sold, but stored and used until the next harvest.

Subsistence farming is when crops and animals are produced by a farmer to feed his family, rather than selling it. Subsistence farmers usually grow crops rich in carbohydrates such as corn and produce no surplus for sales. They store the crop products for use during non-productive seasons. They usually also keep animals. These farms usually consist of only a few hectares and very little technology is used. The yield of animals and crops are usually low.

Subsistence farming has several characteristics that sets it apart from the major farming that is commonly practiced in modern times. Subsistence farmers mostly use simple hand tools such as shovels and wheelbarrows and implements powered by animals to cultivate Š Impaq

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