CBNW 2021-02

CBNW – Chemical, Biological & Nuclear Warfare

2021 | 02

2021 | 02

Escape the threat

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CONTENTS

08

18

05

40

Foreword Andy Oppenheimer examines shortcomings in the Covid-19 crisis.

06 08

Events & Advertisers

Terror at the Capitol Andy Oppenheimer analyses the January 6 insurrection.

12

EXPERT VIEW: Long-term resilience Dr Simon Harwood calls for a national emergency agency.

SPECIAL FOCUS: COVID-19

14

Vaccines vs the variants Col Zyg Dembek delivers an update on vaccination progress.

18

EVD and Covid Col Zyg Dembek compares response to Ebola with Covid-19.

61

Exercises in Lebanon Andrea D’Angelo & Lt Col Andrea Gloria report on CBRN interagency training.

of the hand-held RIID.

61

Casting Raman light on opioids Jose Jimenez rolls out a device to rapidly identify new psychoactive substances.

44

On the nuclear front line Pauline Gareau explains how to deal with radiological contamination.

64 66 68 70 73

47

A bubble for armoured vehicles Gautier Mallet introduces a new CBRN protection system.

51

Not in it to win it Martin Valovsky presents chemical detection options for the military.

54

Portable protection Tom Williams looks at respiratory protection for evolving threats.

57

The art of the normal Craig Duff relates the evolution

Mission Statement: Bertin Technologies.

Mission Statement: Cristanini S.p.A. Mission Statement: NBC-Sys. Mission Statement Tracerco.

Special Xplosive Supplement

▼

ii

Masking the problem David Oliver asks if wearing masks will become the norm.

X-ray integration for ROVs Lt Col Ludwig Pergovacz describes integration of portable X-Ray systems with ROVs.

vi

A storm has shaken the nation Col Ram Athavale analyses India’s tryst with Covid-19.

Beirut blast Andy Oppenheimer explains how AN storage rules were ignored.

x

Never cut a tripwire Rick Samples promotes booby trap awareness for investigators.

22

26

30

INTERVIEW: It’s the optics David Oliver meets Jon Page of leading German detection company BrukerOptik.

34

Controlling biothreats Dr. Syed Khurshid describes Pakistan’s journey to biosecurity.

36

Mass-casualty decon Kevin Cresswell asks if we are prepared for mass decon of ambulant casualties.

ON THE COVER

xiv Afterword Andy Oppenheimer presents a stark reminder that terrorism persists with variants.

COVER: Clothes pin device: when the tripwire is pulled, it will pull the insulator from between the electrical contacts, completing the firing circuit. ©Rampart Design Group, LLC

CBNW is published by React Media Publishing, 50 Summit Way, Southgate, London N14 7NP. Telephone: + 44 7411 559550 E-mail: tina@chembio.biz www.cbnw.co.uk

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ISSN 2051-6584. © React Media Publishing 2021. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, stored in an information retrieval system or transmitted in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of React Media. This publication has been prepared wholly upon information supplied by the contributors and while the publishers trust that its contents will be of interest to readers, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The publishers are unable to accept, and hereby expressly disclaim any liability for the consequences of any inaccuracies, errors or omissions in such information whether occurring during the processing of such information for publication or otherwise.

No representations, whether within the meaning of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 or otherwise, warranties or endorsements of any information contained herein are given or intended and full verification of all information appearing in the publication of the articles contained herein does not necessarily imply that any opinions therein are necessarily those of the publishers.

CBNW 2021/02 03

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FOREWORD

PANDEMIC? WHAT PANDEMIC?

B

y late July, 36 million adults in the UK had received two doses of Covid-19 Pfizer or Oxford-AstroZeneca vaccines.

This extraordinary achievement of rapid and consistently speedy rollout by the country’s National Health Service was in stark contrast to the many mistakes and delays that could be laid at the door of the British Government since the outbreak began around January 2020. Not least, the abject failure to grasp the very nature of a pandemic and not closing borders to stop it in its tracks.

Many involved in staunching the spread and effects of coronavirus and in formulating policy to deal with such a worldwide public health crisis had long warned that we are in the age of the infectious disease pandemic – and that this one, as it continues to rage well into 2021, could be followed by another. Despite these warnings, six months before coronavirus hit the UK, Prime Minister Boris Johnson axed a team of senior ministers – the Threats, Hazards, Resilience and Contingency Committee (THRCC) – charged with preparing the country for a pandemic.

A sub-committee of the National Security Council (NSC), THRCC was disbanded just a few days after the PM entered Downing Street – reportedly following advice from the Cabinet

Secretary to devote more ministerial time to Brexit.

A former Cabinet minister and member of THRCC stated the THRCC could have helped to Government to respond more quickly to the virus. It had particularly recommended stocking up on PPE. “Once the pandemic took hold in Italy... alarm bells would have been ringing. We would have stress-tested the Government’s contingency plans for dealing with a pandemic.” In July 2018 a Home Office report

by Defence Secretary Ben Wallace stated that a severe [influenza] outbreak was “one of the most significant civil emergency risks facing the UK… with the potential to cause hundreds of thousands of fatalities and cost the UK tens of billions of pounds. Significant outbreaks of disease are among the highest impact risks faced by any society, threatening lives and causing disruption to public services and the economy.”

In the US, the Trump Administration decided in 2018 to dismantle the National Security Council (NSC) Directorate for Global Health and Security and Biodefense set up by President Barack Obama charged with preparing for when, not if, another pandemic would strike. Trump’s elimination, along with budget cuts for the CDC, was due to his not accepting the threat of pandemics.

‘Goal 7’ of the Biden-Harris Administration’s National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness launched in January aims to “develop resilience against future biological catastrophes,” adding that “America’s withdrawal from the world stage has impeded progress on a global Covid-19 response and left the US more vulnerable to future pandemics.” Immediately on taking office, President Biden immediately restored Obama’s Global Health Security and Biodefense Directorate. With restrictions on social distancing and mask wearing gone by end July in the UK, and with the persistent spread of variants there and beyond, case numbers are set to go on rising. zy

In our Summer issue we deliver Covid-19 updates on vaccines, PPE and India from Zyg Dembek, Deputy Editor David Oliver and Ram Athavale; a review of the US January riots by Editor Andy Oppenheimer; detection advances from Craig Duff, Jose Jimenez and Martin Valovsky, and a report on major CBRN exercises in Lebanon from Andrea D’Angelo & Lt Col Andrea Gloria. Leading companies Proengin and Serb focus on mobile CBRN protection and radiological decon, and we meet Jon Page of leading German company BrukerOptik. In our Xplosive Supplement Rick Samples highlights the dangers of tripwires, Lt Col Ludwig Pergovacz explains how to integrate portable X-ray systems with ROVs, and Andy Oppenheimer analyses the Beirut explosion. And as ever, we at CBNW extend our thanks to all of you who keep us safe in these difficult times.

CBNW 2021/02 05

ADS INDEX EVENTS – 2021

7-9

SEPTEMBER

7-9

SEPTEMBER

8

SEPTEMBER

14-16

SEPTEMBER

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Demining and EOD Seminar Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina intelligence-sec.com/events/deminingandeodseminar2021/

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BRUKER OPTIK GMBH

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JACOBI CARBON GROUP

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5-7

NCT Europe 2021 Joint NBC Defense School, Rieti, Italy

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nct-events.com/event/nct-cbrneeurope-2021

www.paulboye.com

OCTOBER

12-14 OCTOBER

2

NOVEMBER

30-2

SEPTEMBER – DECEMBER

7

DECEMBER

9-10

DECEMBER 06 CBNW 2021/02

nct-events.com

NBC SYS + Mission Statement

PAUL BOYE TECHNOLOGIES

43

PROENGIN

49

PROQARES BV

21

www.proengin.com www.proqares.com

RIGAKU

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intelligence-sec.com/events/cbrnesummit-usa-2021-2/

www.serb.eu

IBC

SEC TECHNOLOGIES

29

SERB SA

45

SERSTECH AB

IFC

VC SECURITY

Xplosive

www.serstec.com www.visiconsult.de

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TELEDYNE FLIR

11

TKR

39

Z-MAC-CARD

39

CBRNE Summit Europe Brno, Czechia

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intelligence-sec.com/events/cbrnesummit-europe-2021/

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NCT Virtual Hub – Future Trends in CBRN Decon Online

68/69 72

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nct-events.com

70/71

NOVO DR

CBRNE Summit USA Las Vegas Nevada

NCT Virtual Hub – Mine Action and EOD: The Way Ahead Online

13

59

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7

OBC

KROMEK LTD

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NCT Virtual Hub – Italy’s response to COVID-19: Lessons Learned Online

66/67

25

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NCT EUROPE

xiii ix

17

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TERRORISM On 6 January 2021, a mob of supporters of former US President Donald Trump stormed the Capitol building while lawmakers were counting the Electoral College votes from the 2020 presidential election, which Trump lost. Five died and two more police officers subsequently committed suicide; 150 Capitol and 65 Washington DC police officers were injured. Trump was impeached, accused of inciting the riot, and acquitted. By mid-July, 535 faced charges by Federal

Andy Oppenheimer looks into the lack of police and military response to the worst-ever domestic terror attack on the US seat of government

prosecutors in the “the most complex investigation ever prosecuted by the Department of Justice” Insurrection

The armed mob of up to 30,000 included many aligned with the QAnon conspiracy theory movement as well as assorted militias and the virulently racist, White Supremacist and antisemitic Proud Boys and Oath Keepers extremist groups.

Rioters deployed CS gas, pepper spray, bear spray, hockey sticks, baseball bats, metal flag poles, guns and tasers. Police officers suffered chemical burns. The officer that was killed in the riot was sprayed with a chemical irritant. Members of Congress had to evacuate or barricade themselves in offices.

The FBI continues to seek at least 250 more believed to have committed assaults on police officers or other violent acts on the Capitol grounds. Bodycam videos show extreme violence wrought on officers. Many wore military combat kit, including stolen riot gear, By mid-June at least 440 were charged with entering or remaining in a restricted building or grounds; 100 with assault on officers or employees or with resisting or impeding them, of whom 40 with using a deadly or dangerous weapon; 25 defendants with destroying government property. lÀ >900 search warrants in nearly every state lÀ >15,000 hours of surveillance and body-worn camera footage lÀ 1,600 electronic devices lÀ hundreds of text messages from multiple providers lÀ 270,000 tips and 80,000 witness interviews

“January 6 was not an isolated event.

The problem of domestic terrorism has been metastasising across the country for a long time now, and it’s not going away any time soon."

FBI DIRECTOR CHRISTOPHER WRAY, US CAPITOL HEARINGS

Response: too little, too late

Why was the response so ineffective, given that jihadist threats are so high on US counter-terror policy priorities, and police response to other protests is substantial? There were 14 federal and local law enforcement agencies in the Capitol response.

Thousands of angry rioters were allowed near the Capitol. In 8 CBNW 2021/02

Terror THE IEDS

At 12:49 p.m. Capitol Police responded to a report of a possible explosive device at the Republican National Committee Headquarters, later identified as a pipe bomb. Shortly afterwards, a second pipe bomb was found at the Democratic National Committee HQ. Adjacent buildings were evacuated. They were rendered safe, believed to be deployed at the edge of the security perimeter the night before as a ‘come-on’ to distract police resources – a classic IRA and other terror group M.O. There was also at least one vehicle packed with guns, ammunition and explosives.

Reports on the IEDs were overshadowed by the riot itself. Video footage emerged of a person carrying a backpack in an alley one block from the Capitol grounds. The metal-pipe bombs incorporated mechanical kitchen timers, low-explosive black powder, and power supply – all readily available components.

They were viable devices. Shared manuals on IED making were found.

No arrests had been made as of late July.

TERRORISM

The 6 January 2021 storming of the United States Capitol involved a plethora of extremist right-wing groups, many of them tooled up and a considerable number, military trained. ©Tyler Merbler/Wikimedia

at the Capitol the hearings that commenced in February, the blame game began: bad communications, bad intelligence, bad leadership.

Among top Capitol security officials who resigned after the riot were former Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Michael Stenger, former House Sergeant-at-Arms Paul Irving, former U.S. Capitol Police chief Steven Sund, and the acting chief of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia, Robert Contee.

He stated that “a clear lack of accurate and complete intelligence across several federal agencies contributed to this event and not poor planning by the United States Capitol Police." Capitol security officials blamed intelligence failures for the breach. Sund said he was prepared for a protest, not "a military-style coordinated assault."

Retired officer Keith McFaden said only a very small number of Capitol Police officers — the "civil disturbance units" — were trained and equipped to deal with extremists and their equipment was "outdated.”

National Guard: “bad optic”

In March D.C. National Guard chief, Maj Gen William Walker testified that Guardsmen were ready to move on the Capitol.

Sund’s frantic call said the Pentagon perimeter had been breached. Three hours and 19 minutes elapsed before Walker gained the ultimate approval of military aid by the Pentagon.

He said DoD chiefs believed Guardsmen presence was a “bad optic” that would incite rather than prevent violence.

Sund has requested National Guard assistance two days before the riot, and again as the rioters began pushing through the metal barricades. Only by nightfall had 1,700 additional officers from 18 federal agencies arrived on the scene and the entire DC National Guard activated.

A predictable attack

As Sund said, no civilian police force was equipped to repel the massive violent crowd that attacked America’s seat of government that day. Neverthless, former Senate Sergeant-atArms Michael Stenger said, “We all agreed the intelligence did not support calling in the troops.”

The Department of Homeland Security did not act on the intelligence. It is claimed the FBI did not sound the alarm to those in charge. But FBI Chief Christopher Wray said this had been issued the day before and that he had repeatedly warned about the dangers of right-wing domestic extremism. That aside, the US media began reporting an increased threat of violence in the days leading up to the riot. House Managers said the attack was predictable. In all, there was a severe lack of pre-emptive policy or preparedness with regard to the far-Right threat and  disorder.

CBNW 2021/02 9

TERRORISM

"Of the multitude of events I've worked in my nearly 19year career in the department, this was by far the worst of the worst… We could have had ten times the amount of people working with us, and I still believe the battle would have been just as devastating."

CAPITOL POLICE CAPT CARNEYSHA MENDOZA

Collusion

By June, 51 arrested included former and current members of the military. They include one active duty service member, four current part-time troops in the Army Reserve or National Guard, and 45 ex-military; 22 served in the US Marines,

18 are ex-Army, two ex-Navy, and two, ex-USAF. At least 12 were either former police officers or were employed as law enforcement officers as well as one current firefighter and one retired firefighter. Four employed Police officers ©TapTheForwardAssist/Wikimedia

have since been fired and 29 placed under internal investigation. Prosecutors have charged at least one former police chief.

When Police applied teargas to the rioters many assumed police were ‘on their side’ and called them traitors while attacking and wounding many police officers.

FBI Director Christopher Wray has said the role of social media in validating and uniting violent rhetoric and mobilisation continues to be of rising concern.

Homegrown groups have access to weapons and locations beyond the reach of international terrorists. The FBI was not tasked with monitoring online exhortations by extremists to bring weapons to the protest.

The crowd that stormed the Capitol could have been even more heavily armed, given the plethora of gun ownership in the US. Increased efforts will be needed to tackle domestic terrorism from the far Right – which, like other terror groups, may fade momentarily into the background but will resurge given half the chance. ❚❙ Left: The marauding crowd of Trump supporters marching on the US Capitol ultimately led to the building being breached, seven deaths, and hundreds of police officers injured.

Below: Police used teargas on the rioters, who were deploying pepper spray, CS gas, and bear spray. Several officers suffered chemical burns. ©Tyler Merbler/Wikimedia

10 CBNW 2021/02

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EXPERT VIEW

LONG-TERM

RESILIENCE

T

Dr Simon Harwood explains how government should rethink national security threats and calls for a national emergency agency

he coronavirus pandemic has exposed our vulnerabilities – as individuals, in society, within businesses, and as a nation state. It has demonstrated that threats are interconnected – how a pandemic can impact house prices, lead to food shortages, or adversely, improve air quality.

Currently, threats facing the UK at home and abroad are assessed on a national security risk register, which looks at the calculated likelihood of them happening at the present time against their potential impact if they did.

Risks are categorised, including whether they are viewed as domestic, foreign, natural or man-made. This is inadequate for the complexity of the modern world, where risks cannot be viewed in isolation and are at best linked, if not actually systemic in the way in which they connect.

For example, a cyber-attack will be listed separately from a perceived physical threat, such as the UK power grid going down. But, if the power grid does go down, it is quite likely to have

12 CBNW 2021/02

been caused by a cyber-attack. Likewise, there are connections to be made between terrorism and the natural world. Imagine a terrorist group blows up a dam, causing a flood. Was the risk the terrorist attack, or the environmental catastrophe of the flood? The answer – it was both.

We need to move towards a model and open dialogue of anticipatory risk planning – or a national resilience assessment. That is, a permanent orientation towards understanding and embracing the risks we face, not just in the short-term, but in the medium to long-term as well – the long term being 30-plus years.

This would allow people who respond to be better prepared, empowering policy-makers and regulators to make informed decisions, and better enable industry and the public to undertake robust resilience planning.

I believe this calls for leadership and decision-making from a dedicated national body capable of working nationally, internationally and globally.

This new ‘national emergency agency’ would not only determine the likelihood

of different threats occurring, but also take responsibility for understanding to what extent they could be mitigated, setting out how that could be achieved, and ensuring a plan for recovery in the worst circumstances.

This body would act as a source for public information and – crucially – highlight areas for new and emerging research and development to look at some of the risks and resilience.

Of course, there is no business case for any of this – we’re talking about low-probability events and a high cost of implementation. But we must start assessing where we must mitigate risks we face rather than just simply building an ever-growing list of risks. There must be a better way we can work together to protect this country. ❚❙ Dr Simon Harwood has worked for Her Majesty’s Government as well as in the private defence sector prior to entering academia. He is currently Director of Defence and Security at Cranfield University.

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COVID-19: VACCINES Col Zyg Dembek delivers an update on progress in the vaccination effort and asks if we can look to a Covid-free future By mid-June 2021, almost 42% of the US population had been fully vaccinated against Covid-19, with about 52% having received one vaccine dose. In the UK, approximately 78% of the adult population had received one Covid vaccine dose, with about 66% of the population having received both doses of the two-dose vaccine

C

ompare these vaccination rates to Russia, where only 8% of the population had been vaccinated by the end of April.

A recent survey indicates that a staggering 62% of the population do not plan on being vaccinated.

India, where Covid now appears to be raging out of control, had about 13% of its population vaccinated as of mid-May, and had suffered over 412,000 Covid deaths by the end of July.

symptomatic illness from the B.1.1.7 variant, and 88% effective against the B.1.617.2 variant.

The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was 66% effective against symptomatic illness from the B.1.1.7 variant after two vaccine doses, and 60% effective against the B.1.617.2 variant. Three weeks after a single vaccine dose, both vaccines were 50% effective against symptomatic illness from the B.1.1.7 variant, and 33% effective against the B.1.617.2 variant.

Notably, mixing doses of AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccine in the UK led to more frequent fevers, chills, and aches in those 50 years or older.

Vaccines vs

All photos ©US Department of Defense

SARS-CoV-2 variants

There has been considerable concern regarding the existing efficacy of the vaccines against newly-evolving SARSCoV-2 virus variants. Many of these variants have genetic changes enabling them to become more highly infective, with increases in transmissibility or disease severity.

The B.1.1.7 variant, first detected in the UK last December, is now the most common form of SARS-CoV-2 virus circulating in the US. The B.1.617.2 variant, first detected in India last December, has become more prevalent in the UK, where it accounted for a staggering 91% of Covid infections in mid-June.

Both variants appear to be more readily transmissible from person-toperson than the earlier circulating SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Pfizer & AstraZeneca

A recent comparison of Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines against symptomatic Covid-19 infections from the B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2 variants showed that two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was 93% effective against 14 CBNW 2021/02

By early March 2021, most Covid cases in Qatar were from B.1.351 and B.1.1.7.

For B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variants, an 89.5% efficacy against Covid infection was observed 14 days after the second vaccine dose. For the B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant, a 75% efficacy against Covid infection was observed 14 days after the second vaccine dose.

Importantly, the Pfizer vaccine protected against severe outcomes from any SARS-CoV-2 variant with a 97.4% efficacy. A recent Pfizer-University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston study demonstrated that newly-emerged variants B.1.526, B.1.429, B.1.1.7, and

Soldiers from the Ohio National Guard reach a milestone: administering their 100,000th dose of Covid-19 vaccine at Wolstein Community Vaccination Center in Cleveland, Ohio.

COVID-19: VACCINES B.1.351 remain susceptible to vaccineelicited neutralising antibody.

Novavax vs B.1.351 variant

A Phase 2 trial conducted in South Africa shows that Novavax vaccine demonstrates a 51% efficacy against symptomatic Covid-19 infection from the B.1.351 variant over a 12-month follow-up period. Prior infection with non-B.1.351 strain did not appear protective against B.1.351 virus during the first two months of follow-up.

Moderna vs B.1.351 variants

A variant strain-matched Covid vaccine booster shot given to fully vaccinated individuals increased neutralising antibodies against B.1.351, when compared to booster doses with the original vaccine.

the Variants

A US National Guard medic administers a shot at a mass vaccination clinic at Oregon Convention Center in Portland, Oregon.

Vaccination alone not enough?

A recent modelling study of vaccination strategies in the US shows that vaccinations alone cannot stop the spread of Covid-19 and its variants. This study advises that strict social distancing measures remain in place until sufficient population immunity is achieved.

Unfortunately, with the summer weather, many US states no longer require mask-wearing and other social distancing measures, perhaps inviting a Covid resurgence. In the UK donning masks and social distancing will not be required in many situations beyond 19 July. Minimal or no social distancing indoors began in April.

Prior infection with Covid-19

An Italian study showed that once infected with Covid-19, the risk of reinfection is very low. Natural immunity may provide protection for at least one year following initial infection, similar to the protective effects of Covid-19 vaccination.

A recent small (<1,000 subjects) UK study conducted in healthcare workers found that those with prior Covid-19 infection had an increased risk of experiencing an adverse event following their first dose of Pfizer vaccine. Prior infection was associated with greater Covid-19 vaccine symptoms and severity.

Women and younger individuals were more likely to experience adverse events, which commonly included fever, fatigue and myalgia.

Brazil’s Project S

A recent mass vaccination experiment CBNW 2021/02 15

COVID-19: VACCINES (‘Project S’) took place in Brazil from February to-April 2021, using China’s CoronaVac vaccine. The goal was to assess effectiveness of mass vaccination with CoronaVac on community spread of Covid-19.

CoronaVac had low efficacy in clinical trials with a two-dose average efficacy of 50%. Vaccination was made available to residents of Serrana, a small town of 45,000, at a time when eligibility restrictions in Brazil would have prevented vaccination.

At the beginning of Project S, 5% of residents were infected and nearly 25% had previously been infected. The

An airman assembles syringes for distribution of Covid-19 vaccine in the pharmacy of the federally supported vaccination centre at Ford Field, Detroit in May 2021, designed to vaccinate up to 6,000 community members per day.

UK BOOSTER TRIALS

A US Navy officer draws Covid-19 vaccine into a syringe aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt in April 2021.

population was divided into four groups based on their location and community interaction. The town was never isolated or restricted from inter-city travel.

After the first eight weeks, 96% of the first 27,000 eligible residents had received two doses. By the time the third group received the second dose, 75% of the eligible population was vaccinated.

As a result, symptomatic cases decreased by 80%, hospitalisation decreased by 86% and deaths fell by 95%.

This study demonstrates that even a vaccine with low efficacy can be used to control Covid-19 spread. Prior infection combined with increased vaccination may have helped to push the town towards herd immunity.

Breakthrough infections

A recent US CDC study examined ‘breakthrough infections’ of those fully vaccinated (at least two weeks after the second vaccine dose) – and from whom SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen can be detected in a respiratory specimen.

16 CBNW 2021/02

From January through April 2021, some 10,262 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections were identified in the US, out of about 101 million fully vaccinated individuals. Of these infected individuals, 27% were asymptomatic, 10% were hospitalised, and 2% died.

The median age of those who died was 82 years, and 18% of these died from causes unrelated to the disease.

Vaccine breakthroughs are expected, and comprise a very small number of Covid-19 cases. From 1 May only those vaccine breakthrough cases resulting in hospitalisation or death were tracked.

Towards a Covid-free future?

While Western nations are slowly inching towards achieving herd immunity through a combination of vaccination, social distancing measures, and recovered Covid-19 cases, many nations continue to struggle. It remains an ongoing effort to manufacture and distribute enough vaccines globally while new SARS-CoV-2 variants continue

Vaccine booster trials have begun in the UK. Seven different vaccines will be included in this study, to be conducted at 16 sites in England. This will be the first trial to accumulate data on a third vaccine dose, and is planned to involve 2,886 patients aged 30 years and older.

This third vaccine dose will be given a minimum of ten to twelve weeks from the second vaccine dose. Along with standard vaccine side-effect monitoring, blood samples will be collected and tested for immune responses at days 28, 48, 308 and 365.

Vaccines included in this trial are those manufactured by Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Novavax, Valneva, Janssen and Curevac. The initial trial data anticipated in September 2021 should help to inform a vaccine booster programme in the UK. to evolve among those stricken with this virus. The global fight against this deadly pandemic continues, and the final tally of the role that vaccination has in defeating it has yet to be written. ❚❙ Col (Ret) Zygmunt F. Dembek is an epidemiologist and biochemist. He has written extensively on biodefence and has conducted pandemic preparedness exercises worldwide.

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NCT Europe 5–7 OCTOBER 2021

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COVID-19: RESPONSE

EVD and Covid: Col Zyg Dembek compares operations in combating Ebola Virus Disease with Covid-19 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

In 2020 the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) faced two major infectious disease outbreaks: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) and Covid-19.

From August 2018 to June 2020, 3,481 EVD cases and 2,299 deaths were confirmed. In June 2020 that outbreak was declared to have ended due to a large coordinated national and international medical and healthcare intervention

A

nother Ebola outbreak occurred again in the DRC during February 2021.

Following rapid government intervention, that outbreak was quickly ended by May. In this latest outbreak, 11 confirmed and one probable EVD case occurred, with six deaths. This was officially the twelfth Ebola outbreak recorded in the DRC.

The DRC’s EVD experience

A benefit from having years of first-hand experience responding to Ebola outbreaks in the DRC are the in-country health agency’s quick-response medical capacity. Also, having thousands of doses

Travellers in the Congolese city of Goma filed through the Petite Barriere, the border crossing between the DRC and Rwanda.

CDC responders helped Congolese authorities battle the outbreak that began in August 2018.

18 CBNW 2021/02

Screeners use an infrared thermometer to look for signs of fever in travellers in Mubambiro, near Goma, DRC in August 2019.

of an Ebola vaccine stockpile remaining from the 2018-2020 EVD outbreak enabled health officials to quickly end this year’s Ebola outbreak.

The latest DRC health statistics as of May 2021 list more than 22,000 Covid-19 cases and 144 deaths. Notably, the recorded Covid-19 death rates in the DRC (0.6%) pale in comparison to those from Ebola during the 2018-2020 EVD outbreak (66%). In other words, recorded Covid-19 deaths in the DRC were one-one thousandth of those caused by EVD. So why should Covid-19 be a concern?

Comparing EVD with Covid

One notable difference between

©CDC

©CDC

COVID-19: RESPONSE

the DRC experience vaccination campaigns for EVD and Covid-19 is that, for EVD, the vaccination goal was to first identify those most at risk for EVD, and then to conduct ring vaccination among the immediate geographic population to stop spread of EVD. Fortunately, Ebola virus cannot be transmitted from person-to-person via aerosolisation from a sneeze or cough as can the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes Covid-19. The slower spread of EVD also matters. EVD is transmitted only by direct contact with bodily fluids from an infected individual, albeit placing healthcare workers and immediate family members at risk. And as noted above, the consequences of having EVD are overall more fatal than for Covid-19.

An important distinction of Covid-19 vaccination campaigns is the goal to vaccinate as much of the population as possible in a short period of time.

This can help to halt SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission, with a preferable total vaccination of up to 70% of the national population. Since Covid-19 is particularly transmitted via the aerosol route, the general public is placed at greater risk

from an infected individual. Covid-19 therefore spreads more rapidly than EVD, but is less fatal.

Given the circulation of new variant strains of SARS-CoV-2, including from Brazil, South Africa and the UK, many having the potential to spread Covid-19 more rapidly – it is imperative to have as many people successfully vaccinated against Covid-19 as possible. Current research shows that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is protective against the UK variant and protects against severe illness from the South Africa variant.

COVAX vaccination

Unsurprisingly, healthcare workers involved in these respective public health intervention programmes in the DRC have been prioritised to receive Ebola and Covid-19 vaccines. In March 2021, over 1.7 million of almost six million allocated doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine (also known as Vaxzevria and Covishield) arrived in the DRC through the Covid-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX).

The COVAX international vaccine equitable distribution programme had

distributed over 59 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine by May 2021. Altogether 42 of 54 African countries have joined the COVAX programme and received over 18 million Covid-19 vaccine doses among them.

The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine constitutes 90% of the vaccine supplied

by COVAX to Africa. The COVAX programme’s goal is to vaccinate 20% of the continent’s population by the end of 2021, with 90 million doses (the initial 3%) allocated for healthcare workers.

Covid-19 in Africa

By mid-May 2021 there had been around 4.7 million Covid-19 cases and over 125,000 deaths reported from all of Africa. An issue for most African nations is the potential for Covid-19 case and death under-reporting, leaving the actual case and death numbers unknown.

This is notable when one considers that the total Covid-19 case numbers for the entire African continent are about the same as in the UK, and the number of deaths reported, by mid-May, was lower than that for the UK’s June total of 130,000 Covid-19 deaths.

An aeromedical evacuation technician with the 375th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron, Scott Air Force Base, Ill. straps a simulated Ebola patient to a litter during a training exercise in October 2019. The Transport Isolation System is used to transport Ebola patients to one of three designated hospitals in the US.

©US DoD/Senior Airman Megan Munoz

CBNW 2021/02 19

COVID-19: RESPONSE Vaccine hesitancy

One of the largest problems for the DRC’s national healthcare officials is to overcome vaccine hesitancy among the country’s population, along with logistical problems preventing getting the vaccine into the arms of the population.

As of mid-May 2021, only about 5,000 people had been vaccinated for Covid-19 among the DRC’s population of almost 90 million. This necessitated 1.3 million of the vaccine doses received in March to be redistributed to other African nations for use prior to their expiration in June.

Concerns over rare blood clotting that occurred in Europe from the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine have not helped vaccine marketing for COVAX vaccine distribution.

With the initial announcement of concerns for blood clotting from Oxford-

A CDC scientist reviews a plate of serological test samples to detect antibodies which indicate past infection with coronavirus.

©CDC

Left: A US Navy officer prepares multiple swab samples for Covid-19 testing at the Naval Medical Research Unit (NAMRU) in Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti, in April 2021. NAMRU has conducted thousands of lab tests since Spring 2020 to support military personnel deployed to Africa.

community mistrust of UN peacekeepers, allegations of improper use of funds, government and non-locals all impeded government response and EVD vaccination activities. These issues may also impede Covid-19 vaccination efforts.

Patchy prevention

©DoD

AstraZeneca vaccine, some European countries restricted vaccine distribution to certain age groups or else gave away their vaccine supply altogether.

Following thorough investigation of this rare blood clotting disorder, the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine is now authorised for distribution in over 144 countries worldwide. Serious adverse events with this vaccine are notably quite rare, with only 455 out of nearly two million vaccine doses associated with an anaphylaxis-related adverse vaccine reaction. But this information alone does not alleviate public opinions of government mistrust, particularly once they – and other risible theories – have become widespread on social media platforms.

Recession and crime

The Covid-19 pandemic has helped to cause Africa’s first economic recession in 20 CBNW 2021/02

25 years. Different infectious diseases can have different economic effects, unrelated to case numbers. The moderately lethal but highly transmissible Covid-19 triggered a steep economic downturn.

Urban areas in the DRC have undergone sizeable effects on livelihoods, in part driven by substantial job losses. This is reflective of both national and international policies enacted to contain the Covid-19 pandemic.

It must also be noted that violence has been a persistent problem in the DRC, particularly in conflict zones. More than 100 armed groups operate in eastern regions of the DRC, where EVD outbreaks have reoccurred. Numerous attacks on healthcare facilities and response workers occurred in areas having active EVD transmission.

The use of security forces for protection of Ebola response workers,

Use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) can also prevent the spread of Covid-19. A recent study in the DRC found moderate adherence to Covid-19 preventive measures. Facemask use remained low and physical distancing was often not respected. Enforcing physical distancing may be difficult in an African cultural setting, but should not impact facemask use.

Factors such as housing conditions, employment, and educational level all affect adherence to NPIs. It has been recommended that influential DRC stakeholders, including leaders from the education sector, religion, media, and politicians, should be directly involved in Covid-19 response to increase efficiency of a Covid-19 prevention campaign.

The DRC now faces the Covid-19 pandemic with a national experience and confidence built on their renewed capacity from successfully defeating Ebola outbreaks twice in as many years.

Other nations can learn much from their resiliency and dedication in defeating outbreaks of deadly viral pathogens. ❚❙

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Our company is built upon years of experience and specialized knowledge. With state-of-the-art equipment and access to chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and a wide range of industrial chemicals ProQares is a leading expert in material swatch testing, system testing and on-site testing. We can even develop tailor-made tests according to your specifications and requirements. And together with the responsible quality and safety expert, ProQares can set up a dedicated quality program for the future as well.

As a result, companies and governments worldwide rely on our high standard of knowledge and high quality data. our flexible, independent and fast data delivery has resulted in exceptional trust from manufacturers and end-users.

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COVID-19: PPE

Masking

CBNW Deputy Editor David Oliver delivers an update on PPE in the second year of the Covid-19 pandemic and asks if the wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE), and face masks in particular, will become the norm in most countries

In more than 45 countries you have to wear face masks in public places, with notable exceptions being the UK and most of the United States, while in most Asian countries wearing them is already the norm

22 CBNW 2021/02

COVID-19: PPE

the problem Left: Single-use Fluid Resistant Surgical Masks (FRSM) are universally used as face covering.

Below: The wearing of disposable FFP2 face masks is mandatory in a growing number of countries. ©Crown Copyright ©Crown Copyright

Left: Improvised face coverings are no longer recommended and in some countries they have to be swapped for FFP2 masks. ©US Army

T

here have been various conflicting opinions on whether or not face masks can prevent the transmission of Covid-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARSCoV-2. The World Health Organization (WHO) admits there is some evidence to suggest they can prevent infections, but do not explicitly recommend them.

Instead, WHO says masks should be worn by those who are feeling unwell and are coughing and sneezing, as well as those caring for an infected person.

in hospitals or medical practices.

France, Italy, Spain and Germany were top mask performers where they are required across the board on public transport, and in shops. According to research, over 96% of Spanish respondents always wore a face mask outside, while a significant share of respondents in the Nordic countries had not worn a face mask at all.

Europe: varied policies

France and the variants

By January 2021 significant differences still existed between European countries in terms of wearing a face mask outside to protect the individual and others from Covid-19. These resulted mainly from the differing legislation in the countries concerning masks.

Austria was the first European country to make its citizens swap their cloth face coverings for medical-grade FFP2 masks, which are now mandatory for those aged over fourteen on public transport, shops, businesses and pharmacies as well as

Masks are compulsory in all indoor public spaces in France from restaurants to cinemas as well as on the streets in around 400 towns and cities, but the government guidance says that only that a mask fully covering the nose and mouth must be worn. People caught without masks or wearing masks

incorrectly face a €135 fine.

CBNW 2021/02 23

COVID-19: PPE There was no distinction in the government advice between fabric or surgical masks, although individual businesses are free to impose their own conditions.

Faced with two new and relatively unfamiliar variants of the coronavirus, which were first discovered in the UK and South Africa respectively, France's health advisory council (Haute Conseil de la Santé Publique HCPS) amended its advice to the public for wearing protective face masks.

‘Masques du grand public’

In January 2021, the HCPS decided that cloth masks, preferred by many because they can be re-used, did not guarantee sufficient protection against the new Covid-19 variants.

The Council's recommendation is to wear a Category 1 mask, rather than Category 2 masks which are those that have been proved to filter more than 70% of particles. Known as “masques du grand public” (masks for the general public) these are mostly cloth masks and were the ones advised to the general public last spring, but they remain common.

Category 1 masks are those that filter more than 90% of particles.

These include the FFP2 filter masks, the blue single-use surgical masks and certain types of fabric masks that meet specifications.

The issue with fabric masks is that most are made in France rather than imported, and many of them do not display filtration levels enabling the user to know which category they fall in.

The Council advised against purchasing medical-grade FFP2 masks, the most protective ones, as they are less easy to wear correctly and lose efficiency when not worn properly.

Health staff, who use these masks, are trained in how to wear them correctly.

Greece, Hungary, Israel, RSA, UAE

In all areas of Greece, it is mandatory to wear a mask in all public places both indoors and outdoors.

In Hungary it is mandatory to wear a face mask on public transport and taxis, in shops, health and social care institutions, and public offices.

Compliance with the rules is monitored and violators can face a fine.

Amid a new spike in post-lockdown Covid cases in late June, the Israeli government more than doubled the fines for not wearing a mask in public, to $146. Unlike some leaders, PM Benjamin Netanyahu has steadily worn a mask in public.

24 CBNW 2021/02

Above: Moulded FFP2 masks are valved for protection against liquid particles and prolonged used by medical staff. ©Draegar

In South Africa not wearing a mask in a public place is punishable by a fine or up to six months in prison. Wearing masks in public has been mandatory in the United Arab Emirates since April 2020.

The UK: four nations

In the UK each nation has different rules. These will have changed after 19 July. In England you must wear face covering by law in indoor settings such as public transport, shops, restaurants and pubs, and visitor attractions and entertainment venues. The police has enforcement powers, including issuing fines of £200.

Secondary schools in England require face coverings in communal areas and classrooms where social distancing of 2 m is not possible. They are also recommended in early years and primary schools, for staff and adult visitors where social distancing is not possible.

In Scotland all secondary school pupils should wear face coverings in corridors and communal areas, and senior pupils and their teachers must wear them in class.

In Wales face coverings are recommended in high schools when social distancing is "unlikely to be maintained" while in Northern Ireland face coverings must be worn in the corridors of post-primary schools and on public and school transport.

There are no guidance of what type of face covering should be worn, although in Scotland mask rules around care homes and hospitals have been changed with staff, patients and visitors in Scottish NHS facilities asked to wear official disposable Fluid Resistant Surgical Masks (FRSM) instead of any other type of face covering.

Two face masks are likely to reduce Covid-19 spread, but there is a lack of research into the topic and the increased discomfort may mean people are put off wearing two, fiddle with the mask more, or do not wear it properly.

The WHO’s latest advice is to make wearing a mask a normal part of being around other people. The appropriate use, storage and cleaning or disposal of masks are essential to make them as effective as possible, but there is still no international consensus on where to wear them or which type is most effective. ❚❙

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COVID-19: INDIA

“A STORM has shaken the nation” Col Ram Athavale discusses India’s tryst with the second wave of Covid-19

©Sumita Roy Dutta/CC BY-SA 4.0

India recorded its first Covid-19 case on 30 January 2020 in the southern state of Kerala. The first wave peaked in October 2020, when the maximum daily cases were nearly 90,000 per day. By 14 July 2021 the world’s second most populous country had 30,946,074 total cases and more than 411,400 deaths

W

hen will it end? That is the question everyone is asking about Covid-19.

Having emerged in ‘Patient Zero’ of Wuhan around November 2019, it took just twelve weeks for this deadly virus to bring the world to a halt.

In India, initial shortages of PPE, masks and ventilators were at first overcome by rapid home production and imports. While overstretched, health infrastructure coped with the then heavy surge. Cases came down to about 10,000 per day by February 2021 and the general mood was that of a victory over Covid-19.

The second surge

Since almost a year ago, experts had been predicting and warning of a second 26 CBNW 2021/02

surge. Anticipating the lull and the inevitable complacency, many experts urged the Administration to take stock and build adequacy in all related fields to meet the surge.

The vaccine roll-out since Jan 2021 in age-based phases began and the process was well organised. Then in March 2021, India was hit by the second wave. This surge overcame the government, healthcare system and population at large with a severity very few had imagined.

Within a few days India had a near-vertical spike in its daily case load.

Covid-19 deaths soared from 68,000 at end March 2021 to an all-time high of 414,433 on 6 May. By 22 May 2021 there were 26,289,290 total cases and more than 295,525 deaths, based on official data from the Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare. In fact, India sadly maintained more than 300,000 daily cases and a daily death rate of more than 3,800 for more than a fortnight in May 2021.

This super-surge took the Administration and healthcare infrastructure by supreme surprise. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has described the second wave as a "storm" that has "shaken the nation."

Why the steep surge?

The relatively mild first wave (by global standards) and the favourable dip in cases bolstered the Government to declare a victory of sorts. The administrative mechanism and economy had survived and resurged throughout 2020. The handling of the pandemic was praised and state ‘models’ were being touted as gold standards in management of the pandemic.

However, by mid-February 2021 cases took a sharp vertical trend. Key reasons for the present dire situation include: Virus variants. By February 2021, it looked as if multiple variants were behind a series of surges in India.

COVID-19: INDIA

Left: Stranded migrant workers wait to return to their villages.

Right: Family members of Covid-19 patients wait outside an oxygen-filling centre to refill their empty cylinders in New Delhi.

Below: The Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Covid Care Centre in New Delhi was reopened for the second wave with 500 beds on 26 April 2021.

©OneIndia.com

©WHO

Genomic data collected by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) indicated that variant B.1.1.7, first identified in the UK, was dominant.

By end March, the ICMR stated that a new variant B.1.617 had become the faster-spreading, more persistent and dominant strain across India. The variant soon spread to about 40 nations, including the UK, Fiji and Singapore.

Vaccine phases. For many years, India has been the world’s largest producer of vaccines. It began its Covid-19 vaccination drive for its 1.3 billion population in January. The World Health Organisation (WHO) hailed Indian vaccine exports and donations as saviours.

As in many countries, the phased vaccination programme progressed, despite technical glitches. Just as India was gaining momentum, the sudden surge and public pressure prompted the programme to be accelerated from April 2021. The programme then faltered due to an unexpected spurt in domestic demand, the obligated export quota, and production shortages and delays – resulting in public outrage. As of 22 May 2021, India had vaccinated about 41.6 million

people – just 3% of the population.

Healthcare shortcomings. All hospitals and clinics were already at peak operation during the first wave. Medics and paramedics were exhausted due to heavy caseloads and supplies were running at sub-optimal levels. Then came the surge. Medical infrastructure was already bursting due to increased admissions and many hospitals put up a ‘No Beds Available’ sign at the gate.

In addition, in spite of a yearlong experience, there is still a dearth of ambulances, ICU beds and specialised medical equipment. India’s doctorpopulation ratio per 1,000 is very low – at 0.62 compared with a high of 4.12 in Germany or 2.81 in the UK. This further aggravated the situation.

The oxygen conundrum. There is no oxygen produce deficit in India. Steel and many other industries have been producing huge amounts of oxygen for their plant processes. The moot issue is that nobody anticipated the sharp surge and did not cater for specialised tankers and the large number of cylinder reserves.

Available monthly stocks of oxygen in hospitals were depleted by the hour and

refilling cycles were not built up for such surge demands. In addition, the ICMR stated that the need for oxygen has remained relatively higher than the previous surge. Lack of cryogenic oxygen tankers and logistical inertia caused acute short-term shortages – which caused many avoidable deaths.

Administrative shortcomings.

After the first wave tapered off, Government and industry focused on reviving the shattered economy. Businesses were opened up; markets were awash with fresh goods, and the euphoria of being out of lockdown shackles was everywhere to be seen.

But the experts, epidemiological studies and medics kept warning of a second wave causing increased impact.

Poor public advisories and complacency led to lax preparation for the surge, with little effort to build reserves or strengthen existing capacities.

Public complacency. The festival season added fuel to the fire. From Diwali in November to Holi in March, despite partial lockdowns the Indian citizenry went berserk crowding at weddings, parties, religious and political events.

The Administration continued its public advisories and even tried to fine mask defaulters and curfew breakers – but could not check the spread.

The second-wave surge was too fast and too massive. However, it could have been controlled to a certain extent. In the war against the virus we need astute planning, sound logistics and mega reserves for intense battles – in addition to optimally trained and equipped  frontline workers.

CBNW 2021/02 27

COVID-19: INDIA

➊

©Wikipedia

➋

©Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd

1 2

➌

©Wikipedia

5

➎

➍ Key recommendations

Medical Intelligence. Setting up a dedicated department comprising relevant experts: epidemiologists, virologists, bio-disaster specialists and scientists to forecast and prepare for the anticipated impact. The department would be responsible for detecting, identifying, analysing and drawing actionable intelligence of health threats.

Strengthening of healthcare infrastructure. Strong stable policy and strict enforcement of Covid-19 norms by the government is vital to keep complacent behaviour in check. Unified and strategic partnership between the 28 CBNW 2021/02

©WHO

3 4

©Bharat Biotech

states and central government for health management and effective crisis response must combine with intensive efforts to bolster healthcare facilities, create adequate reserves, and improve surge capacities in partnership with medical experts, industry and hospitals.

Vaccine distribution. A steady momentum of the vaccination drive must be maintained by ramping up production and vaccination centres for enhanced capacity. Access to the vaccination process should involve registrations and slot bookings.

The super surge of the Covid-19 second wave has been a shattering

Covid-19 vaccination queue on 1 May 2021 in Nagpur.

Covishield ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 coronavirus vaccine (recombinant) is made by the Serum Institute of India (SII) in collaboration with AstraZeneca.

Covid-19 vaccination roll-out in AIIMS, New Delhi on 16 January 2021.

Sanitation worker Manish Kumar became the first person to get vaccinated against coronavirus disease in India.

Covaxin made by Bharat Biotech is India's first indigenous Covid-19 vaccine.

experience for most Indians. Most families have members currently affected or recovering from Covid-19, while many continue to lose their loved ones.

Government administration, industry and of great importance, citizens – all need to learn lessons to prepare for not only the next wave, but also for future pandemics.

We are already seeing an epidemic of Black Fungus. A synergetic and concerted effort by all stakeholders is the only solution. ❚❙ Col Ram Athavale is a freelance CBRN Security and Risk Mitigation Professor and Consultant based at Pune, India. A veteran tankman with a PhD in CBRN Terrorism Management, he was a Key Adviser to the Government of India on National CBRN Security and a Key CBRN Expert for the EU CBRN Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence initiative, advising Governments of Eastern and Central Africa on CBRN risk mitigation.

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INTERVIEW

It’s the OPTICS

Based at Ettlingen in Germany, Bruker Optik GmbH offers a wide a range of single and multi-capability products for the detection, identification and monitoring of CBRN threats. David Oliver talks to BrukerOptik GmbH’s Jon Page

All photos ©BrukerOptik

CBNW: Could you provide a brief history of how and why Bruker became involved in the CBRN market sector? What is the story behind Bruker Corporation and how would you describe the company today?

JP: The formation of the Bruker Company is principally down to one man, Prof.

Günther Laukien. Dedicating himself to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), he conducted postdoctoral studies in NMR Spectroscopy and in 1958 published a pioneering paper on high-frequency nuclear magnetic resonance. In 1960, he was appointed Professor for Experimental Physics in Karlsruhe and founded the company as a pioneer of commercial NMR. In the 1970s, our portfolio was expanded by the development of new infrared spectrometers. Launched in 1974, the IFS 110 was the beginning of a 30 CBNW 2021/02

very successful product line that ultimately led to the foundation of the Bruker Optics division.

Today, Bruker Optics offers a comprehensive vibrational spectroscopy product line that includes both small benchtop FT-IR spectrometers for routine use, and the world’s highest-resolution FT-IR for advanced research applications.

In 1977 ‘Dr. Franzen Analysentechnik’ was founded in Bremen. In 1980, Bruker acquired this company and renamed it Bruker-Franzen Analytik, adding robust quadrupole mass spectrometers to the Bruker portfolio. That same year the first mobile GC MS detection system, the MM1, proved successful as a first for both the civilian and military markets.

This was the beginning of the CBRN product line within the Bruker Corporation. In 1990 a group of scientists from the former East-German Academy of Sciences joined Bruker and laid the

foundation of successful ion-mobilityspectrometry technology. The CBRN Portfolio as part of Bruker Optics is within the Business Area Gas, Raman and Trace Detection - utilising synergies in the field of spectroscopy. Today Bruker is about enabling innovation and improving productivity and customer success using a broad spectrum of technologies.

Worldwide, more than 6,000 employees in over 90 locations on all continents are working on this permanent challenge. Being one of the world's leading analytical instrumentation companies, Bruker is strongly committed to further fully meet its customers’ needs as well as continuing to develop state-ofthe-art technologies and innovative solutions for today's analytical questions and global challenges.

CBNW: How many staff do you employ and how many are involved in

INTERVIEW CBNW: What is your portfolio of CBRN that offers solutions to the market sector?

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research and development?

JP: Bruker Optik is a key Division within the Bruker Corporation with over 500 employees and as an analytically driven organisation, a substantial proportion of our staff are involved in R&D.

JP: We offer complete solutions for CBRN. These are stand-alone, platformintegrated - or networked equipment and software. A large proportion of our CBRN projects involves vehicles and ships in which we integrate single- and multicapability solutions for the detection, identification and monitoring of CBRN threats. We also provide solutions for critical infrastructure.

Our technology includes ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS), semiconductor, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instrumentation. We work closely with leading OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) and CBRN hazard management software suppliers to ensure that our solutions can be easily integrated and fused to provide a seamless and reliable data feed.

CBNW: How do you protect armed forces by CBRNE detection?

JP: We have a long and trusted relationship with defence and constantly strive to provide the best in its Class equipment to keep it that way. Our range of field-proven detection systems has been specially developed to provide military users with reliable tools that enable effective warning and response.

The provision of timely and moreover accurate information is imperative to make the correct decision and mitigate the threat. As such, our equipment is built to the highest standards with the operator in mind and is easy to use and train.

We also understand the part logistics plays in any operation and that’s why we develop equipment to require minimal maintenance and long-lasting consumables, keeping the logistical burden as low as possible.

Our range of equipment is comprehensive and can be used as stand-alone or fully integrated for land, air or sea platforms. It is controlled by software that provides a simple yet complete operating picture. Handheld, portable, mobile, stationary and stand-off equipment is designed specifically for the battlespace.

CBNW: How do Bruker detection solutions protect naval assets and the environment?

CBNW 2021/02 31



INTERVIEW JP: Whether for protecting a naval fleet, fitting out an environmental survey vessel or protecting coastal regions, we believe the solution is bespoke in each case. The key is to understand the mission in detail first and then provide a tailored solution.

In order to do this, we maintain a substantial portfolio of solutions. This can range from a simple IMS-based monitor through to a laboratory-standard GCMS analyser. We utilise specialist project managers who then mould the product mix to meet the mission. We strongly feel that a generic offering is not appropriate for most naval and maritime projects.

CBNW: Can you explain what training you offer to customers as part of your Trainings by Technology programmes?

JP: Bruker can provide a range of training courses, covering topics such as system operation, application science, maintenance and theory. We offer our customers tailored training courses to

meet their individual, collective or programme needs and can supplement these with digital broadcasts and formal training team material.

As an example in our Leipzig facility we have a fully equipped life size simulator of a generic reconnaissance vehicle to train our customers in equipment operation, sampling and maintenance.

CBNW: To what extent has the Covid-19 pandemic affected your company?

JP: Bruker has navigated the pandemic well. Clearly there was an initial impact as there has been for every business that is involved in R&D, manufacturing, sales and service. The Corporation drew on its extensive resources and expertise to quickly enact a plan to enable our customers to be served, and the organisation to work effectively within the limitations placed upon us by the pandemic.

The initial mitigation plan was very successful and has been constantly evolving since day one of its implementation. We attribute this success to the cooperation and understanding of our valued customers – and to the high quality of the personnel that Bruker employ. Both have displayed a great ability to adapt easily to new environments and challenges.

CBNW: Where do you see the greatest potential growth sector for your CBRNE products and services?

JP: The CBRNE defence market is estimated to register a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of around 5% during the forecast period 2021-2025. This increase can be attributed to the everincreasing number of different types of threats that we are facing globally, as well as the evolving security measures put in place by governments that now often extends to the private sector to combat these wide-ranging threats.

Growth will be based around the provision of solutions to build CBRNE resilience. This will enable seamless multi-agency collaboration between civil to military, enhance intelligence gathering and more commonly protect infrastructure. zy Top: RAID-M 100 hand-held chemical detectors are used for military protection.

Left: Bespoke maritime nuclear and chemical detection.

32 CBNW 2021/02

Leading Authority on the Use of stand-off Detection and Identification We offer the world‘s most comprehensive range of remote detection and identification solutions and can help you to assess how these can be best employed to protect people, property and the mission.

We have been providing equipment and services to a global customer base for over thirty years and continually strive to provide Gold Standard solutions with high levels of customer service support and training.

RAPIDplus MOD3

HI 90

Most widely used stand-off CWA/TIC Detector

Hyperspectral Imaging System

RAPIDplus MOD4

SIGIS 2

The only purpose built Maritime stand-off CWA/TIC Detection

Scanning Imaging Remote Sensing System

Contact us for more information: www.bruker.com/cbrne

Innovation with Integrity

CBRNE

BIOSECURITY

Controlling biothreats

in Pakistan

I

n 2005, Pakistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) was designated as the national focal point for the CWC (Chemical Weapons Convention). Pakistan is also part of the Global Health Security Agenda and is participating actively in all its programmes.

BW legislation

On the legislative side, the Pakistan Penal Code penalises those who are involved in acts of spreading dangerous diseases. The Drug Act 1976 prohibits and penalises the export, import, manufacture, or sale of any spurious material. The Plant Quarantine Act of 1976 provides a mechanism to control materials that can be used in biological weapons.

The Animal Quarantine Act of 1979 regulates the import, export, and quarantine of animals and products to prevent the introduction or spread of disease. The Anti-Terrorist Act of 1979 penalises the production and development of biological weapons and their use.

The Environmental Protection Act of 1997 prohibits the generation, collection, consignment, transport, treatment, disposal of storing, handling, and importing hazardous substances.

Monitoring life sciences

Dr. Syed Khurshid describes Pakistan’s journey to biosecurity Pakistan has maintained a positive and constructive approach towards the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) since 1974 and is fully committed to its objectives. Over the years many legislative, regulatory, and administrative measures have been taken to comply with the Convention – including criminalising and penalising violations through various legislative acts, ordinances, the introduction of biosafety and biosecurity measures, and the strengthening of export controls

34 CBNW 2021/02

The Export Control Act of 2004 helps us to abide by non-proliferation obligations of the BTWC and the Biosafety and Biosecurity guide is meant to ensure the safe and secure use of living and modified organisms to prevent their misuse.

These rules cover the monitoring of all development activities of the life sciences.

Export licensing and enforcement rules were notified in 2009 by the MoFA, which provides a set of detailed procedures on licensing sensitive dual-use goods listed in the control Lists.

National Guidelines for the Code of Conduct for Life Scientists 2010 and Policy guidelines on Strategic Export Controls were notified in 2016 as the principal guideline for the licensing division.

Biotechnology

In 2017, the National Laboratory Policy was introduced, with the important point that all such viruses, bacteria, and fungi are subject to licensing that are mentioned in the control list. It is primarily to ensure the transfer of these pathogens for peaceful purposes only.

In 2001, the National Commission of Biotechnology (NCB) was formed to pursue biotechnological research in Pakistan. It funded conferences, work-

BIOSECURITY shops for creating interest in biotechnology, and established the Pakistan Biotech Information Centre (PABIC). The NCB established 16 biotechnology centres at several universities and invested about US$17 million in 70 R&D projects to popularise biotechnology in Pakistan.

Biosurveillance

Pakistan scrupulously shares all the information required in this regard as a responsible state. The BTWC was informed about the Biosafety Level-3 facilities in the Confidence Building Measures declaration made by Pakistan to BTWC States Parties.

The Institute is actively involved in the laboratory and field investigation of infectious diseases with an emphasis on human resource development and

This map shows the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19 per 100,000 residents in each province and territory of Pakistan. Covid-19 case data is updated daily by the Government. ©Wikimedia/Blank Provinces of Pakistan.svg ©Wikimedia/Abdul Majeed, General Hospital & Imtiaz Ahmad, National Liaison Officer

Equipment donated by the IAEA for diagnostics of Covid-19 at the General Hospital of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), Islamabad, in July 2020.

capacity building. Disease Surveillance Response Units (DSRUs) are working very actively with provincial, and district health authorities on event-based disease and outbreak surveillance.

They are also conducting courses in the Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (FELTP) – a joint initiative of the NIH and the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The Objective of FELTP is to strengthen the IHR (international health regulations) core capacity of the workforce for real-time surveillance response.

Covid-19 measures

During the Covid-19 pandemic, Biosafety Level-3 facilities developed earlier at the National Institute of Health (NIH) are being used to handle the high-risk microorganisms.

A team of Chinese health experts, including epidemiologists, ICU specialists, IPC (infection prevention and control) specialists, medical specialists, and outbreak control specialists visited the

NIH to share their experience in managing and combating the disease.

The Chinese team visited the NIH facilities and suggested that they needed to be upgraded to handle Covid-19 and other infectious diseases in the future.

Pakistan has agreed to progress with the development of a new vaccine to combat the coronavirus that causes Covid-19. A major Chinese pharmaceutical company, China Sinopharm International Corporation, has invited the NIH to collaborate in conducting clinical trials of its vaccine for coronavirus in Pakistan.

It will make Pakistan one of the few countries to develop this particular Covid-19 vaccine.

On the implementation challenges, rapid scientific and technological developments have created new threats, as well as new opportunities for international cooperation. The first is verification due to the dual-use nature of cutting-edge emerging technologies. To coordinate effectively on an international level, there is a need for an organisation similar

to the National Authority on Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC).

During Covid-19 it was felt that more coordination among the government institutions and other stakeholders was needed for biosafety and biosecurity.

There was also a need to increase awareness among the general public, researchers, academia, and industry according to the guidelines provided by the National Biosafety Committee and about the new challenges and threats.

Pakistan must still put a great deal of emphasis on surveillance and Early Detection Systems at all levels. It is also working in line with the WHO Global Action Plan to develop disease surveillance and a response units system for surveillance. Diplomatic efforts, cooperation, collaboration, and global governance at all levels are also needed to find solutions to the massive problems presented by emerging infectious diseases and pandemics like Covd-19. The nation has to better prepare and equip itself against a possible future crisis and rethink its policies in order to fight it globally. ❚❙ Dr. Syed Javaid Khurshid is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for International Strategic Studies and a Fellow of the Pakistan Nuclear Society and Pakistan Chemical Society. He advises on mitigation of CBRN and Nuclear Knowledge Management for SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) & Climate Change and is a Technical Member of the MoFA Internal Compliance Committee of Resolution 1540 Export Control Laws.

CBNW 2021/02 35

DECONTAMINATION All photos ©Kevin Cresswell

Mass-casualty DECON Are we prepared for mass decontamination of ambulant casualties?

Kevin Cresswell looks at a cost-effective way to improve current practices Faster and more efficient.

“The key to successful mass decontamination of large numbers of casualties is to use the fastest approach that does least harm – but does the most good for the majority of the people.”

US ARMY CBRN SCHOOL

36 CBNW 2021/02

DECONTAMINATION Recent intelligence has brought sharply into focus that urban areas are vulnerable to mass-casualty chemical or biological attacks. The scale of such incidents require first responders, the military, and public health authorities to be prepared for mass-casualty decontamination in both small and large-scale chemical releases

O

n 20 March 1995, the terrorist group Aum Shinrikyo released sarin gas in five separate commuter-trains on the Tokyo subway system, exposing 15 stations to the nerve agent. Twelve died and at least 5,500 people became ill. In a separate incident they attacked a densely populated area of Matsumoto, Japan, by releasing sarin gas from a truck. The cloud affected over 600.

Other than the more rare possibility of terrorism, such incidents are more likely to result from an unintentional catastrophic release of a hazardous substance or from a natural disaster and flooding. Contaminants could be from a wide range of hazardous substances— biological agents, chemical weapons, toxic industrial chemicals (TICs), or uncontrolled wastewater.

The 1984 gas leak from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India killed at least 3,800 local people in a matter of a few hours. In the days that followed, over half a million people were exposed to the toxic chemicals. The nerve agent attacks in Salisbury provided another reminder that any city hospital could one day be sitting on the very front line of chemical warfare.

In the past, decontamination procedures were effective in treating small numbers of first responders. But the threat of the use of CB weapons of mass destruction has forced the development of mass-decontamination capabilities that primarily address the needs of the civilian population.

When to decontaminate

If victims are contaminated with liquid chemical agents, decontamination is necessary. If the chemical is in gaseous form, mass decontamination beyond the removal of clothing may not be necessary.

If victims are contaminated by radioactive materials, life-saving procedures may take precedence over decontamination. Victims of a biological attack will not normally have to be decontaminated, as would anyone in contact with ricin (usually involved in mailing attacks).

The exceptions are those known to have had skin contact with aerosolised pathogens, powders, or droplets, or who

may have the material on their clothing.

Decontamination should still be conducted as a matter of precaution.

Setting up decon

The biggest challenge is to set up the decon area and to move as many people as possible through it as rapidly as possible. This will derive the greatest benefit from the process, using the two types of decontaminants available: physical and chemical.

Physical decontaminants include water, hot air, weathering, Fuller’s Earth, and surfactants. Chemical decontaminants include oxidising agents, strong bases, and micro-emulsions.

Mass decontamination of the ‘walking wounded’ (ambulant casualties) would take place as they move away from the area of highest contamination (Hot Zone) to an area upwind. It commences with the immediate removal of clothing outside the contaminated area for patients who have been visibly  The Hydrant version.

Immediate decon

In many large Hazmat events, the arrival of victims is the first notice to the hospital that an incident has occurred.

This was evident during all the above incidents, and in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the Oklahoma City bombing two years later.

In any incident of this nature, there will be a multi-agency response and a requirement for immediate mass decontamination to protect all personnel from being cross-contaminated – and to help prevent contamination of transportation vehicles and hospitals.

As the physical process of reducing or removing contaminants from people or equipment, decon is essential and must be conducted quickly to prevent further injury to victims, to stop the spread of contaminants, and to prevent injury to first responders and first receivers (medical personnel). The very worst-case scenario is a medical facility closure because of a transfer of pollutant to medical personnel. Therefore, first responders should be familiar with the aetiology and clinical symptoms of CBRN agents.

CBNW 2021/02 37

DECONTAMINATION contaminated, or who have been suspected of having been contaminated.

Increasing the spread and allowing for more casualty decontamination.

Water

Current practice is that responders must establish a mass decontamination system utilising available resources that enables them to rapidly establish a high-volume, low-pressure water shower decontamination operation as quickly as possible.

Water is used to physically remove contaminants from surfaces. Water with the addition of detergents is effective for the decontamination of surfaces and materials contaminated with agents.

Decontamination by detergents and soaps in water occurs predominantly by the physical removal or dilution of agent.

Run-off of contaminated water is another consideration.

The process

If the department or location has no mobile decontamination trailer available, casualties walk through a shower lane of hoses suspended from ladders on two fire department engines parked side by side – with the addition of an elevated stream providing an overhead shower. This is effective but takes time and practice to set up quickly and is trained-personnelintensive. Multiple hoses are needed to provide adequate coverage.

Casualties would then move onto the ‘casualty collection point’ – from where subsequent decontamination triage is conducted in commercial decontamination tents, tarps, additional decontamination equipment and soap-water solutions.

The problem with technical decon systems is that they take time to set up.

It is almost certain that many victims will scatter and leave the scene before these units can get into operation. Many technologies are expensive, and firstresponder jurisdictions do not have sufficient funds to employ the implementation of mass-decontamination trailers.

TridentOne

At Hydro-Therm, Inc., they believe they have solved many of the immediate problems of water coverage with a simple mechanical solution known as TridentOne. Developed from a foundational analysis of first responders’ frontline experiences and industry best practice, TridentOne provides a turnkey solution that helps achieve successful mass decontamination for the greatest majority of people, with the greatest efficacy and efficiency.

TridentOne’s patented, telescoping 38 CBNW 2021/02

arms create a wall of water unmatched by anything seen in the CBRN/Hazmat industry today. The TridentOne will connect to any 2.5'' discharge via the 45° or 90° coupling included in the TridentOne Kit. This makes the device a must-have for not only any first-responder or emergency management trailer, but it can also be kept on site at hospitals, public venues, transportation hubs, and sports stadiums. Wherever there is a hydrant, you have a pre-planned mass-decontamination location.

At under $5000 USD, and with discounts for multiple purchases, the system is extremely cost effective and can be operated by anyone – not necessarily a first responder – with a minimum of training. It is fully operational in less than a minute from any hydrant, fire truck, ladder hose, or its own stand system.

The ambulant casualties process

through a rapid high-volume, lowpressure soaking with a much greater spray area – which In most cases should remove 80-90% of physical contamination. TridentOne is then capable of delivering an inline wash and shampoo with a mild liquid detergent if required.

The system will be demonstrated at NCT USA this year and the manufacturers are happy to entertain a 15% discount for readers of CBNW Magazine quoting code: CBNWOne. For more information or purchasing enquiries, please visit www.tridentone. com Tel: 770-887-0594. ❚❙ Kevin Cresswell is a former law enforcement officer and military officer.

He holds dual nationality from the UK and US and operates a defence and security consultancy in Los Angeles.

TRAINING

Exercises in

LEBANON

Scenario 2: Beirut firefighters’ reconnaissance team discovers a clandestine laboratory and warehouse of CWAs (Karantina – Beirut).

Andrea D’Angelo and Lt Col Andrea Gloria describe a major CBRN interagency training programme Lebanon has increased its activities in CBRN risk mitigation in response to the rising risk of CBRN events and smuggling of hazardous products through Lebanese territory. In November 2013 the country’s Prime Minister created the CBRN National Team to reinforce the operational capabilities of first responders

C

oncrete threats to Lebanon’s safety, security and national stability include the unintentional release of hazardous chemical products from Lebanese facilities in densely populated areas; use of CWAs by terrorist organisations within Lebanon and in neighbouring Syria; the risk of infectious disease outbreaks worsened by the growing populations of refugees living in poor conditions and crossing borders without

40 CBNW 2021/02

proper medical examinations, and a possible radiological release or nuclear accident in neighbouring countries.

The chemical attacks in Ghouta, Syria in 2013 heightened awareness of the Lebanese authorities of the increasing CBRN risk in the region, calling for a stronger response capacity by national institutions. Subsequently, in 2016 the European Union Joint Research Centre (EU JRC) supported Lebanese Authorities in drafting the National CBRN Action Plan delineating risk factors, setting a framework, and establishing a baseline for interagency cooperation for CBRN events.

EU Technical Assistance project

In September 2018, the EU launched the EU Technical Assistance on CBRN Risks Mitigation in Lebanon – a €3.5 million comprehensive programme for specialised equipment provision, technical assistance, and training. This brings together Lebanese Armed Forces, internal security forces, civil defence, Beirut firefighters, the Lebanese Red Cross and the Office of the Prime Minister to increase their preparedness and enhance their technical capabilities for a

All photos ©B&S Europe

prompt, coordinated and effective CBRN response.

Only a month later an ISIS terrorist was arrested while attempting to poison a military water tank with chemical products. This event stressed even more the need for Lebanon to increase its preventive and response capabilities.

The three-year EU Technical Assistance (TA) project has been implemented by the consulting firm Business & Strategy Europe (B&S Europe) in partnership with the Security and Freedom in Europe Foundation (SAFE), the Italian Ministry of Defence, and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Italy and France signed an agreement with the EU to provide CBRN technical expertise deploying on-duty CBRN officers and mobile expert teams to conduct CBRN training and exercises to achieve tangible operational results, while reinforcing sustainable ties between Lebanon and EU Member States in this sensitive area of work. Within this framework, the project provided highlevel training, peer-to-peer mentoring and coaching alongside provision of specialised equipment.

TRAINING Training plan

Scenario 1: Lebanese Civil Defence performs a speedy decon after an accidental release of TICs (Port of Beirut).

Scenario 1: Beirut firefighters manage a chemical spill (Port of Beirut).

The project’s complex training plan used an incremental approach and increasingly complex model. The more the project progressed, the more the beneficiaries were engaged in difficult and intricate activities. Several advanced modules centred on specific aspects of CBRN defence have been designed including highly arduous and selective train-the-trainer modules that allowed the formation of certified CBRN instructors, creating a strong and self-sustainable CBRN training capacity among Lebanese first responders.

The training plan was tailored to the roles of each participating institution involved in the National CBRN Action Plan and Disaster Management Plan. The parallel delivery of highly specialised CBRN equipment represents another additional factor of success that increased the first responders’ CBRN operational capability.

CBRN scenario training

Scenario 1: Operational decon performed by the Lebanese Army in support of the first responders after a chemical release (Port of Beirut).

Scenario 1: Set-up of decon by Lebanese Civil Defence and Beirut firefighters after an accidental release of TICs (Port of Beirut).

Following the 4 August 2020 blast at the port of Beirut, the worsening Covid-19 outbreak in Lebanon, and to continue training – the Project Team adapted the training plan by introducing e-learning modules. Active virtual sessions are led by highly qualified experts delivering theoretical lessons on CBRN and practical guidance on use of the provided technical equipment.

In the final phase the TA Team created and organised a complex five-week interagency training based on several simulated full-scale CBRN scenarios in the Beirut Port, Karantina, Rayak and Aramoun, involving 400 first responders.

The scenarios included: ● TIC accidental releases in urban areas ● Discovery of a clandestine laboratory producing illicit drugs and CWAs ● Explosion of a chemical IED in a clandestine warehouse ● Sabotage of a chemical facility and hostage-taking ● A RDD found during an inspection at a checkpoint ● A terrorist attack using a vehicleborne IED against a truck transporting chemical substances.

These final training activities were designed to build capability to conduct, contribute and support CBRN interagency missions, cooperate in management of a CBRN event, strengthen the Commandand-Control structure (C2), validate coordinating measures, and activate the National Coordination Room during disasters for additional support with

national resources.

CBNW 2021/02 41

TRAINING The exercises

As in real-life events, several players simulated civilian casualties. Various vehicles were involved, and additional unexpected conditions made management of the situations even more difficult – to challenge and stress the C2 structure and the decision-making process.

In each scenario, an Incident Command Post and Incident Commander were identified in the units depending on the situation, location, magnitude and participating agencies – to guarantee full synchronisation on the scene for prompt life-saving response.

Interagency training was structured in four main parts:

1

2 3 4

Warning & Reporting sessions to (a) develop an interagency Warning and Reporting structure and related standardised messages for early warning (b) predict hazard areas, and (c) establish an interagency information exchange mechanism institutionalising practices and ensuring multilateral sharing and coordination to assess the impact of CBRN incidents using timely, accurate and evaluated CBRN information Collective Exercises based on five complex scenarios to plan activities and event management – to instruct staff of several institutions to strengthen their C2 structure and plan, and manage and conduct joint operations reinforcing the collaboration between military and civilian actors in accordance with national response plans Table-Top Exercises (TTXs) at staff level to organise and simulate activation of the National Coordination Room during the two most complex scenarios – to coordinate delivery of additional assistance of national assets to support ground operations Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) development workshops and After-Action Reviews (AARs) at the end of each practical activity – a participatory approach with agency representatives to refine coordinating measures and applied procedures, analyse resultant critical aspects, and identify best practices and lessons learned.

42 CBNW 2021/02

Scenario 4: Lebanese Army provides decon after an accidental chemical release in an urban area (Aramoun).

During the trainings the Lebanese agencies demonstrated a high level of commitment and competence, showing a commendable and professional performance.

The EU-funded Technical Assistance on CBRN Risks Mitigation in Lebanon project is an example of successful public-private cooperation between specialist entities and practitioners from EU Member States. This highly technical and operational project highlighted the efforts of the EU to strengthen Lebanon’s security institutions’ resilience facing CBRN threats – while reinforcing their roles as key drivers of stability, safety, and national cohesion.

The contents of this article are the sole responsibility of B&S Europe and do not necessarily reflect the views of the EU. ❚❙ Andrea D’Angelo is Team Leader, Technical Assistance on CBRN Risks Mitigation in Lebanon. A CBRN and security expert with over ten years’ experience in the management and supervision of complex projects, he has led over 50 technical assistance projects funded by the EU and other international donors.

Lt Col Andrea Gloria is CBRN Key Expert Military Component, Technical Assistance on CBRN Risks Mitigation in Lebanon. His previous assignments include duties within the Italian Army, the NATO School Oberammergau as Department Director/CBRN Instructor, and the 7th CBRN defence Regiment as Company Commander, Training Officer and Battalion Commander. He has been involved in the design and support of international CBRN exercises and military operations in Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, and Afghanistan.

CONTAMINATION

The expansion of nuclear power in many countries, including many under construction in Asia, as well as permanent nuclear submarines, pose the risk of nuclear accident or terrorist attack, with the intent to release radiation into the environment. Preparation to protect populations – especially infants, children and adolescents – is vital to mitigate the effects of radiological exposure

On the

nuclear front line

Pauline Gareau explains how to mitigate the effects of radiological contamination

I

n addition to terrorist attack, preparations must also be made for a nuclear power plant (NPP) accident, which is a far higher risk.

In both examples of exposure, significant supplies of antidotes and treatments are essential for immediate use.

Without stockpiling of these treatments, emergency services would be unable to rescue and protect populations from a nuclear release following a nuclear incident and it will be increasingly difficult to procure those life-saving medicines.

Today, each country must take on its own public health responsibilities when it comes to protecting their populations from the risks of nuclear contamination.

Countries can be inspired by international communities’ guidelines and country-led initiatives. Examples are France’s regional strategy around nuclear plants, where the perimeter of potassium iodide distribution has been extended from 10 km to 20 km as well as the allocation of these same tablets to the

44 CBNW 2021/02

public at large in Germany.

Multiple radioactive elements are often the source of radiological contamination. For example, following the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters, cesium-137 and iodine-131 made up most of the harmful contaminants in the atmospheric dispersion and fallout.

Exposure is defined by an individual’s proximity to material emitting ionizing radiation, also defined as external contamination – for example, being in proximity to a nuclear plant explosion or being exposed through contaminated winds.

Health consequences

Ionizing radiation may interact directly with target tissues or indirectly through the production of free radicals. Actually touching, inhaling, or swallowing that material comprises contamination and is also defined as internal contamination.

Internal contamination with radioactive material can expose patients to prolonged radiation, thus leading to short- and long-term clinical consequences.

All photos ©SERB

Exposure may occur to the whole body – as external radiation from natural background exposures or radiation emergencies – or may involve partial body exposure, such as from medical radiography (X-rays) and most forms of radiotherapy.

Whether a person is exposed to external or internal radiation contamination, the body cells are affected identically throughout the ionizing radiation process. It is important to assess internal contamination levels to evaluate whether the patient has taken up hazardous amounts of the material delivering a significant dose of radiation to the body.

Or to specific organs, such as the thyroid gland in the case of radioactive iodine.

The clinical concern includes also long-term consequences, most notably, cancer – which may result from cumulative radiation doses over time.

Children are vulnerable

Children are likely to experience higher external and internal radiation exposure

levels than adults because of their

AD

CONTAMINATION Left: Stockpiling of essential medical countermeasures.

Bottom Left: A patient is tended by CBRN medical experts.

Below: ThyroSafe boxes of potassium iodide.

smaller body and organ size and other physiological characteristics. They are also more likely to pick up contaminated items and consume contaminated milk or foodstuffs.

Other types of cells (muscle, bone, and nerve cells) are less sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation. DNA appears to be the principal target for biological effects of radiation, including cell death, mutation, and carcinogenesis. If the DNA repair is incorrect, it can result in cell death, chromosomal instability, mutation, or carcinogenesis.

Rapid treatment

Rapid initiation of treatment of contaminated patients is imperative after a radiological release event. Properly

completed, rapid decontamination can reduce morbidity and mortality, limit the spread of contamination, and keep hospital emergency departments functioning for the treatment of other patients.

Internal decontamination can be achieved by several methods, including the blockade of enteral absorption, blockade of end-organ uptake, dilution, and chelation. Speed is of the essence because some isotopes can be incorporated by body organs within an hour of exposure and are very difficult to remove.

For example, as recommended by the WHO (Word Health Organization), provision of potassium iodide to people who are at risk of exposure to radioiodine should be implemented as an urgent

protective action, within the framework of an optimised protection strategy.

Therefore, having appropriate stocks at a national level, in hospitals, first-responder units and essentially, nearby NPPs – is the most important measure to prepare for widespread radiological exposure.

The optimal period to administer stable iodine is less than 24 hours prior to, and up to two hours after, the expected onset of exposure. This short open timeframe underlines the importance of having stocks of stable iodine at hand for immediate use.

SERB Specialty Pharmaceuticals has expanded its Emergency Care portfolio with the full market authorisation of 65 mg potassium iodide in the United States and European countries. Manufacturing is based in France with the essential capability to answer international needs.

ThyroSafe potassium iodide 65 mg is a FDA OTC (over-the-counter) and bid invitation product-approved thyroid blocker indicated as a vital treatment to prevent radioactive iodine from entering the thyroid gland during a nuclear radiation emergency. Tablets are quadrisected and comprise a full treatment compliance in infants and children and adults. Potassium iodide is used along with other emergency measures recommended by public officials. ❚❙ Pauline Gareau is International Product Manager of the Emergency Care franchise at SERB. She joined the company in 2020 after working in several pharmaceutical industries as Brand Manager and Medical Science Liaison.

46 CBNW 2021/02

DETECTION

A BUBBLE for armoured vehicles

Proengin introduces a new CBRN protection system to cope with new threats Forces must now consider seriously the integration on vehicles of a robust, fast and reliable CBRN detection system for not only threat awareness but also soldier protection

I

n a context of constantly evolving conflicts, varying threats and a constantly changing environment, the need for armoured vehicle equipment to provide greater capabilities and mission profiles has grown. The ability of vehicles to be able to detect and warn of threats and identify threat areas provides protection to the crew members – as well as improved responses and protection of civilians and facilities against CBRN threats.

Proengin’s experience

Drawing on its experience of more than 30 years in the field of chemical and biological detection with the armed forces, Proengin detectors have been

Above: The VBCI is one of several vehicles from the French Scorpion programme that will be equipped with the AP4C-V. ©Nexter

specially designed to be used in severe environments (temperature, humidity, dust) and to respond to the highest demands placed on vehicles.

Proengin’s proven technology in its AP4C Detector Series characteristics essential to the security of armed forces:  Ease of use  Rapid detection with fast sample rates and detection thresholds set for likely threats  Simultaneous detection of several families of gases or vapours and the ability to detect chemical and biological threats simultaneously in the same detector  The lowest false negative rate on the market  Unlimited toxic detection field (CWA/TIC/PBA (Pharmaceutical Based Agent)  Ability to record and store continuous detection data

CBNW 2021/02 47



DETECTION

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

Solutions for vehicles or drones comprise chemical or combined chem/bio detection technologies. Installed externally to the vehicle, the device provides continuous automatic monitoring of air environment for chemical warfare agents (CWAs), biological agents (BWAs), and toxic industrial materials (TIMs) – with definition of their types and concentration.

The detector transfers this information to the data collection and processing system, which generates visual and audio signals when trigger thresholds have been reached.

Visualisation and control modules

Proengin’s visualisation and control modules (VCM) are designed to be installed inside vehicles. The VCM units allow collection, processing, and visualisation of information obtained from AP4C-V and AP4C-VB chemical and biological reconnaissance devices. The VCM units also monitor the detector and provide needed information to the user regarding detector status.

An optional upgrade of the Proengin VCM is available that adds in ambient dose equivalent rate (DER) of gamma radiation, ambient dose equivalent (DE) of gamma and neutron radiation – using built-in detectors of the crew in the cabin – and also measurement DER of gamma radiation with remote BDBG-T detection unit detecting units. This provides a fully integrated 48 CBNW 2021/02

Above: A man in a VBCI. The aim is to provide end users with a complete protection: a bubble for armoured vehicles. ©Nexter

CBRN approach in a single turnkey system.

By simply combining Proengin AP4C-VB chemical and bio detector with the VCM unit, a protective CBRN monitoring system is then in place that provides the vehicle crew with full NBC reconnaissance and monitoring capabilities.

Focus on R & D

Proengin has been heavily orientated towards research and development (R&D) since its creation in the late 1970s.

More than a third of staff work in the R&D department. Efforts have focused on flame spectrometry technology and the company has worked on continuously improving it.

The emphasis has always been on enhancing the detection performance for chemical and biological threats, including TICs/TIMs and also radiation and nuclear threats. Integrated solutions 

DETECTION are being offered for military and civil customers that are simultaneously able to detect chemical and biological threats in a single device.

In recent years the company began to develop a full CBRN protection system for the vehicle market: ● An AP4C-VB chemical and biological detector or an AP4C-V chemical detector installed outdoor of the vehicle ● One or several optional radiological detectors that can both monitor inside and outside radiation levels and will provide directional information ● A ruggedised VCM providing alarms, notifications and updates on system status.

The 'Universal' detector

Flame spectrometry has the ability to detect in real time phosphorus, sulphur, arsenic, nitrogen (in carbon-containing molecules), potassium, sodium, and calcium. It can detect many other elements and in various material forms – including in gases, aerosols, dust or particles.

The first four elements (phosphorus, sulphur, arsenic, and nitrogen) are the common components found in most toxic chemical agents. Classic CWAs – nerve agents, blister agents and blood agents – contain one or several of the above elements, as well as new emerging threats such as Novichok nerve agents and pharmaceuticals such as opioids – most notably, Fentanyl. Flame spectroscopy is used in many educational institutions, testing laboratories and government facilities.

The AP4C-V and AP4C-VB flame spectrometer detectors developed by Proengin can detect any of the classic agents – including new fourth-generation agent threats and numerous toxic industrial materials – without any upgrade, providing they contain one of the above elements.

MILITARY APPLICATIONS The core technology has been miniaturised and hardened for the device to operate in the harshest environments encountered in military operations:  Can detect mixed and crude products, precursors, derivatives and unknown substances (non-traditional agents) while the vehicle is moving up to 95 km/h  Does not require a filter or membrane at the input  Has a very short recovery time after reliable detection of chemical agents  Insensitivity to external factors (dust, exhaust gas of diesel engines, high humidity)  Extremely low level of false alarms compared to other technologies  Can operate in the areas with flammable gas (as opposed to other solutions with high-voltage electrodes that pose an explosion threat)  Requires minimal field maintenance  Fast start-up times  Combined chem and bio detection in a single detector system.

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It is the only detection technology that can simultaneously detect all the agents listed in Schedule 1 of the OPCW (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons). The added benefit of the technology is that it can also detect at very high sample rates and concentrations, which is essential in a vehicle that is moving and constantly changing locations.

Field-proven technology

Many detector systems struggle when exposed to military environments due to the presence of extreme temperatures, dust, exhaust from vehicles or humidity levels. From the very first development, Proengin’s products and solutions have been designed to be used in harsh field conditions.

Having sold products into military applications for 35 years, this experience has allowed Proengin to develop a pedigree recognised by users as a completely robust technology. Its equipment is used in more than 70 countries, exemplified by a recently awarded contract to equip Griffon and Serval armoured vehicles as part of the French Scorpion programme.

In addition to vehicle programmes, the detectors are also well suited to be operated in harsh sea conditions.

Proengin detectors run 24/7 and have been deployed on several civil and military naval programmes.

Critical infrastructure such as government buildings, airports and commercial centres are increasingly being equipped with CBRN detection systems.

Proengin CBRN systems ensure enhanced detection capabilities with high reliability and low maintenance costs.

An additional selling point is an open architecture system that allows the company to work with many security and infrastructure and building management systems, or operate as an integrated package with the VCM.

Maintenance and services

Proengin offers training, technical assistance, and worldwide maintenance support. It will help interested customers define the best solution for their needs and will also support them in integration of products and after-sales support through the company’s extended distribution channel partners. ❚❙ Gautier Mallet is Marketing and Business Development Director at Proengin. He has around 15 years’ experience in threat detection, recently focusing on connected chemical detection solutions.

DETECTION

NOT IN IT TO WIN IT All photos ©SEC Technologies

Martin Valovsky presents a summary of chemical detection options from the military perspective Terminology and priorities vary from country to country or even in the subdivisions of each military. Everybody may have differing concepts of CBRN detection operations, but the fundamentals remain the same

Using chemical protective equipment buys you extra time – but ends your plans.

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CBRN defence unit’s main role is to assess, protect, and mitigate the entire range of threats. Reactive chemical reconnaissance aims at data collection of a possible chemical threat based on an initial prompt or trigger.

It might be an internal or external event that initiates it. Internal factors might consist of a command to scout marching routes under preparation, or an order to the observation of a breach point before it is crossed by a battalion.

External triggers could consist of

an artillery attack that has just delivered a chemical agent. Or even a cue in the form of unknown UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) passing through the area of interest. There are countless developments and causes possibly initiating chemical reconnaissance.

Chemical reconnaissance

When we ask who can conduct chemical reconnaissance, the answer is soldiers with wearable detectors, reconnaissance vehicles, or UAVs equipped with various detectors and stand-off detectors.

For obvious reasons we can omit soldiers as an option right away.

Warfighters we obviously want to protect in the first place. Therefore,

putting on MOPP (Mission Oriented Protective Posture) gear and to start breathing through the mask is only the very last resort.

Besides, nobody would want to run around in a full protective suite for any substantial amount of time, especially if it is hot outside – and even with the knowledge that this is exactly when CWAs (chemical warfare agents) evaporate rather well.

Nor do we want the soldiers to enter a chemical cloud and trust their wearable detectors to alarm before an ample dose is obtained. Hence, you are left with UAVs, stand-off detectors or ground vehicles.

Recon vehicles

Ground reconnaissance vehicles usually look like well-protected CBNW 2021/02 51

DETECTION Below: Reconnaissance vehicle equipped with an active stand-off detector Falcon 4G. Right: The UAV as an option for remote detection.

fortresses on wheels with a fully functioning chemical laboratory inside.

They are at the centre of any CBRN unit and they are here to stay for the foreseeable future.

They do have their limitations though.

How long does it take for them to get to the area of interest and perform exploration? Usually, from a few dozen minutes to hours. And what is the average time for your adversary to attack from the moment they spot you? Eight minutes? Maybe even less.

Limitations of the filtration systems, requirement of the decontamination of the vehicle and other reasons keep vehicles far from the actual threat.

Regardless of which way you look at the problem, it seems more optimal to keep the vehicle and its crew out of harm’s way and instead, gather information remotely.

And obviously, the same applies to all of the assets your CBRN unit is meant to protect. On top of that, using any chemical protective equipment buys your troops extra time but ends your original plans straightaway.

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Combining UAVs and stand-off

UAVs and stand-off detectors are the only options that mitigate these problems.

Remote detection means being far away from the problem but still having all of the data. Stand-off detectors can collect information from large distances and they can do it instantly.

Real hyperspectral imaging can provide an amazing wealth of real-time visual information about the suspicious plume. A state-of-the-art active detector can deliver sensitivity-matching point detectors – safely from a distance.

Stand-off detectors also do not give away clues to the adversary. Detectability is an important aspect one must consider, and it is crucial to not provide cues about your activities and preparations.

UAVs can themselves be detected – but on the other hand, they can explore areas which you do not have direct oversight of. And it is direct visibility that stand-off, no matter how great, always requires.

UAVs will be inherently slower, will cover a far smaller area compared to a stand-off detector, but they will see ‘behind the corner.’ UAVs can get

jammed, shot down, or spotted – and will always have distance and battery limitations. But they can go where no other technology can.

The nature of each operation will indicate which is the better alternative.

From the price factor perspective, UAVs seem to be cheaper for routine operations – but once decontamination is needed, they can become a logistical nightmare.

When it comes to reactive chemical reconnaissance, the best tools are stand-off detectors and UAVs combined.

For more flexibility, you probably would want your unit to have an option of both.

Stand-off as a standard overwatch with UAVs ready to obtain intel where no other means could.

Proactive surveillance

Proactive surveillance means creating or controlling a situation rather than just responding to it after it has already

DETECTION

occurred. In essence, it is a typically chemical observation and the ongoing collection of information and intel without triggers, commands, clues or cues.

It simply means passive observation of the area of interest for a longer time.

For example, during major events of high importance which take place over multiple days – for example, meetings of heads of state. UAVs are out of the picture for 24/7 monitoring of large areas. You are left with stand-off detectors or temporary deployment of point detectors – although these can be deployed by UAVs. All this can be done unless you are close to a demilitarised zone, a buffer zone, or other area that is unreachable for any reason – but can still represent a possible threat. In this scenario, the only option you are left with is a stand-off detector. Another good example is a

disruption of supply lines. The longer the path, the harder it is to obtain non-stop sensor coverage.

Overwatch

Overwatch of a moving unit or supporting its forward passage has its own specifics and unique characteristics. During overwatch of a moving battalion there are two things you do not want to run out of: time and options.

A CBRN reconnaissance unit has to collect data from planned routes and optional routes on forward as well as possible retreat paths. It must be done rapidly, at a pace greater than that of the moving unit which is counting on the CBRN support.

It requires the monitoring of an area as wide as possible – on the move – and irrespective of the accessibility of the surrounding area, and counting on ‘known unknowns’ and even ‘unknown

unknowns.’ It requires considering the tactical situation and recognising new developments.

Time is not your friend. You want to limit variables, be agile, and to use technology that is easy to operate without any special skills required. And the last thing you should worry about are the environmental conditions like humidity or temperature. Supporting a moving unit is probably the most difficult task in chemical reconnaissance.

Would you still consider the UAV as your only option? zy Martin Valovsky is Chief Product Officer of SEC Technologies. He is responsible for the product development, testing, trials and special operations within DAS (Detection as a Service). His main role is linking customers’ requirements and conditions with the final product.

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PROTECTION

The CH15 is a revolutionary new, ultra-thin, single size portable Escape Hood.

Portable Protection All photos ©Avon Protection

Tom Williams looks at respiratory protection for the evolving threat landscape

The images and reports that followed the events of the 6 January 2021 Capitol riots in the United States shocked audiences globally as an iconic democratic institution came under attack and safety of the lawmakers inside came under great threat. This event demonstrated the importance of being prepared for any eventuality

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ith rioters close to breaching the doors to the Senate, escape hoods were distributed and deployed to lawmakers and politicians housed inside to protect against any airborne threat – such as tear gas or any unknown substance that may be released by rioters. These events showed the importance of preparation and having such a device on hand that could be quickly and easily donned.

RPE and PPE

Individuals who are routinely subjected to particulates, gases or vapours which are harmful to the respiratory tract due to their occupation will deploy suitable Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) and other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This must ensure they are suitably protected from the threat at hand.

The presence of harmful substances occurs in a range of workplace professions. Often in these cases the threat substance 54 CBNW 2021/02

Low-profile Escape Hoods like the CH15 offer a new approach to carrying respiratory protection.

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is known, and suitable protective equipment can be selected to allow work to be conducted safely.

However, in certain situations, the potential for a release of materials hazardous to health means that organisations and agencies typically develop an Emergency Response Plan consisting of a means to protect and safely evacuate all affected individuals – such as that which followed in the Capitol riots.

Adapting to changing threats

Increasingly, respiratory protection is at the forefront of people’s minds due to the ever-changing threat profile. In the past decade, there has been an increased concern about the potential for a terror attack releasing a chemical or radiological agent.

However, these threats are not confined to only deliberate releases.

Economic development has meant the presence and transportation of hazardous materials have become more widespread globally due to increasing numbers of

The CH15 Escape Hood provides rapid deployment respiratory protection for military, first responders and protective detail units.

industrial facilities, and the associated waste being produced and subsequently transported cross-country. The increasing volumes and geographic spread of Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Materials (TICs/TIMs) leads to a greater potential for an accidental release of these materials in both rural and urban communities.

Large-scale incidents of a CBRN nature generally occur without warning, meaning initial first on-scene response is likely to be conducted by front-line emergency services personnel rather than specialised units, particularly in cases where the threat is unknown. Consequently, emergency services have expressed a desire to be prepared for any potential threat and investigate and action the procurement of CBRN protection to all emergency personnel.

For this kind of respiratory protection to be successful, it needs to be low profile and simple to use with a quick don time – as well as cause no interference with both the existing ensemble of equipment used by the operator or with their job role.

Escape devices

A respiratory escape device is designed to provide a period of protection to enable a safe escape from the threat at hand.

A key differentiator of an escape device, such as an escape hood, is that it is designed and approved by certifying bodies only for escape.

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PROTECTION Supplied air escape devices

In contrast to APERs – which filter atmospheric air to remove harmful contaminants – supplied air escape devices utilise a cylinder containing pressurised air to aid safe escape of the user. These systems are independent of ambient air, meaning they have the key advantage over APERs in that they can be deployed in an oxygen-deficient environment.

A range of supplied air escape devices vary in duration and size. The disadvantages of these devices compared to APERs is the elevated total cost of ownership due to higher purchase price and the increased maintenance required. They are also generally larger and heavier, meaning they cannot easily be carried on a person at all times in the same way low-profile APERs can.

Portable solutions

While typical Air Purifying Respirators (APRs) are approved by certifying bodies to be used in the workplace for the completion of tasks and job roles, Air Purifying Escape Respirators (APERs) are approved only for evacuation from a hazardous environment.

APERs like the Avon Protection CH15 occupy a small footprint – allowing them to be carried at all times, with no maintenance, minimal training, and no annual fit testing.

This means they offer a compact, potentially life-saving device which they can use to escape the incident area and subsequently regroup in a safe zone.

There are various respiratory escape devices available with a range of different potential applications. They fit into two major groups: Air Purifying Escape Respirators (APERs), including escape mouth-bits – and Escape Hoods as well as Supplied Air Escape Devices, such as Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). The user scenarios of these differing respiratory escape devices depend on the environment and user groups in question.

Air Purifying Escape Respirators

Air Purifying Escape Respirators (APERs) use a filtration system to filter and remove hazardous substances from the air to ensure that the user is afforded a minimum protection time to safely evacuate the area.

There are two main types of APER: Escape Hoods – such as the Avon Protection CH15 – and escape mouth bits. Escape mouth bits cover only the mouth, with a nose clip to prevent inhalation through the nose. They typically offer minimum protection durations of 5-15 minutes.

Escape Hoods offer higher levels of protection as they cover the entire head, typically sealing at the neck – and offer protection for 15-30 minutes. Key advantages of APERs are their compact size, allowing them to be carried at all times. Furthermore, they typically require no servicing for the duration of their shelf life. They also have a lower purchase price than SCBA offerings, reducing the total cost of ownership.

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The CH15 offers a minimum of 15 minutes of protection from CBRN threats.

Avon Protection recently announced the launch of the CH15 – a revolutionary new, ultra-thin, single-size portable APER that provides a minimum of 15 minutes of respiratory vision and facial protection against CBRN threats.

The CH15 is development driven after an emerging requirement from specialist users to provide instant protection from all CBRN materials when in a live threat scenario. Developed in conjunction with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office (CTTSO), the CH15 escape hood provides rapid deployment respiratory protection for military, first responders and protective detail.

The CH15 offers a different approach to carrying respiratory protection; it offers what no other traditional respirator can – a low-profile, lightweight, one-sizefits-all device that is always small and light enough to be carried. This unique portable solution means the CH15 can always be on hand to face the unexpected.

This latest generation of CBRN protection is CE-approved and complements Avon Protection’s leading respiratory protection portfolio, adapting proven technology to create their most compact CBRN protection device to date.

Capability and threats are always evolving and industry must continue to work with militaries and first responders worldwide to design, develop and deliver world-leading solutions like the CH15 to ensure specialist users always have the appropriate protection that is readily available – no matter what the threat. zy

Tom Williams is Product Manager for Avon Protection.

DETECTION

The art of the NORMAL Craig Duff relates the evolution of the hand-held RIID – from cumbersome baggage to palm-of-the-hand capability All photos ©Kromek Group plc

Wearable gamma-neutron spectrometers are increasingly seen as must-have pieces of equipment by radiological specialists in the armed forces, the police services, the Border Force and the emergency services. So radioisotope identification devices (RIIDs) have evolved to become more sensitive and accurate, whilst becoming smaller, more robust and more user-friendly

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Stylised illustration: Mariel Foulds

radiation incident can be naturally occurring radioactive material, a commercial radioactive substance or a potentially weaponised source.

Distinguishing between them requires quick and accurate analysis, since that will drive the response. This is done by spectroscopic analysis using a RIID, a lightweight, portable gamma spectrometer.

Kromek, the County Durham-based firm which specialises in radiation detection devices, has been at the forefront of developing hand-held RIIDs over the past decade. In 2020,  Kromek launched its latest variant, the D5 RIID. CBNW 2021/02 57

DETECTION

Hand holding the device: The D5 RIID is ergonomicallydesigned for the user and can be operated single-handedly.

Side view of device: measuring just 173 mm x 79 mm x 41 mm, the small size of the D5 RIID does not compromise its high accuracy and extensive isotope library.

“The D5 RIID is a step-change in portable spectroscopy, which builds on the technology of previous devices, particularly the D3S – which is used in over forty countries around the world.”

Front view of device: the D5 RIID weighs just 660 g and is the lightest RIID available in the world.

KROMEK PRODUCT MANAGER (NUCLEAR), EVE PAYLOR

Critically one of those countries is the USA, where more than 10,000 units have been delivered. The UK and USA are leading the way in RIID development. In the USA, both the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) through the SIGMA programme, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) via a series of training exercises around the country, are supporting Kromek’s technology development. In the UK, government agencies continue to use and further evaluate Kromek wearable detectors.

Low weight but high accuracy

With RIIDs now widely used in a variety of circumstances, the portability of such devices has become increasingly important.

So the new D5 RIID is just 660 g – compared with legacy instruments which weigh more than 1.5 kg. Measuring 173 mm x 79 mm x 41 mm, the D5 RIID is light and unobtrusive enough to be both belt and body worn.

It is vital that the size and weight of any portable RIID does 58 CBNW 2021/02

not affect its sensitivity and detection capabilities. Kromek has developed a detector for isotope identification across all categories. It uses a 1.5” x 1.5” CLLBC detector crystal, a specific gamma-neutron scintillator which is medium resolution and an area efficiency of 1.62 (compared with a 2” x 2” sodium iodide crystal used in other RIID models). 

The world’s smallest and lightest RIID Can be held and operated in one hand  24 hours Battery Life 

Lowest False Alarm Rate of 1 in 24 hours – Greatly exceeds ANSI N42.34

 Ruggedized for use in the Harshest Environments with ANSI N42.34 adherence and designed to MIL-STD-810G  Proven ability when detecting mixed, shielded and heavily masked isotopes through adherence to the DNDO Technical Capability Standard 

D5 RIID

Integrates seamlessly into any network

 Can identify radioactive sources, even when radiation levels are very low – more than 40 times better than the ANSI N42.34 standard when detecting sources at a distance, meaning increased safety for the operator www.kromek.com

sales@kromek.com

DETECTION This ensures that the D5 RIID, despite its small form factor and lightweight design, has a radiometric capability which is 62% better than other available devices. Radiation can be detected from a range of gamma sources from 30 KeV to 3 MeV and also from neutron sources.

Detecting all isotopes

Most importantly, the D5 RIID has unparalleled performance when detecting and identifying isotopes across the energy range at very low dose levels (less than one fifth of normal background levels) – meaning that radioactivity will never be missed.

The dose accuracy of the D5 RIID is ±10% and it can accurately identify isotopes at dose rate levels lower than 0.01 µSv/h (microSieverts per hour). This sensitivity means that detection performance for distant sources is between 40 and 50 times better than the default global standard – ANSI N42.34 – of performance criteria for hand-held instruments for the detection and identification of radionuclides, for gamma dose rate measurement and for an indication of neutron radiation.

Modern RIIDs must be able to identify radiological threats in a variety of scenarios. They need to detect mixed, shielded and heavily masked isotope configurations and confirm radionuclide identification across naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM), industrial, medical and special nuclear materials, categorising each isotope accordingly.

As the technology of hand-held RIIDs has matured, the built-in isotope library of the device has become more extensive. The D5 RIID’s isotope library, whose radiological algorithms were proven by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the USA, meets both ANSI N42.34 and the more demanding US Department of Homeland Security Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) technical capability standards.

At the same time, when constantly scanning for threats and maintaining a high level of sensitivity, it is essential to have an exceptionally low false alarm rate. The D5 RIID has just one in 24 hours, ensuring that this RIID constantly delivers the correct information to enable the user to make quick and effective decisions.

A networked solution

The advance in RIID technology and software development means that the newest RIIDs must now interface with or be integrated into existing systems, including smartphones, to enable a ‘reach-back’ capability. High-resolution spectral results obtained in the field can be transmitted immediately to an offsite location such as a laboratory for secondary adjudication, strengthening the accuracy of the data provided.

They can also be integrated with a network of hubs and sensors to give a wide, real-time overview of the radiological threat. Critically, the connectivity and sensitivity of the D5 RIID allows the building of customised national or local systems using the same sensor.

And as missions get longer and require greater autonomy, the endurance of portable RIIDs has had to improve. Some of the latest variants offer enhanced battery life via dual battery systems. These combine an internal rechargeable battery with a set of replaceable AA-sized batteries (a cheap and readily available battery size) – allowing for speedy in-field replacement. Either option can be used in isolation, or the two systems in unison, providing a battery life in excess of 24 hours.

Designed for all environments

Today’s RIIDs need to be usable in the most extreme environments – so require an operational range of -20 deg C to +50 deg C. Because the portability of the devices has improved, 60 CBNW 2021/02

the newest RIIDs also need to be ruggedised to withstand harsh and challenging environments. They have to function regardless of humidity, temperature shocks, being dropped or fully submerged in water. The most technologically advanced RIIDs now conform to the American MIL-STD-810G environmental design and test limits for vibration sensitivity and are water resistant equivalent to the international standard IP67.

Developed for high-hazard environments, a hand-held RIID must be usable by someone in full PPE yet also not function erroneously. Extensive research and testing of the latest D5 RIID has resulted in a detector which fits ergonomically in one hand and can be belt- or body-worn.

As radiological and other CBRN threats proliferate, all government departments and agencies, including the Ministries of Defence, Home Office (Interior) and Border Force, will increasingly rely on the widespread use of portable RIIDs to increase the capacity and tempo of scanning capacity.

“The step changes in size and weight reduction and sensitivity increase, coupled with greater operational bandwidth such as reach-back and building systems around the same spectrometer, particularly the D5 – now make radiation detection the art of the normal. Something hugely welcome in the operational environment.”

UK CBRN SPECIALIST TIM OTTER, CEO, LUTRA ASSOCIATES

The introduction of the latest wearable RIIDs is proof that a small size does not need to compromise detection capability.

The increase in potential radiological threats and hazards means that it is more important than ever for CBRN practitioners to have an ultra-portable device. And RIIDs are now standard use in a wide variety of operating scenarios around the world. They provide immediate and accurate information about radiological hazards – capability that is no longer a luxury, but a necessity. zy Craig Duff is the Nuclear Security Project Manager at Kromek Group PLC. For more than 25 years he has conducted research and development into sensors and electronics, particularly in the area of radiation detection.

DETECTION

Casting RAMAN LIGHT on opioids All photos ©Rigaku Analytical Devices

A correct assessment also requires informing the user of the presence of substances detected but not classified as a threat.

Jose Jimenez explains how the Raman device – the Rigaku ResQ CQL – successfully fulfils the need for fast identification of fentanyl, new psychoactive substances (NPS), and other synthetic opioids The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has not deterred the traffic and consumption of fentanyl and its derivatives, new psychoactive substances (NPS), and other synthetic opioids in the UK

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PS – known as ‘legal highs’ – are becoming increasingly easier than ever to buy, despite the national ban.

They are now more potent and harder to track since traders are now using the dark web. Southern Scientific has introduced to the UK market a Raman device – the Rigaku ResQ CQL – which successfully answers to the need for fast identification of those drugs.

As for fentanyl and its derivatives, it is important not to forget that since 2008, when just a few cases were reported in the UK, deaths related to this synthetic opioid (primarily used as a pain reliever and considered to be 50 times more potent than heroin) show a significant and steady rise. Fentanyl’s potency means that even small doses can be deadly.

A police officer can identify a suspicious sample in a matter of seconds on the spot.

Raman identification

Law enforcement agencies use Raman identification technology as a well-proven and mature identification technique for the vast majority of narcotic substances.

Since it does not tamper with the sample, there is no risk of destroying or invalidating evidence. Identification is achieved in seconds and without the need to open the plastic bag or glass container.

New threat substances

It is not only a question of the difficulties controlling the traffic of these substances, but also the number of different formulas. New psychoactive substances and other new narcotics are hitting the streets every day, making it increasingly difficult for law enforcement agencies to keep themselves up to date. It is essential to detect not only the wide range of

Rigaku ResQ CQL and QuickDetect allows fast analysis of traces of non-visible substances, such as Fentanyl – a key tactical advantage for teams deployed on site.

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DETECTION Southern Scientific Ltd is part of the LabLogic Group. It supplies personal, hand-held, portable, mobile, and fixed detection, identification, and monitoring solutions for CBRNE applications with more than 30 years’ experience, and is the official distributor of Rigaku Analytical Devices in the UK. Rigaku Analytical Devices based in Wilmington, MA, US since 2011 is a pioneer in hand-held 1064-nm Raman and LIBS-based technology for materials analysis. With thousands of units in use globally, its portfolio offers the most versatile solution for use in safety and security against chemical threats, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and in the recycling and quality control of metal alloys. well-known narcotics, but also these new designer variants.

For that reason, apart from the standard library of over 13,000 Ramanactive chemicals (including explosives, chemical warfare agents (CWAs), precursors, hazardous chemicals, narcotics, cutting agents, pesticides, steroids and more), Rigaku has recently increased a relevant number of new entries into the narcotics database of the ResQ CQL. In addition, users have the possibility to upgrade, transfer, and translate new entries and to create their own new databases.

Unfortunately, the aforementioned NPS, fentanyl and its derivatives, and other opioids are challenging samples.

They are often found in dirty street samples, mixed with a myriad other substances that can interfere with or mask the active ingredient, or are commonly found in very low amounts.

In addition, opioids and other narcotics naturally create strong spectral interference themselves in the form of fluorescence: the main enemy of Raman identification for teams deployed on-site.

Blinded by the light

Think about the light of a star. It is billions of times brighter than the reflected light from a planet nearby. That is why it is so difficult to see a planet crossing its path. The star light causes a glare that washes the planet out of sight.

Similarly, challenging samples tend to

THE RIGAKU RESQ CQL Introducing the Rigaku ResQ CQL – a new tactical design of Rigaku’s award-winning platform for narcotics and explosives identification that perfectly responds to the emerging threats that are rapidly increasing in the UK and other countries.

It combines an effective set of new advantages: ð Laser excitation of 1064 nm – by utilising 1064-nm laser excitation, the Rigaku ResQ CQL overcomes fluorescence interference common to samples that are coloured or in coloured packaging. ð Analysis of non-visible substances – QuickDetect Mode provides automated colorimetrics for trace or non-visible amounts of a substance. Using the compatible QuickDetect pouches and the CQL device camera, it eliminates the human error and subjectivity of traditional colour reagent kits. Thus, the ResQ CQL is the first field-ready Raman tool to provide both bulk and trace analysis for hazardous chemicals, narcotics, explosives, and CWAs in seconds. ð New and simplified user interface – operate via button or touchscreen with intuitive navigation menus. ð On-board camera – allows users to create richer event reports, including photos of the sample, the environment where it was found, or the type of container. This is vital information for a proper forensic analysis after the event, the sample traceability, and it also saves time for the teams on-site. ð New narcotics database – the updated Narcotics library makes this device ideal for law enforcement agencies in the UK who face new and emerging drug formuations. create very intense fluorescence interference that blinds their ‘Raman light.’ The fluorescence interference in Raman spectroscopy may result from the compound analysed or from fluorescent impurities in the sample, which normally present bright colours.

It is a big barrier for rapid and precise analysis. Dealing with fluorescence interference is one of the key challenges for an efficient application of Raman spectroscopy in field applications.

The longer the device’s laser wavelength (measured in nanometres – nm), the better its ability to ‘wash out’ the fluorescence from the measurement.

And this is not a lineal increase!

A vast majority of these narcotics (and also explosives, among many other types) are highly fluorescent, which makes the choice of the laser device critical for a successful identification.

It has been proven that a 1064-nm laser works substantially better than 785- or 810-nm laser devices.

Studies on Rigaku’s Raman 1064-nm laser devices for the identification and classification of NPS have been performed and successfully shown their superior capabilities of distinguishing fentanyl, cathinone, and synthetic cannabinoid analogues and other

derivatives. These studies also show that Rigaku’s 1064-nm wavelength laser has significant advantages for identifying NPS samples, overcoming the intense fluorescence induced when using 785- and 810-nm lasers.

In conclusion, when facing the current narcotics situation in the UK, the Rigaku ResQ CQL and its 1064-nm laser for Raman identification technology offers benefits over conventional Raman spectrometers to law enforcement users, namely the elimination of fluorescent interference in measurements.

With the 1064-nm benefit, the ResQ CQL can analyse coloured materials through clear and coloured packaging (including glassware and plastic), a feature which offers particular benefits to narcotics applications where coloured pills are often seen. Analysis through packaging minimises operator exposure to substances. Additionally, it does not require consumables or factory calibration which ensures a low through-life cost. zy Jose Jimenez is the CBRN Market Specialist for Southern Scientific.

He has been a CBRNE and chemical analysis international market professional for more than 15 years.

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MISSION STATEMENT

A

Innovating for CBRN threat detection

s chemical, biological and nuclear threats evolve, authorities and civilian services need to further their detection and response capabilities to guarantee both civilian and military protection.

Fully committed to the fight against CBRN threats, Bertin Technologies’ main ambition is to ensure the safety of populations and operators, through the supply of innovative equipment enhancing detection capabilities. The unique combination of multidisciplinary teams and major industrial means enables Bertin Technologies to be up to the task.

Indeed, the company develops and commercialises a comprehensive range of solutions in the form of fixed and mobile detection systems and instruments, to enhance responsiveness and decisionmaking in emergency situations. Its offer includes, among others, stand-off gas detection cameras (Second Sight MS), biological air samplers (Coriolis Compact), multiprobe survey meters (SaphyRAD MS), radiation portal monitors (SaphyGATE GN) and environmental radiation monitoring probes (GammaTRACER Spider).

Bertin Technologies successfully supplies its customers with equipment

64 CBNW 2021/02

As a French leader in CBRN risk, preparation and response management, Bertin Technologies – a CNIM Group company – provides ruggedised, high-sensitive equipment to meet the operational requirements of the Armed Forces, hazardous material response teams (HAZMAT), and first responders dedicated to detection and surveillance applications, for all CBRN threats: monitoring of industrial sites and major events, mobile surveillance during CBRN reconnaissance missions (Chemical), sampling for indoor and outdoor bio-contamination control (Biological), radiation contamination and exposure monitoring, nuclear access control, and environmental radiation monitoring (Radiological and Nuclear).

When it comes to CBRN threat detection, Bertin Technologies keeps several essential aspects in mind to meet the expectations of its customers. Meant to be used on the field, the company’s products must be compliant with a wide variety of operational features and military standards. Rugged, compact and lightweight, the equipment works under the harshest conditions and ensures minimum inconvenience to the users, often wearing protective clothes

during their missions, which limits their speed and movements.

In addition, the products feature intuitive and ergonomic interfaces to enhance ease of use, even by non-specialists. When facing an emergency situation every second counts – which is why Bertin Technologies’ comprehensive range of products also offers fast and reliable detection and measurement.

Over the years, Bertin Technologies’ teams have worked in close cooperation with end users, to imagine and design tailored and turnkey solutions. This relationship goes throughout the products’ lifespan through support, training and services. Meeting many military and civil security units in France and abroad to present their solutions, those impassioned actors have already proved that the company’s range for CBRN threat detection provides unrivalled support for the most complex missions. ❚❙

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CLOUD DETECTOR

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MISSION STATEMENT

Robust rapid deployment decontamination solutions Cristanini provides operationally proven, state of the art decontamination systems for use in both military and civll applications

W

e develop and manufacture high-end solutions for the decontamination and detoxification of personnel and equipment. Our systems are predominantly used in the field of CBRN decontamination and detoxification caused by natural disasters, industrial incidents, traffic accidents, terrorist attacks and conflicts.

Our extensive Research & Development programme includes collaborations with renowned universities – including the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Padua in Italy and in a large number of military laboratories around the world.

Our R&D activity is validated by more than 40 patents. The Cristanini philosophy is based on one operator, one machine and one decontaminant product reducing the training and logistic burden.

CBRN decontamination systems

We have developed a broad range of products and systems to exceed customer requirements. They include: Sanijet C.921 – the core of all 66 CBNW 2021/02

Cristanini decon systems: fully autonomous, with accessories for decontaminating personnel, vehicles, equipment and terrain. A robust, flexible system designed for military use.

Sanijetgun: a specially designed lance that contains BX 24 powder and allows the operator to carry out pre-washing, applying decontaminant and rinsing.

DDMAS: an autonomous mobile station suitable for vehicles, personnel, material, sanitisation of terrain, and sensitive equipment decontamination.

Mobile laboratories for CBRN incidents

Cristanini offers three variants of rapidly deployable mobile laboratories: Biolab, Chemlab and also a Bio/Chem mobile laboratory. The laboratories are designed to identify hazardous materials in a range of matrices such as aerosols, solids and liquids.

They are able to operate with complete autonomy, with inbuilt power supply and clean water tank. They are equipped to carry out operations for 72 hours without external resources.

These mobile laboratories can carry out their mission in a contaminated environment, thanks to a CBRN filtration system with active carbon filters. They have a 'closed' area for the entry of personnel preceding the laboratory entrance, helping to avoid the risk of contamination in the laboratories.

For those seeking a versatile and discreet approach, an emergency response vehicle has also been designed.

VIRE CBRN/PR-ID is a multi-role vehicle capable of providing detection and identification of CBRN agents. It offers protection of critical infrastructure, military installations (such as barracks and airfields), national borders, and sensitive sites against the threats deriving from CBRN agents.

Disinfection of new coronavirus with BX24

The Covid-19 pandemic has focused minds on decontamination solutions.

BX24 is fully compliant with international guidelines for the disinfection of surfaces contaminated by the new coronavirus.

It acts as a disinfectant due to its property of releasing active chlorine in aqueous solution. This particular formulation increases the wettability and adherence of the product to surfaces – and therefore promotes contact with the biological agent.

BX24 has operational advantages over other chlorine donor products such as broad-spectrum microbicidal activity, low toxicity, low environmental contamination and stability of the solutions. ❚❙

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MISSION STATEMENT

One million masks NBC-Sys remains committed to protecting soldiers from the CBRN threat In 2021 NBC-Sys is proud to reach one million ARFA gas masks sold since the early 1990s. As the French expert company in CBRN, we are protecting every soldier with this best-selling equipment – not only in France, but also in many countries worldwide

A

RFA is the last of a major gas-mask family that was completely designed and produced in house since the end of World-War II. Combat-proven in several military operations, the ARFA level of protection is by far one of the best on the market.

The formidable expertise developed

by NBC-Sys was once again trusted in 2019 by the French Government’s Defence Procurement and Technology Agency (DGA – Direction Générale de l’Armement). We are deeply participating in the EPIA programme aimed at developing a next-generation individual

protection global system from 2025.

NBC-Sys is a leading provider of CBRN detection, protection and decontamination solutions. For more than 70 years we have supported our military and civil customers around the

world and more specifically in Europe, Asia and the Middle East.

Our commitment to research and development enables us to propose cutting-edge equipment and systems: ● NBC filtration and air-conditioning systems for vehicles, hard-shelters and tents ● Decontamination solutions for vehicles, aircrafts, infrastructures, sensitive materials and personals ● Individual protection equipment, including gas masks and CBRN filters ● Chemical and biological individual detectors and mobile detection kits.

NBC-Sys is continuously maintaining an in-house design, development, production, testing and support capability. As a trusted Partner we walk alongside our customers for the entire duration of their programmes. ❚❙

68 CBNW 2021/02

ARFA masks sold Worldwide...

For any information please contact us : sales@nbc-sys.com +33 4 77 19 19 21

MISSION STATEMENT

The clear choice for radiation safety With over 60 years’ experience, Tracerco offers a wide range of award-winning radiation monitors to measure radiation dose rate or monitor process and environmental contaminants in a number of applications.

All of our products – hand-held dose rate, contamination, NORM (naturally occurring radioactive materials) and x-ray monitors, as well as our range of personal electronic dosimeters (PEDs) – have been designed to be lightweight and easy to use

repairs on a wide range of instruments, including intrinsically safe equipment.

Radiation protection training and advice

O

ur intrinsically safe radiation monitors function safely in the presence of explosive gas mixtures. We also provide non-intrinsically safe versions with the same functionality for use in less challenging environments, providing a solution for every radiation monitoring and management need.

Our full range of radiation monitors and personal electronic dosimeters (PEDs) are available for both purchase and hire.

Hire monitors can often be provided with rapid delivery – so if you have an urgent requirement for a radiation monitor, we can meet your needs.

Servicing and calibration services

From our strategic locations around the world, we provide a fast, efficient and professional calibration service for all types of radiation monitor. Calibration services are available at our offices in: ● Billingham, UK 70 CBNW 2021/02

In addition to our award-winning range of monitors, Tracerco is vastly experienced in the provision of radiation protection training and advice to a worldwide audience. Our Radiation Protection Advisers (Qualified Experts) and Radioactive Waste Advisers (RWAs) are certified to offer both advice and training to ensure client operational safety and compliance with national and international legislation.

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Houston, USA Perth, Australia Abu Dhabi, UAE Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

We also provide a free-of-charge reminder service to let you know when your next calibration is due.

Our radiation monitor calibration service is: ● Quick: Typical turnaround within 3-5 days. We can also provide an express service on request. ● Flexible: We offer calibration of contamination monitors against a range of isotopes, including Ra-226 and Pb-210. ● Comprehensive: We can test dose rate monitors to saturation dose rates in excess of 100mSv/hr.

Our qualified technicians are also available to carry out quick and effective

We offer a range of training including: ● Radiation Protection Officer/Radiation Protection Supervisor certified courses ● Management awareness of NORM ● NORM awareness training ● Practical use of NORM monitors We take pride in successfully delivering our radiation protection services – which is reflected by our high customer loyalty.

Analytical services

Tracerco has extensive experience in the detection and measurement of radioisotopes across several industry sectors. Combining our modern, fully equipped laboratory facilities with our specialist knowledge and expertise means we deliver accurate, efficient solutions. With a vast range of radiochemical and compositional analytical services we ensure you comply with your environmental and waste management responsibilities. ❚❙

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TRIPWIRE

ii

ROVs X-ray integration

vi

Explosion Beirut blast

x

IEDs Booby-trap awareness

IED DETECTION

X-RAY INTEGRATION FOR ROVS LT COL LUDWIG PERGOVACZ

©REAMDA

EXPLAINS THE METHODS TO INTEGRATE PORTABLE

X-RAY

SYSTEMS WITH

REMOTELY OPERATED

(ROVS) AND ASKS: C-ARM, CHASSIS MOUNTING, OR BOTH? VEHICLES

REAMDA’s Reacher ROV carrying the X-ray source and the Riddler ROV carrying the VCsecurity DR1417-V panel. The laptop has access to both systems via MESH radio.

DR1417-V panel with Golden XRS3 source mounted on a Telerob Telemax chassis mount.

©VCsecurity

Bomb disposal technicians worldwide face complex challenges – most notably, to detect, neutralise and contain improvised explosive devices (IEDs) remotely, rapidly, and with minimum approach time down-range close to the IED. The main method to master these challenges is by employing ROVs. Usually, the robots are equipped with accessories like portable X-ray systems, disruptors, CBRN sensors, and special cameras to reach, inspect, and then defuse or destroy explosive devices

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XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

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IED DETECTION Preparation is everything In a normal scenario, the ROV will be supplied in advance with the suitable accessories that are integrated without damaging or limiting the ROV’s capabilities to perform its normal mission: to conduct an examination remotely from a large distance without putting the operator or others at risk, while driving over or even climbing obstacles.

Integrating the ROV, X-ray systems and other accessories requires a close cooperation between all suppliers. That way all parts can perfectly be integrated physically and technologically without any interference between them.

Swiss Army knife of ROV mounting The most popular and common integration method between ROV and portable system is the C-arm, specifically designed to firmly mount the panel and source to the ROV manipulator.

To achieve ideal operational performance, the ROV must have the capability to lift more than 15 kg.

Versatile scenarios are possible: operators can safely change angles

and heights. Some models even allow the X-ray inspection parts to be dropped and to mount automatically another accessory to complete the mission.

Overcoming weight restrictions Things get more challenging if the ROV model and portable X-ray system are not designed or planned for integration in advance. The ROV’s ability to work in tight spaces and bypass obstacles should not be hampered by the addition of an X-ray system or any other accessory.

When integrating accessories with ROVs, one must make sure that whatever is added to the system does not interfere with other functions of the platform.

The automatic movements, along with vital parts like the cameras of the ROV, should also be synchronised with the X-ray system.

During past years, ROV models with lower size and weight became more popular because they are easy to carry and can be deployed more rapidly. This comes at the cost of payload capabilities. At the point where the manipulator is fully stretched, they usually cannot lift

Top-to-bottom inspection using the C-arm.

©REAMDA

more than 5 kg, thus limiting the operation.

But it is often required to change heights, angles and distance between the detectors and X-ray source to improve penetration and resolution – or to take several images of a large IED. Using the C-arm To mitigate the limitations, operators can use special, lightweight C-arms with a 2.2-kg golden-pulsed X-ray source and a 2-3-kg panel – or even a CR plate that weighs less than 0.5 kg, ©VCsecurity

DR1417-X panel with Golden XRS-3 source mounted on the FLIR Packbot with a C-arm.

including a holding frame. The usage of heavier components will not only seriously jeopardise or at least limit the operation, but could also cause permanent damage to the ROV. A practical example is an operator that wants to use an existing, small ROV model with a C-arm that carries a new X-ray system with higher weight than the manipulator lifting capability.

VCsecurity consulted with the ROV manufacturer and agreed on a solution: to add new stabilising parts that can strengthen the ROV body to allow it to support the extra weight, combined with an advanced training of the operators for better control of the ROV when mounted with accessories – to avoid losing stability in complex situations. It is therefore possible to retrofit new highperformance X-ray systems to existing ROVs.

XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

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iii

IED DETECTION ©VCsecurity

Four images taken from different parts of the inspected IED combined in seconds into one large image using the automatic stitching function.

Today, some of the new models are equipped with a weight sensor that will notify the operator if the lifted object is too heavy, and some also include software that monitors the ROV angle. When the robot is not fully parallel to the ground, the software can not only warn the operator, but can also set proper actions needed for stabilisation.

However; in most cases when there is a need to adjust an existing small ROV to a portable X-ray system, or vice versa. There is also a better option to use a chassis mount or a specially designed lightweight C-arm.

Different options for different scenarios Due to their lower overall weight, some of the smaller ROV models manipulators have the disadvantage of being very easily incapable of manoeuvring, or being almost unusable, in complex missions.

These include driving on a bumpy long or narrow road, climbing stairs, or passing other obstacles with the source, the C-arm and the detector.

By using the chassis mount, the distance between robot and X-ray detector can be modified along with the angle. Another advantage is the significantly lower weight on the

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XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

manipulator – as it needs to carry only the X-ray detector.

In this way, malfunctions of the ROV due to weight overload can be avoided which – in the worst case – can lead to operator errors. Using a specially designed housing accessory, the X-ray source is held between ROV flippers and transported. The advantages are the even weight distribution and easier use of the entire system in a complex situation.

Nevertheless, the new, lighter design of the C-arm by VCsecurity still allows use of the source and detector in all positions. The aluminium composite design provides a weight saving of 20%.

The generator and the panel can also be aligned very easily as compared to the chassis mount option. In connection with the weight savings, the improved calibration gives a perfect integration between the components of the robot and the X-ray system.

For example, a large IED which is larger than a typical 14 x 17” detector imaging area can still be imaged by using the ROV to easily move the C-arm to take several images which can then be automatically stitched together into one image.

To ensure a reliable operation,

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the panel is designed for extreme weather and environments with an IP67 rating, drop testing from 1 m, and weight endurance up to 300 kg.

In some ROV models it can also be stored in the chassis area during driving, keeping it even safer during missions.

Ultimate flexibility Another option to expand the mission capability would be to invest in multiple robots. The large ROV model can be integrated with a C-arm while the smaller model can be integrated using the chassis mount. In case it is needed to inspect large objects like cars from side to side (not only top-to-bottom), the two robots can work together as a team. Overall, it can be concluded that VCsecurity has a broad spectrum of options for operators to ensure that missions can be completed safely and rapidly. ✺ Lt Col Ludwig Pergovacz of the German Air Force Reserves (GAFR) is a ROV integration expert at VCsecurity, a division of the X-ray specialist VisiConsult. As well as 25 years’ experience in the military and ten years in the defence industry, he has long been involved in the ROV project.

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8H

EXPLOSION

On August 2020 the sixth-largest accidental, non-nuclear explosion in history ripped apart the port of Beirut. The destruction caused by the detonation of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate aroused global concerns about its storage.

But attention to precedent should have provided sufficient warning

T

Efforts to treat the injured were hampered by damage to hospitals near the blast site, already under huge strain from the coronavirus pandemic. In the midst of economic crisis Lebanon suffered destruction of its port and main grain silo. The air was filled with polluting particulate matter.

The ammonium nitrate (AN) shipment was said to have arrived in Beirut aboard a Russian-owned cargo ship in 2013 after it encountered mechanical problems at sea. The cargo was moved into a hangar where it remained in storage despite Lebanese NDY custom officials repeatedly PPENHEIMER requesting its disposal.

Photos from 2015 EXAMINES THE EFFECTS showed bags piled OF LAST YEAR S VAST haphazardly with AN spilling from torn EIRUT EXPLOSION AND bags. This provided EXPLAINS HOW THE a potential target for terrorists.

RULES FOR STORING The long-term storage of the AN in AMMONIUM NITRATE the humid conditions AT THE PORT WERE of Beirut could have

he explosion in the Lebanese capital killed at least 220 people, injured 6,000 and left an estimated 300,000 people homeless. It was heard more than 200 km away in Cyprus. A huge orange fireball in the sky preceded a massive shock wave of 550-1,200 tons TNT-equivalent and created a 140-m-wide crater.

Video footage showed a fire at the port with explosive flashes that appeared to trigger a massive secondary explosion.

O

A

’

B

made it susceptible to explosion if the storage was not airtight. Water from the air would cause the granules and pellets to fuse over time into a consolidated mass from which heat and gases from the decomposition could not escape, added to which the confinement effect enhanced the explosion once a source of heat was applied.

Dangers of AN Used as fertiliser or explosives in mining, AN has been involved in at least 30 disasters, both accidental and terror-related. It has been widely deployed as a bulk explosive in vehicle-borne IEDs by the world’s most dangerous terror groups.

If stored in wooden or cardboard containers, it becomes extremely flammable. Piling up large compacted amounts allows more heat to be contained for longer when the mixture burns. As an oxidiser, AN added to a fire produces an explosion and a high-pressure wave that travels faster than the speed of sound. Dangers increase when it becomes contaminated, for example with oil.

Precedent The Beirut blast was the third largest involving AN. In September 1921, an

BEIRUT

LARGELY IGNORED

vi

XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

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EXPLOSION

explosion at an AN factory in Oppau, Germany killed 561 people and could be heard hundreds of km away.

On 16 April 1947, a cargo ship, the Grandcamp was being loaded when a fire broke out in the hold with 2,300 tons of AN in sacks aboard. The captain closed the hold and pumped in pressurised steam.

The ship exploded, killing 580 and injuring 5,000. Fire spread to another vessel, the High Flyer, moored 250 m away – with 1,050 tonnes of sulphur and 960 tons of AN on board. The explosion produced a powerful earthshock that broke windows over 60 km away and knocked two small aircraft out of the sky. In 2015, the

detonation of around 800 tonnes in the port of Tianjin, China, killed 173.

Storage rules Annually, vast amounts of AN are produced and stored – more than 20 million tons in 2017. Many countries hold strict regulations about duration and precautions in storage. Its ©HJP11/Wikimedia

BLAST

After: Beirut Port eleven days after the explosion.

©Mahdi Shojaeian/Wikimedia

Before: the port of Beirut in 2017, with Rhosus moored on the right. Livestock carriers Abou Karim I and Abou Karim III, both severely damaged in the explosions, are in the centre – the latter largely obscuring the former. ©HJP11/Wikimedia

The Beirut explosion caused extensive damage, including destruction of the grain silo.

XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

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EXPLOSION AN is used by several terrorist groups as a bulk explosive.

After: Beirut Port eleven days after the explosion.

©Wikimedia Commons

©HJP11/Wikimedia

STORAGE

LOCATIONS

Dakar, Senegal: 2,700 tonnes – part of a consignment of 3,050 tonnes of ammonium nitrate destined for neighbouring Mali. Consignment owner was asked to move it to a warehouse 30 km from Dakar Chennai, India: 740 tonnes – stored for five years while the authorities fought a legal battle against a company that had imported it from South Korea. Since transported to the neighbouring state of Telangana Aden, Yemen: 4,900 tonnes – in 100 containers imported in 2017 and seized by Saudi-led forces Immingham, UK: Investigation launched into AN storage at a port in Lincolnshire and other Humberside sites. bomb-making potential means locations are often kept secret.

The Beirut AN had been stored at the port for six years. Improper storage, confinement, contamination, lack of ventilation, and potential sources of ignition are all or each likely causation of the Beirut disaster.

The shelf life is typically six

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XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

months for bulk storage in a warehouse. The material must be kept in very secure fireproof containers, compartmentalised and nowhere near an ignition source, with strong perimeter security. In densely populated areas, it would be stored outside in a secure area away from combustible materials and sources of contamination.

COMMERCIAL

Coral Oil Company engineer Wassim Naddi said there were no strict regulations for AN storage in Lebanon and a disregard for safety in the country. “Before the explosion we used to struggle to make people understand safety. Now that most of the people have unfortunately seen it with their own eyes, have lived it, and have luckily survived it, it will be easier to have this culture of change when it comes to safety.

We hope a transparent investigation will answer lots of questions and aid in enforcing local and global prevention measures.” ✺

STORAGE GUIDELINES

◗ Storage in an enclosed single-storey, cleaned, dedicated, well-ventilated building constructed of not-readily combustible material (concrete, brick, steel) ◗ Protection from the weather and especially direct sunlight ◗ Clean environment free of dust/dirt ◗ Temperature 5-30˚C ◗ Kept away from moisture, which can cause lumps and dust ◗ Pallet racking to avoid the need for double stacking ◗ Do not store other products in the same bay ◗ Clean bays regularly ◗ Inspect bays for contamination before new batches are added ◗ All buildings should be well ventilated to help dissipate heat and discharge fumes in a fire or decomposition ◗ The floor should have a level, dry and even surface, free from pot-holes ◗ Limit height of fertiliser stacks to avoid collapse ◗ Limit size of stacks (300 tons for straight AN – >28% N) ◗ Store at least 1 m away from building eaves and beams; bagged fertiliser away from walls ◗ Pallets must be on a firm drained base ◗ Do not store in bulk materials which are incompatible near each other, e.g. urea near AN-based fertilisers

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Find out more www.ctexpo.co.uk

PREVENT • RESPOND • RECOVER

14 -16 September 2021 ExCeL London

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BOOBY TRAPS

NEVER CUT Booby trap discussions are normally confined to Police Bomb Squads and military EOD teams. Unfortunately, these often happen after someone is dead or severely injured. The damage is already done

RICK SAMPLES PROMOTES BOOBY TRAP AWARENESS FOR INVESTIGATORS

TRIGGERING MECHANISMS Pull – The most common type of pull device is a tripwire.

Typically, the pulling of the wire removes an insulator from between two electrical contacts. When the contacts meet a circuit is completed and the device functions. The Provisional IRA used this type extensively in their 30-year bombing campaign.

In 2018, Mark Conditt used mail bombs and tripwires in Austin, Texas with deadly results.

Release – Tripwires may also be configured in a release mode.

This trigger could be initiated when a tripwire is cut. The release of tension allows a suspended contact to touch another contact and complete a circuit. The learning point here is, Never Cut a Tripwire.

T

his should not be the case.

Officers and investigators all agree upon the importance of situational awareness when contacting suspicious individuals. Likewise, we must agree upon the significance of booby trap awareness. In this area, unlike some others, one misstep could be tragic.

A booby trap is an object that appears to be normal but conceals a signalling device or a lethal IED. Booby traps can be as simple as a board with upturned nails or as complicated as an IED initiated by a laser tripwire. I will focus on IEDs since they have the highest potential for mass casualties.

While booby traps are used to protect marijuana ‘grows’ and methamphetamine labs, many have been used outside of that context.

Unfortunately, many officers have died during these discoveries.

Pressure – Pressure-activated devices use the weight of the individual to compress two contacts. The contacts remain separated by an insulator until enough weight is applied to complete the circuit. Landmines are a prime example. Pressure pad sensors can be purchased commercially in many sizes or easily built by hand.

Investigating booby traps Booby trap detection is difficult. This difficulty is compounded during rapidly evolving situations in lowlight environments. Foreknowledge

Electronic sensors – In the past, these switches were difficult to obtain and expensive. Now, they are available in kits on the Internet.

Kits include infrared sensors, proximity sensors, and laser switches that act as invisible tripwires. These sensors make detection exceedingly difficult.

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XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

Tilt – Tilt-activated triggers contain a moveable conductor that slides or rolls into place between electrical contacts when the device is tilted. Mercury switches, often put on the underside of vehicles (another PIRA M.O.) are an example of tilt switches.

Pressure release – Pressure-release triggers are often used in anti-lift devices. The suspect will place an item in plain view that lures an officer to pick it up, triggering the device. Common micro-switches can be configured to function as ‘normally open’ or ‘normally closed.’

Vibratory – Vibratory – Often called ‘trembler switches’ or ‘anti-tamper switches' these contain a flexible conductor surrounded by, but not in contact with, a conductive coil.

When the switch is bumped, the flexible conductor contacts the conductive coil, completing the circuit. This may also be conducted via a pendulum motion where the contact is suspended and swings into another electrical contact when jostled.

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BOOBY TRAPS

A TRIPWIRE Officers may readily observe fishing line used as a tripwire when it is covered with dew.

When the tripwire is pulled, it will pull the insulator from between the electrical contacts, completing the firing circuit.

All photos ©Rampart Design Group, LLC

– intelligence – is the key. If officers can gather intelligence on the suspect and understand possible triggering mechanisms it will give them an edge that may save their lives.

Sheriff Charles LaRew, of Cedar County, Missouri, was shot and killed by a booby trap device during an investigation. The device fired a projectile when the victim turned the doorknob. County Coroner Clarence E. Hackleman said, He probably didn’t even hear the gunshot.

Ask yourself, “What have I picked up during an investigation that could have been booby-trapped?” The honest answer is basically anything.

Booby traps are not confined to tripwires on wooded trails.

Never supplant a bomber’s methodology with your own. The fact that you would not do it 'that way’ is irrelevant. The bomber is not bound by the National Electrical Code when designing his circuits or devices. He is only limited by his imagination. Remember the nationwide murder campaign that the Unabomber, Ted Kaczynski, conducted from a wilderness cabin with no running water.

XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

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BOOBY TRAPS Preparation So, what is the solution? The show must go on. We still have to search for marijuana grows and track fugitives through forests. We must still search hotel rooms for meth labs and houses for emotionally disturbed people.

The solution, as always, is preparation. Just as we gather intelligence for other operations, we must expand our scope to consider the possibility of booby traps.

Debrief informants and undercover operators who have been on the suspect’s property previously.

If exigent circumstances exist, and operational security will not be compromised, interview family members, landlords, and utility workers to determine if there are indications that the suspect was building circuits or combining explosive precursor chemicals. In addition to debriefing those who have previously contacted the suspect, we must pre-brief current undercover operators and informants.

Investigators in the US should familiarise themselves with the Bomb-Making Materials Awareness Program. Free virtual instructor lead training is available through the Center for Domestic Preparedness Homemade Explosives Awareness and Precursor Awareness Course (HME-P AWR-338). ✺

In addition to being thrown, hand grenades can be initiated with a tripwire.

Determine if the suspect has the proclivity to use booby traps. Military veterans have familiarity with explosives but certain occupational specialties have advanced training. In the US these include Combat Engineers (12B), Special Forces Engineers (18C), and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Specialists (89D).

Individuals with experience in the field of chemical engineering or electronics are capable of creating IEDs. Sadly, even with no specialised training, anyone with access to YouTube can view instructional step-by-step videos.

Perform a search to determine if the suspect is a licensed hunter or trapper. These activities rely on outdoor skills including stealth, the creative use of chokepoints and clever trap concealment.

Analyse statements made by the suspect. Statements could be gleaned from interviews or calls for service, threats to neighbours, employment exit interviews, court proceedings and social media.

Investigators should interview subjects that have been affiliated with suspects in the past to ascertain explosives-related intelligence.

Use reliable methods like surveillance and trash pulls.

Establish the suspect’s pattern of life by following the suspect to see who he meets, what he buys, where he dumps his trash, and where he sleeps. Trash pulls may reveal IED remnants and provide probable cause for a search warrant.

Prepare for the search. If booby-trap use is indicated, investigators must enlist the bomb squad. In wooded areas, look for narrow trails that lead into a chokepoint. If possible, avoid trails altogether and use an unexpected path. Foliage can provide natural camouflage for booby traps. Look for impressions in the ground or freshly dug earth that indicate buried devices. Look for tripwires, either taut or slack, positioned at any height.

This ‘signaling’ device will fire the included ‘flash bang’ but will also fire any 12-gauge shotgun round.

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Special Agent Rick Samples (Retd) is a law enforcement veteran with over three decades of experience. He was an FBI-certified Bomb Technicianwith the Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office (JSO) in Florida. He then spent 20 years with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives as a Special Agent. He retired in 2019 as a Senior Special Agent/Certified Explosives Specialist and is currently the Liaison Manager for the Bomb-Making Materials Awareness Program for JSO. An earlier version of this article was published on Police1.com.

CBNW 2021/02

CBRNe SUMMIT USA LAS VEGAS, NEVADA | 12TH – 14TH OCTOBER 2021 Key Speakers include • Dr. Eric Moore, Director, U.S. Army DEVCOM Chemical Biological Center • Richard Schoske, Chief, Diagnostics and Detection Division, Defence Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) • Dr. Paula Bryant, Director, Office of Biodefense, Research Resources, and Translational Research, U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) • Donald Alway, Assistant Director, Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • David Bowers, Deputy Chief Inspector, U.S. Postal Inspection Service • Peter Belk, Deputy Director, J5 – Strategy, Plans, Policy and Concepts, U.S. Special Operations Command • Sergeant Brandon Bordon, ARMOR Task Force, Southern Nevada Counter Terrorism Center, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police (LVMP) • Dr. Jason Roos, Deputy Program Executive Officer, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) • Captain Daniele Del Gaudio, Head of CBRN Specialistic Support Office, 7th CBRN Defence Regiment “CREMONA”, Ministry of Defence, Italy

AD

• José Antonio Zea Agüero, Director-General, Chemical Information Center (CINQUI), Peru • Craig Cooper, Chief of Special Operations, Las Vegas Fire Department

• Dennisses Valdes, Branch Chief, Environmental Response Team, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency • Martin Davey, Lead – CBRNe Strike Team, Hazmat and CBRNe Technician, Ottawa Fire Services, Canada • Dr. Patrick Mullan, Team Leader Chemical Biological (CB) Response Team, DSTL • Timothy Rice, Battalion Chief, HazMat Operations, Fire Department New York (FDNY) • David Di Gregorio, Director, Hazardous Materials Emergency Response, Massachusetts Fire Services

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AFTERWORD

TERRORISM PERSISTS

– WITH VARIANTS

The coronavirus pandemic may have overshadowed other events in the news, including terrorism. Almost twenty years on from the world’s worst ever terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, violent jihadism continues in states and areas where governance is poor and instability and economic deprivation is rife.

On 21 January, at least 32 were killed and 110 wounded in Baghdad in a double suicide bombing claimed by Daesh. Since many elements of the group were declared defeated by the Iraqi government by end 2017, they have launched coordinated attacks on power lines and power stations causing millions of dollars' worth of damage in Iraq. As long as underlying factors driving a cycle of terrorism persist, it is never gone. Daesh still recruits elements of the Sunni Muslim population who feel disenfranchised. From their underground complexes, the terrorists re-emerge in areas they are trying to reclaim.

In Afghanistan, Taliban insurgents in 2021 are continuing the unprecedented level of violence – more than 25,000 incidents – that they inflicted on Afghan forces and civilians in 2020. Between 1 January and 31 March, 7,177 security incidents were recorded – a 61% increase over the same period in 2020. In June, the Taliban seized dozens of districts in Afghanistan following attacks during the final withdrawal by US and NATO forces. With an estimated 100,000 fighters, they are strengthening their military capability as leverage in peace negotiations with the Afghan government.

Ties have also strengthened between the Taliban and al-Qaeda – the original driving force behind US intervention following 9/11. Al-Qaeda is present in at least 15 provinces primarily in the east, south and south-east, and along the Pakistan border. Al-Qaeda and ISIS are still the prime global jihadist threats – conducting regional military campaigns and inveigling themselves into local politics. Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) is a Daesh variant aiming at power in north Syria.

The continuing rise of the Far Right was shockingly epitomised in the 6 January Capitol insurrection, where we began this edition of CBNW. The White supremacist movement gained mainstream recognition during the Trump years and splinter groups and emergent cells are also gathering support in Europe. A snapshot in the UK: in mid-June a politics student was found guilty of of 12 terrorism charges, having calling for the "extermination" of Jewish people. He established the banned groups System Resistance Network (SRN) and so-called ‘Sonnenkrieg Division.’ A man convicted of terrorism offences after sharing explosives and firearms manuals in extreme right-wing online chat groups was also jailed in June.

Far-Right parties may not be dominant in government, an example being the failure of Marine Le Pen’s Rassemblement National to make gains in French local elections in June. But it is usually on the fringes of society where terrorism takes root. Of serious import – especially given the location – was the trial that began in Stuttgart in April of the so-called “Gruppe S.” Twelve men are accused of plotting attacks on asylum seekers, Jews, Muslims and politicians as part of a plan to trigger a civil war. Several are members of Bruderschaft Deutschland – a Nazi-inspired group regarded as a catch-all for extremists. Violent right-wing crime is on the rise in Germany; the number of extremist incidents in 2020 was the highest in four years. Twenty years on from 9/11, terrorism and extremism persists in many forms – with new and alarming variants adding to long-familiar menaces. ✺

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XPLOSIVE SUPPLEMENT

CBNW 2021/02

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