Book of Abstracts: International Workshop on Projecting Megacities of the Global South in the 2020s

WORKSHOP PROGRAMME / BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

A One Day International Workshop on

Growth Transformations, Contested/Negotiated Spaces & Changing Liveability:

Projecting Megacities of the Global South in the 2020's Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER Global Built Environment Review https://globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/

In collaboration with

Department of Architecture, BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

gb er global built environment review

16 JULY 2022 DHAKA / BANGLADESH

Copyright: Tasleem Shakur and Shayer Ghafur Book of Abstract for the International Workshop on ‘Growth Transformations, Contested/Negotiated Spaces & Changing Liveability: Projecting Megacities of the Global South in 2020's’.

July 2022.

Published jointly by: Global Built Environment Review (GBER) ISSN 1474-6824 https://globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk/ and Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET).

Front-Cover Photo: Aerial view of Shanghai, 上海市, China, 2021.

Photo taken by Photographer Liu Sicheng / unsplash.com Back-Cover Photo: Aerial view of Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2021.

Photo taken by Photographer Munir Uz Zaman.

Front and back-cover designed by: Imamur Hossain

CONTENTS 03 Call for Abstracts 04

Programme

05

Workshop Schedule

07

Chief Guest Vice Chancellor Professor Satya Prasad Majumder and Special Guest Professor Magda Sibley

09

Abstract N.1: The perils of premature globalisation and birth of megacities: A Global Perspective of social exclusion and spatial injustice by Dr Quazi Mahtab Zaman

12

Abstract N.2: Uncovering the Hidden Dynamics of Densification: A Case Study of Dhaka by

Dr Syeda Jafrina Nancy 14

Abstract N.3: Liveability from below: A Dhaka-Delhi analysis of multiscalar private entrepreneurs’ roles in accessing housing/infrastructure and shaping built-lived environments in urban informal settlements by Yasmin Ara

16

Abstract N.4: An alternative understanding of space: Maqamiat as a tool for Karachi's urban space design by Dr Suneela Ahmed

18

Abstract N.5: Reform, Revivalism and Transformation: Third Millenium Trialectics of Urban Turkey and Istanbul by Dr Ersan Koc

20

Abstract N.6: A political-public space constructed through “mutually constitutive” in megacity, through the case of the Gwanghwamun area in Seoul, South Korea by Sinae Won

22

Abstract N.7: Displacements in the name of Urban Development: Perspectives from Karachi

by Fariha Tahseen, Dr Noman Ahmed, and Dr Rabiya Asim

24 Abstract N.8: Maintaining a sustainable unique place within Cairo Mega City: Lessons for current development and future prospects on post modernity and hybridization by Dr Ashraf Kamal, and Dr Walaa Abdel Mohsen 26

Abstract N.9: The Transformation of Mumbai as Mega City: A Case Study of Slums and Environmental Degradation by Dr Jamie P. Halsall, and Dr Kalim Siddiqui

29

Abstract N.10: Chinese Megacities Compared: Beijing and Shanghai by Emeritus Professor Ian G. Cook

30 31 32 33 34

Workshop Convenors Department of Architecture, BUET GBER Special Editions of GBER Research, Compilation and Support

2

CALL FOR ABSTRACTS World's urban population trend for 2010 will increase by 72% by 2050, from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion in 2050. Scholars like David Harvey noted in 2009 that the proponents of neo-liberalism felt no obligation to consider how increasing social inequality and poverty along with environmental degradation might actively produce through the capitalistic market-led uneven geographical development. At the start of this millennium, 153 million urban population have risen in 21 megacities, by 2020 there are now 37 megacities with 500 million people. Today, in the early 2020s around a dozen megacities are having a population of 20 million and above, overwhelmingly all of them are from Global South. The UN projected the largest increase of population in this millennium between now and 2050 will be in Asia and Africa.

A cursory finding suggests a shifting of the focus of growth transformation. For example, in the sixth megacity of Dhaka, South Asia, the old part is no longer an economic centre. Sadharghat, the main riverine transportation hub, is still defining the image of perpetual growth of commuters living and working across the Buriganga river and new migrants forever stepping off crowded ferries arriving from the countryside (The Guardian, 2021). Now Dhaka has grown haphazardly both upwards and sideways to absorb 20 million people, with around 400 thousand migrants coming each year. While spatial inequality is observed in many megacities in the global South, findings from Cairo, Africa from the last decade suggest somewhat of a new phenomenon: 'low income individuals living near the wealthy report increased feeling of stigmatization, increased stress, and a greater sense of social isolation' (Chaskin and Joseph 2010; Graham, Pinto and Ruiz 2015). While 'inequality' is seen in many megacities, in the prime economic zones of China, a number of regenerations have been taken place in 1990s Shanghai by demolishing the entire neighbourhood, relocation of communities, and constructing modern towers. The capital of Mexico- since at least the 1970s, drawn to its remarkable growth during the second half of the 20th century and to its specific patterns of urbanization.

This workshop intends to explore the challenges and opportunities for the fast-growing megacities, focusing on social inequalities, human-environment interaction, civil vs political societies, and transforming urban formal-informal dichotomies.

Abstracts between 350-500 are invited from architects, planners, urban designers, engineers, environmentalists and social scientists including one of the following topics or relevant themes.

1. Migration and population increase in megacities and their impacts on urban planning and design; 2. Urban protests, social movements, gentrification, gender and cultural aspects; 3. Role of slums, squatters, and environmental degradation on infrastructures; 4. De-territorialization, Re-territorialization of the megacities in changing mobilities, identities and settlements; 5. Migration, unequal settlements, and marginalisation of the ethnic communities; 6. Uniqueness of place, postmodernity and hybridisation: 7. Transportation- and densification-led urban development.

8. Impacts on health and internally displaced population.

Convenors of the Workshop Dr Tasleem Shakur (Editor, GBER) and Dr Shayer Ghafur (Professor and Head of the Department of Architecture, BUET).

3

PROGRAMME

Beijing, China. Courtesy: Photographer Serg Balak / unsplash.com

16 July, 2021.

All timings given are in local Dhaka/ Bangladesh time.

9.00 am - 9.50 am • •

•

•

Welcome address and explaining the structure of the Workshop by Professor Dr Shayer Ghafur, Head, Department of Architecture, BUET and the Convenor of the Workshop.

Introducing the Journal GBER (Global Built Environment Review) and explaining the rationale of the Workshop by Dr Tasleem Shakur, Editor, GBER and the Convenor of the Workshop.

Short talk on ‘Megacities of the Global South and the Chnaging North-South Linkages in Urban Knowledge Building’ by Professor Dr Magda Sibley, Director of International Relations, Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University and Special Guest for the Workshop.

Inauguration of the Workshop by Professor Dr Satya Prasad Majumder, Vice Chancellor, BUET.

9.50 am - 11.55 am : Session 1. Chair by Dr Tasleem Shakur.

1.00 pm- 3.05 pm : Session 2. Chair by Dr Shayer Ghafur.

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET

3.35 pm - 3.50 pm : Report from the Rapporteurs’ 3.50 pm - 4.50 pm : Plenary Session 4.50 pm - 5.20 pm: Closing of the Workshop 4

SCHEDULE Date: Saturday. 16 July, 2022.

Format of the Workshop: Online (Zoom).

Time: 09.30 am - 5.20 pm (Dhaka). 9.00 am - 4.50 pm (Delhi/Mumbai). 12.30 pm - 8.20 pm (Seoul).

8.30 am - 4.20 pm (Karachi). 6.30 am -2.20 pm (Istanbul). 5. 30 am- 1.20 pm (Cairo).

4.30 am - 12.20 pm (UK). 11:30 am - 7.20 pm (Beijing/Shanghai). 8. 30 pm - 4.20 am (California).

11.30 pm - 7.20 am (Boston).

Registration Link: cutt.ly/GKcqSsm

All timings given are in local Dhaka/ Bangladesh time.

09.30 AM – 09.35 AM

Welcome address and explaining the structure of the Workshop by Professor Dr Shayer Ghafur (Head, Department of Architecture, BUET and the Convenor of the Workshop)

09.35 AM – 09.40 AM

Introducing the Journal GBER (Global Built Environment Review) and explaining the rationale of the Workshop by Dr Tasleem Shakur (Editor, GBER and the Convenor of the Workshop)

09.40 AM – 09.50 AM

Address by Special Guest - Professor Dr Magda Sibley (Director of International Relations, Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University)

09.50 AM – 09.55 AM

Inauguration of the Workshop by Professor Dr Satya Prasad Majumder (the Vice Chancellor, BUET)

Session 1: (09:55 AM – 12:00 PM) Chair Dr Tasleem Shakur

09.55 AM - 10.10 AM

1st Speaker: Dr Quazi Mahtab Zaman Scott Sutherland School of Architecture & Built Environment, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK. The perils of premature globalisation and birth of megacities: Debating the Globalised South in relation to social exclusion and spatial injustice.

10.10 AM - 10.20 AM

Discussion on 1st Speaker’s Paper

10.20 AM -10.35 AM

2nd Speaker: Dr Syeda Jafrina Nancy Department of Architecture, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Bangladesh.

'Uncovering the Hidden Dynamics of Densification: A Case Study of Dhaka'

10.35 AM - 10.45 AM

Discussion on 2nd Speaker’s Paper

10.45 AM - 11.00 AM

3rd Speaker: Yasmin Ara Department of Architecture, Brac University, Bangladesh / Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK. Liveability from below: A Dhaka-Delhi analysis of multiscalar private entrepreneurs’ roles in accessing housing/infrastructure and shaping built-lived environments in urban informal settlements

11.00 AM- 11.10 AM

Discussion on 3rd Speaker’s Paper

11.10 AM - 11.25 AM

4th Speaker: Dr Suneela Ahmed Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering & Technology. Pakistan.

An alternative understanding of space: Maqamiat as a tool for Karachi’s urban space design

11.25 AM - 11.35 AM

Discussion on 4th Speaker’s Paper

11.35 AM - 11.50 AM

5th Speaker: Dr Ersan Koç Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Bursa Technical University. Turkey.

Reform, Revivalism and Transformation: Third Millenium Trialectics of Urban Turkey and İstanbul

11.50 AM - 12.00 PM

Discussion on 5th Speaker’s Paper

12.00 PM- 1.00 PM

Lunch 5

SCHEDULE

Session 2: (1:00 PM- 3:05 PM) Chair Dr Shayer Ghafur

1.00 PM - 1.15 PM

6th Speaker: Sinae Won Urbanist and Independent Researcher. South Korea.

A political-public space constructed through “mutually constitutive” in megacity, through the case of the Gwanghwamun area in Seoul, South Korea.

1.15 PM - 1.25 PM

Discussion on 6th Speaker’s Paper

1.25 PM - 1.40 PM

7th Speakers: Fariha Tahseen, Dr Noman Ahmed, and Rabia Asim.

Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering & Technology. Pakistan.

Displacements for Development: Perspective from Karachi

1.40 PM - 1.50 PM

Discussion on 7th Speakers’ Paper

1.50 PM - 2.05 PM

8th Speaker: Professor Dr Ashraf Kamal, and Dr Walaa Abdel Mohsen Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Egypt.

Maintaining a sustainable unique place within Cairo Mega City; Lessons for current development and future prospects on post modernity and hybridization

2.05 PM - 2.15 PM

Discussion on 8th Speaker’s Paper

2.15 PM – 2.30 PM

9th Speaker: Dr Jamie P. Halsall, and Dr Kalim Siddiqui School of Human and Health Sciences and School of Huddersfield Business University of Huddersfield, UK. The Transformation of Mumbai as Mega City: A Case Study of Slums and Environmental Degradation

2.30 PM - 2.40 PM

Discussion on 9th Speaker’s Paper

2.40 PM - 2.55PM

10th Speaker: Emeritus Professor Dr Ian G. Cook Emeritus Professor of Human Geography. Liverpool John Moores University, UK. Chinese Megacities Compared: Beijing and Shanghai

2.55 PM - 3.05 PM

Discussion on 10th Speaker’s Paper

3.05 PM -3.35 PM

Tea

3.35 PM – 3.50 PM

Report from the Rapporteurs (Imamur Hossain and Md T ariquzzaman)

3.50 PM - 4.50 PM

Plenary Session (Emeritus Professor Dr Ian G. Cook, Professor Dr Shayer Ghafur, Professor Dr Magda Sibley, and Dr Quazi Mahtab Zaman).

Chair by Dr Tasleem Shakur.

4.50 PM - 5.20 PM

Closing of the Workshop

6

CHIEF GUEST

Professor Satya Prasad Majumder

Satya Prasad Majumder is a Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) and currently appointed as the Vice Chancellor of BUET. He received his B.Sc. EEE (lst class,4th) and M.Sc. in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from BUET, Bangladesh, in 1981 and1985, respectively. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in Optical Fiber Communication Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, India in 1993. Since joining BUET in 1981, he served in various positions in the department, faculty and university levels, including Head of the EEE department at BUET from June 2006 - May 2008. He was the Dean of the Faculty of EEE, BUET during June 2010 to June 2012 He also served as the Assistant provost of Sohrawardy hall for 6 years and the Provost of Ahsanullah Hall for two years and Director of Students Welfare from 2017 to 2019.

He served as Visiting Professor in the Faculty of Engineering (FoE) of Multimedia University (MMU), Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia during Jan 1999 to July 2002 He was a Visiting Research Professor in the department of Electrical Engineering of Gunma University (Japan) during Dec 2001 to Jan 2002 He was a visiting researcher in the department of Information Engineering of University of Parma (Italy) during 1996 and 1997. He worked as a consultant to the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperations (SAARC) & Dhaka Chamber of Commerce (DCC) for development of Telecommunications sector in this region. He has been serving as a member of the board of Directors of DDC and BTCL for more than 10 years. His research interests include Opto-electronics & Photonics, Optical Fiber Communication Systems, DWDM Optical Networks, Soliton Propagation, Broadband Wireless Communications, Mobile and Infra-red Networks. He supervised more than 100 M.Sc Engineering Theses and 6 Ph D Dissertations and published more than 200 research papers in Internationally reputed referred Journals and Conference Proceedings.

SPECIAL GUEST

Professor Magda Sibley

Professor Magda Sibley is an architect with 28 years' full-time experience in academia.

She has held permanent positions at various Russell Group Universities in the UK and joined the Welsh School of Architecture at Cardiff University on the 1st of February 2019.

Professor Sibley has established an international reputation through her multidisciplinary research on Architectural Typologies and Urban Morphologies of North African and Middle Eastern World Heritage Cities with a particular focus on the Islamic era and contemporary transformations. Her multi-disciplinary research projects on public bathhouses in the heritage cities of the MENA region, has received generous funding from the EU and the AHRC, with additional funding from EPSRC and the British Academy for her research on heritage-led sustainable urban regeneration.

Her research on the history of public bathing facilities in Islamic cities and their survival into the 21st Century has led to a recent shift, investigating in the context of climate change, embedded lessons of resilience of the still operating North African heritage Medinas. She has played a key role in the rehabilitation of 14th Century Islamic public bathhouses in Fez, Damascus, and Jerusalem through her leadership of work packages in two EU funded projects and her role as international advisor to the UNDP. Professor Sibley has recently been appointed as one of the directors of the newly established Research Network on Urban Resilience in Fragile Contexts at Cardiff University.

She has been one of the early contributors and guest editor of the GBER: Global Built Environment Review Journal. GBER is one of the first independent open-access journal established by Dr Tasleem Shakur that continues to support outstanding and independent transnational debates about Cities of the Global South.

7

ABSTRACTS

Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2022. Courtesy: Imamur Hossain

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 8

Quazi Mahtab Zaman Chair, Border Urbanism Research Centre [BURC] Scott Sutherland School of Architecture & Built Environment Robert Gordon University Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Email: q.m.m.zaman@rgu.ac.uk

Abstract _ 01

The perils of premature globalisation and birth of megacities: A Global Perspective of social exclusion and spatial injustice

Keywords: globalisations, megacities, Asia, Latin America, spatial and social justice Megacities and globalisation are two global connubial phenomena. Asian and Latin American cities dealt with globalisation somewhat prematurely, transforming into producers hastily to serve global consumers. However, since the late-20th century, these cities emerged as the powerhouse of mass production, attracting mass labour as a response to the worldwide dynamics of consumerism, thanks to the West that planned to transfer production as part of the global vision for seeking cheaper labour.

Dr Quazi Mahtab Zaman is currently investigating the discourse of ‘Urbanism at Borders’ and its connections to architecture and urban design disciplines by partnering with a team of 35 global academics and researchers interested in collaboration.

This culminated in the first conference and research partnership building through ‘Urbanism at Borders’ 2018, in Aberdeen, Scotland, from 5-7 September 2018, and 23-25 October 2019 in Malaga, Spain. It has been agreed by the global researchers – around over 35 delegates from around the world to establish this partnership for a longer-term research exploration on various issues on the subject of Urbanism at Borders.

Dr Quazi Mahtab Zaman has been in research and teaching focusing on the urban studies both emerging and established theories in the urban context, focusing on new urbanism, regionalism and regeneration, marginalisation, spatial justice, the healthy city by urban design, vertical urbanism, emerging versus traditional urbanism in Asia; Michel Foucault’s power and Henri Lefebvre’s; The Production of Space and The Critique of Everyday Life in urban studies. Besides his teaching career, he has extensive architectural and urban design consultancy experience in Hong Kong and Bangladesh.

Asia, Latin America, and Africa have benefited from the globalisation process at the cost of an influx of migration to the capital cities and other key cities and giving birth to many new megacities. Planning policies never envisioned the rapid onset of international obligation. A fixative of spatial orders and arbitrary provisions for production spaces demonstrates spatial injustice in life qualities. This sudden yet random provision of make-shift production areas failed to provide planned urban and peri-urban development. China is in anguish from the diminishing agricultural land due to the production-led oncogenic expansion of tertiary space while stacking the population that now faces the high-rise syndrome—treating people as goods and services and parting humanity out of the equation of spatial justice. Dhaka city similarly bowed to globalisation by turning into megacity with urban slums.

The World Development Report published by the World Bank in 2009 felt no compulsion to contemplate how increasing social inequality and poverty occurred in the newly born megacities. Environmental degradation is a testimony to 'capitalism's market-led patchy geographical provision'. Slums and megacities seem to be the twin birth – sudden shock of a new and a gift from the Asian and Latin American illegitimate association with globalisation. The argument appears: Are all megacities global cities? This question needs to be inquired about due to the association with globalisation without the safe provision of social and spatial justice.

David Harvey (Harvey, 2009, p. 1272) states the birth of unplanned megacities as 'unfortunate residuals produced by rapid migration to the cities. Moreover, Harvey stresses that contemporaneous creations of primitive accumulation in rural zones and processes of exclusion and marginalisation of a disposable reserve army of labour and productive capacity in urban areas demonstrate premature global cities. Although newly born megacities are frugally vibrant, these Asian and Latin American cities are not yet global and well-planned. They are yet to be the global cities that London, Tokyo, and Shanghai worked out cautiously and strategically.

This paper presents a contentious debate on the premature globalisation and birth of megacities from Asian and Latin American perspectives. The objective of this paper is not to undermine the formation of megacities but to examine how globalisation could be used as a strategic tool to tackle social exclusion and spatial injustice.

9

Abstract _ 01 References: 1.

Ahmed, S. and Meenar, M. (2018), Just Sustainability in the Global South: A Case Study of the 2.

DE SOTO, H. (1989), The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York, Harper Collins.

3.

DIKEC, M. (2009), Space, politics and (in)justice. Available at: www. http://www. jssj.org/ archives /01/05.php#f [accessed 4 January 2013].

4.

FERNANDES, E. (1995), Law and Urban Change in Brazil. Aldershot, UK, Avebury.

5.

GERMAN, E. (2010), Dhaka: fastest growing megacity in the world, in GLOBAL POST, (weblink: Dhaka: fastest growing megacity in the world | The World from PRX, accessed on 17 May 2022) 6.

HARVEY, D. (1996), Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Oxford, Blackwell.

7.

HARVEY, D. (1999), The Limits to Capital. London, Verso.

8.

HARVEY, D. (2009), Reshaping economic geography: the World development report 2009, Development and Change, 40, 6: 1269–1277.

9.

LATIMER, D. (nd), The challenges of living in megacities, in LATITUDE GEOGRAPHY (weblink: Challenges of living in mega cities - Latitude Geography, accessed on 17 May 2022) 10.

LEFEBVRE, H., (1991), The Production of Space. Oxford, Blackwell.

11.

MCFARLANE, C. (2009), Translocal assemblages: space, power and social movements, Geoforum, 40: 561–567.

12.

Megacity of Dhaka, Journal of Developing Societies, October 2018.

13.

Saglio-Yatzimirsky, M. and Landy F. (2014), MEGACITY SLUMS, Social Exclusion, Space and Urban Policies in Brazil and India, Imperial College Press 14.

SASSEN, S. (1991), The Global City. Princeton, Princeton University Press 15.

SEN, A. (2000), Social exclusion: concept, application, and scrutiny. Social Development Paper No. 1, Asian Development Bank.

16.

SMITH, N. (1996), The New Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City.

New York, Routledge.

17.

SOJA, E.W. (2010), Seeking for Spatial Justice. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.

18.

UN-HABITAT (2004), Global Campaign for Secure Tenure. A Tool for Advocating the Provision of Adequate Shelter for the Urban Poor. Nairobi, UN-Habitat.

19.

UN-HABITAT (2010), State of the World's Cities. London, Earthscan.

20.

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME (2003), The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements. London, Earthscan.

21.

WACQUANT, L. (2008), Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality. Cambridge, Polity Press.

10

Dhaka, Bangladesh. Courtesy: SW Photography, gettyimages.com

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 11

Syeda Jafrina Nancy Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Email: syanja17@gmail.com

Syeda Jafrina Nancy earned a PhD in urban and regional planning from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in 2016. Her dissertation topic was ‘Densification of Residential Areas of Dhaka: An Enquiry of Causes and Consequences to Approach Towards Sustainability’ . Prior to this, she earned her MURP and B.Arch from the same university. Her MURP thesis was titled ‘Effects of Commercialization on the Adjoining Residential Areas: A Study of Dhanmondi and Banani’. She is currently working as an assistant professor at the architecture department of the Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka.

Abstract _ 02

Uncovering the Hidden Dynamics of Densification: A Case Study of Dhaka

Among the megacities of South East Asia Dhaka is currently in the sixth position with a population of approximately 22.4 million people. The increasing population growth and limited availability of urbanized land necessitate the city to extend both vertically and horizontally. For the prevention of urban expansion, Dhaka adopted the densification strategy of densifying vertically. Due to the absence of any density guidelines in the framework of sustainable development, densification of the residential areas started in the mid-90s and is still ongoing without considering the state of the urban and environmental context of the site which eventually started to affect the livability and spatial quality of the built environment in adverse ways. In view of, the present condition, appropriate site-specific density directives need to be formulated and incorporated into the municipal building rules for the impediment of further decline in the livability condition of the built environment. To examine this densification phenomenon accordingly, a descriptive case study is adopted as a qualitative research methodology where the empirical basis is mainly formed by extensive field survey, official plans, and documents of seven residential areas of varied density from New and Old Dhaka: Uttara, Pallabi, Dhanmondi,Gulshan, Banani, Wari and Luxmi Bazaar in combination with qualitative interview data and secondary data. The study focuses on exploring the changes in the qualitative aspects of the urban built environment of Dhaka due to densification intervention from the sustainability perspective. The paper also reviews the recently proposed densification guidelines included in draft DAP 2016-35 in light of the densification strategies proven successful in other cities around the world. Based on the findings from the user perspective of the neighbourhoods and density regulating examples of abroad the paper proposes a set of recommendations that would pave the premise for brainstorming pre-conditions to be evaluated to estimate the possibility to increase the urban density without compromising the environment and citizens' quality of life. Given the seriousness of the foreseen impact of unguided densification the formulation of area-specific density standards and guidelines is a priority. The proposed recommendations may assist in the decision-making process for the inclusion of codified densification guidelines in DAP 2016-35 which is still under the review process, in order to guarantee the sustainability of densification.

12

Delhi, India. Courtesy: Snilit Nigam, gettyimages.com

Korail, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Courtesy: Architect Imamur Hossain

Dhaka, Bangladesh. Courtesy: SW Photography, gettyimages.com

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 13

Yasmin Ara Doctoral Researcher, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, BRAC University, Bangladesh.

Abstract _ 03

Liveability from below: A Dhaka-Delhi analysis of multiscalar private entrepreneurs' roles in accessing housing/infrastructure and shaping built-lived environments in urban informal settlements

Email: yasmin041@gmail.com

Keywords: Informal settlements, liveability, built-lived environment, private entrepreneurs, neoliberal governance, comparative urbanism.

Yasmin Ara is an architect, academic and development practitioner based in Bangladesh. She has wide-ranging experiences in action research focusing primarily on housing and built environment issues faced by most of the developing countries. Yasmin obtained her Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) degree from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) in 2000. She pursued her postgraduate study in Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Belgium and obtained Master of Architecture in Human Settlements (MAHS) in 2004. In 2007, Ms. Ara received an advanced training on 'Organized Self-help Housing: Planning and Management' offered by Lund University, Sweden and FUPROVI, Costa Rica. Her research interests include informal and everyday urbanism; low-income housing; emergency shelter; participatory urban governance; gender perspective of the built environment; neighbourhood liveability; and housing, land tenure and infrastructure security in urban informal settlements. She has written book chapters and published journal articles on these issues. Yasmin Ara is currently pursuing her PhD in Lancaster University researching liveability in low-income settlements in Bangladesh and India. She works as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Architecture, BRAC University, Bangladesh.

Rapid, unplanned urbanisation in the developing world means that a persistent form of informal urbanism has arisen, with a majority of people finding shelter and making their livings in the informal sectors of many cities. This informality is manifested by the proliferation of low-income settlements, mostly on illegally occupied public land or privately owned underdeveloped land, typically 'informal' in terms of unauthorised construction, inadequate infrastructure and unregulated service provisioning. While privatisation of housing supply has been advocated worldwide encouraging 'microentrepreneurial' way outs to housing crisis, varied factors like the 'neoliberal strategy of states', 'stronger controls over land invasion' and 'private organizations' control of urbanization at the periphery' together resulted into significant increase of privately built and managed low-income settlements in the megacities of the Global South. The dynamics of the multiscalar private entrepreneurs offering low-income housing in these cities needs to be understood clearly in terms of their economic, political and social contributions. The paper, hence, aims to explore the yet under-theorised but significant and rapidly growing phenomenon of private entrepreneurship in low-income informal settlements by studying the entrepreneurs' roles in accessing housing/infrastructure and shaping built-lived environments in these settlements. It uses the framework of 'comparative urbanism' to investigate the closely comparable contextual setting of two south Asian megacities, Dhaka and New Delhi, to establish how two different policy contexts, both aimed at enabling the urban poor, produce different patterns of built-lived environment in their settlements. The paper builds on empirical research in four selected low-income settlements in two megacities that identifies the ways in which several alternatives of private schemes unfold on the ground and recognises the actors who generate the much needed 'coalitions' within the unique version of the cities' neoliberal governance. By examining the notion of 'liveability' by focusing beyond its generic attributes, the paper analyses how this phenomenon can be shaped “from below”. It argues that although the multiscalar actors identified in two megacities have resemblance in their development objectives and processes of negotiations, there is a significant gap in their capacity, collaboration, position in urban development strategies, right or power to influence policy decisions, the inherent gender dynamics, and so on. The paper concludes by discussing whether the approach, range and accomplishments of the informal practices in these settlements can be supported and can inform policy, taking into account the particular social and economic compositions of different communities.

14

Karachi, Pakistan. Image Courtesy: Photographer Rashid/ Getty Images

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 15

Suneela Ahmed Associate Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan Email: suneela_mail@yahoo.com

Abstract _ 04

An alternative understanding of space: Maqamiat as a tool for Karachi's urban space design

Keywords: Place, place making, place identity, global south, local.

Suneela Ahmed is an architect, urbanist and an academic. She earned her PhD in 2016 from Oxford Brookes University, UK. Her interest lies in documenting and analyzing the mitigation processes through the challenges of globalization, localization and informalization which gives shape to everyday spaces within an urban setting. She has written various research papers, book chapters, newspaper articles and presented in conferences around these issues/ themes/ ideas.

ORCID ID: 0000-0003-0761-9159

Many cities in Asia imitate the built forms of westernized cities (increasingly Singapore and Shanghai) which are viewed as modern and representative of the future. Pakistan is a young country, created in 1947 and the contributions made by the new generation of architects and planners have been inspired by the west too, more recently, in the postmodern tradition. They are not well informed by local cultural, social and physical aspects of the society. This paper examines what it means for a city to be local in the face of global influences, being specific, having particular variables impacting the built form, but dealing with similar issues of identity crises as other formally colonized nations. The paper builds upon the theoretical contribution in terms of adding to the existing literature on the subject and explores further the notion of understanding space from a local vantage point, looking inwards for aspiration rather than towards to the west or far east.

This paper contributes to the understanding of postcolonial and Asian urbanisms from a local (people's) perspective, building upon the local perception of space and developing a methodology, which crosses over disciplines of anthropology, geography and urban studies. The paper develops an understanding of localness at the urban scale and investigate maqamiat (which roughly translates as localness) in the design of built form in Karachi, Pakistan, using a case study methodology. It searches for ways to mediate local and global impacts on the built form to enhance maqamiat in contemporary Karachi. By doing so, it draws larger conclusions related to alternate understanding of space which are localised and bottom-up rather than top down. Maqamiat as a concept is used instead of place, place making or place identity because it takes into consideration the informal practices within Karachi, the socio-cultural connotations and the identity connections to a place which are unique aspects of urban spaces in the global south. This findings reinforce the concept of maqamiat as being useful and of value more in terms of its social connotations than in its physicality. At face value, much of Karachi's built form may not have any physical maqamiat, but in the settlements, the social value of maqamiat is reflected through physical expression, especially in open areas, and these are what people hold onto in their reference to the localities. The case studies offer lessons for larger theories related to understanding of space and point towards the requirement for developing an alternative understanding of space for the global south.

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Istanbul, Turkey. Image Courtesy: Photographer Dmitry Limonov / unsplash.com

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 17

Ersan KoÇ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Design (BTU-FAD) Bursa Technical University, Turkey

Abstract _ 05

Reform, Revivalism and Transformation: Third Millenium Trialectics of Urban Turkey and Istanbul

Email: ersan.koc@btu.edu.tr

Keywords: revivalism, reform, transformation, urban struggle, İstanbul, urban politics

Dr. Ersan KOÇ, City Planner, Academic: Received B.CP (2001) and PhD (2010) degrees from Department of City and Regional Planning-METU, Ankara by conducting research on disaster planning and risk management. His branch fields of interests are urban design and transformation, planning theory and regional development at Bursa Technical University, Department of City and Regional Planning.

He has been to US-Clark University as a visiting scholar (2008) for one year to condust PhD research and played active role on planning, design and research projects on themes like capacity building, disaster education, master planning, impact assessment and local/regional development.

Third millenium is a dominantly urban age. The reason behind todays urban reality and respective phenomenon has been shaped by modes and levels of capitalism and collectivism induced industrialisation, coupled by techno-social innovations all around the globe. Respectively, Turkish cities has been shaped by course of western inspired modernisation and colonial/post-colonial political agenda. Our case megacity - İstanbul – has long been a city-region and focus of quest, conquer and power politics. In modern phase of Turkey, she has also played a crucial and reasonably effective prime role in Turkish socity, culture, industrialisation and urbanisation.

Following this general context, our paper will elaborate three pillars of urban environment and contexts; reform, revivalism and transformation in Turkey and İstanbul.

By reform, we will elaborate 20th century and recent urban projects in İstanbul to demonstrate urban as a means of showing the state's power to shape and steward urban actors and public spaces. This process revealed itself not only by inter-regional mega projects, but also by shaping and cultivating urban discourse and building up infrastructure plans and projects. Reform will be discussed in urban management and politics contects. By revivalism, we will discuss and demonstrate projects of central and/or local government, aimin to revive past and/or bygone forms of architectural images. These projects will exemplify the bringing back of archetypes from Seljukid and/or Ottoman Eras, which triggered and mis-managed urban culteral conflict. By transformation we will discuss and elaborate two sections of the concept; social and spatial. By focusing on social transformation, we will be searching whether Turkish society is turning more conservative or not. By using urban transformation cases from İstanbula, we will present a typology of urban contrast, which will demonstrate how urban conflict in fuelled by exceedingly pressing crisis of deliberative democracy by urban development projects.

In our paper, we will be using a Lefebvrian Trialectics and David Harvey' ideas on capital accumulation and urban strugle to demontrate relations between “forces of local/urban politics”, “modes of objection and protest” and “intentions and/or destinations of renewal and redevelopment modals and patterns of Turkish Cities. By using cases of urban projects and political discourse, we will elaborate how and why İstanbul experienced dramatic and compelling urban disparities, contrasts and conflicts.

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Seoul, South Korea. Image Courtesy: Photographer Bundo Kim / unsplash.com

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 19

Sinae Won Urbanist and Independent Researcher, South Korea

Abstract _ 06

A political-public space constructed through “mutually constitutive” in megacity, through the case of the Gwanghwamun area in Seoul, South Korea

Email: wonsin7@gmail.com

A place is continuously constructed through experience and memories embodied over time, and there are “mutually constitutive” between the social and the space (Cresswell 2004, 30–31). This paper examines how the evolution of the society has constituted a space through the case of the Gwanghwamun area at the center of Seoul and what elements of the space have allowed the mutual construction. The methodology to analyze the space-making process is taken from the chronological evolution of the Ganghwamun area by examining constitutive elements of the place and the society according to Parkinson’s criteria of democratic public space (Parkinson 2012) .

Sinae Won holds a Master of Human Settlement at KU Leuven in Leuven, Belgium, and a bachelor's degree in Interior Environment Design at Hanyang University in Seoul, South Korea. With almost ten years of extensive professional experience as a humanitarian architect and urbanist with Habitat for Humanity Korea and Seoul Housing and Communities Corporation, she has worked in many different cities such as Mumbai, Kampala, Kathmandu, Dhaka, and Seoul to resolve spatial inequality and housing problems related to urbanization.

Bibliography: Cresswell, Tim. 2004. Place: A Short Introduction. Malden, Oxford, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Harvey, David. 2012. Rebel Cities. London: Verso.

Parkinson, John R. 2012. 55 Can. J. Chem Democracy & Public Space: The Physical Sites of Democratic Performance. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

The emergence of the area in the historic main stage goes back to the time of the Chosun Dynasty (1392 ~ 1910 A.D.) when the area was a boulevard toward the king’s palaces with six major administrative offices on both sides. The area was a space for “aristocrats” who held marches of the royal family and welcoming ceremonies of ambassadors from China.

The Japanese occupation in 1910 significantly changed the area since the colonial authority destructed part of the palace buildings and built the office of the government general of Chosen so their office could be stood at the end of the boulevard. They also adjusted the axis of the original Gwanghwamun gate that followed the traditional Feng-Shi principle to place their office on the boulevard perpendicularly. Even after the independence of Korea in 1945, the spatial character was intensified in lieu of debilitating the remains of the colonial period. The military government utilized some modern planning skills to promote patriotism by widening the boulevard, planting ginkgo trees, and erecting a large statue of a historical hero, Admiral Lee, who defeated Japan in 1592. The emergence of a civilian government in 1992 triggered the dissolution of coercive and conservative characters of the area. With the explosive destruction of the colonial government building in 1995, the meaning of the area was expanded to nationalism with democratic values. That also meant that the subject to have the power was also changing.

In 2009, part of the area was transformed into a pedestrian square which has an area of 18,840m2, by reducing six lanes of motorable roads. Since then, the square is continuously being constructed through the relationship with other urban spaces and social evolutions. The most notable feature of space-making is that this space is functioning as a mediator of social discourses, which can be shown by the large protest called the “candlelight revolution” that brought the impeachment of a former president in 2016. Since then, discourses between the supporter of the impeached president and the supporter of the newly elected government in 2017 on the expansion plan of the square have been agitated, which delayed the commencement of the construction.

The Gwanghwamun area has contained political discourse in its form with extensive symbolicalness. Specifically, the expansion of open space with increased accessibility allowed the physical performance of democracy that, in turn, provided visibility of the performance. In a megacity that has fragmented and divided, with multiple opinions on its aims and needs (Harvey 2012) a sizeable public space without physical structure or certain purpose is important to contain communication with the attentive public and decision-makers of a megacity.

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Karachi, Pakistan. Image Courtesy: Bloomberge / Getty Images

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 21

Fariha Tahseen

Noman Ahmed

Rabiya Asim

Lecturer, Department of Architecture and Planning NED University Karachi

Professor and Dean, Faculty of Architecture and Management Sciences NED University Karachi

Lecturer, Department of Architecture and Planning NED University Karachi

Email: fariha_tahseen@yahoo.com

Abstract _ 07

Displacements in the name of Urban Development: Perspectives from Karachi

Email: fariha_tahseen@yahoo.com Email: nomaniconn@gmail.com,

Fariha Tahseen is an architect and practices in Academics since 2014. She is a graduate from University of Engineering and Technology Lahore and obtained her Masters Degree from University of Lincoln UK.

Professor Dr Noman Ahmed is an architect and planner by profession. He studied at Dawood College, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, United Nations Centre for Regional Development (UNCRD), Nagoya and Harvard University in Cambridge. Noman obtained his Ph.D. from Loughborough University, UK.

Rabiya Asim is an architect, with B(Arch) degree from Dawood college of Engineering & Technology Karachi and Master’s degree in Urban and Regional Planning from NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi. She is currently working as Lecturer in Department of Architecture and Planning NED UET. Her research interests are housing, community and sustainability.

The cities of emerging economies and developing neighborhoods employ large sums of investment for infrastructure upgradation and development schemes. The upgradation of built environment and land use raises socio-economic status of cities. However, these developments add to stresses of economically marginalized settlements for their survival, livelihoods and security of shelters. The fact exuberates uprooting and replacement of informal settlements, which are technically termed as internally displaced population IDPs, through so called 'compensation proposals' in the name of urban development.

These displacements, as 'by products' of development projects, are often justified as being in public interest, however, are generally devoid of prospects of durable solutions and inclusive approaches to resettlement for the affected. Taking into account urban development of Karachi on massive scale and managing basic needs of vulnerable population the impacts of neo-liberal doctrine on the development process would be worthwhile to examine. The policies of neoliberalism are associated with austerity, privatization, free market and reduction in government spending on social good programs; it also emphasizes the minimal state intervention in economic and social affairs.

Neoliberalism as a useful concept connects the large-scale urban development projects and production of residential spaces using entrepreneurial opportunities with reformation of the welfare state. Karachi, as one of the fastest growing cities of the Global South has several evidences of displacements and evictions from large scale infrastructure upgradation projects to money intensive housing schemes for certain social class. The resettlement proposals are offered to displacing communities with no choice and having several compromises of severe nature. The internal displaced population IDPs with diverse needs and vulnerabilities encounters limited and difficult access to livelihoods, loss of education of children, long distances from recreation, health facilities and other services, inadequate housing and tenure security, broken social and cultural life resulting in psychological repercussions of disruptive lives and broken homes are few of the mentions. The inappropriate policies, weak urban governance and cumbersome regulatory, not efficiently capable of counter balancing the relocation and resettlement of displaced population perpetuates physical and mental stresses that eventually leads to urban poverty. It is then significant to underpin cumulative impacts of internal displacements through analyzing case studies as evidences and people lived experiences by analyzing field investigations conducted by several scholars as research methodology.

Based on facts and humanitarian grounds it is essential to formulate norms and ethics of relocation and displacements for novel practice in urban development.

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Cairo, Egypt. Image Courtesy: Photographer Michael Runkel / Getty Images

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 23

Dr. Ashraf M. Kamal is a Professor of Architecture and Urban Planning (since 2007) in Architecture and Housing Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC) in Egypt, with more than 33 years of experience in fields related to Architectural design and implementation, Academic research in Strategic Planning, Participatory Urban Development, Housing and Real Estate & Property business management, Capacity Building.

Prof. Kamal has published a series of papers, books and policy working articles, and Participated as an expert in urban economics, strategic planning with many international projects.

Ashraf Kamal

Walaa Abdel Mohsen

Professor of Architecture and Urban Planning, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Egypt.

Lecturer of Architecture and Urban Design, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Egypt.

Email: ashrafkamal@yahoo.com

Email: arcwalaa@gmail.com

Abstract _ 08

Maintaining a sustainable unique place within Cairo Mega City Lessons for current development and future prospects on post modernity and hybridization

Identity of spaces is a phenomenon of place making. It represents an effective tool to formulate a kind of place uniqueness among other places of the same location.

Furthermore, the rapidly changing influences from external factors; such as Covid 19, new era through utilization of energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) inputs all the way to the near future through the post modernity and hybridization.

This research paper analyzes the place making through an ongoing developed experience in the megacity of Cairo, the Capital of Egypt; where the development, expansions and rapid transformations of the unique place of Al-Ataba (as the oldest central place of the modern Cairo). The place used to accommodate a wide range of activities and functions for the mega city and the surrounding regions. Yet, population growth and community demand-driven as well as the need for complimentary services, directed to the growth & transformation of the place and further affected negatively the pattern of its livability, expansion and congestions. Another issue is the competitiveness with other newly formed places within the agglomeration of Cairo megacity and new rapid extensions. However, the place positively provided the needs for low and middle income community groups as a centralized trade place.

The paper intends to figure out the main factors that influenced the transformation of the studied place to be one of the most unique place for Cairo megacity and hence to highlight the development of the place to cope its workability with external factors (such as Covid 19 impacts and regional demands in Egypt) and the establishment of

Researcher in Architecture and Housing Institute, Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC) in Egypt, with 20 years of experience in fields related to Architectural & urban design, Academic researches, participatory planning, international projects & organizing workshops & conferences. Interested in the fields of: architecture, urban design, place making, community participation, human oriented design, public spaces, city branding, and heritage.

transformed special character for services, where new functions and post modernity activities have been realized gradually onto the place with their pattern of movement, transportation and workability. It will emphasize on positive & negative impacts from transformed unique place in relation with is original formation.

The paper will end up with drawn lessons to guide and direct such a transformed growth in relation to population increase and migration, demand shift, and future prospects to match with rising needs and to maintain the planning principals of Cairo megacity and extensions on the proper track to achieve both the place livability and future hybridization, as well as maintaining sustainable quality of life.

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Dharavi, Mumbai, India. Courtesy: Johnny Miller/ Unequal Scenes

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 25

Jamie P. Halsall

Kalim Siddiqui

School of Human and Health Sciences University of Huddersfield, UK

School of Huddersfield Business School University of Huddersfield, UK

Email: j.p.halsall@hud.ac.uk

Email: K.U.Siddiqui@hud.ac.uk

Abstract _ 09

The Transformation of Mumbai as Mega City: A Case Study of Slums and Environmental Degradation

Keywords: Dharavi, Housing, Free Market Policy, Mega City, Migrants, Mumbai, Public Policy, Sanitation, Slums, Urban Growth.

Dr Jamie P. Halsall is a Reader in Social Sciences currently in the Department of Behavioural & Social Sciences at the University of Huddersfield. He joined the institution in September 2008, having previously worked at Edge Hill University and Liverpool John Moores University as an Associate Tutor and Research Assistant respectively.

Over time, cities across the world have grown in population size at rapid rates. This expansion has introduced a term: 'Mega Cities'. It is accepted that a mega city is an urban area that has a population of more than 10 million (UN, 2018). Mumbai is one such example. This study examines the huge expansion of illegal slum colonies in Mumbai in recent decades, especially after the adoption of neoliberal economic reforms. A significant characteristic of urbanisation in India is that there has been a sharp rise in the population of a few mega cities (Shafizadeh-Moghadam & Helbich, 2015; 2013; Rode, 2009). The article focuses on slums in one of the top Indian metro cities in terms of increase of slum colonies and summarises the migration dynamics in terms of the migrants' choice of destination. It has emerged in recent years that Mumbai, as a Mega City, has witnessed a higher rate of population growth and volume of slums (see Sarkar and Bardhan, 2020; Ramanath & Ebrahim, 2010).

The urbanisation process in Mumbai is closely integrated with the housing crisis and informality in settlement growth. Slums have emerged as a significant settlement form, catering to the housing demand of a large section of the population of Mumbai, primarily the urban poor (Bardhan et al., 2015; Desai, 2005; O'Hare, Abbott, & Barke, 1998). In this study, the authors argue that the housing and land policies implemented to solve the problem of slums in Mumbai have actually provided the momentum to the undercurrents that fuel further proliferation of informality.

Dr Kalim Siddiqui is an economist, specialising in International Political Economy, Development Economics, and Economic Policy. Kalim is senior lecturer at the Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics, University of Huddersfield, UK. He has taught economics since 1990 at various universities in Norway and UK. Kalim is member of a number of international economic bodies including: Association for Heterodox Economics; International Initiative for Promotion of Political Economy (IIPPE) and The World Association of Political Economy (WAPE). He has spoken at several international conferences in Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Poland, Turkey, China, India, Pakistan, USA and UK. Kalim has a wide range of research interests and they can be classified into four broad domains: Political Economy, Development Economics, Economic Policy and International Trade.

Mumbai has been the preferred destination for migration, over Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai, and this is due to the availability of low skilled jobs, cheap transportation, and cost of living in the peripheries (Shaikh, 2019; Gaikwad & Nellis, 2017). This paper examines the ongoing problems of drinking water supply and sanitation in slums, i.e. informal settlements in Mumbai. Even though the government has taken some limited measures through the 'sanitation programme' and delivered toilet blocks as a solution to the huge sanitation problems in the slums, in this paper, the authors will suggest a comprehensive approach to policy infrastructure, technical infrastructure, and fiscal policy intervention in sanitation rather than leaving it to market forces. Specific attention will be focussed on Dharavi which is known as one of the largest slums in Asia.

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Abstract _ 09 References: Bardhan, R., Sarkar, S., Jana, A., & Velaga, N. R. (2015). Mumbai slums since independence: Evaluating the policy outcomes. Habitat International, 50, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.07.009 Desai, V. (2005). NGOs, gender mainstreaming, and urban poor communities in Mumbai. Gender & Development, 13(2), 90-98.

Gaikwad, N., & Nellis, G. (2017). The majority-minority divide in attitudes toward internal migration: Evidence from Mumbai. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 456-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12276 O'Hare, G., Abbott, D., & Barke, M. (1998). A review of slum housing policies in Mumbai. Cities, 15(4), 269-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00018-3 Ramanath, R., & Ebrahim, A. (2010). Strategies and tactics in NGO-government relations: Insights from slum housing in Mumbai. Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 21(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.20010 Rode, P. (2009). Mumbai: The compact mega city. In: Urban India: Understanding the Maximum City. Urban Age Programme, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK, pp. 45-46.

Sarkar, A., & Bardhan, R. (2020). Socio-physical liveability through socio-spatiality in low-income resettlement archetypes – A case of slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai, India. Cities, 105, 102840-102840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102840 Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H., & Helbich, M. (2015). Spatiotemporal variability of urban growth factors: A global and local perspective on the megacity of Mumbai.

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 35, 187-198.

Shafizadeh-Moghadam, H., & Helbich, M. (2013). Spatiotemporal urbanization processes in the megacity of Mumbai, India: A Markov chains-cellular automata urban growth model. Applied Geography, 40, 140-149.

Shaikh, Z. (2019, Jul 21). Migration to Mumbai, thane from other states slows down.

Indian Express. https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/migration-mumbai-thaneother-states-slows-down/docview/2260516348/se-2?accountid=11526 UN. (2018). The World's Cities in 2018. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd /files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2018_worldcities_databooklet.pdf 27

Beijing, China. Courtesy: ispyfriend, gettyimages.com

Pudong, Shanghai, China. Courtesy: Presentation Slides, Prof. Ian G. Cook (Author).

Celebrating 20 years of the Journal, GBER (Global Built Environment Review) in Collaboration with Department of Architecture, BUET 28

Ian G. Cook Emeritus Professor of Human Geography, Liverpool John Moores Universit, UK.

Ian Gillespie Cook graduated from the Universities of Aberdeen (BSc Hons) and Nottingham (PhD). He became Professor of Human Geography in Liverpool John Moores University and is now Emeritus Professor. Ian is co-author or co-editor of 10 books and has published widely in such journals as Health Policy, Urban Studies, Urban Design and Planning, and Urban Geography (Special Issue). He has contributed chapters to such texts as Urbanization: 21 st Century Issues and Challenges, Planning Asian Cities, Globalization and the Chinese City, and Olympic Cities. Ian also led an undergraduate field course to China for 20 years, mainly to Beijing.

Abstract _ 10

Chinese Megacities Compared: Beijing and Shanghai

The scale and pace of Chinese urbanisation is unprecedented: the Census of 1953 showed that there were 77.3 million people living in cities (13.3% of the total population) and by 2021 there was nearly 902 million (63.9% of the total). Further, this proportion is forecast to increase to 74.5% of the total population by 2050. Within this extraordinary growth, megacities are an important element, with Beijing's population growing, for example, from around 2 million in the early 1950s to more than 21 million by 2021, while Shanghai's has grown from over 5 million to nearly 25 million by 2021. This paper firstly provides a context for this extraordinary transformation of China, from a predominantly rural peasant society to an urban one. It summarises the PRC's drive to build a modern urban and industrial state via an urban policy which has a major international dimension. It notes the role of such important organisations as the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the Chinese Communist Party in progressing this policy. A policy unique to China, for instance, is the hukou registration system that has been used to regulate and control rural to urban migration. This policy was relaxed from the beginning of China's Reform Period in 1978 but has resulted in sometimes stark inequalities between those with urban as opposed to rural hukou within cities. The second part analyses key features of Beijing's growth trajectory, including the salience of ancient legacies of power and control, the 'embryonic globalisation' introduced by Kublai Khan, the 'producer city' of the Maoist period, and the new role as a New World City and Socialist Capital. Shanghai's development is then presented, including the 'protoglobalisation' introduced by the foreign powers in the 19th and early 20th Centuries, which left legacies of great buildings on the one hand, and tremendous inequalities on the other. Shanghai's emergence as China's first major centre of industry is examined, along with it's current emergence as a new economic powerhouse.

Commonalities are then explored between the two megacities, including positive elements such as mega-events, international tourism and economic growth, along with negative elements such as the impact of large-scale demolition and reconstruction, challenges of an ageing urban society, environmental issues and climate change. The final part of the paper considers such contemporary and future themes as the role of these megacities in megacity regions in China, plus continuing concerns of climate change policies, urban governance, sustainable growth and resolution of social inequalities, issues that are shared by other megacities across the globe.

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CONVENORS

Tasleem Shakur FRSA FBIP is a retired English University academic. He taught and researched on Architecture, Urban Planning, Development, Environment and Human Geographies at Liverpool University, Oxford Brookes, University of Sheffield, School of Oriental and African Studies (Soas) University of London and Edge Hill University, Lancashire. At Edge Hill he was also the Director of ICDES (International Centre for Development & Environmental Studies) between 1992 and 2012. In the late 1990s and early twenty first century, he was Visiting Professor of Architecture and Istanbul Technical University and Kuwait University Architecture School. He edits GBER (Global Built Environment Review) and SACS (South Asian Cultural Studies). Currently he is in the process of setting up a small volunteering 'Research and Teaching' unit called 'Knowledgeists Without Borders'.

Shayer Ghafur is a Professor and currently Head at the Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET). He received his B.Arch from BUET in 1989 and PhD from Oxford Brookes University (UK) in 1997 as a Commonwealth Scholar. He teaches Housing, Urban Design and Urbanism theories and coordinates Design Studios from an inclusive urban discourse towards linking pedagogy with practice. His current research interest is interrogating urbanism-housing relations in a neoliberal urban in the Global South from a resilience perspective. He is the lead editor of ‘Housing through Homesteads’ and Coordinator of the Cell for Resilient Dwelling (CeRD).

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DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, BUET

The Department of Architecture (DoA), BUET is one of the pioneer institutions in South and South-East Asia established during the early 1960s to produce professional architects and contribute to the host country's modernization through the development of built environment. DoA endeavours design education, research and innovation prompted by the social, technological and environmental challenges of the global South. Lessons from Bangladesh being located at the global frontier of rapid urbanization, environmental change and social innovation guide DoA's undergraduate and postgraduate programmes for designing the built and natural environment. Local experiences of designing for changing society in a transforming landscape are linked with global advances in knowledge and practice taking place within the allied fields of architecture. Context-specific and problem-posing design pedagogy of DoA draw strength from being within Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), the premier public university of Bangladesh with international repute. The nation's leading academics and competent supporting staffs work together with the stakeholders to provide an inspiring learning environment for talented students and meet the emerging needs of the architecture profession. Vision of DoA is to be a leader in architecture through transformative education, research and innovation for a sustainable future.

This vision is embedded within BUET's commitment to becoming a centre of excellence by increasing its global ranking through a focus on research and innovation.

Under the DoA umbrella, impacts of the collaborating six divisions— Construction and Technology, Energy and Environment, History Theory and Criticism, Housing and Settlement, Urban Design and Landscape, and Synergies—are evident in the number of international student design awards won by DoA students and graduates in the last few decades. DoA faculties and alumnus have also made their marks by winning many national, regional and international awards including the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, the South Asian Architect of the Year Award and the Institute of Architects Bangladesh Design Awards on several occasions.

Professor Shayer Ghafur, PhD, FIAB Head, Dept. of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

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gb er global built environment review

GBER

Global Built Environment Review As an offshoot of ICDES (International Centre for Development & Environmental Studies), GBER was launched in 2001 as world’s one of the first open access, free refereed electronic journal on global built environment. Twenty years ago, GBER started at Edge Hill University College in the northwest of England with the following broad themes: • Cities in transitions and the changing factors which effect the built environment • Roles, performance and limitations of the architects, planners and environmentalists towards sustainable development/environment.

• Adaptability or resistance of the people to the changing built environment through the use of popular culture.

• Role of politics, dominant culture, ethnicity, religion and consumerism (particularly the role of the MNC's) in shaping the built environment and their impact on people.

• Critical analysis of the North-South debates and perspectives of varied built environment documenting similarities, uniqueness or global inter-dependence.

Later from 2010 onwards, GBER came out of Edge Hill University as an independent entity. It aims to have a wide international readership comprising of architects, planners, developmentalists, environmentalists and students from both the 'Western' and the 'Developing' world. Although the focus of GBER is the 'Built Environment' it also intends to include debates from the perspectives of the related macro socio economic, political and developmental issues. Its editorial policy particularly welcomes the views expressed through the sociocultural determinants of the present day 'multicultural' societies, which influence the contemporary 'Global Built Environment'. The journal is genuinely interested in debates on the built environment of both the 'developing' and the 'developed' world. The idea is to foster an effective 'northsouth solidarity' and provide a forum to encourage a better understanding and communication on a wide variety of built environment issues including the 'globalization' and its impact on both 'Eastern' and 'Western' multicultural built environments'. Although, over the last few years GBER is gradually moving out from a quarterly journal to more of a 'thematic based' annual journal (often in association with Universities in UK, Europe or in the Global South), it prides to be run by entirely a small number of enthusiastic and dedicated volunteers (including students), maintaining the free and open access readership and knowledge transfer. GBER listed with EBSCO. Tasleem Shakur Editor GBER (Global Built Environment Review) www.globabuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk Email: tasleemshakur51@gmail.com

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SPECIAL EDITIONS OF GBER

Special Edition 2021

Special Edition 2007

Special Edition 2003

Special Edition 2018

Special Edition 2017

Special Edition 2006

Special Edition 2003

Special Edition 2005

Special Edition 2001

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RESEARCH, COMPILATION AND SUPPORT

IMAMUR HOSSAIN Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Sonargaon University, Dhaka.

Rapporteur and Research Assistant to the International Workshop on Megacities of the Global South. imamur.hossain@gmail.com

MD TARIQUZZAMAN Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET).

Rapporteur and Research Assistant to the International Workshop on Megacities of the Global South. tomalarch3307@gmail.com

DIPANNITA NANDI Lecturer, Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET).

Research Assistant to the International Workshop on Megacities of the Global South. dipannita.ug010@gmail.com

FOUZIA MASUD MOURI Lecturer, Department of Architecture Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET).

Research Assistant to the International Workshop on Megacities of the Global South. fouziamouri2021@gmail.com 34

WORKSHOP PROGRAMME / BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Growth Transformations, Contested/Negotiated Spaces & Changing Liveability:

Projecting Megacities of the Global South in 2020's

16 JULY 2022 DHAKA / BANGLADESH Jointly organised by:

Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

gb er global built environment review

GBER (Global Built Environment Review): ISSN 1474-6824 www.globalbuiltenvironmentreview.co.uk tasleemshakur51@gmail.com