Portfolio for Masters in Architecture

architecture portfolio

ILIA ANISIMOV RIBA Part I Selected Works - 2018-2020

01 - 10

11 - 18

19 - 24

Falkirk Fusion Hub Semester 8 Academic Project | Individual Awards: J R Mckay Silver Medal | Nominee

Sybaritic Soundscapes Semester 5 Academic Project | Group [3] Awards: Project recognition

Architectural Dissertation | Graphical abstract Semester 7 Academic Project | Individual

Re-Thinking the High-Street

Data-Driven Urban Prototypes

All graphical materials are created by me, unless stated otherwise

Royal Danish Academy Master’s Programme | Urbanism & Societal Change ilya@anisimov.com +79858002100

The Shift From the “Functional City” to Sustainable Urbanism: How Renewal Strategies for European High-Rise Estates Shaped Contemporary Principles for Public Housing – the Case of Bijlmermeer.

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub date: 11 jan - 14 may | 2020 academic year: y4s2 location: Falkirk, Scotland project type: academic group: individual superviser: Iain Scott, Iain.Scott@ed.ac.uk About Falkirk being a town centralised around its high-street has seen a major expansion of retail sector. The ongoing shift from retail stores to online shopping is expected to heavily influence the high-street and the town centre in general. Through this there is a need to provide alternative social activators for the high-street as well as public attraction for the near housing to link it with the centre.

As a result, proposed solution works to integrate existing housing to the high-street by linking the centre with the housing area to the South. In order to invite the public to use this link the project integrates a social hub district area next to the High-Street Steeple.

The Social Hub Campus will have a role of culminating public activities in one area with diverse public facilities.

figure 01 left massing study model 1:500.

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figure 02 top axonometric view from highstreet side.

// Social Hub

// Live and Work

// Townhouses

Social hub has a function of attracting public to the city centre by providing facilities to work/ meet/recreate.

2.5 stories townhouses designed to activate adjacent facilities of social hub as well as to diversify economic infrastructure.

4-5 stories townhouses with private roof terrace populate the area and link it with existing housing to the South.

- public library building - exhibition centre - creative media centre

- workshops and studios - housing

- 5 types of townhouses - apartments - cafe & gym

Major circulation routes outside of high-street Providing alternative socio-cultural attraction point in the core of high-street will stimulate public to use the link regularly.

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub Falkirk. Urban Analysis

Weak connectivity with south housing Optimising design solution to provide adequate connections with nearby housing would be essential for the project.

Major points of interest are shopping malls Redirecting traffic by introduction of socio-culltural activities on the high-street will increase footfall in retail stores.

Falkirk Wheel

30-60 min

Dollar park

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Howgate mall

Callendar Square mall

Retail Park mall

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Existing Constraints Falkirk is experiencing a major downfall of retail sector on high-street with most of the commercial traffic concentrated in three major shopping malls.

A high number of small retail stores in the centre thus show decreasing footfall. It was identified through surveying and analysis of existing constraints that major reasons for the decline are weak pedestrian connectivity with nearby housing and no attraction points on high-street. Major public attractions are located on periphery of the city centre. High-street mostly serves for The Howgate and Callendar malls. By substituting malls with socio-cultural facilities should create new drivers for the public to return to the high-street. Enhancing connectivity with nearby housing should secure better footfall for small retail branches.

100 m

in

200 m

Functions most functions are well-spread around the centre yet weakly linked together with some major points having most footfall. hig

h-st

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Building density historic centre shows high density of buildings morphology with low number of threshold.

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ess poi nts nor th we st

Retail sector retail sector is experiencing low footfall due to weak connectivity with nearby housing and major shopping malls having most traffic. hig

Housing high-street provides weak pedestrian access to the South housing with only one major pedestrian access point.

h-st

ree t

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-20 m

figure 01 left urban analysis plan showing major attraction points

Pedestrian circulation pedestrian routes are separated from the surrounding urban fabric by the high-traffic roads.

religion

500 m

community

Callendar park -30

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government

mi

Vehicle circulation vehicle roads are mostly used for access to three major shopping malls or for transit.

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hospitals education

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sports residential The Kelpies

Site location project site is located on the place of Howgate Shopping Mall. It is a central location with a potential to enhance connectivity with south areas as well as to redirect pedestrian traffic through the high-street.

banks cafe business

malls train stations

figure 03 right urban analysis axonometric showing major circulation routes and existing constraints

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landmarks

figure 02 bottom high-street collage

ce nt r pa al r rk eta m il al

commercial

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub Site strategies Surveying | Place Standard Form

Active facade 13-19 years weak sectors: - traffic and parking - play and recreation - care and maintenance

By retaining existing historical buildings on site the project retains morphology of the high-street and keeps the seamless facade line.

Link with existing housing

Transit routes

Passive solar design

Civic hub

By connecting the site with the housing area to the South the project enhances connectivity with highstreet infrastructure.

By providing more direct routes connecting high-street with the South neighbourhoods the project invites public to the centre.

The project orients buildings towards the day sun and blocks prevailing wind with taller buildings, to optimise ventilation and lighting systems.

The project provides major attraction point in the core of the city in order to attract public to high-street.

The hub will increase the footfall for existing retail stores by providing direct access to the high-street.

figure 02 left bottom project programme

figure 03 right urban typologies

20-39 years weak sectors: - streets and spaces - natural space - identity and belonging

40-59 years weak sectors: - streets and spaces - public transport - work and local economy

60-79 years weak sectors: - streets and spaces - work and local economy - housing and community

3

figure 01 left top tectonics strategies

roof terrace

social hub

high-street morphology

roads

windows

live and work

existing housing

pedestrian areas

sun shading louvres

housing

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub

Sector diversity

Parking

Urban Morphology

Site conditions

Level drop

Connectivity

High-Street

Social attractions

Town houses

Existing buildings on site

Live and work

Diverse housing

Sun access

Green space

Sun shading

Wind shelter

Roof terraces

Cores

The level drop from north to south is - 1.922 m. Social facilities should be located to the north on high ground to provide adequate amount of natural light.

Site strategies. Cont.

Demographics As seen from Falkirk sector diversity statistics, the city has shown a 20% occupation in retail sector, while Edinburgh shows only 10%. Due to the ongoing growth of online retail sector most of the existing retail stores on high-street may experience lower footfall.

Thus, the main aim of the development should be focused on attracting public and tourists to the city centre by stimulating economy with cultural public facilities.

Terrain

In order to eliminate the costs for filling up the hole from the original building, the space is assigned with a function and used in the design.

By accommodating hole from original Howgate mall with parking the design will provide required parking slots for residents and visitors.

The level drop will be resolved by placing concrete slabs on a grid of pillars with foundations on UG parking level.

The building forms should match the existing Falkirk High Street urban morphology.

Proposed new road network aims at providing better vehicle circulation while not splitting existing urban fabric.

figures 03-08 top topography

Falkirk

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By designing a seamless facade line on the north side the project aims on keeping an undistorted view of the high-street.

Diversity of retail offer (%)

Number of people per shop

Edinburgh

Edinburgh

Population 2011

Distance travelled to work

The existing built form should be preserved and integrated in the proposal.

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By activating the core of the High-street via integration of public facilities, the proposal seeks to invite public to the centre.

The project aims to activate facilities in the Social Hub by designing live and work housing adjacent to creative facilities.

Town house blocks provide 5 types of town houses (3/4 storey high) as well as apartments in a West wing.

The diverse housing stimulates a diverse social environment and thus results in a development of mixed use commercial surrounding.

Edinburgh

Car ownership

Households 2011

50%

figures 09-14 top typology

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Population density by ward 2011-2015

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figures 15-20 bottom tectonics

Study spaces are oriented to the South sun. Creative facilities are illuminated by ambient light to minimise unnecessary effects in media production. figure 01 top Demographics statistics Raw data - https://www.usp.scot figure 02 bottom population density map Raw data - Register of Sasines

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By placing 4 storey apartment blocks to the west of the site, the area is sheltered from the direct wind.

By integration of green space into the urban fabric of the High-Street, the centre will relate to the significant public interest in green areas.

By providing a number of public and private roof terraces the project celebrated surrounding views of Falkirk.

A system of timber panels follows the circulation routes through each building, matching stairways and visually highlighting points of interest.

By designing three unique circulation routes for Library, Exhibition Centre and Creative hub each building will have an original sense of journey through the building.

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub Programme Historic built form Historic plans provided a foundation for the morphology development. Historic built form was then adapted for the intended use and shapes were refined to fit the circulation. The proposed roadway was also linked to the historic circulation in the city. The historic roadway was used for connections within housing areas to the south of the high-street. The new road will have the same function.

office cafe

book shop

storage WC

counter

WC library lobby

book reserve hub

WC

lobby

WC

WC

WC

lobby

studio

workshop

studio

exhibition space

Programme 01 First iteration explores historic built form via massing study and analysis of historical development of the area.

workshop

studio

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appartment

studio

appartment

townhouse

townhouse

townhouse appartment

gym changing rooms

appartment

townhouse townhouse

townhouse

townhouse townhouse

reception townhouse townhouse

townhouse UG parking

figure 01 top right Site plan programme diagram

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townhouse townhouse

civic

services wc parking

figure 02 bottom right Atmospheric long section figure 03 left programme development diagrams

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residential

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circulation

cores

Programme 04 Final iteration develops compact urban foam and applies environmental strategies in the design.

townhouse

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Programme 03 Third iteration develops each zone in the project by designing circulation within each cluster

cafe

0m

Programme 02 Second iteration develops zoning plan for the project by assigning function to different areas in the design.

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub

Window location

Placing large windows on the southern sides of the building ensures maximum sun emission into the interior space. Northern façades have relatively smaller windows since they absorb the least thermal energy.

Environmental design

PSV

via elevator shaft

Air circulation

Air Intake

via Motorised louvres

Rainwater collection

Sun Shading

Controlling the amount and trajectory of sun light entering the space is highly efficient and prevents it from entering rooms where sun gain is not required.

Sun emission

Location with respect to the sun

Allocating interior rooms

Placing highly utilized rooms alongside the southeast, south, or southwest façades ensures maximum heating and lighting absorption. Rooms that require minimal heating/lighting such as corridors or utility rooms are placed alongside the northern side instead.

Bedrooms are designed in a way that takes full advantage of the sun during both summer and winter by orienting windows to the morning sun light.

Roof Garden

Air circulation

Steeple View

orientation

Air exhaust

Morning sun

Air intake

Air exhaust SUDS

Rainwater Collection

Roof terrace

Air circulation

Air intake Roof Garden

PSV via core stairway

Roof terrace

Air circulation South Facade

South day sun

Sun Shading

East morning sun Original Sash Window

SUDS

Vegetation

Rainwater collection

SUDS

vegetation

thermal mass

AIr intake (PSV)

Sheltered entrance

Thermal mass

Walls are built with a minimum of 100mm thickness to avoid indoor temperature fluctuations. A lightly coloured interior, dark flooring, as well as small window patches on the wall allow for more sunlight diffusion in the space figure 01 top Environmental section 1:500 figure 02 bottom left Social Hub courtyard view figure 03 bottom middle Live and Work alley view figure 04 bottom right Town houses courtyard view

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Sheltered entrance

To prevent cold air from entering the building whenever the door is opened during winter, the entrance door is oriented away from the prevailing wind’s direction and a windshield next to the entrance is added.

Location with respect to the wind

Reacting to prevailing wind directions optimises ventilation processes. Prevailing South wind is used in passive ventilation systems for Live & Work housing and Social Hub buildings.

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub Social Hub. Overview Social Hub Social Hub is the core of the Falkirk Fusion Hub complex. Social hub has a function of public attraction to the city centre by providing facilities for work/meet/recreate. A public library building with extensive collection of literature and a section dedicated to Falkirk-related resources as well as a book store with indoor cafe attract users and provide spaces for recreation. Adjacent Exhibition centre has a number of exhibition spaces, underground workshop and rooftop cafe. The Creative Centre is designed for media production. Three wings of the building are dedicated to photo, video and music production.

sun-shading timber louvres 1

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figure 07 top sun shading timber louvres

roof terrace

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figure 04 top loud study space

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Falkirk Archive

stuff room 2

figure 08 top masonry wall detail

roof terrace quite study space

rooftop cafe

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loud study space study rooms meeting rooms

figure 01 top social hub ground floor plan showing library to the north, exhibition centre to the west and creative hub to the east. 1:800

B

figure 05 top library lobby

exhibition space 03 exhibition space 02 photo studios 3

figure 02 bottom social hub axonometric view

C

roof terrace

figure 09 top curtain wall to ground detail library side

figure 06 bottom creative centre lobby

cafe book store book reserve hub 3

library lobby

B

exhibition space 01

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video recording studios audio recording studios C

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figure 10 10 curtain wall to ground detail creative centre

creative centre lobby

workshop & storage

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub

Passive stack ventilation chimney detail 1:100

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Social Hub. Passive ventilation

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1 - zinc standing seam roof with flattened seams on 18mm plywood on timber joists to chimneys forming roof to chimney 2 - ppc finish to metal motorised louvres 3 -mastic 4 - brick special on DPC to base of metal louvres 5 - brickwork 6 - 50mm cavity 7 - 100mm insulation 8 - blockwork 9 - steelwork 10 - PPC aluminium louvre panel “glazed into” curtain walling 11 - Ceiling Cassette Air Conditioner 900/900/100 mm 12 - insulated vent duct sealed to external louvre

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Section AA Prevailing Wind figure 01 top wind rose diagram showing prevailing wind directions

1 - PSV chimney 2 - PSV elevator shaft

figure 02 top ventilation plan

5 Roof skylight

masonry wall sash window detail 1:40

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1 - floor construction: 40 mm smoothed cement-and-sand screed heating element on 70 mm impactsound insulation 2 - 200 mm existing reinf. conc. floor steel G-beam 270 mm deep with reinf. concrete inclined haunches 3 - 50 mm mineral-wool thermal insulation 4 - box window: single glazing in 68 mm wood frame, painted white, 170 mm cavity, single glazing in 42 mm wood frame, painted 5 - 15 mm MDF cover strip waterproof painted, with condensation groove 7 - existing brickwork 115/65/52 mm, 40 mm cavity, 80 mm wood-fibre themal insulation on XPS plinth 115/71/240 mm sand-lime 20–60 mm blockwork 50 mm capillary- active mineral internal insulation 8 - 140 mm steel channel with expanding mortar insulating wedge

GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 240.5.6.100

1 6 Exhausted hot air

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North-facing window in existing masonry wall to allow cross-ventilation

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Roof terrace railing Stack air flow North-facing double glazing facade with motorised louvre for cross-ventilation Stack chimney louvres panel

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Prevailing Wind Direction WSW-SW

3 Ceiling louvres to allow air-transfer

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Thermal mass exposed to south sun with screed heating

Motorised louvre for ventilation and secure night cooling 5

figure 03 top axonometric section AA showing features of passive ventilation design

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Sun shading timber panels Natural Day Light South Facing Facade

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Passive stack ventilation louvre detail 1:40 1 - floor construction: 40 mm smoothed cement-and-sand screed heating element on 70 mm impactsound insulation, 200 mm existing reinf. conc. floor 2 - Stained Larch timber screen panels 400x200 mm 3 - PPC galvanised steel angles to top and base with spigot fixings 4 - steel G-beam 270 mm deep with reinf. concrete haunches 5 - PPC aluminium motorised louvres panel “glazed into” curtain walling 6- 120b Square Hollow Section 7 - curtain double glazing walling system with 42 mm metal frame 8 - suspended ceiling system for ventilation 60 mm plasterboard

Structural section 1:50 high-street facade

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub Live and Work. Overview

Live and Work housing Live and Work housing provides a ground floor workshop/ art studio space, a town house with one bedroom and office or second bedroom. Master bedroom is located on the last floor and oriented to the morning East sun. Workshops and art studios form an urban alley which may be used for assemblage and work.

Each unit has reception area and dry and wet adaptable open space which can be used for various purposes (wood, steel, glass workshops, furniture design studio, digital design studio etc.)

bedroom

balcony

office

bathroom

living room

figure 01 top live and work housing ground floor plan 1:800 figure 02 bottom live and work housing axonometric view

private entrance

cash desk

workshop/studio

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figure 03 top live and work housing exploded axonometric

figure 04 top live and work town house atmospheric section

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Townhouses. Overview

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Type A - 2 units 1:500 8

Type B - 3 units 1:500

01/ Falkirk Fusion Hub

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Townhouse blocks Town house blocks provide 5 types of semi-detached town houses, gym, cafe and two floors of apartment flats. Each dwelling has a roof terrace, private roof terrace in town houses and shared terrace with roof gardens in apartments wing. North facing side has three storey town houses. South facing townhouses are lower by 1.629 m and have 4 storeys. Apartment wing and South facing town houses are accessed via courtyard. The West wing provide gym and cafe on ground floor. These facilities activate the walkway going to to the Social Hub to the North.

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figure 03 right Townhouses ground floor plan 1:500

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changing rooms

figure 02 bottom Townhouses axonometric view

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figure 01 top North elevation 1:1000

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A | 3 storey | two bedroom semi-detached townhouse - 2 units B } 3 storey | three bedroom semi-detached townhouse - 3 units C | 4 storey | three bedroom semi-detached townhouse - 2 units D | 4 storey | three bedroom semi-detached townhouse - 2 units E | 3 storey | one bedroom detached townhouse - 4 units F | 4 storey | one bedroom detached townhouse - 1 unit G.1 | one bedroom apartment with shared roof terace - 6 units G.2 | one bedroom apartment - 8 units

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Housing typologies: Type Type Type Type Type Type Type Type

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02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes date: 14 sep - 12 dec | 2018 academic year: y3s1 location: Edinburgh, Scotland project type: academic group: 3 {Olivia Drave, Aitalina Semenova} superviser: Miguel Paredes, mparedes@ed.ac.uk contribution: data collection, site analysis, design development, grasshopper scripting, arduino wiring and scripting, model assembly. all following materials are created by me. Specific contributions are stated in captions.

About In order to turn collective hedonism into a productive design force, the group fabricated prototypes that operated in the studio, translating and emphasising the urban flow of leisure and hedonism by means of spatial interventions. We have explored sounds created by hedonistic activities of night life and realised that these sounds could be disturbing to people who live on such streets.

In response to the found correlations, we developed a structure that creates an acoustic barrier between the noisy ground level of the Cowgate street and residential areas above. We wanted to allow people to have fun without neglecting the interests, comfort and well-being of others. Our site is the most visited area by students on a night out. Therefore, noise at night can reach disturbing levels. It is also inhabited by residential buildings such as student accommodations and hostels. Consequently, our architectural proposal acts as sound insulation and helps residential buildings be convenient to occupy.

11

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes Methodology Project Theme and Structure The brief asked us to look into urban activities contesting the established and commodified idea of urban leisure, to scrutinise pleasure, spectacle and exuberance as vehicles for modulating social interaction, and subsequently redeploy them as the driving forces for architectural proposals that frame, reflect and transform our urban scenario. The group has decided to explore hedonistic conditions of recreational activities in bars environment in Edinburgh. The project consists of two stages: an exploration of hedonism in the city of Edinburgh and a development of Sound Responsive Protostructure as a response to the found data correlation.

Recording sound We decided to target the element of ‘hedonism’ ubiquitously present within bars and pubs around the city. We mapped out our route through approximately 25 pubs and bars scattered across Edinburgh. We decided that we would record a sound clip in each bar we visited. From collected data we then created a number of interactive digital experiences.

Sound intensities recording device For the data collection, the group created a device based on Arduino computer module. For this purpose, we learnt how to script and wire sensors and outputs. As a result, we have crafted a wearable device which was used to record sound intensities data.

Phase 01: The Data Event

figure 01 bottom group’s route around Edinburgh bars to record sound data Contributions: GPS routes - everyone Grasshopper scirpting and representation - by me figure 02 bottom right structure of the research and architectural production process figure 03 top right arduino based device + sections of the powering script Contributions: Photos - Aitalina Semenova Model - Olivia Drave Device assembly and scripting - be me

12

Phase 02: Sybaritic Soundscapes

a - gps tracking to identify major routes in the city b - visiting all major bars c - interactive visual experience of pub crawl d - sound intecities recording device e - recording sound data at chosen locations f - digital soundscape visualisation g - interactive soundscape experience maquette table h - urban protostructure activation process i - Cowgate street land use analysis j - inflation process concept development k - inflatable pockets concept

Data collection

Data representation

Urban representation

Urban response

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes Edinburgh. Group itinerary Chosen location In the next stage we narrowed down our research area even further, choosing to focus on the area of Edinburgh that we believed to be most relevant to our theme of ‘hedonism’ and ‘hedonistic activity’: Cowgate street. We used the created sound recording device to collect the sound data and recreate it to showcase a sense of the dynamics that emerge out of Cowgate’s urban field.

We planned our route through Cowgate that would allow us to collect our data in a strategic and logical manner.

Location 01

Chosen location

Edinburgh New town

Cowgate street

Location 03

Newington

Location 04

Bruntsfield

figure 01 top left initial research location: Edinburgh old & new town figure 02 middle left chosen research location: Cowgate street

1000 m

500 m

200 m

100 m

13

figure 04 right a complete group itinerary around Edinburgh showing all research locations

0m

figure 03 bottom left sound intensities on Cowgate Street

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes

manual mode: move hand along the fabric

Sound data. Representation Interactive Soundscape Experience The collected data was remapped into a motion of servo motors attached to stretching fabric in order to create an interactive experience of Cowgate soundscape map. Controlled by hand movements the interactive table let the viewer to travel through the street activating each pub’s sound data individually or view all data simultaneously.

figure 01-06 top interactive soundscape experience exhibition + sections of the powering script Contributions: Designing and printing sound map on vinyl cloth - Olivia Drave Arduino scripting & wiring, laser cutting & assembling - by me

14

servo motors pull fabric observe sound intensities data

figure 07 top digital soundscape model + diagram showing the work process of interactive soundscape model

figure 08 bottom collected sound intensities data Contributions: Data collection - everyone Data representation - by me

digital soundscape model based on collected sound intensities data physical interactive soundscape model diagram

automatic mode

all data shown simulataniously

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes Cowgate. Site analysis Conflicting functions Through our survey of the different building functions on the street, we realised that there were conflicts of interest occurring on many of its intersections: mainly a conflict between the bars/ pubs and the residential areas above. The sounds of Cowgate’s concentrated hedonistic activity can be very disrupting to the peace and comfort of sleeping residents.

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Bars & Housing Photos show housing located in a close proximity to bars and pubs on Cowgate street.

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George IV Bridge The George IV Bridge is located to the West of the Cowgate street. figure 04 right urban analysis axonometric showing function zoning, circulation routes and terrain conditions

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South Bridge The South Bridge is located to the East of the Cowgate street

bars & pubs residential figure 01 top left acoustic distribution (day) figure 02 top right acoustic distribution (evening)

Stramash Bar & Club

figure 03 bottom acoustic distribution (night)

15

Cowgate Living Student accommodation

hotels retail

UG

P

UG parking

P

Parking

community

Bridge

food

Bus stop

educational

Stairway

Cowgate Street the site is located in the lower part of the city with two elevated bridges located on both sides of the street.

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes Protostructure. Urban response Development The developed response to the found conditions of the street is a parametrically designed sound responsive structure with active sound insulation. The interactive canopy of the structure is designed to align with the facade line of the buildings and thus to work for the benefit of the residents. The canopy reacts to the acoustic level on the street based on the soundscape data collected in the first stage of the project. The design uses existing bars’ HVAC system to inflate structural elements. Multiple social spaces and ‘noise chimneys’ are integrated into the design in order to provide diverse acoustic and spatial environments for the users.

Facade lines In order to provide a better acoustic experience for all residents in the area the height data of all residential properties was collected and reference lines were created based on that data.

Soundscape data Extracted isocurves from generated earlier soundscape map gave us reference lines that reflect the ups and downs of Cowgate’s acoustic environment.

Triangulation The outcome shape was than triangulated in order to create pockets for inflatable components as well as to design structural connections between the rods.

figure 01 top Street view of protostructure segment figure 02 bottom Protostructure elevation render

16

figure 03 top Digital fabrication process

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes Protostructure. Inflation process Precedents Michael Rakowitz’s art inspired us to utilise the hot air expelled from existing HVAC vents to inflate structure’s insulation modules. The location of each HVAC was linked with the structure of the canopy. Each HVAC is supposed to be equipped with an acoustic sensor which will activate it to push the air into the structure via structural rods and thus produce insulation in the area.

Inflation process The air being expelled from the vents can be compressed and then channelled through the structure to supply each cell with enough air to inflate. The airflow would have to be controlled with a solenoid valve, which in turn would have to be controlled by the sound sensors embedded in the structure. This was a complicated process of research and development since we had to integrate a real-life location of multiple vents from each bar on the street and link it with the facade line relationship as well as with the soundscape mapping found in the early stage of the project. figure 04 top right HVAC diagram - by Olivia Drave figure 05 bottom Existing HVAC locations on Cowgate street

figure 01-03 top Michael Rakowitz - paraSITE homeless shelter project Source: https://www.moma.org/learn/ moma_learning/michael-rakowitz-parasite-homeless-shelter-1997/

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Stramash HVAC location Bar & Club

OX144 HVAC location Bar & Restaurant

Brewdog HVAC location Bar

Sneaky’s Pete HVAC location Club

Capacity: 900 people

Capacity: 460 people

Capacity: 60 seated (50 outdoors)

Capacity: 100 people

02/ Sybaritic Soundscapes

figure 05 right HVAC connection facade to structure detail axonometric view

figure 06 right facade to structure connection detail axonometric view

figure 07 right facade to structure connection perspective view

Pvrotostructure. Details Physical inflation module maquette We constructed a fully functional, structurally accurate model in 1:10 scale. We 3D printed connector components and fed tubes throughout the structure so that air could pass through. The pockets are made out of vinyl and inflate through the tubes attached to them via the rods. The air is pushed into the pockets with the airgun device activated by high sound intensities. figure 08 bottom Ground floor plan 1:1500

figure 09 bottom Night atmospheric section

Structural design After doing our research, we came up with a strategy for assembling and securing the individual triangulated components, as well as a method of channelling air through the main body of the structure to supply the pockets with air for inflation. We created a smaller 1:50 model of a portion of our structure including individual component parts, connecting rods and inflation elements.

We considered how we could attach the structure to the facades themselves. We believed that diagonal braces attached to facade walls as well as resting central portions of the structure would be the most structural sound and effective method of achieving structural feasibility for our structure. figure 01 top interactive soundscape experience exhibition + sections of the powering script Contributions: Designing and printing sound map on vinyl cloth - Olivia Drave Arduino scripting & wiring, laser cutting & assembling - by me

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figure 10 bottom Inflattion pocket structural assembly

figure 11 bottom Structural connections

figure 04 top right 3d printed model

03/ Architectural Dissertation graphical abstract

date: 14 sep - 12 dec | 2019 academic year: y4s1 location: Amsterdam Zuidoost, The Netherlands project type: academic workload: 10,540 words group: individual superviser: Richard Anderson, Richard.P.Anderson@ed.ac.uk The Shift From the “Functional City” to Sustainable Urbanism: How Renewal Strategies for European High-Rise Estates Shaped Contemporary Principles for Public Housing – the Case of Bijlmermeer.

The 20th century urban theory had experienced a major shift from Modernism to sustainable urbanism. Post-war high-rise housing estates were perceived as the culmination of Modernism ideology showcasing major principles of the rational and functionalist approach to living environment. The Bijlmermeer being one of the most notable examples had to experience a downfall of its economic and social value. Due to increased crime, vandalism and high turnover rates the area became a subject for an urban renewal. Through decades of analysis and regeneration the area became known to be one of the most effective redevelopments of what was the most expensive and largest housing estates in Europe. Due to the extremely similar character of post-war housing estates as well as uniform approach to the renewal development the Bijlmermeer case is highly valuable internationally. The case study can provide a sufficient understanding of factors that play a major role in the decline of post-war high-rise housing as well as propose the model for its countering.

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Bijlmermeer (1960s)

Project structure Problems

Renewal methods

Solutions

Evaluation of major problems via application of theories and statistics analysis.

Evaluation of methodology in each renewal stage to identify most impactful design solutions

Evaluation of major urban renewal solutions applied to Bijlmermeer

S1

S2

S3

functionalist housing

figure 01 left diagram plan showing location of the Bijlmermeer housing estate

Amsterdam city centre

Project aims The study aims to provide an understanding of major factors that play a role in the decline of public housing as well as in its countering. Through the examination of the case study and evaluation of processes of decline and renewal, the dissertation aims to build a model for the development of a sustainable urban environments.

figure 02 right Collage arial view of Bijlmermeer before and after renewal

Model of sustainable approach Visualization of a model to counter detrimental housing areas based on findings.

S4

Outcome theory Graphical representation of factors integrated in sustainable housing environment.

S5

sustainable housing

modular housing

separation of functions

satelite location

individualization

building for cars

need for automobile

no bonds within community

generic undefined pedestrian areas

weak socio-economic infrastructure

high turnover rate

crime & vandalism

lower funds

development of business sector

mixed use environment

dense urban morphology

development of public transport

stable local economy

diverse housing stock

eyes on the streets

safe traffic

grater commercial activity

diverse population

safe streets

higher funds

better maintainance

bonds with living environment

0

100

90 (abs.

3,505 in %)

83, 743

4,021/km

20,000/y

population

population density

police reports

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

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Uncontrolled spaces, such as numerous collective spaces like entrees, corridors and alleys, 13.000 ground level storage spaces, galleries and garages became blind spots for anti-social and sometimes criminal activities instead of intended communal spaces. Many surveys held in Bijlmermeer show that almost 80 percent of the population mention that pollution, degradation, vandalism and inadequate level of safety are the biggest concerns for the residents.1

Bijlmermeer. Problems The Bijlmermeer – The ‘Functional City’ approach The fundamental problem lies in area’s main principle of the separation of living, recreational and working functions. This results in a fracture of the physical, social and economic chain of interconnection. More importantly however, its long-term effect promotes the segregation of the social class structure. Thus, social decline initiates the decline of all interconnected aspects.

The concentration of a single class in such housing estates is a result of insufficiently diverse housing stock as well as economic environment. Due to this aspect, the inhabitant is forced to move out of the area once either his requirements change, or financial capabilities does not match with invariable housing stock values.

Social problems in the area

Social

03/ Architectural Dissertation

population diversity 32.1 % Surinamese 26.7 % Dutch 23.6 % Non-Western 9.1 % Western 5.5 % Antillean 1.9 % Moroccan 1 % Turkish

Parking garages Unsafe dark areas Covered walkways Unsafe traffic areas Disregarded social spaces

figure 01 top Bijlmermeer street view (1980s)

figure 02 top diagram showing hotspots of crime and antisocial activities

The Bijlmermeer model of decline Development of commercial space area

Economic

(per type of location in m2)

local markets target narrow economic layer no competition on local retail and business markets decreasing housing fund

47%

42%

39%

low-income

55 plus

single

0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1

in main centres

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20

20

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20

85

90 19

19

19

80

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19 75

decreased demand for economically diverse environment

0,7

65

concentration of a single class (low-income)

0,8

19 70

Construction supply did not match demand and the early stages of construction saw limited interest in such dwellings. The intended residents, middle-class families, preferred town houses with gardens in the areas around Amsterdam.2 Socio-economic factors, such as weak commercial infrastructure leading to low workplace forced people to move out. The turnover rate was high, reaching 30 percent in 1974.3 By the late 1970s, the supply-demand gap was responded to by letting to the indigent social groups and immigrant ethnic minorities.

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uniform housing stock & weak economic environment

scattered and peripheral

in supporting centres

1960s

dwellings tenure 58.1 % social rented 12.9 % commercial rented 28.9 owner oquiped 30%

vacant dwellings

figure 03 top Amsterdamse Poort shopping mall, opened 1987

figure 04 top diagram showing development of commercial floor space over time

figure 05 bottom Bijlmermeer sky view 1960s

figure 06 bottom diagram showing housing typologies

Original buildings (90% housing)

1970-1980

Added commercial floor space

1980-1990

Added commercial floor space

1990-2000

Added commercial floor space

2000-2010

Added commercial floor space

lack of maintenance

decline of the physical environment

new groups do not enter the community

Opinion about the physical renewal

Spatial

(per measure in %)

a Due to funding shortages, many amenities such as stores, b recreational and sport spaces were never provided in the area, c which created an unfinished feel in the district. Other services, such as public transport, were provided later. The absence of such d spaces and services was proven to have a negative influence on the e development of the housing area.4 The Bijlmermeer thus became f a peripheral satellite district with weak connectivity to the centre g 0 10 20 30 40 land fill a - renovate the dwellings and with lacking level of facilities.5 37%

18%

42%

original social decline intensifies

20

23%

68%

30%

Footnotes 1 - G., Helleman, Residents Survey Final Plan of Approach Bijlmermeer (2001), 36.

2 - W., Kwekkeboom, Rebuilding the Bijlmermeer 1992-2002 (2002).

3 - T., Blair, Designing renewal on Europe’s multi-ethnic urban edge: the case of Bijlmermeer, (1993), 286.

4 - M., Greenberg, Improving Neighbourhood Quality: A Hierarchy of Needs, (1999), 604.

5 - A., Luijten, A barrel of contradiction: the dynamic history of the Bijlmermeer, (1997), 17.

Raw data sources Ministry of VROM (2003) Elsinga & Wassenberg, fourthcoming; Housing demand Survey (2009) WPM Groep (2005) Helleman & Wassenberg (2001)

45%

35%

14%

24%

60%

17%

13 000

13 000

high-rise flats

garage places

generic undefined areas

23%

82%

12%

51%

buildings

18%

46%

30%

50

60

70

b - selling dwellings c - demolition of high-rise buildings d - demolition of a part of high-rise buildings e - demolition of own dwelling f - after demolition single family dwellings g - after demolition middle high-rise

6%

19%

80

90 100 good idea bad idea don’t know

high-rise dwellings (5 storey+) low-rise dwellings (2 - 5 sotreys)

03/ Architectural Dissertation

Weak connectivity

Employed Strategies

When built the area did not provide metro and had weak public transport sector. The only way to get to the centre was by private vehicle.

Uniform housing typology

With one/two bedroom high-rise dwellings being a predominant part of the estate people had to move out once their housing requirements of financial capabilities change.

Weak socio-economic infrastructure

No floorspace for commercial or business facilities led to the area being economically dependent from the Amsterdam city centre.

This led to a stagnation of area’s own socio-economic environment.

Low safety

High turnover rate

Individualization

High number of covered walkways, parking garages and generic undefined green areas between the buildings led to an increase in crime and anti-social behaviour

Due to a number of social problems in the area, inform housing stock as well as no workplace and commercial infrastructure turnover rate was increasing over the years.

With no social activities to undertake the area started to community started to develop individualization which was a diametrically opposite development than the collective one intended for the area.

01 Development of socio-economic environment One of the foremost corrections of the Bijlmermeer area was the development of its infrastructure by introducing public transport, multiple socio-cultural facilities such as mosques, sports halls, swimming pools, shopping centres.

02 Transformation of the housing stock The physical renewal had to shape the socio-economic character as well as vice-versa. Through this, in order to meet a diverse demand for distinct housing stock, the physical renewal was aimed at providing more housing types and environments.

03 Collaboration with inhabitants The renewal process on each stage was heavily related to the demand of the existing population. One of the fundamental aspects of a successful renewal is offering perspectives for existing residents which develops stronger bond to the neighbourhood.

figure 01-06 top Major Bijlmermeer problems

mixed traffic - lowering highways

metro network - 9 metro strations

diverse housing stock

dense urban foam

attraction points - ArenA

business centres

cultural amenities

shopping - Amsterdamse Poort

sport and recreation

bringing eyes on the streets

elimination of dark areas

underground garbage system

figure 07-18 Major renewal strategies

04 Achieving financial stability Both the housing fund capacity and financial capability of residents is achieved by an integration of a diverse socio-economic environment. Such integration produces a competition in the local market and thus an increase in rents for commercial activities. Thus, it promotes the development of dwellings for different social groups. Diverse social groups structure results in an adequate average financial capability which stimulates the growth of the financial capital of the housing fund.

Stage 01 | 1960s Original plan for Bijlmermeer included 31 blocks of 13 storeys high-rise buildings with a high number of enclosed parking garages and raised highway infrastructure. The area lacked connectivity with the centre and showed no economic development due to no available commercial floor space for business and retail.

Stage 02 | 1983 The realisation of the metro, introduction of public services such as sport facilities, police stations, religious facilities and shopping centre shaped the area into a less isolated one, with improved social environment. Entrances were improved, dark, covered walkways were closed to adress the safety.

Stage 03 | 1990-2002 The new plans included the demolition of a 70% of the high-rise housing stock, the sale of another part and improvement of the remaining dwellings. The demolished part and some empty spaces would have been accommodated with low-rise dwellings.

figure 19 top Original Bijlmermeer plan 1960s

figure 02 right Bijlmermeer situation in 1992 before renewal

figure 02 right Bijlmermeer situation in 2010 after renewal

05 Demolition In the case of The Bijlmermeer, the demolition appeared to be drastic, yet the determined solution which aided the recovery of the socio-economic-physical chain of the public well-being.

Nevertheless, demolition should not be perceived either as a starting point of the renewal or as its resolution. If there is insufficient demand in the population for a more diverse housing stock, the demolition may lead to an increase in the demand for the original type of dwelling.

21

03/ Architectural Dissertation Employed strategies. Cont.

Creating mixed use environment By mixing functions in the area the renewal achieved a dynamic urban environment which provides residents with essential facilities in close proximity to their housing.

Diversifying housing environment

Assigning functions to public places

Making compact urban foam

Providing many types of housing typologies allowed existing residents to stay in the area when their housing preferences change. Extensive housing market also invited new residents to accommodate the area.

Generic undefined land was assigned with public functions in order to populate unsafe empty spaces with users. Thus, big parks and spaces between buildings became safer to travel around.

By building compact low-rise urban environment on the place of original buildings the development aimed on providing safer environment with essential functions being in closer proximity.

Shaping central area Adding commercial, socio-cultural and business facilities the central area of Bijlmermeer started to stimulate higher public footfall.

Adding attraction points Adding a major area with Amsterdam ArenA stadium, concert halls and shopping facilities the renewal aimed on attracting public to the Bijlmermeer, as well as shaping its own cultural identity.

Development of business sector The development of a major office area next to the ArenA district provided floorspace for major and local businesses to accommodate.

Thus, more workplace was provided in the area.

commercial community business sports educational housing (after renewal) housing (before renewal)

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parking

Theories used in analysis

03/ Architectural Dissertation Theoretical analysis The Bijlmermeer model of sustainable approach Diverse mixed housing stock encourages various social groups to accommodate the area. Diverse socioeconomic actors generate greater employment, productivity and commercial activity. Such demand for commercial services promotes a market competition.

The competition results in an increased financial capital of the housing fund through increased commercial and residential rents. This then increases financial autonomy of the area and enhances delivery of services. By enabling stronger bonds to the area through local commercial market the area remains its current residents and attracts new socio-economic actors. Thorough this, residents generate higher taxes and thus increase housing fund. An increasing housing fund allows to provide an adequate maintenance of the housing stock and the physical state of dwellings in the area. Good maintenance and adequate sanitation enhances environmental conditions and relates to the healthier environment. Increased funds allow provision of quality education and employment for all population groups thus empowering vulnerable minorities. The increasing economic conditions allows existing residents to improve their housing and encourages potential residents to inhabit vacant dwellings.

A model for the analysis of the decline of postwar housing (Niels L. Prak and Hugo Priemus) Prak and Priemus outline three interconnected aspects of the housing decline: social decline, economic decline and technical decline. According to the model, the process of either physical, social or financial decay, once it has begun, intensifies the further decline of other interrelated spheres and the whole in general.

social decline

economic decline

The Defensible Space theory (Oscar Newman) The theory of defensible space argues that various actors should be responsible for looking after their own spaces. Thus, residents are responsible for their private spaces (dwelling), owners are responsible for the building blocks, local government is responsible for the infrastructure (transport network, public spaces). When the area falls in-between of these realms it becomes uncertain for all actors who should be responsible for its maintenance.40

government: - infrastructure - public places - transport network - economic environment

physical decline

neglect signals (“broken windows”)

owners: -buildings -living environment

residents: -dwelling -private gardens

disorderly, delinquent & criminal behaviour

Better maintainance Greater commercial activity

Different social classes generate higher demand for diverse commercial services, which stimulates local market competition.

Mixed housing stock

diverse housing provides supply for various population groups.

providing ground for local business and large corporations generates more work places and invites new residents

Economically diverse population

Competition on local market increases commercial and residential rents which aids budgets of the area

Diverse population groups aid competitive development of commerce and business

adequate connectivity within the infrastructure allows convinient circulation.

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more floor space allows more commercial facilities to operate and aid local economy.

Infrastructure

developing socio-economic infrastructure fills the area with required facilities in close proximity

Increased quality of life and higher work opportunities stimulate current residents stay. Diversed housing stock let people progress their housing career within existing environment

Gnerating higher profit

Business

Connectivity

Floor space

Current residents stay

Higher funds allow provision of more commercial and business floor space, as well as better quality of existing buildings.

initial investment into new housing and local economy stimulates new socio-economic actors to enter.

creating more attraction points which will generate profit for the area.

Hihger funds allow provision of a better maintainance in the area.

Public places are kept clean which shapes a better image of the area in public.

More workplace

Intial investment

Attraction points

The Broken Windows theory (James Wilson and George Kelling) Theory states that deterioration causes more deterioration and leads to forming negative image of the area in public. In turn, physical problems lead to financial problems. Raising vacancies, prices fall, high turnovers are resulted due to the increasing vandalism and litter. With a high number of empty dwellings remaining residents start to feel uncomfortable living in an abandoned areas and thus vacancies cause more vacancies.41

Competitive economic environment

Different social classes generate higher demand for diverse commercial services, which stimulates local market competition.

Better quality of education

More educational facilities are provided which allows provision of quality education for all groups of population

Better quality of social services

More social services are provided in the area such as community centres and health care centres.

New residents come

Increasing career opportunities as well as clean and safe living environment invites new socio-economic actors to enter the community. Thus, new users contribute to a more economically diverse population.

03/ Architectural Dissertation

Traffic infrastructure Due to the public safety affected by the unsecured area under raised highways, roads were lowered to the ground level, and traffic categories were merged into mixed-use sets.

Outcome theory Initial investment in renewal Half of the 1.6 billion Euro investment in the renewal was provided by the City of Amsterdam, with the rest offered by various housing corporations. The socio-economic measures were supported by the European Communities URBAN fund.

Safety Due to the public safety affected by the unsecured area under raised highways, roads were lowered to the ground level, and traffic categories were merged into mixed-use sets. The most detrimental areas of enclosed spaces were eliminated by demolishing large parking garages and restructuring the rest to the parking fields next to housing blocks. Through this, although the automobile remained an important part of the neighbourhood, it became better integrated into the living environment by relaxing the transportation network and refining detrimental garage spaces.

Public transport Sufficient and accessible infrastructure with affordable energy, adequate waste collection and convenient public transport is essential for basic household functions which heavily interinfluence economic and environmental outcomes.

Stimulation of local business By providing more places for business and commercial activity the area started encouraging economic development among the residents as well as inviting other actors into the economic infrastructure. Although in the period between 2002 and 2008 the revenues were not as promising, eventually the area started showcasing economically sustainable infrastructure.

Collaboration According to many questionnaires conducted in the area, by 2001, almost 70% of the residents supported demolishing of one or more of the remaining original housing blocks. In cases when the demolition included residents’ own dwelling, 60% still agreed. Renovation and sale were supported by 40 percent of the population, stressing this development as undesirable.

Metro One of the foremost corrections of the Bijlmermeer area was the development of its infrastructure by introducing many public transport facilities and delivering connections to the city centre via a metro line.

Amsterdam ArenA the Amsterdam Arena area became a catalyst to recover the problematic area of high-rise housing. It initiated a development of Bijlmermeer own socio-economic urban fabric, with one of the most expensive office areas being constructed in the core of the district.

social sphere Amenities The realisation of the metro, introduction of public services such as sport facilities, police stations, religious facilities and shopping centre shaped the area into a less isolated one, with improved social environment.

economic sphere Commercial facilities Following the early development of the 1980s, more services and commercial facilities were added to the area such as small shops, offices and local businesses.

Bonds within community The Bijlmermeer had low demand even at the stage of construction which resulted in the population which had less, or no choice of housing. Thus, the share of residents who had an ideological synergy with the Bijlmermeer was low and actions on increasing bonds had to be undertaken. Thus, bonds with the area were encouraged with the development of public spaces, bonds with each other were strengthened by halting anti-social activities of co-tenants and bonds with the overall living environment were addressed by providing collective grounds and encouraging common responsibilities.

Diverse population groups The social class structure of residents had to be addressed by making efforts on inviting diverse groups of residents. More actors had to be invited into the area such as other housing associations, shopkeepers, owner-occupiers, businessmen etc.

Site management The liveability issues were addressed by plans on reducing degradation and vandalism. This was achieved by introducing police patrols.

Public involvement in their own living environment through organising daily management tasks on site also improved general living conditions.

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Generating employment An economic setting that supports local business developments is less reliant on external economic influence and generate greater economic opportunities for its people. By aligning the skills of the existing population to present and potential job prospects city can expand opportunities for the current workforce and create new jobs for the emerging generations. Through the investment in local skills and attraction of new talents the city generates economic dynamism and increases livelihood for the population in the long term.

sustainable housing physical sphere

Mixed use environment In contrast to the original 31 free-standing high-rise blocks, the new Bijlmermeer comprises of a mixed-use social environment with a high-rise being a one of many building types in the area.

Financial sustainability Both the housing fund capacity and financial capability of residents is achieved by an integration of a diverse socio-economic environment. Such integration produces a competition in the local market and thus an increase in rents for commercial activities. This increases the financial capacity of the estate, and in its turn, the diverse market invites diverse social groups. Thus, it promotes the development of dwellings for different social groups. Diverse social groups structure results in an adequate average financial capability which stimulates the growth of the financial capital of the housing fund.

Diverse housing stock The physical renewal had to shape the socio-economic character as well as vice-versa.

Through this, in order to meet a diverse demand for distinct housing stock, the physical renewal was aimed at rather providing more housing types and environments instead of refurbishing existing single type – high-rise apartment block Demolition 70% of the remaining 13 high-rise blocks were demolished and substituted with new estates. In the case of The Bijlmermeer, the demolition appeared to be drastic, yet the determined solution which aided the recovery of the socio-economic-physical chain of the public well-being. Still, the radical transformation of the housing stock also requires an investigation of population demands and securing sources of financing. In order for a demand to meet the supply of diverse housing, there is a need for an integration of financially diverse economic conditions and socially diverse environments.

thank you more educational and professional work:

architecture

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structural analysis

3d visualization

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etc.