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http://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.5195
May 2020
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com
Contamination of Underground Drinking Water at Tarikampur Varnita Singh1, Saurabh Kumar Soni2 1
2
Research Scholar, HOD Civil Department, Environment Engineering, IIMT University, Meerut-250001, India
Abstract: Five different samples were taken at the sampling site in Tarikampur Bijnor. Water sample is taken from different sites from handpumps constructed close to the toilets at houses, following general method of sampling. These samples were compared to standards of WHO of drinking water. The drinking water was observed to be contaminated at all the sites. But the sample water is more polluted at sites where handpumps were at closer distance to toilets as compared to other sites. People gets affected by using this water for drinking purpose. It was observed that quality of water gets improved as the distance of toilet increases from water source. Index terms: contamination, underground water, toilets, soak pit, hand pump, water sample. I. INTRODUCTION The government had been started the scheme to have toilets in every house, whether they can afford and if they couldn’t, the govt. will pay for construction of toilet. This mainly applies in villages. But when it comes to the construction of it. The village head has the responsibility to call labours and contractor in village and assure the construction of it. And the drainage system they formed is soak pit system. The depth of soak pit should be between 1.5m and 4m deep, but never less than 2m above the groundwater table. It should be at a safe distance from a drinking water source, i.e. more than 30m. II. LITERATURE REVIEW The paper “Assessment of contamination of underground drinking water at Tarikampur, Bijnor”, is the reckon with the quality of underground water. Basically, the houses in this village which are having handpumps in their own houses, are bored near the toilets. Due to scheme of the govt. i.e., “Gramin Shochalya Yojna”,[19] new toilets have been constructed in the houses, but due to lack of knowledge or carelessness and to ease the water carrying system, people generally allow them to bore handpumps near the washrooms and bathrooms. The water comes out from such handpumps is not drinkable [18] and also cannot be used for cooking, and intake of this water may also lead to severe diseases. This paper is about examining the reasons behind contaminated water. III. LOCATION Tarikampur Roopchand is a small village in Bijnor district, UP. It is located 3 Km towards North from District headquarters, Bijnor at Rawli road. Muzaffarnagar is west towards this place. according to census 2011 records the area code or village code of Tarikampur Roopchand village is 112223. Tarikampur Roopchand village is located in Bijnor tehsil of Bijnor district in Uttar Pradesh, India. it's far located 3km away from Bijnor, which is both district & sub-district headquarter of Tarikampur Roopchand village. as in keeping with 2009 stats, Tarikampur Roopchand is the gram panchayat of Tarikampur Roopchand village. the full geographical region of village is twenty five thousand seven hundred sixty seven hectares. Tarikampur Roopchand has a complete populace of 4,948 peoples. there are approximately 741 homes in Tarikampur Roopchand village. Bijnor is nearest metropolis to Tarikampur Roopchand that's about 3km away. Modernization and population growth and lack of awareness are the factors causing pollution to water at sampling site [16]. Five sampling sites has been shown in fig which are named as 1,2,3,4,5. The map has been taken as from google maps. [34]
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com
Fig1: location of project site IV. HEALTH EFFECTS The use of sample water has adverse effects on humans such as cooking food in that water doesn’t cooked it properly. Its taste is not good and some kind of brine.it causes stomach related problems [10] and affects the metabolic system of human body. If nitrate content will increase in upcoming time [31], it may lead to blue baby disease [23]. Food poisoning [12],[13], Pneumonia and urinary tract infections, sickness, nausea [21], Digestive system and kidneys are also gets affected by it. Sometimes vomiting also caused. Diarrhea [6] is also common when this water is used for drinking, cooking, etc. [11] V. ESCHERICHIA COLI (E-COLI BACTERIA) Escherichia coli (abbreviated as e. coli) are bacteria found within the surroundings, meals, and intestines of humans and animals.[22],[24] e. coli are a large and numerous institutions of micro-organism. although most strains of e. coli are harmless, others can make you ill. some styles of e. coli can purpose diarrhea [25],[26],[27], at the same time as others motive urinary tract infections, breathing contamination and pneumonia, and different illnesses. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of humans and warm-blooded animals. Most strains of E. coli are harmless. Some strains however, such as Shiga toxinproducing E. coli (STEC), can cause severe foodborne disease. It is transmitted to humans primarily through consumption of contaminated foods, such as raw or undercooked ground meat products, raw milk, and contaminated raw vegetables and sprouts.[28] STEC produces toxins, known as Shiga-toxins because of their similarity to the toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae. STEC can grow in temperatures ranging from 7 °C to 50 °C, with an optimum temperature of 37 °C. Some STEC can grow in acidic foods, down to a pH of 4.4, and in foods with a minimum water activity (aW) of 0.95.[29] VI. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Five different sites were selected covering the village area to collect the samples of water. Generally, handpumps constructed (residential area) which are closer to the washrooms in houses, were selected as sampling site. All the samples were acquired and canned. Sampling sites are briefly described in table1.
Fig 2: water samples bottle
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com These water samples could be tested for the hazardous chemicals presence or simply presence of sewage i.e. contaminated due to nearby constructed toilet or due to improper sewage system [7],[8]. So, Dip test [35] could be done. In dip test, we have some litmus paper strips which we dip into the water of sample bottles for 10 minutes and then put it out. If strips are observed to be changed in colour, then it shows the presence of sewage [30]. Basically, this change in colour of strips shows the presence of (Escherichia coli) e-coli bacteria which is generally found in the intestines of animal body. This may go to the sewage through the excretion of human.
Fig 3: litmus paper test for pH Table 1: brief illustration of sampling sites Sampling Site no.
Source
Depth of boring
Manifest water quality
Site 1 Site 2
Location or distance from toilet 1.5 m 1.5 m
Handpump Handpump
100m(approx..) 100m(approx.)
Turns yellow on standing Turns yellow and turbid on standing
Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
7m 5m 4.5 m
Handpump Handpump Handpump
110m(approx.) 90m(approx.) 100m(approx.)
Turns turbid and yellow on standing Turns Yellow on standing Turns yellow om standing
Fig 4: e-coli strips showing the intensity of presence of bacteria at different sample
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com Table 2: Estimated Parameters. S.no.
Parameters
1
Colour
2 3
pH Taste and odor Tempe 4 Temperature 5 Turbidity 6 Iron 7 Hardness 8 Nitrate 9 TDS 10 Manganese 11 Phenols 12 Phosphorus 13 Cadmium 14 Sulphate
1 Dark Yellowish 8 Na
Sampling site no. 2 3 Dark Light yellowish Yellowish 9.5 8.5 Na Na
Rt 20 0.8 High 80 500 Nd Nd 0.01 Nd 290
Rt 25 1.5 High 110 1001 Nd Nd 0.02 Nd 320
*na: not acceptable
Rt 20 1.2 High 80 600 Nd Nd 0.01 Nd 270
4 Yellowish 9 Na
5 Light yellowish 8.5 An
Rt 20 1.3 High 100 750 Nd Nd 0.01 Nd 300
Rt 15 1.2 High 75 750 Nd Nd 0.02 Nd 280
WHO standards Clear/cloudy 6.5-8.5 25 1 45 1000 0.5 0.002 0.05 0.01 250
NOTE: All values are in mg/l. *Nd: not detectable *rt: room temperature
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Acquired parameters are calculated at different sites with their WHO standards [3],[4] are enlisted in Table 2., acquired parameters are calculated at different sites with their WHO standards are enlisted in Table no. 2. Delicate analysis of data is submitted in Table no. 2 represents the levels of parameters in sample water at Tarikampur Roopchand village. Also, as per fig 2, the strips are showing changed colour after dip test. It clears that water sample is affected by sewage i.e., by toilets constructed near the water source.[20],[3] Sample water contains high amount of iron at all the sites. As the margin decreases, from toilets to handpump in the houses, the value of iron, nitrates and sulphate increases. [15] Whereas, Sulphate is present in high amount at all the sampling site.[17] The presence of iron may be due to corrosion of handpumps pipes which are inserted into the ground. Nitrates and sulphates presence should be due to excretion of human body [2]. There are following graphs showing variation of constituents that are not normal in nature in water samples.
Fig 5: litmus strips showing changed colour
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com
Nitrate
pH
9.6
120
9.4 100
Nitrat (in mg\l)
pH value
9.2 9 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.2
80 60 40 20
8
0
7.8
0 0
2 4 Sampling site
6
2
6
Sampling site
Fig 6: variation of pH
fig 7: variation of nitrate
Sulphate
Iron
330
1.6
320
1.4 1.2
310
iron (in mg\l)
sulphate (in mg\l)
4
300 290
1 0.8 0.6
280
0.4
270
0.2
260
0 0
2
4
Sampling site Fig 8: variation of sulphate
6
0
2
4
6
Sampling sites Fig 9: variation of iron
VIII. CONCLUSION As per above discussion, it may be educed that the sample water is highly depraved due to toilets constructed near the water sources. Sample water is highly alkaline in nature. Dip-test clearly shows the presence of sewage in water sample [33]. The intensity of the colour increases as the water sample closeness increases to the toilet. These values are at high level due to closeness of toilets to the water source. As the distance between toilet and water source increases, value of these contaminants decreases. The distance between toilet and handpumps should be more than or equal to 30m to avoid such effects of contamination in drinking water. Due to lack of knowledge in people, these things have happened in villages. In order to avoid this, awareness programme should be organized and proper drainage system should be provided. The already made toilets should be situated at required standard distance. [5]
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 8 Issue V May 2020- Available at www.ijraset.com So, the area needs to be improved awareness among people and proper management of drainage system. Proper filtration facility for drinking water should be provided.
iron
nitrate
sulphate
water
Fig 10: pie chart showing sample water and elements affecting it. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]
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