Jan 2021 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering (ISSN:2045-8711)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

UK: Managing Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK

USA: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA.

India: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering 36/4 12th Avenue, 1st cross St, Vaigai Colony Ashok Nagar Chennai , India 600083 Email: editor@ijitce.co.uk

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

IJITCE PUBLICATION

International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.11 No.1 January 2021

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

Dear Researcher, Greetings!

Articles in this issue discusses about Photonic Band Gap Measurements for Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals Employing Dielectric Rods of Alumina in Vacuum.

It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read.

We look forward many more new technologies in the next month.

Thanks, Editorial Team IJITCE

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

Editorial Members Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering,Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPMSerdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia.

Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at ShangaiJiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin,Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture,Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin,Germany Dr. Marco L. BianchiniPh.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR,Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 MonterotondoScalo (RM),Italy Dr. NijadKabbara Ph.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh,Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University,No. 303, University Road,Puli Town, Nantou County 54561,Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources,Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Dr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP. Ph.D. Project Manager - Software,Applied Materials,1a park lane,cranford,UK Dr. Bulent AcmaPh.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics,Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP),26470 Eskisehir,TURKEY Dr. Selvanathan Arumugam Ph.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602,USA. Dr. S.Prasath Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Nandha Arts & Science College, Erode , Tamil Nadu, India

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Review Board Members Mr. Rajaram Venkataraman Chief Executive Officer, Vel Tech TBI || Convener, FICCI TN State Technology Panel || Founder, Navya Insights || President, SPIN Chennai Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY. Dr. MutamedTurkiNayefKhatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), TulKarm, PALESTINE. Dr.P.UmaMaheswari Prof &Head,Depaartment of CSE/IT, INFO Institute of Engineering,Coimbatore.

Dr. T. Christopher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor &Head,Department of Computer Science,Government Arts College(Autonomous),Udumalpet, India.

Dr. T. DEVI Ph.D. Engg. (Warwick, UK), Head,Department of Computer Applications,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-641 046, India.

Dr. Renato J. orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 JavadRobati Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran VineshSukumar (PhD, MBA) Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc. Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India Dr. doc. Ing. RostislavChoteborský, Ph.D. Katedramateriálu a strojírenskétechnologieTechnickáfakulta,Ceskázemedelskáuniverzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021 DR.ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg.,HamptonUniversity,Hampton, VA 23688 Mr. Abhishek Taneja B.sc(Electronics),M.B.E,M.C.A.,M.Phil., Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Applications, at Dronacharya Institute of Management and Technology, Kurukshetra. (India).

Dr. Ing. RostislavChotěborský,ph.d, Katedramateriálu a strojírenskétechnologie, Technickáfakulta,Českázemědělskáuniverzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21

Dr. AmalaVijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE

Naik Nitin AshokraoB.sc,M.Sc Lecturer in YeshwantMahavidyalayaNanded University Dr.A.Kathirvell, B.E, M.E, Ph.D,MISTE, MIACSIT, MENGG Professor - Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Tagore Engineering College, Chennai Dr. H. S. Fadewar B.sc,M.sc,M.Phil.,ph.d,PGDBM,B.Ed. Associate Professor - Sinhgad Institute of Management & Computer Application, Mumbai-BangloreWesternly Express Way Narhe, Pune - 41 Dr. David Batten Leader, Algal Pre-Feasibility Study,Transport Technologies and Sustainable Fuels,CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship Private Bag 1,Aspendale, Vic. 3195,AUSTRALIA Dr R C Panda (MTech& PhD(IITM);Ex-Faculty (Curtin Univ Tech, Perth, Australia))Scientist CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai - 600 020,India Miss Jing He PH.D. Candidate of Georgia State University,1450 Willow Lake Dr. NE,Atlanta, GA, 30329 Jeremiah Neubert Assistant Professor,MechanicalEngineering,University of North Dakota Hui Shen Mechanical Engineering Dept,Ohio Northern Univ.

Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY SeraphinChallyAbou Professor,Mechanical& Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 OrdeanCourt,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America

Y. BenalYurtlu Assist. Prof. OndokuzMayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic& Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. ChutimaBoonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science& Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,RuaItapeva, 474 (8° andar)01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road - Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India.

Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D ., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India.

Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 008, India.

Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India.

Dr. N. Maheswari Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University, Kattangulathur, Kanchipiram Dt - 603 203, India.

Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.)

Lecturer, Computer Science & Engineering Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Mrs. Smitha Ramachandran M.Sc(CS)., SAP Analyst, Akzonobel, Slough, United Kingdom.

Dr. V. Vallimayil Ph.D., Director, Department of MCA, Vivekanandha Business School For Women, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode - 637 205, India.

Mr. M. Moorthi M.C.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, Department of computer Applications, Kongu Arts and Science College, India PremaSelvarajBsc,M.C.A,M.Phil Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science,KSR College of Arts and Science, Tiruchengode Mr. G. Rajendran M.C.A., M.Phil., N.E.T., PGDBM., PGDBF., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Salem, India.

Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),UniversitiSainsMalaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA. Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, PrannathParnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. SeraphinChallyAbou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 558123042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India.

MOHAMMAD YAZDANI-ASRAMI Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Babol"Noshirvani" University of Technology, Iran.

Dr. Kulasekharan, N, Ph.D Technical Lead - CFD,GE Appliances and Lighting, GE India,John F Welch Technology Center,Plot # 122, EPIP, Phase 2,Whitefield Road,Bangalore – 560066, India.

Dr. Manjeet Bansal Dean (Post Graduate),Department of Civil Engineering,Punjab Technical University,GianiZail Singh Campus,Bathinda -151001 (Punjab),INDIA Dr. Oliver Jukić Vice Dean for education,Virovitica College,MatijeGupca 78,33000 Virovitica, Croatia Dr. Lori A. Wolff, Ph.D., J.D. Professor of Leadership and Counselor Education,The University of Mississippi,Department of Leadership and Counselor Education, 139 Guyton University, MS 38677

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Contents

Photonic Band Gap Measurements for Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals Employing Dielectric Rods of Alumina in Vacuum………………………………………………. [ 934 ]

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Photonic Band Gap Measurements for Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals Employing Dielectric Rods of Alumina in Vacuum Mr Avishkar V Wanjari Assistant Professor, Govindrao Wanjari College of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur INTERODUCTION Abstract Photo Voltaic is the new technology that is being implemented for generating electricity with minimum cost. By 2010 solar photo voltaics will generate electricity in more than 80 countries and, while yet comprising a tiny fraction of the 4800 GW total global power-generating capacity from all sources, is the fastest growing powergeneration technology in the world. In this assignment, with the help of CST software a new type of Photonic crystal is fabricated and its applications are discussed. The CST software will help the students understand the designing of Photonic crystal. Also the assignment highlights the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy in daily life.

2. Introduction to Photo Voltaics Photovoltaic is the new booming technology which is developing day by day and deals with the usage of photo voltaic cells which is the key component of a PV system. The cells used convert the energy from one form to another i.e. solar energy to electricity which is totally different then the other generating procedures.

This is cleanest generating technique which is being used nowadays. Photovoltaic technology was first recognised in 1839[1] and its application began in early 1970’s. This was the 934

time when United States first used Photovoltaic technology in there space program. By the end of 1990 this technology was used in the small scale markets and large scale markets such as pocket calculators, electric power applications etc. As of 2010, solar Photovoltaic technology is generating electricity in more than 80 countries and, still covering a tiny fraction of the 4800 GW [2] total global power-generating capacity from all the other generating sources, is the fastest growing power-generation technology in the world.

Photovoltaic Technology is the best method for generating electricity through solar cells. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light knocking down the electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity [1]. Solar cells produce a DC form of energy from sun light, which can be used to power equipment or can also be used to recharge a battery and an inverter is later used to convert the DC to AC form of electricity.

The first practical application of Photovoltaics was to power the orbiting satellites and other spacecraft [1].

The capacity to generate electricity from sunrays is a relatively fresh and exciting technology that offers many new opportunities in generating ‘green’ electricity. This technology is www.ijitce.co.uk

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called solar photovoltaics or more simply, PV. Also referred to as solar electric, PV offers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and renewable way. It makes use if the abundant energy from the sun, to generate electricity without the production of harmful carbon dioxide emissions, one of the main gases affecting climate change. It is one step towards the green technology which is important to use when the global warming is a important issue to handle.

Many countries are trying their hands to advance PV technology through their own initiatives and practical implementations. Some countries such as Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Norway and the USA [3] have arranged programmes of government investment which is doing collaboration with various industries, which have lead to thousands of solar electric homes being built around the world [3].

But some countries such as Scotland and United Kingdom [3], do not have any large home market to display its skill in PV technology or the financial support to develop this market additionally.

These type of technology is reliable, simple to install and easy for maintenance. It can be noted that even with the expertise that exists in some developed countries, it is strange that PV technology is used minutely and does not plays a greater part in daily usage of human beings. This may be because of electric power generated from PV is expensive to compete in Scotland and the UK [3] due to the low prices of fossil-fuel, nuclear and even wind power.

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Figure 1:Technology [2]

Application

of

Photovoltaic

In solar cells, a thin semiconductor layer operated as an electric field has two faces one side is positive and the other one negative. Nowadays the solar cells are mostly made from silicon, a special type of melted sand, which has two or more thin layers of semi conducting material; usually silicon [3].These layers have different charges.

Figure 2:- Working of a PV system [3] For the operation layers are given opposite charges one positive and one negative. When rays from sunlight strike the solar cell, electrons travelling along are knocked down resulting to make them loose from the bounding of atoms for a semiconductor material. In such a situation connecting two different conductors i.e. one at the positive and other at the negative side forms an electric circuit and thus the electrons can be www.ijitce.co.uk

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

captured in the form of an electric current that is, electricity. This electricity can then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool.

The PV cells used are normally designed as pn junction or even the Schottky barrier device [4]. When the cell gets the sunlight on its surface pairing of electrons and holes takes place which is done due to the interaction of incident photons in sunlight and atoms that are present in the cells. This causes the electrons and photons to drift making them to change their region.

The I-V characteristic for a PV cell can be written as qv  kT  I = I l − I o e − 1  

[4]

In many countries people turn only to PV technology as a last resort, usually in rural areas or locations where it is difficult to access the electricity or where the cost of connection to the grid is expensive. Countries such as India, Africa have this kind of issues in the rural areas, but due to plenty of sunlight available here the PV technology can be beneficial. In these locations standalone systems are already proving economically viable.

Such systems are independent of the grid and any excess energy produced would usually be stored in a battery.

It will be beneficial to use the solar cells or the PV cells by connecting them in series and creating a PV module. This kind of designing makes the chances of achieving adequate amount of voltage at the output.

Normally a multiple of 12 volts operation is used or designed.

Where, Il is the cell current due to photons q= 1.6*10-19 coulombs k= 1.38*10-23 j/K and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

The electrical output of solar cell is establishes at Standard Test Conditions (STC), where the irradiance is 1000W/m2 and at a cell temperature of 25°C [3]. With the cell operating at these conditions the open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), voltage at maximum power point (V max) and current at maximum power point (Imax) are obtained. From this the maximum power delivered by the cell can be calculated as well as the fill factor (FF) – the cell conversion efficiency. [4]

Formfactor =

V max* Im ax Voc * Isc

P max = Voc * Isc * Formfactor

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Figure 3:- Various dimensions of Photonic crystals [6]

The Photonic crystals are the material that has a band gap in which the photons of certain energy level cannot propagate through the crystal. These photonic crystals are divided in three parts which are dielectric constant, lattice topology and spatial period [6] and when significant parameters of this are considered a gap can be created where the electromagnetic rays can be prohibited. Thus a photonic band gap is created. The photonic crystals can be designed in three different dimension schemes which are one, two and three. In the two-dimensional photonic crystals all derivatives with respect to z coordinate vanish and the study is restricted to the propagation along the cross-section plane of the crystal, i.e. the xy plane. [6]. When a layer of different dielectric constant is used one dimensional

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photonic crystal is achieved. The figure below shows the one, two and three dimensional photonic crystals.

3. Designing of Photovoltaic Crystals In this chapter the designing of Photo Voltaic crystal is discussed. For the designing of such cell software such as CST microwave studio. This kind of software is known for the 3D EM simulation of high frequency components. CST MWS enables gives the user fast and accurate analysis of high frequency (HF) devices such as antennas, filters, couplers, planar and multi-layer structures and SI and EMC effects [5].

In this process of designing, dielectric rods used are of alumina which has an epsilon value of 9.9 [6] which is in vacuum lattice.

Figure 5:- Final a slab

Step 2:- Creating the cylinder

Step 1:- Creating the slab cube of 1*1

Figure 6:- Creating cylinder

Figure 4:- Creating a slab

Orientation = Y axis

Xmin = 0

Ymin = 0

Zmin = 0

Outer Radius = 0.2

Inner Radius = 0

Xmax = 1

Ymax = 0.1

Zmax = 1

X center = 0

Z center = 0

Material = Vacuum

Ymin = 0

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Ymax = 0.1

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Now for cylinder new material is used and that is alumina. For alumina used in this assignment its epsilon value is taken as 9.9.

Figure 9:- Cylinder rod at all corners top view Step 3:- Chopping the Cylinder to make it symmetrical with the lattice Figure 7:- Cylinder rod at one corner After designing cylinder at one corner, the designed cylinder is transformed on other 3 corners which is shown in the figure below.

Figure 10:- Chopping the cylinder A] Xmin = -1 Xmax = 2 Ymin = 0 Ymax = 0.1 Zmin = 1 Zmax = 0

Figure 8:- Cylinder rod at all corners of lattice

B] Xmin = 1 Xmax = 2 Ymin = 0 Ymax = 0.1 Zmin = -1 Zmax = 2 C] Xmin = -1 Xmax = 0 Ymin = 0 Ymax = 0.1 Zmin = -1 Zmax = 2 D] Xmin = 1 Xmax = 0 Ymin = 0 Ymax = 0.1 Zmin = -1 Zmax = 2

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By using the above stated configurations, the cylinder will be chopped off and will align with the rectangular slab. This final cell after chopping is shown in the figure below

Step 5:-Setting the Frequency

Figure 13:- Frequency setting

Figure 11:- Final Photonic Crystal

Fmin = 0.0 Hz Fmax = 3500000 Hz

Step 4:- Dimension Units Step 6:- Setting the Boundary Condition for Photonic crystal

In this step, Xmin, Xmax, Zmin and Zmax are made periodic and Ymin, Ymax is made 0 to get the magnetic property at the output for the designed Photonic crystal. Now in this step also it is important to fix the Phase shift or the scan angle. This is shown below Figure 12:- Final Photonic Crystal

Dimensions = um Frequency = Hz

Figure 14:- Setting Boundary Condition

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From = 0 to 180 Samples = 10 Also while doing that, adding two new frequency modes.

Figure 15:- Setting Phase Shift This phase shift is changed to get the output graph for the crystal. These settings are mentioned below.

X = phase (defined as 180 degree) X = 180 X = phase

Figure 17:- Creating new sequence After following all the above-mentioned steps, the simulation is started and following type of graphs for photonic crystal is obtained.

Z=0 Z = phase Z = Phase

Step 7:- Setting the Mesh

Figure 18:- adding the frequency mode

Figure 16:- Setting the Mesh Line per wavelength = 15

Step 8:- Eigen Mode Solver

Graph 1:- Output with frequency mode 1 and 2 when Et = 0

Name = phase 940

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.11 NO.1 JANUARY 2021

The CST software helps students to understand the designing of photonic crystals in a very simple way other then the practical method used in companies. It also helps the students to design a number of different type of crystals with different material used in it.

Graph 2:- Output with frequency mode 1 and 2 when Ht = 0

The magnetic and electrical output property for the designed photonic crystal is shown above. It can be seen that the photonic crystal used in this experiment has got a band gap in which the photons of certain energy level cannot propagate through the crystal.

Also when the value of epsilon is changed i.e. if the material is changed the band gap will increase and for higher value of epsilon band gap will increase. This also results in increase in the refractive index for the used material.

4. Conclusion

Thus from analysis it was seen that with different type of material for the manufacturing of photonic crystal a band gap can be achieved which allows a certain energy range of photons not to propagate through it. So it can be said that the crystal becomes more promising for holding the photons in it for a much longer time. With materials of high value for epsilon, the band gap increase, which leads to increase in the refractive index for the used material. But it will be not feasible to use a material with high epsilon value because it may lead to increase in the cost of manufacturing the crystal.

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REFERENCES

1] Castaner.L . and Silvestre .S., 2001,Modelling Photovoltaic Systems Using Pspice, John Wiley & Sons Inc, Canada.

2] Patel. M., 2006, Wind and Solar Power Systems, 2nd Edition, Taylor and Francis Group, New York.

3] Johannson .B.T, Kelly.H., Reddy.K.A., and Williams .R.H. [Online], Renewable Energy- Sources for Fuels and Electricity, (1993),Island Press.

4] Messenger.R.A and Ventre.J., 2004, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering, CRC Press, London.

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