Apr14

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014

UK: Managing Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering 1a park lane, Cranford London TW59WA UK E-Mail: editor@ijitce.co.uk Phone: +44-773-043-0249 USA: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology and Creative Engineering Dr. Arumugam Department of Chemistry University of Georgia GA-30602, USA. Phone: 001-706-206-0812 Fax:001-706-542-2626 India: Editor International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Dr. Arthanariee. A. M Finance Tracking Center India 17/14 Ganapathy Nagar 2nd Street Ekkattuthangal Chennai -600032 Mobile: 91-7598208700

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014

IJITCE PUBLICATION

International Journal of Innovative Technology & Creative Engineering Vol.4 No.4 April 2014

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014

From Editor's Desk Dear Researcher, Greetings!

Research article in this issue discusses about Peristaltic MHD Flow of a Jeffrey.

Let us review research around the world this month; Clothes with hidden sensors act as an always-on doctor. Everyday clothes with invisible sensors woven in can monitor your vital signs. Future designs could tell you – or your doctor – when something is amiss. HEY smarty pants. Your underwear could soon tell if you are falling ill before you know it yourself, notify others if you've fallen over or help doctors diagnose and treat diseases. Clip-on sensors or wristbands can already monitor a wearer's vital signs, such as activity levels and sleep patterns. But the rigid form of these devices limits what signals they can pick up and they won't work if you forget to wear them.

Wire up hives to keep bees happy and healthy. With the help of Open Source Beehives, a do-it-yourself apiary kit, you can build a hive that encourages healthy bees. The hive comes with a sensor system that collects data so that you can keep an eye on the bees in real time.Apart from keeping hives happy, they hope to collect enough data to shed light on colony collapse disorder, which has devastated beehives since 2006, but whose cause remains mysterious.

An electric-powered light aircraft took to the skies over the vineyards of Bordeaux, France. It was only a small, twoseater plane but the technologies that made the flight possible could lead to a new class of hybrid airliners. One day, the plane you board to go on holiday might be flying using cleaner, greener electric power. Called the E-Fan, the quiet, sleek carbon-fibre plane is the work of Airbus, the French plane-maker. With two 65-kilogram lithium battery packs hidden in its wings, each driving a 30-kilowatt electric motor, the E-Fan cruises at 185 kilometres per hour and flies for an hour. While it's not going to win any speed or endurance prizes, it's the first step in a development programme that could lead to much bigger electric planes – with next generation, high-power lithium-air batteries and superconducting motors.

It has been an absolute pleasure to present you articles that you wish to read. We look forward to many more new technologies related research articles from you and your friends. We are anxiously awaiting the rich and thorough research papers that have been prepared by our authors for the next issue.

Thanks, Editorial Team IJITCE

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Editorial Members Dr. Chee Kyun Ng Ph.D Department of Computer and Communication Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor,Malaysia.

Dr. Simon SEE Ph.D Chief Technologist and Technical Director at Oracle Corporation, Associate Professor (Adjunct) at Nanyang Technological University Professor (Adjunct) at Shangai Jiaotong University, 27 West Coast Rise #08-12,Singapore 127470 Dr. sc.agr. Horst Juergen SCHWARTZ Ph.D, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Asternplatz 2a, D-12203 Berlin, Germany Dr. Marco L. Bianchini Ph.D Italian National Research Council; IBAF-CNR, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy Dr. Nijad Kabbara Ph.D Marine Research Centre / Remote Sensing Centre/ National Council for Scientific Research, P. O. Box: 189 Jounieh, Lebanon Dr. Aaron Solomon Ph.D Department of Computer Science, National Chi Nan University, No. 303, University Road, Puli Town, Nantou County 54561, Taiwan Dr. Arthanariee. A. M M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.S.,Ph.D Director - Bharathidasan School of Computer Applications, Ellispettai, Erode, Tamil Nadu,India Dr. Takaharu KAMEOKA, Ph.D Professor, Laboratory of Food, Environmental & Cultural Informatics Division of Sustainable Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan Mr. M. Sivakumar M.C.A.,ITIL.,PRINCE2.,ISTQB.,OCP.,ICP Project Manager - Software, Applied Materials, 1a park lane, cranford, UK Dr. Bulent Acma Ph.D Anadolu University, Department of Economics, Unit of Southeastern Anatolia Project(GAP), 26470 Eskisehir, TURKEY Dr. Selvanathan Arumugam Ph.D Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, GA-30602, USA.

Review Board Members Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168, Australia Dr. Zhiming Yang MD., Ph. D. Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Science,1550 Orleans Street Rm 441, Baltimore MD, 21231,USA Dr. Jifeng Wang Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA Dr. Giuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center, Via Enrico Fermi 45 - P.O. Box 65,00044 Frascati, Roma, ITALY. Dr. Mutamed Turki Nayef Khatib Assistant Professor of Telecommunication Engineering,Head of Telecommunication Engineering Department,Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tul Karm, PALESTINE.

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Dr. T. Christopher, Ph.D., Assistant Professor & Head,Department of Computer Science,Government Arts College(Autonomous),Udumalpet, India.

Dr. T. DEVI Ph.D. Engg. (Warwick, UK), Head,Department of Computer Applications,Bharathiar University,Coimbatore-641 046, India.

Dr. Renato J. orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business School,Rua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Visiting Scholar at INSEAD,INSEAD Social Innovation Centre,Boulevard de Constance,77305 Fontainebleau - France Y. Benal Yurtlu Assist. Prof. Ondokuz Mayis University Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,São Paulo Business SchoolRua Itapeva, 474 (8° andar),01332-000, São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Javad Robati Crop Production Departement,University of Maragheh,Golshahr,Maragheh,Iran Vinesh Sukumar (PhD, MBA) Product Engineering Segment Manager, Imaging Products, Aptina Imaging Inc. Dr. Binod Kumar PhD(CS), M.Phil.(CS), MIAENG,MIEEE HOD & Associate Professor, IT Dept, Medi-Caps Inst. of Science & Tech.(MIST),Indore, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, India Dr. doc. Ing. Rostislav Choteborský, Ph.D. Katedra materiálu a strojírenské technologie Technická fakulta,Ceská zemedelská univerzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials,CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC 3169,Gate 5 Normanby Rd., Clayton Vic. 3168 DR.Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg.,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688 Mr. Abhishek Taneja B.sc(Electronics),M.B.E,M.C.A.,M.Phil., Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science & Applications, at Dronacharya Institute of Management and Technology, Kurukshetra.

(India).

Dr. Ing. Rostislav Chotěborský,ph.d, Katedra materiálu a strojírenské technologie, Technická fakulta,Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze,Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 21

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 Dr. Amala VijayaSelvi Rajan, B.sc,Ph.d, Faculty – Information Technology Dubai Women’s College – Higher Colleges of Technology,P.O. Box – 16062, Dubai, UAE

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Dr. Xiangfa Wu, Ph.D. Assistant Professor / Mechanical Engineering,NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY Seraphin Chally Abou Professor,Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart,MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall,1305 Ordean Court,Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. Qiang Cheng, Ph.D. Assistant Professor,Computer Science Department Southern Illinois University CarbondaleFaner Hall, Room 2140-Mail Code 45111000 Faner Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901 Dr. Carlos Barrios, PhD Assistant Professor of Architecture,School of Architecture and Planning,The Catholic University of America Y. Benal Yurtlu Assist. Prof. Ondokuz Mayis University Dr. Lucy M. Brown, Ph.D. Texas State University,601 University Drive,School of Journalism and Mass Communication,OM330B,San Marcos, TX 78666 Dr. Paul Koltun Senior Research ScientistLCA and Industrial Ecology Group,Metallic & Ceramic Materials CSIRO Process Science & Engineering Dr.Sumeer Gul Assistant Professor,Department of Library and Information Science,University of Kashmir,India Dr. Chutima Boonthum-Denecke, Ph.D Department of Computer Science,Science & Technology Bldg., Rm 120,Hampton University,Hampton, VA 23688

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 Dr. Renato J. Orsato Professor at FGV-EAESP,Getulio Vargas Foundation,S찾o Paulo Business School,Rua Itapeva, 474 (8째 andar)01332-000, S찾o Paulo (SP), Brazil Dr. Wael M. G. Ibrahim Department Head-Electronics Engineering Technology Dept.School of Engineering Technology ECPI College of Technology 5501 Greenwich Road Suite 100,Virginia Beach, VA 23462 Dr. Messaoud Jake Bahoura Associate Professor-Engineering Department and Center for Materials Research Norfolk State University,700 Park avenue,Norfolk, VA 23504 Dr. V. P. Eswaramurthy M.C.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India.

Dr. P. Kamakkannan,M.C.A., Ph.D ., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 007, India.

Dr. V. Karthikeyani Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Computer Science, Government Arts College(Autonomous), Salem-636 008, India.

Dr. K. Thangadurai Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College ( Autonomous ), Karur - 639 005,India.

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Mr. Md. Musfique Anwar B.Sc(Engg.)

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Dr. Pradeep H Pendse B.E.,M.M.S.,Ph.d Dean - IT,Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research, Mumbai, India Muhammad Javed Centre for Next Generation Localisation, School of Computing, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland Dr. G. GOBI Assistant Professor-Department of Physics,Government Arts College,Salem - 636 007 Dr.S.Senthilkumar Post Doctoral Research Fellow, (Mathematics and Computer Science & Applications),Universiti Sains Malaysia,School of Mathematical Sciences, Pulau Pinang-11800,[PENANG],MALAYSIA.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 Manoj Sharma Associate Professor Deptt. of ECE, Prannath Parnami Institute of Management & Technology, Hissar, Haryana, India RAMKUMAR JAGANATHAN Asst-Professor,Dept of Computer Science, V.L.B Janakiammal college of Arts & Science, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu, India Dr. S. B. Warkad Assoc. Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India Dr. Saurabh Pal Associate Professor, UNS Institute of Engg. & Tech., VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India Manimala Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation, St Joseph’s College of Engineering & Technology, Choondacherry Post, Kottayam Dt. Kerala -686579 Dr. Qazi S. M. Zia-ul-Haque Control Engineer Synchrotron-light for Experimental Sciences and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME),P. O. Box 7, Allan 19252, Jordan Dr. A. Subramani, M.C.A.,M.Phil.,Ph.D. Professor,Department of Computer Applications, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode - 637215 Dr. Seraphin Chally Abou Professor, Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Depart. MEHS Program, 235 Voss-Kovach Hall, 1305 Ordean Court Duluth, Minnesota 55812-3042 Dr. K. Kousalya Professor, Department of CSE,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai-638 052 Dr. (Mrs.) R. Uma Rani Asso.Prof., Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College For Women, Salem-16, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Contents Implementation of Cyclostationary Feature Detection & Energy Detection Methods for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio by Abhijeet A. Chincholkar, Chaitali H. Thakare ……………………………………………….[199]

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014

Implementation of Cyclostationary Feature Detection & Energy Detection Methods for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Abhijeet A. Chincholkar1, Chaitali H. Thakare2

1

Asst. Professor, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department, JCOET, Yavatmal, Mh., India .

2 UG Student, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department, JCOET, Yavatmal, Mh., India .

Abstract— This paper aims to research and focus on spectrum sensing in Cognitive Radio which is a recently introduced technology. It helps to increase the spectrum efficiency in cognitive radio.

Increasing efficiency of the spectrum usage is a need of an intrinsic result of rapidly increasing wireless users and also the conversion of voice oriented applications to multimedia applications.

Static allocation of the frequency spectrum does not needs to current wireless technology where as a dynamic spectrum usage is required for wireless networks. Cognitive radio is considered as a promising candidate to be employed in such systems as they are aware of their operating environments and having ability to adjust their parameters. Cognitive radio can sense the available spectrum and detect the idle frequency bands. The secondary users can be allocates those bands which are not used by primary users.

In order to avoid this interference in between primary user by secondary user spectrum sensing is to be needed. There are several spectrum sensing techniques proposed in literature for cognitive radio based systems. This work approaches for energy detection and Cyclostationary feature detection based spectrum sensing systems for cognitive radios in wireless communication channels.

Key words — Cognitive Radio, Feature Detection, Energy Detection, Reconfiguration.

I. INTRODUCTION Wireless communication systems have been widely and successfully deployed all over the world. Day by day, upper layer protocols demand high speed wireless access with very low delay requirements for applications in data, voice, video and other high bandwidth usage multimedia applications. However, radio spectrum band available to serve wide variety of all these emerging applications is strictly limited.

Regulatory bodies licensed radio spectrum, implementing strict limitations on operators and manufacturers protecting radio resource and licensed users. This command and control nature of regulations limits access of radio resource which is more important problem than physical scarcity of spectrum.

Further it is discovered that, some frequency bands are largely underutilized most of the time or partially occupied, even in revenue rich urban areas. Cognitive radio was proposed a mechanism for efficient use such a free bands by exploiting its availability by cognitive users.

In order to complete these cognitive tasks in cognitive radio network, CU must perform additional tasks than normal wireless user. Detection of spectrum holes is called spectrum sensing. Spectrum sensing aims to determine spectrum availability and presence of licensed users. Such major task to perform by CUs, Recent literature proposes three techniques to detect presence of spectrum holes that are Energy Detection and Cyclostationary feature detection. Energy detection compares the signal energy received in a certain frequency band to properly set decision threshold. If signal energy lies above threshold, band is declared to be busy. Otherwise band is supposed to be idle and could be accessed by CR users. Another detection method used in literature is Cyclostationary feature detection which depends on fact that modulated signals are generally coupled with sine wave carriers, pulse trains, repeating spreading, hopping sequences or cyclic

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 prefixes which result in periodicity and their statistics, mean and autocorrelation, exhibit periodicity in wide sense. This periodicity trend is used for analyzing various signal processing tasks such as detection, recognition and estimation of received signals.

II. COGNITIVE RADIO Cognitive Radio is a system model for wireless communication. It is built on software defined radio which an emerging technology is providing a platform for flexible radio systems, multiservice, multi-standard, multiband, reconfigurable and reprogrammable by software for Personal Communication Services. It uses methodology of sensing and learning from environment and adapting to statistical variations in real time.

Network or wireless node changes its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently anywhere and anytime avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users for efficient utilization of radio spectrum. Cognitive modules in transmitter and receiver must work in a harmonious manner which is achieved feedback channel connecting them. Receiver is enabled to convey information on performance of forward link to transmitter. Thus CR by necessity is an example of feedback communication system. Cognitive Radio System Classified according to operational area.

Cognitive Radio classified in multiband system which is supporting more than one Frequency band used by a wireless standard (e.g., GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900), a multi-standard system that is supporting more than one Standard which works within one standard family (e.g. UTRA FDD, UTRA-TDD for UMTS) or across different networks (e.g., DECT, GSM, UMTS, WLAN), multi-service system which provides different services (e.g. telephony, data, video streaming) and multi-channel system that supports two or more independent transmission and reception channels at same time.

Fig.1 General Cognitive Radio Cycle

III. Problem and Proposed Solution In future rapid growth of wireless communications, many exciting technologies exist that will require more spectrum. In recent days large portion of radio spectrum is not used for significant periods of time. Thus, lot of spectrum holes in frequency bands are not utilized these frequencies in all times by license owner. Figure shows very low utilization of spectrum from 3-6 GHz. Most of unlicensed spectrums are heavily accessed by users and have high spectrum utilization according to possibility of open access. Observations lead to key idea where spectrum utilization can be drastically increased by allowing secondary users to access spectrum holes that are unutilized by primary user at certain time and space. Cognitive radio has been proposed to achieve such dynamics. Cognitive radio senses spectral environment over wide frequency band and exploits this information to opportunistically provide wireless links that can best meet demand of user, but also of its radio environments.

Fig.2:-Utilization of Spectrum from 3-6 GHz Cognitive-radio has two important functionalities such as spectrum sensing and adaptation. Secondary terminal first senses spectrum environment in order to learn frequency spectrum unoccupied by primary users. Once such spectrum hole is found, secondary terminal adapts its transmission power, frequency band, modulation, so that it minimizes interference to primary users. Even after starting transmission, secondary terminal should detect or predict appearance of primary user so that it makes spectrum available for primary user. Basically, primary users should not change their communication infrastructure due to these operations. Thus, these sensing and adaptation of secondary users must be done independently of primary users. Thus, cognitive radio allows users to utilize frequency band more densely in time and space, thereby leading to a drastic

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 increase of the total spectrum efficiency. So Cognitive radio requires innovative and unprecedented techniques in order to sense and adapt to the spectrum.

IV. SPECTRUM SENSING Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio is still ongoing development and technique for primary signal detection.

Most distinguished features of cognitive radio networks is having ability to switch between radio accesses technologies, transmitting in different parts of radio spectrum as idle frequency band slots arise. Cognitive radio network are assumed to be secondary users will also need to coexist with primary users, which have right to use spectrum and thus must have not guarantee to interfere by secondary users. Fundamentally, spectrum sensing device gives general idea on medium over entire radio spectrum. This allows cognitive radio network to analyze all degrees of freedom (time, frequency and space) to predict spectrum usage.

Spectrum sensing is based on a well-known technique called signal detection. Signal detection described as method for identifying presence of signal in noisy environment. Spectrum sensing is major task which is performed by cognitive radio as shown in figure it gives awareness about present spectrum usage by monitoring primary users in particular geographical location and frequency bands. This enables detection of present spectrum holes in available frequency range.

4.2 Spectrum management and handoff: After recognizing spectrum white space by sensing, spectrum management and handoff function of CR enables secondary users to choose best frequency band and hop among multiple bands according to time varying channel characteristics to meet various Quality of Service (Qi’s) requirements. For instance, when primary user reclaims his/her frequency band, secondary user that is using licensed band can direct his/her transmission to other available frequencies, according to channel capacity determined by noise and interference levels, path loss, channel error rate, holding time, and etc.

4.3 Spectrum allocation and sharing: In dynamic spectrum access, secondary user may share spectrum resources with primary users, other secondary users, or both. Hence, good spectrum allocation and sharing mechanism is critical to achieve high spectrum efficiency. Since primary users own spectrum rights, when secondary users co-exist in a licensed band with primary users, interference level due to secondary spectrum usage should be limited by a certain threshold.

When multiple secondary users share a frequency band, their access should be coordinated to alleviate collisions and interference.

4.1 Spectrum Sensing Analysis:

V. CYCLOSTATIONARY SENSING

Through spectrum sensing analysis, CR can detect spectrum white space as illustrated in Figure 2 i.e., a portion of frequency band that is not being used by primary users, and utilizes spectrum. When primary users start using licensed spectrum again, CR can detect their activity through sensing, to prevent from harmful interference by secondary user.

Fig.3 Spectrum Holes

Most challenging task in designing and implementation of cognitive radio is spectrum sensing. By using spectrum sensing, cognitive radios can adapt themselves to eternal wireless spectrum environment.

An effective method used for signal detection is Cyclostationary sensing. A modulated radio signal is considered as Cyclostationary process and statistical properties of a Cyclostationary process vary periodically over time. Autocorrelation function is cyclic processes with a periodicity T. If we consider a signal from primary user as: X (t) = s (t) + n (t)…………Equation 1 Where n(t) represents additive white Gaussian noise, while s(t) is transmitted signal, then s(t) has some visible and distinct properties which can be exploited by sensing Cyclostationary properties, for example, by differentiating it from noise. These properties are: carrier frequency, modulation type, symbol duration and so on.

Auto- correlation and mean function of received signal

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 x(t), is periodic signal with period T, where T is expressed as reciprocal of carrier frequency. Spectral correlation and auto correlation functions can be used to extract weak signals from noise. They can be used to find out presence or absence of random signal in presence of other signals having different modulation schemes. Spectral correlation function is special characteristics exhibited by modulated signal. This can be used for various signal processing tasks like detection, classification and synchronization. Especially for signals under during and interference, whereas autocorrelation function is cross correlation of signal with itself. Commonly, analysis of stationary random signal is done using autocorrelation function and power spectral density as mathematical tool. However, Cyclostationary signals reflect correlation between distinct spectral components because of periodicity, so analogy of autocorrelation function is implemented to define spectral correlation function. In Cyclostationary spectrums different data length can be taken. It will be easier to detect signal of primary users which use longer transmission length rather than using shorter transmission lengths. Main purpose of spectral correlation function is to separate noise energy from modulated signal.

5.1 Cyclostationary Feature Detection It uses inbuilt features in primary user’s waveform for detection. Hence, it is computationally complex detector. Flow chart for implementation of Cyclostationary Feature Detector is shown in below Figure. Let r (t) is received signal which we have to pass from Cyclostationary feature detector. Procedure of Cyclostationary Feature Detection is as: Step 1: First take Fourier of received signal by using ‘fft’ function. R=fft(r) Step 2: Multiple r with complex exponential. As multiplication with complex exponential in time domain is equivalent to frequency shift in frequency domain.

XT=r.*exp (j*2*pi *shfT); Step 3: Correlate XT with R XY=xcorr (XT, R); Average over time T: Pt= fft (XY).*conj (fft (XY)) Step 4: On experimental basis when results at low and high SNR are compared then threshold is set to 1<λ<5.

Step 5: Finally output of integrator, pt is compared with a threshold value λ to decide whether primary user is present or not.

Step 6: Now if primary user is present then we can find features of primary signal like operating frequency and modulation technique.

Flow chart and procedural steps gives us idea of overall process, which yields required results for

Cyclostationary feature detection when implemented in Matlab Simulink, Matlab Simulink provides an environment for designer in which physical system can modeled to evaluate results. Following steps shows designing steps of building blocks of Cyclostationary feature detection.

VI. ENERGY DETECTION The simplest detection technique for spectrum sensing is Energy Detection. Energy detector measures the energy received from primary user during the observation interval. If energy is less then certain threshold value then it declares it as spectrum hole. Let r(t) is the received signal which is generated by primary user Simulink model, now this we have to pass from energy detector. The procedure of the Energy Detector is as follows.

VII. COMPARISON OF TRANSMITTER DETECTION TECHNIQUES Now consider some metrics on the basis of which we can compare transmitter detection techniques.

There are three metrics on the basis of which we can compare these techniques.

Fig.4:- Comparison Of Transmitter Detection Techniques 7.1 Sensing Time During communication cognitive radio continuously sense radio environment for spectrum holes and CR can’t transmit and sense at same time. Therefore we need sensing time as small as possible.

A) Comparing Energy Detector and Cyclostationary feature detection, Cyclostationary feature detection requires longer sensing time to achieve good results.

B) Cyclostationary Feature Detection is also noncoherent technique which makes it superior to Matched Filtering and energy detection.

Cyclostationary Feature Detection technique is computationally very complex and it takes long observation time for sensing.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014

Fig.5:- Flowchart of Cyclostationary

Fig.6:- Flow chart of Energy Detection Feature Detection

7.2 Detection Sensitivity Energy detector is better under noisy environment.

Major drawback of energy detector is that it is unable to differentiate between source of received energy i.e. it cannot distinguish between noise and primary user. So this makes it susceptible technique when there are uncertainties in background noise power, especially at low SNR.

Cyclostationary is unable to detect primary user but energy detector still detect it. When there is no primary user present even then energy detector detects primary user at low SNR, which makes energy detector unreliable technique under low SNR values. Hence, when we have no prior knowledge about primary userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waveform then best technique is Cyclostationary feature detection.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 7.3 Ease for implementation: Advantage of energy detector is low cost and simple to implement, which makes it good candidate for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks.

Cyclostationary Feature Detection is also very complex technique which takes high cost and high computational complexity.

Sr. No.

Type

Energy Detection

Cyclostationary feature Detection

1

Sensing Time

More

Most detection

2

Simple to Implement

Yes

No

3

Performance under

Poor

Good

4

Prior Knowledge Noise Required

No

No

comparing these techniques it is concluded that Cyclostationary feature detection gives best results but take long computation time as compared to spectrum sensing technique.

Most of the researchers work on spectrum sensing which is mainly focused on reliable sensing to meet the regulatory requirements. One of the important areas for the research is to focus on user level cooperation among cognitive radios and system level cooperation among different cognitive radio networks to overcome the noise level uncertainties. Another area for research is cross layer communication in which spectrum sensing and higher layer functionalities can help in improving quality of service (QoS).

Table 1. Summary of comparison of Transmitter Detection Techniques VIII. MINIMIZED SENSING TIME FOR DETECTION To minimize sensing time, if prior knowledge about primary userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waveform is known at receiver end then under good SNR we can sense spectrum accurately by using matched filter. But if prior knowledge of primary user is not known then we should consult with energy detector for detection of primary user. In this case computation time is increased to achieve reliability. Further if energy detector doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t give accurate result then Cyclostationary feature detection comes into play. In this case it takes too much computation time to achieve reliability. This is worst case of this algorithm. Best case for this algorithm is that if matched filter provides indication about presence or absence of primary user.

IX. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This work helps to detect primary users in cognitive radio networks. It also fulfill requirement of a spectrum sensing system and its real time processing and ability for decision making. The proposed methodology has been implemented in MATLAB. Its implementation can be done on FPGA kit or DSP processor.

First all the transmitter detection techniques are compared on the basis of three metrics: Sensing Time, Detection Sensitivity and ease of implementation. By

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE ENGINEERING (ISSN:2045-8711) VOL.4 NO.4 APRIL 2014 REFERENCES 1.Marcos E. Castro,“Cyclostationary detection for OFDM in cognitive radio systems”University of NebraskaLincoln, marcos.castro@us.bosch.com.

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