Fluid Power Journal September 2020

SEPTEMBER 2020

RETHINKING THE HYDRAULIC RESERVOIR P.10

PNEUMATICS IN DAIRY PROCESSING P.22

www.fluidpowerjournal.com

E L B A I R EL S P M PU

CRITICAL TO CARRIER L AUNCH SYSTEMS

CHOOSING A A XIAL CLOSED LOOP PISTON PUMP

Innovative Designs & Publishing • 3245 Freemansburg Avenue • Palmer, PA 18045-7118

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IN THIS ISSUE

SEPTEMBER 2020

VOLUME 27 • ISSUE 8

Features

22

6 Reliable Pumps Critical to

Carrier Launch Systems 10 Rethinking the

Hydraulic Reservoir 12 Choosing a Closed Loop

Axial Piston Pump 18 Determine the

Appropriate Solution to Control

Air Cylinder Speed

12

22 Pneumatic Devices Meet the Challenges of Dairy Processing 24 Locking Protection is Key to

Hydraulic System Safety 26 Glaciers Wear on Power Plant’s

Hydraulic Control Valves

26

Departments

Publisher’s Note: The information provided in this publication is for informational purposes only. While all efforts have been taken to ensure the technical accuracy of the material enclosed, Fluid Power Journal is not responsible for the availability, accuracy, currency, or reliability of any information, statement, opinion, or advice contained in a third party’s material. Fluid Power Journal will not be liable for any loss or damage caused by reliance on information obtained in this publication.

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

4

Notable Words

5

Figure It Out

8

Component Showcase

14

IFPS Update

20

Literature Review

28

NFPA Update

29

Product Spotlight

31

Classifieds

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PUBLISHER Innovative Designs & Publishing, Inc. 3245 Freemansburg Avenue, Palmer, PA 18045-7118 Tel: 800-730-5904 or 610-923-0380 Fax: 610-923-0390 • Email: Art@FluidPowerJournal.com www.FluidPowerJournal.com

Stewardship

By Dan Helgerson, CFPS, CFPAI, CFPJPP, CFPSD, CFPMT, Fluid Power Journal Technical Editor

»

I AM NOT an environmentalist. I do not believe the earth is my mother. I am convinced that we have been placed here to “Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it” (Genesis 1:28).

So what does that have to do with fluid power?

We have been given the privilege of using and enjoying the resources provided to us on the earth. But we are to be good stewards of those resources. Fluid power is a major consumer of those resources and a vital component of our ability to do work.

It harvests our crops, takes our waste to the landfill, moves the landing gear, entertains us, and protects us, all with a power density and flexibility that is unmatched in any other power-transfer system. However, when it comes to efficiency, fluid power systems are not very high on the list. A study a few years ago revealed that the average efficiency of hydraulic and pneumatic systems is less than 30%. This inefficiency comes at great economic cost in wasted energy.

An article in the June 2019 issue of Fluid Power Journal entitled “Transforming Our Thinking About Energy Units and the Cost of Control” explained that many of our control systems are like “driving with the brakes on.” We have come to accept the parasitic losses built into our circuits as simply the necessary cost of control of fluid power. Restrictive flow controls, restrictive flow dividers, pressure-reducing valves, counterbalance valves, and proportional valves are some of the components used to control power by dissipating excess energy as heat. Variable displacement pressure-compensated pumps constantly dump about 5% of their full displacement at maximum pressure through the case drain, even when there is no flow required.

Load sensing pumps operate at least 1.4 MPa (200 psi) above the pressure required at the actuator and continually dump at least 5% of full displacement at that pressure through the case drain. The new Digital Displacement pumps are remarkable in that they supply the right flow at the correct pressure but require intricate electronic controls and are 100% inefficient at minimum displacement. The new floating cup pumps show an overall efficiency of 95%, but an extremely efficient pump in a circuit where all the fluid is going across a relief valve is in a system that is 100% inefficient.

A great deal of work continues in developing more efficient components: cylinders with lower breakaway, pumps and motors with greater volumetric and mechanical efficiency, compressors driven with variable speeds, and variable displacement and load sensing pumps, many requiring more sophisticated electronic controls. These are beneficial, but they often come at a substantial increase in cost that must be weighed against the potential energy savings.

There are products emerging that are targeted to replace the restrictive flow, pressure, and directional controls. But these require thinking differently, which may be the greatest challenge.

To be good stewards of the resources available to us, we need to provide and maintain the most efficient systems possible, and that means rejecting “rules of thumb,” forgetting the “fudge factors,” and doing the math. 

4

SEPTEMBER 2020

Founders: Paul and Lisa Prass

Associate Publisher: Bob McKinney Editor: Michael Degan

Technical Editor: Dan Helgerson, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPS, CFPECS, CFPSD, CFPMT, CFPCC - CFPSOS LLC

Art Director: Quynh Fisher Eastern Region Acct Executive: Norma Abrunzo Director of Creative Services: Erica Montes Accounting: Donna Bachman, Sarah Varano

Circulation Manager: Andrea Karges INTERNATIONAL FLUID POWER SOCIETY 1930 East Marlton Pike, Suite A-2, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003-2141 Tel: 856-489-8983 • Fax: 856-424-9248 Email: AskUs@ifps.org • Web: www.ifps.org 2020 BOARD OF DIRECTORS

President: Jeff Kenney, CFPMHM, CFPIHM, CFPMHT - Dover Hydraulics South

Immediate Past President: Timothy White, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPS, CFPECS, CFPMIH, CFPMMH, CFPMIP, CFPMT, CFPMM - The Boeing Company

First Vice President: Rocky Phoenix, CFPMMH - Open Loop Energy, Inc.

Treasurer: Jeff Hodges, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPMHM - Altec Industries, Inc. Vice President Certification: Denis Poirier, Jr., CFPAI/AJPP, CFPHS, CFPIHM, CFPCC - Eaton Corporation

Vice President Marketing: Scott Sardina, PE, CFPAI, CFPHS Waterclock Engineering

Vice President Education: Kenneth Dulinski, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPECS, CFPHS, CFPMIH, CFMMH, CFPMT - Macomb Community College

Vice President Membership: John Bibaeff, PE, CFPAI, CFPE, CFPS DIRECTORS-AT-LARGE Chauntelle Baughman, CFPHS - OneHydraulics, Inc. Stephen Blazer, CFPE, CFPS, CFPMHM, CFPIHT, CFPMHT Altec Industries, Inc. Randy Bobbitt, CFPAI, CFPHS - Danfoss Power Solutions Cary Boozer, PE, CFPE - Motion Industries, Inc. Lisa DeBenedetto, CFPS - Argo-Hytos Daniel Fernandes, CFPECS, CFPS - Sun Hydraulics Brandon Gustafson, PE, CFPE, CFPS, CFPIHT, CFPMHM - Graco, Inc. Garrett Hoisington, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPS, CFPMHM Open Loop Energy Brian Kenoyer, CFPHS - Five Landis Corp.

James O’Halek, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPMIP, CMPMM The Boeing Company Mohaned Shahin, CFPS - Parker Hannifin Randy Smith, CFPHS - Northrop Grumman Corp.

HONORARY DIRECTORS-AT-LARGE AND EX-OFFICIO Ex-Officio: Donna Pollander, ACA, Executive Director Elizabeth Rehfus, CFPE, CFPS Paul Prass, Fluid Power Journal Robert Sheaf, CFPAI/AJPP, CFC Industrial Training

IFPS STAFF Executive Director: Donna Pollander, ACA Communications Director: Adele Kayser Technical Director: Thomas Blansett, CFPS, CFPAI Assistant Director: Stephanie Coleman Certification Coordinator: Kyle Pollander Bookkeeper: Diane McMahon Administrative Assistant: Beth Borodziuk

Fluid Power Journal (ISSN# 1073-7898) is the official publication of the International Fluid Power Society published monthly with four supplemental issues, including a Systems Integrator Directory, Off-Highway Suppliers Directory, Tech Directory, and Manufacturers Directory, by Innovative Designs & Publishing, Inc., 3245 Freemansburg Avenue, Palmer, PA 18045-7118.

All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part of any material in this publication is acceptable with credit. Publishers assume no liability for any information published. We reserve the right to accept or reject all advertising material and will not guarantee the return or safety of unsolicited art, photographs or manuscripts.

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FIGURE IT OUT

Drum Beading Cylinders

New Problem:

Banging Damages Pipes and Fittings

By Robert Sheaf, CFPAI/AJPP, CFPE, CFPS, CFPECS, CFPMT, CFPMIP, CFPMMH, CFPMIH, CFPMM, CFC Industrial Training

»

A MANUFACTURER OF various size steel drums had a problem with shock—banging— that caused welded pipe and fittings to crack and leak. A hose and fitting distributor replaced the A and B lines on the two opposing “beading” cylinders, adding additional high-pressure hose and holddown clamps on the hose. This change reduced the leaks but seemed to increase the banging when the cylinders started to retract.

The hydraulic power unit had pilot-operated check-valve modules with a decompression feature under the pilot-operated directional valves, which had an internal pilot pressure orifice smaller than standard.

Any idea what they needed to do to reduce the system shock to an acceptable level?

Set to 3800 PSI

Set to 3500 PSI

EM

New!

Solution to the August 2020 problem: Ram Does Not Retract on a Forming Press

S

The new pressure-reducing valve looked like the exact same valve except it had one letter in the model number that was different from the original valve. This valve has internal plugs; their location determined how the valve spring chamber drained. It could be drained internally to the tank line, externally drained, or internally drained to either the A or B port.

When drained to the B port, it would only reduce the A port and allow full pump pressure on the B port.

Robert Sheaf has more than 45 years troubleshooting, training, and consulting in the fluid power field. Email rjsheaf@cfc-solar. com or visit his website at www. cfcindustrialtraining.com. Visit www.fluidpowerjournal.com to view previous problems.

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SEPTEMBER 2020

5

RELIABLE PUMPS CRITICAL TO CARRIER LAUNCH SYSTEMS

By John Quirk, BSM Pump Corporation

A

ircraft carriers serve a key role in our nation’s defense. Their main purpose is the staging of airplanes that can be launched quickly from anywhere around the globe. Within these incredibly complex systems, which are essentially floating military bases, one of the most critical components is the plane catapult system.

With a typical flight deck clocking in at around 1,000 feet, the runway length on an aircraft carrier is more than seven times shorter than a runway on land. To launch an aircraft that typically requires a 2,300-foot runway in a mere 300 feet, aircraft carriers rely on powerful catapults to propel an aircraft from 0 to over 160 mph – in just two seconds.

At peak operation, a plane can be launched from the flight deck every 25 seconds. At that pace, in such confined space, there is little margin for error. Each piece of equipment must function perfectly to prevent disaster. The gear pumps that lubricate the catapult system keep it functioning in top form. When selecting a pump for an aircraft catapult, or any complex mission-critical system, there are a number of key environmental, maintenance, and manufacturing considerations.

KNOWING THE ENVIRONMENT An aircraft carrier has unique environmental considerations, and taking these into account helps eliminate points of failure before they become problems for pump performance.

6

SEPTEMBER 2020

Exposure to ocean air greatly accelerates metal corrosion compared to typical inland air. The presence of salt and the high level of humidity work together to cause corrosion, rust, and pitting on metal. This atmospheric corrosion can impede pump operation and lead to pump failure.

Different metals offer varying protection from atmospheric corrosion. Some of the most corrosion resistant are red metals, which include copper and its alloys, brass and bronze. While they may discolor a bit when exposed to oxygen, red metals don’t corrode, rust, or pit and are estimated to last more than 1,000 years.

Bronze pumps provide the corrosion resistance critical to long service life while operating with around-the-clock exposure to salty ocean air aboard an aircraft carrier. But not all bronze is created equal. Specialty bronze alloys with silicon, aluminum, or phosphor are formulated especially for marine environments. When selecting pumps for these environments, always know precisely which bronze alloy you are getting.

Another major environmental factor on an aircraft carrier is the shock and vibration generated by the aircraft launch. The massive amount of force needed to propel a 48,000-pound plane into the air on a short runway in seconds creates a shockwave that impacts all the equipment on the flight deck.

Continual vibration and frequent shock can physically damage a pump and its components, potentially leading to pump failure. To mitigate these detrimental effects, manufacturers with expertise in this area can custom engineer specialty pumps with a reinforced design.

ONGOING MAINTENANCE In any industrial setting, whether a plant or an aircraft carrier, the last thing you want is equipment that requires frequent maintenance. Choosing the correct pump for the environment goes a long way toward forestalling any required maintenance, but there are additional factors that can further ensure long, trouble-free operation.

It’s simple math that the fewer parts a machine has, the fewer points of failure it has.

Seals, gaskets, and other wearing parts require regular replacement even under the best operating conditions. The corrosive atmosphere of an aircraft carrier accelerates the wear of these parts, which are often rubber.

Most pumps require a rubber gasket as a seal between the housing sections. An exceptional manufacturer can often eliminate the need for WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

these gaskets with precision manufacturing.

With the ability to machine within extremely tight tolerances, parts can be solidly fitted together without intervening gaskets and still operate without leaking.

Another regular maintenance consideration on a pump is lubrication to minimize friction and subsequent wear of moving parts. Especially in an application where the pump itself is part of a lubrication system for a larger piece of equipment, no one wants another piece of equipment that needs regular manual lubrication. Choosing a self-lubricating pump can eliminate this step. In a self-lubricating gear pump, the pumped lubricant keeps the pump in smooth working order.

DEFENSE MANUFACTURING EXPERTISE With the lives of our service members and the security of our nation on the line, the military is understandably particular about each step of the manufacturing of each part that goes into its aircraft carriers – right down to the screws.

Every piece that makes up the finished pump must be American-made. Meticulous attention to detail is given to documenting the provenance of all materials and the manufacturing process itself. The documentation, review, and verification can add months to the manufacturing process.

When selecting equipment for defense applications, working with a manufacturer well-versed in these intricacies prevents additional delay.

An experienced manufacturer knows where to source American-made components and what is expected in terms of documentation, testing, and review. These manufacturers are used to adhering to the very highest quality standards.

While a gear pump small enough to hold in your hand may be a tiny part of a 97,000-ton aircraft carrier, the role the pump plays in aircraft launch catapults is critical. Careful pump selection – taking into account environmental, maintenance, and manufacturing considerations – ensures long, trouble-free service life.  WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

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SEPTEMBER 2020

7

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COMPONENT SHOWCASE CONTROLLING PRESSURE IS CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE FOR STEAM APPLICATIONS Many applications for controlling steam use a valve with a temperature sensor downstream and a customized PID program. When the valve is at set point, the sensor tells it to stop, but by that time the valve has overshot. Then coming back down to set point, it undershoots. This “dithering” happens until it stabilizes and even then the accuracy can be questionable.

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Rather than using a valve, a regulator offers faster, more accurate temperature control because it has internal sensing and can “see” the pressure needed. A valve is meant to throttle flow, whereas a regulator is designed to control pressure. Since pressure and temperature have a direct correlation, a controller sets the pressure equal to the desired steam temperature and that’s it: Steam regulators go straight to the desired temperature and hold it steady - no dithering or over/undershooting and no PID loop required.

Burling Valve offers regulators for steam and other applications that require pressure control for most gases and fluids. Featuring top-entry inline maintenance, Burling Valve products save time and lower repair costs.

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IC OPTIMIZERTM IN-LINE CONTROL VALVES Inserta® Products’ ic (inline control) OptimizerTM valves are available in relief functions with free reverse flow as standard. These are presently available for use with an SAE Code 61, ¾” flange pattern. Inserta® Modular Run Tees in a variety of sizes and SAE codes are available with Code 61, ¾” flange patterns on the branch to facilitate use with flange pump outlets of different sizes.

Optional pilot functions including external drain, remote control, vented, and electro-proportional are available.

These robust valves have favorable pressure override, overshoot, and reverse flow pressure drop characteristics. They ship complete. There are no additional valve bodies to purchase, or cavities to machine. Inlet and outlet flow paths share the same axis. They may be considered as advantageous alternatives over standard hydraulic cartridge or 2/2 slip-in logic elements in many applications The ic OptimizerTM metallic components are made from steel and ductile iron. Critical internal elements are hardened for long life. The introductory valve size has a nominal flow rating of 40 gpm and a maximum working pressure of 5000 psi.

Inserta® Products Blue Bell, Pennsylvania USA www.inserta.com

8

SEPTEMBER 2020

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11.3

CONTAMINATION CONTROL

Routine and scheduled maintenance of hydraulic systems are vital to getting the most out of your Hitachi Mining Excavator. While maintenance plays the largest role in the prevention of unnecessary machine downtime, it can also expose the hydraulic system to high levels of contamination rapidly decreasing component longevity. The importance of contamination control is sometimes overlooked when performing maintenance due to incorrect practices being used.

THE FLANGELOCK™ TOOL AND CIRCUIT BLANKING CAPS

The FlangeLock™ tool and caps are the ultimate contamination control tools for protecting your hydraulic system. The FlangeLock™ allows for the simple sealing of open hydraulic flanges without tools while the caps can be bolted in place of a flange connection.

Easy on, easy off, they offer a leak-proof solution to hydraulic systems and environmental cleanliness. FlangeLock™ tools and caps stop the mess.

STOP THE MESS

The FlangeLock™ Tool is the ultimate contamination control tool for protecting your hydraulic systems.

It allows sealing of mining openexcavators.

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SEPTEMBER 2020

9

ANY ENGINE OR EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER WILL AGREE: SPACE IS A VALUABLE AND LIMITED RESOURCE.

RETHINKING THE

By John Aune, Product Manager, Donaldson Company When designing hydraulic systems, design engineers often consider the fluid reservoir as an afterthought, and somewhat rightfully so: it’s seen as a passive vessel that holds excess hydraulic oil when not needed by the system. As such, in the final stages of vehicle or system design, designers frequently place the hydraulic reservoir wherever it will fit.

This thinking is understandable. The hydraulic oil reservoir should not get in the way of an efficient system. It must be large enough to accommodate changing fluid levels and flow rate, and if that means placing it somewhere less than convenient for the design, that’s an acceptable compromise. But one could argue that there is value in making every component — even those seen as afterthoughts — as efficient as possible.

What if there was a better way? What if the reservoir could be a net bonus for the entire hydraulic system and make the lives of the engineering team easier? The old adage “if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” typically applies here; design engineers have other places under the hood that deserve attention. But a ready-made hydraulics reservoir solution that is more efficient and adds performance and reliability is something that every design team would jump at. By creating a reservoir that is custom fit for the system and built from components made to work together, it’s possible to make the whole system more efficient while making the most of the given space. This idea reduces the headache that comes with fitting the vessel and its varied components into that space.

The technology exists to add reliability and efficiency to a reservoir and make it an integral part of the hydraulic circuit.

10

SEPTEMBER 2020

L ARGE FOR A REASON

BEING BE T TER AT WH AT IT DOES

Many reservoirs are large because capacity is typically predicated by the dwell time of the returning fluid. This means that if the system flows 100 gallons per minute, a reservoir with a two-to-one flow ratio would need to hold 50 gallons. Every gallon that goes back into the reservoir sits for at least one minute before it returns to the system so entrained air has time to rise out of the fluid.

Dwell time dictates reservoir size because system designers need to allow time for the air to dissipate. In many ways, entrained air – free air that leaked into the system typically at the pump inlet or via worn cylinder seals and mixes with the oil as it becomes pressurized – can be as harmful as contaminants like dirt and water.

The last thing you want is air returning to the system where it can cause vibration, excessive noise, unnecessary wear and tear, increased fluid oxidation, and diminished precision when using controls.

If we look at how the reservoir does its job, we can make it more efficient. Traditionally contaminant filtration is a separate process from deaeration. Contaminants are filtered out at the reservoir inlet, and the air removes itself while the fluid rests in the vessel. But that natural deaeration process often forces the engineers’ hand when deciding how large to make the reservoir.

Say you want the reservoir to have a six-to-one flow ratio. This means you could downsize to a 20-gallon reservoir for a 120-gallon-per-minute flow system. Traditionally this is a challenge because if the vessel is smaller, you don’t have as much time for air bubbles in the fluid to rise to the top naturally. But if you use a multifunction hydraulic filter that strips out entrained air at the same time it filters the contaminants, you don’t have to let the fluid rest as long, meaning that you can design smaller reservoirs.

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Lower aeration percentage results in better hydraulic performance. Donaldson deaeration filters maintain aeration at 1.5% or lower. At higher levels, loss of efficiency and noise become an issue. (Test conducted in a lab setting, simulating a continuous air leak into the system for 30 consecutive minutes.)

THE TECHNOLOGY IS HERE

When compared to traditional reservoirs, this smaller, more efficient reservoir offers multiple benefits to both the original equipment manufacturer and its end-users. For the OEM, a smaller and more flexible-in-size reservoir can fit in more places within the system, maximizing design efficiency. It also uses less material, which lowers costs. And if the reservoir holds half as much fluid, that’s a lot less fluid needed in the entire system, further lowering production (or first fit) costs.

For equipment owners, less fluid held by a system means they will need to purchase less hydraulic oil over the life of the system. Equipment owners and operators often talk about how efficient deaeration of hydraulic fluid delivers a quieter machine, more precise control, and less wear and tear, resulting in longer equipment life and lower costs. These are all benefits that are directly traced back to the OEM’s efficient and smart design.

It’s possible to create not just smaller reservoirs but “right-sized” ones simply by rethinking the process. It’s possible to take an equipment design and build a turnkey reservoir system specifically for that design. This gives engineers more control and removes the pressure to make room for a bulky, cumbersome reservoir, ensuring that that reservoir is an integral part of the system.

Imagine a hydraulic reservoir that comes fully realized and headache-free, ready to install into your space, all components included. And it adds layers of protection from both entrained air and other contaminants.

That’s rethinking the hydraulic reservoir. 

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SEPTEMBER 2020

11

CHOOSING A CLOSED LOOP AXIAL PISTON

PUMP

By Filippo Ganzerli, Axial Product Marketing Manager, Poclain Hydraulics

OFF-HIGHWAY MOBILE EQUIPMENT REQUIRES SPACE SAVING, DURABLE, HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPONENTS. CLOSED LOOP AXIAL PISTON PUMPS OFTEN FIT THE BILL. A closed loop axial piston pump coupled with a hydraulic wheel motor comprises a hydrostatic transmission where the fluid transfers continuously from the pump to the motor and back. In an open loop system, the fluid is drawn from and returns to a reservoir by way of a directional control valve. Of these two hydraulic pump loop options, a closed loop saves valuable space by offering continuous fluid flow without the need for a large reservoir or directional valve. The pump’s reversibility is what makes these options possible in a closed loop circuit.

A closed loop configuration makes the most sense for mobile machines when variations in speed, easy reverse mode, good retaining capacity, hydrostatic brake function, or traction are needed.

DESIGN AND PRODUCTION Two major challenges facing machine OEMs are simplifying logistics on the production end and allowing design freedom on the engineering end. Logistically, having one supplier simplifies supply chains. Single sourcing hydraulic system components reduces the risk of incompatibility, as the parts are designed to work together. There is a similar argument for OEMs to source pumps from the same line for a range of machines for ease of maintenance and simplified training due to part commonality for the end user. Modularity, such as adding a charge pump or a flushing valve, makes system design easier. Integrating all components into a single product saves space and money with less assembly.

12

SEPTEMBER 2020

CONTROL OPTIONS Choosing the correct control option for swash plate actuation is pivotal to ensuring the machine will function in the desired way. The type of controls chosen depends on the machine’s architecture and the variations in load that it will encounter. Light and simple machines work well with direct mechanical control, available, for example, on Poclain Hydraulics’ PM pumps up to 20.4 cm3/rev (1.24 in3/rev). Machines with higher performance levels may require a mechanical control with feedback, hydraulic servo control, hydraulic servo control with feedback, hydraulic automotive control, electrical on-off servo control with return spring, electro-proportional control, and electro-proportional control with feedback, all of which are available on PM10 to PM65 pumps with displacements of 7 cm3/rev to 70 cm3/rev (0.43 in3/rev to 4.27 in3/rev ).

Machine size, power requirements, end-user expectations, and environmental regulations must be considered by the OEM when selecting pump controls. Understanding the finer points of each control system is helpful for choosing the best option.

MECHANICAL CONTROL. With smaller machines, direct mechanical control has the lowest cost and may be the most practical option. Poclain’s mechanical control connects directly to the swash plate for changing displacement and carries the M designation. A version with a spring (codes N and L) gives an automatic return to the neutral position. Mechanical control with feedback (code A) maintains the position of the swashplate, giving the pump more stability. This is best for automatic control and provides smooth reverse, a common requirement in compactor applications.

With larger, more complex machines, electrical or hydraulic control is generally a better choice.

HYDRAULIC CONTROL. As pump displacement increases, the force needed to actuate the swashplate increases and the lever option becomes impractical.

Proportional hydraulic servo control (code S) is where the position of the swashplate is proportional to a pressure input signal, usually through a joystick in the cab. The power-limiting characteristic reduces engine size and allows for smooth operation. The PM10 is also available with a proportional hydraulic servo control with feedback (code T).

ELECTRICAL PROPORTIONAL CONTROL. Electrical control can be managed from the dashboard with direct electrical proportional control (code P). With this type of control, the swashplate

is proportional to an electrical input signal. Control with feedback (code Q) assures that the swash plate position will be consistently proportional to a voltage input signal. Codes B and C indicate a control in the PM10 series where the displacement returns to zero if the voltage is lost.

AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL. Automotive control delivers reduced fuel consumption and noise pollution. With automotive D control, the swashplate position is relative to the pump rotation speed. It offers easy command for easy driving. For agriculture or construction machines, it offers anti-stall, with which the driver pushes or releases the pedal, as in a car. The automotive-control concept is the same from 7cc to 70 cc; Poclain is the only company in the market to propose it below 18 cc/rev.

ELECTRONIC CONTROL. Electronic control can be accomplished via an engine control unit (ECU), which sends pulse-width modulation (PWM) signals to the solenoid valves that pivot the servo cylinder of the pump. The exact position of the pump can be tracked by a Hall effect feedback potentiometer, the inputs of which are constantly processed by the ECU to reach high pump-displacement control accuracy. Some pumps, such as Poclain Hydraulics PMe pumps, come prewired and preprogrammed with ECUs, allowing for quick and easy connection to driving devices such as the travel pedal, joystick, or brake pedal.

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FLANGING Flanging is another important feature to consider in determining the optimal pump for a hydraulic system. Flanging enables OEMs to incorporate additional valves into the system more efficiently. Pumps featuring a flange at the rear can provide a clean machine layout while reducing plumbing and assembly time.

In the PM pump, flange options include a flow divider or an auxiliary pump for supplementary attachments such as recycling, lifting equipment, milling tools for a telescopic application, and a bucket or fan drive actuator for backhoes or excavators.

Compact applications such as piggyback forklift trucks with space constraints between the wheels or below the cab can gain invaluable space with this flange configuration. Gear pumps from 1.6 to 26 cm3/rev» (0.10 to 1.59 cu.in/rev) can be added to the solution, either flanged or completely integrated within the PM housing. A flushing valve helps increase operational efficiency and reduce system complexity.

These features ensure system performance and allow the pump to deliver the exact power required for each application. It is integrated in the PM30 and PM50, for space savings and to reduce total cost of ownership of the machine.

High-pressure relief valves prevent system overload by limiting the maximum pressure in a system, meaning less wear on the system and lower maintenance and service costs. The relief valves maintain circuit pressure in the proper range. The check valves allow charge flow to replenish the low-pressure loop of the circuit. The high-pressure relief valves ensure protection of the circuit’s high-pressure loop.

A cut-off valve ensures that the prime mover is not overloaded. The valve acts on the servo control operating pressure to reduce the pump displacement when the combination of flow and pressure exceed the engine capacity.

From the perspective of an end user, maintenance is easier when pumps combine elements.

It eliminates the need to manage several components. Also, setting, behavior, and performance of the machine are easier because all the components are part of the same hydrostatic transmission.

Sizing the correct pump is also a very important step in choosing the correct pump for a machine. First, a motor is chosen that can transmit the maximum required torque and attain the maximum rpm. Then the pump is selected that will provide the necessary flow at a pressure that will satisfy the motor.

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HYDRAULIC UNIT LIFE Hydraulic unit life is the life expectancy of the hydraulic components. It depends on speed and system pressure, even if system pressure is the dominant operating variable. High pressure, generated by high load, reduces hydraulic unit life.

The hydraulic system that incorporates the pump needs to be designed according to the expected machine duty cycle. Take into consideration the expected percentages of time that the machine will spend at various loads and speeds.

The many different axial piston pumps on the market with their various options and features affect machine design, performance, and end-user comfort, among other variables. A starting point is to understand the options and impacts of a pump being integrated into a closed loop circuit. 

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SEPTEMBER 2020

13

I F P S U P D AT E

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

Attention IFPS Members The virtual IFPS Annual Meeting takes place Sept. 11 through Sept.

24. Committee meetings are listed below. You can register for one meeting or the entire series. All times Eastern. IFPS members can register at ifps.org/meeting-virtual.

Strategic Planning Committee 1 – 9/11, 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.

Education Committee – 9/14, 11:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

Membership Committee – 9/16, 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.

Certification 1 Committee – 9/17, 11:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

Certification Committee continued – 9/18, 11:00 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.

Marketing & PR Committee – 9/21, 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.

Finance Committee – 9/23, 11:00 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.

Board of Directors Meeting – 9/25, 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.

Strategic Planning Follow up – 9/25, 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m.

ORDER TODAY!

ifps.org/training-resources-handbook

On the Horizon for 2021

Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic Certification for Today’s Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic The soon-to-be-released upgraded Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic A sample page, Understand the Function of Accumulators (MHM) Certification Study Manual reflects the knowledge and skills Outcome, can be found needed for today’s mobile hydraulic mechanic. It will align more by visiting ifps.org/ closely with the European Fluid Power Committee and CETOP. updated-mhm-certification The IFPS strives to review all certifications every five years to keep IFPS competency-based certifications relevant in all fluid power applications. The upgraded MHM study manual compiles all the information necessary to pass both the written (knowledge) and job performance (practical ability) certification tests.

AREAS OF THE STUDY MANUAL THAT WERE ADDED AND IMPROVED: of operation explained for commonly found components within a mobile hydraulic • Principles

system – pumps, valves, actuators, and accessories • Color-coded

cutaway illustrations of hydraulic components to aid in understanding operation • Symbology

updated to conform to ISO 1219 standard • Expanded

content on troubleshooting to include decision-tree aids • Detailed

content on pressure, flow, and directional control valves • Improved

graphics throughout and many real-life photos to assist in visualization • Basic

hydraulic calculations useful in troubleshooting • Safety

tips • Basic

principles of electrohydraulic control – open loop and closed loop • Electrohydraulic

valves • Sensors

used in electrohydraulic systems 14

SEPTEMBER 2020

The new Fluid Power Reference Handbook is the most comprehensive and up-to-date guide for our industry. It is my new go-to tool when designing systems.

Scott Sardina, PE, CFPAI, CFPS Waterclock Engineering

My Fluid Power Reference Handbook travels in my backpack for working from home or the office.

I never want to be one place or the other without it.

Lisa DeBenedetto, CFPS GS Global Resources WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

I F P S U P D AT E

Upcoming Workshops

Nov. 30 – Dec. 2, in Kansas City, Missouri The Accredited Instructor (AI) workshop is a two-day session to acquaint you with the IFPS certification program and assess your instructional abilities. AIs are committed IFPS members with certifications in fluid power and extensive instructional experience.

Job Performance Proctors (AJPPs) are certified to proctor mechanic, technician, connector, and conductor job-performance tests. AJPPs must hold the certification they proctor and be IFPS members.

Registration deadline: Nov. 1. Visit www.ifps.org or call 856-424-8998 to register.

Newly Certified Professionals April, May, June, and July 2020

Areas of the country have begun to reopen and with that certification testing in some states.

Since state-to-state guidelines vary, if a test location near you is currently open, please contact us at 856-424-8998 ext. 110 to schedule your certification test.

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

ACCREDITED INSTRUCTOR

TIRED OF REPAIRING THE SAME OLD UNIT?

Engineer (E) Ernie Parker, Hydra Tech Inc.

Electronic Controls Specialist (ECS) Darren Lieser, Graco, Inc.

Hydraulic Specialist (HS) San Rockwell

Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic (MHM) Jonathan Eaton, Altec Industries, Inc.

Specialist (S) Holds HS and PS certifications Jacob Smith Conector & Conductor (CC) Daniel Anderson, The Boeing Company Daniel Ashbaugh, The Boeing Company Andrew Bauer, The Boeing Company Dwayne Bryant, The Boeing Company Cody Campbell, The Boeing Company Ted Coggburn, The Boeing Company Anthony Ewald, The Boeing Company Taylor Horsfall, The Boeing Company Ross Jackman, The Boeing Company Carl Lee, The Boeing Company Christopher Scime, The Boeing Company

REPLACE IT WITH A REMAN UNIT FROM HYDRAULEX INSTEAD. Our on-the-shelf inventory of reman units for mobile construction equipment can get you back up and going in no time. Set to OEM

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WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

SEPTEMBER 2020

15

I F P S U P D AT E

Certification Testing Locations ndividuals wishing to take any IFPS written certification tests can select from convenient locations across the United States and Canada. The IFPS is able to offer these locations through its affiliation with The Consortium of College Testing Centers provided by National College Testing Association.

I

TENTATIVE TESTING DATES FOR ALL LOCATIONS: September 2020 Tuesday 9/1 • Thursday 9/17 October 2020 Tuesday 10/6 • Thursday 10/22 November 2020 Tuesday 11/3 • Thursday 11/19 December 2020 Tuesday 12/1 • Thursday 12/17

ALABAMA Auburn, AL Birmingham, AL Calera, AL Decatur, AL Huntsville, AL Jacksonville, AL Mobile, AL Montgomery, AL Normal, AL Tuscaloosa, AL ALASKA Anchorage, AK Fairbanks, AK ARIZONA Flagstaff, AZ Glendale, AZ Mesa, AZ Phoenix, AZ Prescott, AZ Scottsdale, AZ Sierra Vista, AZ Tempe, AZ Thatcher, AZ Tucson, AZ Yuma, AZ ARKANSAS Bentonville, AR Hot Springs, AR Little Rock, AR CALIFORNIA Aptos, CA Arcata, CA Bakersfield, CA Dixon, CA Encinitas, CA Fresno, CA Irvine, CA Marysville, CA Riverside, CA Salinas, CA San Diego, CA San Jose, CA San Luis Obispo, CA Santa Ana, CA Santa Maria, CA Santa Rosa, CA Tustin, CA Yucaipa, CA COLORADO Aurora, CO Boulder, CO Springs, CO Denver, CO Durango, CO Ft. Collins, CO Greeley, CO Lakewood, CO Littleton, CO Pueblo, CO DELAWARE Dover, DE Georgetown, DE Newark, DE FLORIDA Avon Park, FL Boca Raton, FL Cocoa, FL Davie, FL Daytona Beach, FL Fort Pierce, FL Ft. Myers, FL Gainesville, FL Jacksonville, FL Miami Gardens, FL Milton, FL New Port Richey, FL Ocala, FL Orlando, FL Panama City, FL Pembroke Pines, FL Pensacola, FL Plant City, FL Riviera Beach, FL Sanford, FL

16

SEPTEMBER 2020

Tallahassee, FL Tampa, FL West Palm Beach, FL Wildwood, FL Winter Haven, FL GEORGIA Albany, GA Athens, GA Atlanta, GA Carrollton, GA Columbus, GA Dahlonega, GA Dublin, GA Dunwoody, GA Forest Park, GA Lawrenceville, GA Morrow, GA Oakwood, GA Savannah, GA Statesboro, GA Tifton, GA Valdosta, GA HAWAII Laie, HI IDAHO Boise, ID Coeur d ‘Alene, ID Idaho Falls, ID Lewiston, ID Moscow, ID Nampa, ID Rexburg, ID Twin Falls, ID ILLINOIS Carbondale, IL Carterville, IL Champaign, IL Decatur, IL Edwardsville, IL Glen Ellyn, IL Joliet, IL Malta, IL Normal, IL Peoria, IL Schaumburg, IL Springfield, IL University Park, IL INDIANA Bloomington, IN Columbus, IN Evansville, IN Fort Wayne, IN Gary, IN Indianapolis, IN Kokomo, IN Lafayette, IN Lawrenceburg, IN Madison, IN Muncie, IN New Albany, IN Richmond, IN Sellersburg, IN South Bend, IN Terre Haute, IN IOWA Ames, IA Cedar Rapids, IA Iowa City, IA Ottumwa, IA Sioux City, IA Waterloo, IA KANSAS Kansas City, KS Lawrence, KS Manhattan, KS Wichita, KS KENTUCKY Ashland, KY Bowling Green, KY Erlanger, KY Highland Heights, KY Louisville, KY Morehead, KY

LOUISIANA Bossier City, LA Lafayette, LA Monroe, LA Natchitoches, LA New Orleans, LA Shreveport, LA Thibodaux, LA MARYLAND Arnold, MD Bel Air, MD College Park, MD Frederick, MD Hagerstown, MD La Plata, MD Westminster, MD Woodlawn, MD Wye Mills, MD MASSACHUSETTS Boston, MA Bridgewater, MA Danvers, MA Haverhill, MA Holyoke, MA Shrewsbury, MA MICHIGAN Ann Arbor, MI Big Rapids, MI Chesterfield, MI Dearborn, MI Dowagiac, MI East Lansing, MI Flint, MI Grand Rapids, MI Kalamazoo, MI Lansing, MI Livonia, MI Mount Pleasant, MI Sault Ste. Marie, M Troy, MI University Center, MI Warren, MI MINNESOTA Alexandria, MN Brooklyn Park, MN Duluth, MN Eden Prairie, MN Granite Falls, MN Mankato, MN MISSISSIPPI Goodman, MS Jackson, MS Mississippi State, MS Raymond, MS University, MS MISSOURI Berkley, MO Cape Girardeau, MO Columbia, MO Cottleville, MO Joplin, MO Kansas City, MO Kirksville, MO Park Hills, MO Poplar Bluff, MO Rolla, MO Sedalia, MO Springfield, MO St. Joseph, MO St. Louis, MO Warrensburg, MO MONTANA Bozeman, MT Missoula, MT NEBRASKA Lincoln, NE North Platte, NE Omaha, NE NEVADA Henderson, NV Las Vegas, NV North Las Vegas, NV Winnemucca, NV

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

NEW JERSEY Branchburg, NJ Cherry Hill, NJ Lincroft, NJ Sewell, NJ Toms River, NJ West Windsor, NJ NEW MEXICO Albuquerque, NM Clovis, NM Farmington, NM Portales, NM Santa Fe, NM NEW YORK Alfred, NY Brooklyn, NY Buffalo, NY Garden City, NY New York, NY Rochester, NY Syracuse, NY NORTH CAROLINA Apex, NC Asheville, NC Boone, NC Charlotte, NC China Grove, NC Durham, NC Fayetteville, NC Greenville, NC Jamestown, NC Misenheimer, NC Mount Airy, NC Pembroke, NC Raleigh, NC Wilmington, NC NORTH DAKOTA Bismarck, ND OHIO Akron, OH Cincinnati, OH Cleveland, OH Columbus, OH Fairfield, OH Findlay, OH Kirtland, OH Lima, OH Maumee, OH Newark, OH North Royalton, OH Rio Grande, OH Toledo, OH Warren, OH Youngstown, OH OKLAHOMA Altus, OK Bethany, OK Edmond, OK Norman, OK Oklahoma City, OK Tonkawa, OK Tulsa, OK OREGON Bend, OR Coos Bay, OR Eugene, OR Gresham, OR Klamath Falls, OR Medford, OR Oregon City, OR Portland, OR White City, OR PENNSYLVANIA Bloomsburg, PA Blue Bell, PA Gettysburg, PA Harrisburg, PA Lancaster, PA Newtown, PA Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Wilkes-Barre, PA York, PA

SOUTH CAROLINA Beaufort, SC Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Conway, SC Graniteville, SC Greenville, SC Greenwood, SC Orangeburg, SC Rock Hill, SC Spartanburg, SC TENNESSEE Blountville, TN Clarksville, TN Collegedale, TN Gallatin, TN Johnson City, TN Knoxville, TN Memphis, TN Morristown, TN Murfreesboro, TN Nashville, TN TEXAS Abilene, TX Arlington, TX Austin, TX Beaumont, TX Brownsville, TX Commerce, TX Corpus Christi, TX Dallas, TX Denison, TX El Paso, TX Houston, TX Huntsville, TX Laredo, TX Lubbock, TX Lufkin, TX Mesquite, TX San Antonio, TX Victoria, TX Waxahachie, TX Weatherford, TX Wichita Falls, TX UTAH Cedar City, UT Kaysville, UT Logan, UT Ogden, UT Orem, UT Salt Lake City, UT VIRGINIA Daleville, VA Fredericksburg, VA Lynchburg, VA Manassas, VA Norfolk, VA Roanoke, VA Salem, VA Staunton, VA Suffolk, VA Virginia Beach, VA Wytheville, VA WASHINGTON Auburn, WA Bellingham, WA Bremerton, WA Ellensburg, WA Ephrata, WA Olympia, WA Pasco, WA Rockingham, WA Seattle, WA Shoreline, WA Spokane, WA WEST VIRGINIA Ona, WV WISCONSIN La Crosse, WI Milwaukee, WI Mukwonago, WI

WYOMING Casper, WY Laramie, WY Torrington, WY CANADA ALBERTA Calgary, AB Edmonton, AB Fort McMurray, AB Lethbridge, AB Lloydminster, AB Olds, AB Red Deer, AB BRITISH COLUMBIA Abbotsford, BC Burnaby, BC Castlegar, BC Delta, BC Kamloops, BC Nanaimo, BC Prince George, BC Richmond, BC Surrey, BC Vancouver, BC Victoria, BC MANITOBA Brandon, MB Winnipeg, MB NEW BRUNSWICK Bathurst, NB Moncton, NB NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR St. John’s, NL NOVA SCOTIA Halifax, NS ONTARIO Brockville, ON Hamilton, ON London, ON Milton, ON Mississauga, ON Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON North Bay, ON North York, ON Ottawa, ON Toronto, ON Welland, ON Windsor, ON QUEBEC Côte Saint-Luc, QB Montreal, QB SASKATCHEWAN Melfort, SK Moose Jaw, SK Nipawin, SK Prince Albert, SK Saskatoon, SK YUKON TERRITORY Whitehorse, YU UNITED KINGDOM Elgin, UK GHAZNI Kingdom of Bahrain, GHA Thomasville, GHA EGYPT Cairo, EG JORDAN Amman, JOR NEW ZEALAND Taradale, NZ

WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

I F P S U P D AT E

AVAILABLE IFPS CERTIFICATIONS CFPAI Certified Fluid Power Accredited Instructor CFPAJPP Certified Fluid Power Authorized Job Performance Proctor CFPAJPPCC Certified Fluid Power Authorized Job Performance Proctor Connector & Conductor CFPE Certified Fluid Power Engineer CFPS Certified Fluid Power Specialist (Must Obtain CFPHS & CFPPS) CFPHS Certified Fluid Power Hydraulic Specialist CFPPS Certified Fluid Power Pneumatic Specialist CFPECS Certified Fluid Power Electronic Controls Specialist CFPMT Certified Fluid Power Master Technician (Must Obtain CFPIHT, CFPMHT, & CFPPT) CFPIHT Certified Fluid Power Industrial Hydraulic Technician CFPMHT Certified Fluid Power Mobile Hydraulic Technician CFPPT Certified Fluid Power Pneumatic Technician CFPMM Certified Fluid Power Master Mechanic (Must Obtain CFPIHM, CFPMHM, & CFPPM) CFPIHM Certified Fluid Power Industrial Hydraulic Mechanic CFPMHM Certified Fluid Power Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic CFPPM Certified Fluid Power Pneumatic Mechanic CFPMIH Certified Fluid Power Master of Industrial Hydraulics (Must Obtain CFPIHM, CFPIHT, & CFPCC) CFPMMH Certified Fluid Power Master of Mobile Hydraulics (Must Obtain CFPMHM, CFPMHT, & CFPCC) CFPMIP Certified Fluid Power Master of Industrial Pneumatics (Must Obtain CFPPM, CFPPT, & CFPCC) CFPCC Certified Fluid Power Connector & Conductor CFPSD Fluid Power System Designer CFPMEC (In Development) Mobile Electronic Controls

Tentative Certification Review Training In-house Review Training – an IFPS Accredited Instructor will come to your company (minimum 10 individuals) HYDRAULIC SPECIALIST (HS) CERTIFICATION REVIEW Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details September 14-17, 2020 - Fairfield, OH - info@cfcindustrialtraining.com | Written test: September 17, 2020 November 2-5, 2020 - Houston, TX - Eaton Hydraulics | Written test: November 6, 2020 November 2-4, 2020 - Milwaukee, WI - Milwaukee School of Engineering | Written test: November 5, 2020 ELECTRONIC CONTROLS (ECS) CERTIFICATION REVIEW Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details CONNECTOR & CONDUCTOR (CC) CERTIFICATION REVIEW Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details November 16-17, 2020 - Fairfield, OH - info@cfcindustrialtraining.com | Written and JP test: November 18, 2020 MOBILE HYDRAULIC MECHANIC (MHM) CERTIFICATION REVIEW Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details Online Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic Certification Review (for written test) offered through info@cfcindustrialtraining.com. This course takes you through all chapters of the MHM Study Manual (6.5 hours) and every outcome to prepare you for the written MHM test. Members receive 20% off.

(Test fees are additional - separate registration required.)

September 21-23, 2020 - Fairfield, OH - CFC Industrial Training | Written and JP test: September 24, 2020

INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC MECHANIC (IHM) CERTIFICATION Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details

INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC TECHNICIAN (IHT) CERTIFICATION REVIEW TRAINING Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

MOBILE HYDRAULIC TECHNICIAN (MHT) CERTIFICATION REVIEW TRAINING Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

PNEUMATIC TECHNICIAN (PT) and PNEUMATIC MECHANIC CERTIFICATION REVIEW TRAINING Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

JOB PERFORMANCE (JP) TRAINING Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details Online Job Performance Review - CFC Industrial Training offers online JP Reviews which includes stations 1-6 of the IFPS mechanic and technician job performance tests. Members may e-mail askus@ifps.org for a 20% coupon code off the list price or get the code in our Members Only area for the entire IFPS Job Performance Review; test not included.

LIVE DISTANCE LEARNING JOB PERFORMANCE STATION REVIEW Onsite review training for small groups – contact kpollander@ifps.org for details E-mail info@cfcindustrialtraining.com for information.

CFPIEC (In Development) Industrial Electronic Controls

WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

SEPTEMBER 2020

17

DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE SOLUTION TO CONTROL

air cylinder speed

S E L E C T C O M P O N E N T S F O R P N E U M AT I C S Y S T E M S

Outcome 3.6: Determine the appropriate solution to control air cylinder speed.

Because air is a compressible fluid, controlling the speed of actuators is a unique problem. A pressurized air cylinder that is not under load will extend and/or return suddenly if the exhaust air is not controlled.

This is often the air case is not likely to controlling cause damage sinceofmost air cylinders are engineered with shock Because is aand compressible fluid, the speed actuators is a unique problem.

A pressurized pads, or incorporate external stops on the cylinder rod to prevent the piston from bottoming internally air cylinder that is not under load will extend and/or return suddenly if the exhaust air is not controlled.

This againstisthe head and cap ends.

Unlike hydraulics, most pneumatic applications require full extension or full often the case and is not likely to cause damage since most air cylinders are engineered with shock pads retraction without an intermediate position. or incorporate external stops on the cylinder rod to prevent the piston from bottoming internally against the head and cap ends. Unlikethe hydraulics, most pneumatic require full extension or fullRatio retraction It is necessary to understand load dynamics that areapplications present and to calculate the Load (LR) to an intermediate position. achievewithout accurate speed control.

This extra force, beyond the load force requirements, determines how fast the load It can accelerate. is necessary to understand the load dynamics that are present and to calculate the load ratio (LR) to achieve accurate speed control. This extra force, beyond the load force requirements, determines how fast the load can accelerate.

Eq. 2.16

LR

=

Factual Ftheoretical

•100

LR = Load ratio% F actual = Actual force required to balance load lb F theoretical = Theoretical force produced based on pressure and bore size at cylinder lb

LR = Load ratio% F actual = Actual force required to balance load N F theoretical = Theoretical force produced based on pressure and bore size at cylinder N

Calculating load ratio.

The load ratio should never exceed approximately 85%. The lower the load ratio, the better the speed control, especially when the load isexceed subject to variations. To get a constant speed, the ratio should approximately The load ratio should never approximately 85%.

The lower theload load ratio, thebebetter the speed or less. Ifwhen accurate is required or load forces vary 60-70% should be Ratio exceeded, control,75% especially thespeed load control is subject to variations.

To get a widely, constant speed, the not Load should be approximately 75%than or less. accurate speed control is required or load forces vary widely, 60-70% perhaps no more 50% inIf vertical applications. should not be exceeded, perhaps no more 50%the ininlet vertical applications.

A positive speed control is obtained by than throttling or exhaust air of the cylinder by means of a speed controller, which is a combination of a check valve, to allow free flow towards the cylinder, and an adjustable A positive speed control is obtained by throttling the inlet or exhaust air of the cylinder by means of a (needle valve). speed throttle controller, which is a combination of a check valve, to allow free flow towards the cylinder, and an Metering out is a common method for controlling double-acting cylinders. This is not to say that air cannot adjustable throttle (needle valve). be metered into a cylinder to control velocity. However, unless a constant restrictive load is being moved, the Energy tip: While the builds supplytopressure may cause acceleration to increase, done cylinder will lurchincreasing as air pressure the requirement of thethe load.

Then the airrate expands suddenlyitinisthe at acylinder, higher dropping energy cost.

Acceleration requirements need to be evaluated and when slower acceleration the pressure, only to repeat the process and lurch again. will work then doing so will save energy costs.

In some instances, the cylinder speed can be adversely impacted by the resistance created by the tubing andout valving connectedmethod to the cylinder.

To prevent the restriction of flow from delaying response time of Metering is a common for controlling double acting cylinders.

This is not the to say that air cannot the cylinder, quick exhaust valve may be employed.

Theunless quick exhaust valve connects directly cylinder be metered into a acylinder to control velocity.

However, a constant restrictive load to is the being moved, the cylinder will lurch air volume pressure builds the requirement the load and then the times. air expands port and allows foras a large of air to exittothe cylinder quickly toofprevent dampened response suddenlyThe in the cylinder, dropping the pressure, only to repeat the process and lurch again. rpm of air motors, on the other hand, is commonly controlled by the pressure at the inlet. Many air motors power constant loads, so it is as effective to regulate the inlet pressure as it is to provide a restriction at In some instances, the cylinder speed can be adversely impacted by the resistance created by the tubing the inlet or outlet that wastes power needlessly. and valving connected to the cylinder.

To prevent the restriction of flow from delaying the response time

ENERGY TIP While increasing the supply pressure may cause the acceleration rate to increase, it is done at a higher energy cost. Acceleration requirements need to be evaluated.

When slower acceleration will work, doing so will save energy costs.

SAFETY TIP Because oil mist is a potential hazard to personnel and OSHA mandates allowable exposure limits, the use of a coalescing muffler after the quick exhaust valve may be necessary.

of the cylinder, a quick exhaust valve may be employed. The quick exhaust valve connects directly to the cylinder port and allows for a large volume of air to exit the cylinder quickly to prevent dampened response times.

18

SEPTEMBER 2020

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Safety tip: Because oil mist is a potential hazard to personnel and OSHA mandates allowable expo-

ol valves in each cylinder l the velocity. Each flow ss freely in one direction other. As the valves are The figure illustrates a double-acting cylhiftinginder the power mounted vertically with avalve load hanging on the cylinder rod. If the flow controls were e flow of air through the to be reversed for meter-in control, the load would drop suddenly when the solenoid d of the cylinder to lift valve is signalled to lower the load. Meter-in control is wouldrestricted cause uncontrollable he capflowend lowering and a hazardous condition. valve Notice to there prevent thein are flow control valves cylinder line of the circuit to control uddenlyeach should the load the velocity. Each flow control valve allows air tocontrol pass freely in one direction and rectional valve toto be restricted in the other. As the valves are the circuit, shifting er the configured load indirects airthe power to valve to raise the load allows free flow of air through the check valve. through the check valve to the rod end of the cylinder to lift the load. The flow from the cap nd of the cylinder must end is restricted back through the control valve to prevent the cylinder retracting on, preventing thefromload suddenly should the load be removed. Shifthis is a ingmeter-out circuit. the directional control valve to extend the cylinder and lower the load directs air to the cap end of the cylinder through the check valve. Return air from the rod end of the cylinder must pass through the restriction, preventing the load from dropping suddenly.

This is a meter-out circuit. ď Ź

system valves should s of supporting a load or actuator movement. Use locking devices when

1.1 SAFETY TIP Installed system valves should never be the sole means of supporting a load or preventing inadvertent actuator movement. Use approved mechanical locking devices when required.

1.3 1.4

14

1.0

1.2

LOAD 4

2

Velocity control for an air cylinder

12

5 1 3

Fig. 3-11 Velocity Control For An Air Cylinder

Test Your Skills

Referring to the figure, which valve configuration would require the lowest pressure while the load is being lifted? a. Remove the flow control at valve 1.2. b. Reverse flow control check at valve 1.1. c. Reverse flow control check at valve 1.2. d. Reverse flow control checks at valves 1.1 and 1.2. e. Leave flow control valves 1.1 and 1.2 as they are.

See page 31 for the correct solution.

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SEPTEMBER 2020

19

SPECIAL AD SECTION

FALL

LITERATURE REVIEW

Aignep Quick Reference Catalog

The Dalton Advantage

AIGNEP USA

DALTON HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS

Easily identify the pneumatic component you are looking for with our Aignep Quick Reference Catalog.

HITACHI FLANGELOCK AND CAP KITS AVAILABLE TM

Part description

Applicable machines

Number of parts

Swing hose FlangeLockTM kit

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2062U - red FlangeLockTM

6.7

SWINGCAP2062 TM

Swing circuit cap kit

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2062 - cap

4.5

TRAVELFLGLCK2462

Travel hose FlangeLockTM kit

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2462U - purple FlangeLockTM

7.7

TRAVELCAP2462

Travel circuit cap kit

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2462 - cap

6.4

Part number

Part description

SWINGFLGLCK2062

Swing hose FlangeLockTM kit

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000 FRONTATTCAP326162 EX3600, EX5600, EX8000 BOOMARCHFLGLCK3262

SWINGCAP2062

Swing circuit cap kit Travel hose FlangeLockTM kit

TRAVELCAP2462

Travel circuit cap kit

ONTATTFLGLCK326162

Front attachment FlangeLockTM kit

RONTATTCAP326162

Front attachment cap kit

OOMARCHFLGLCK3262

Boom arch hose FlangeLockTM kit

Contact us to request yours! aignepusa.com • 615-771-6650

Part number SWINGFLGLCK2062

ITACHI FLANGELOCK ND CAP KITS AVAILABLE

TRAVELFLGLCK2462

This exclusive, scaled down version of our product offering highlights our pneumatic cylinders, valves, flow controls and pneumatic accessories, as well as our SWIFTFIT Universal Fittings and our MULTISOCKET Universal Quick-Disconnect coupler.

All displayed in color along with our Aignep USA part numbers.

Applicable machines FRONTATTFLGLCK326162

Front attachment Number of parts FlangeLockTM kit

Weight (kg) EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2062U - red FlangeLockTM Front attachment cap kit

6.7 EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

Boom arch hose 16 x 2062 - cap FlangeLockTM kit

4.5 EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2462U - purple FlangeLockTM 7.7 Boom arch hose cap kit EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000 BOOMARCHCAP3262 EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

16 x 2462 - cap

TM

14 x 3262U - black FlangeLock 4 x 3261U - black & silver FlangeLockTM

8.9

Stop the Mess

Quality Hydraulic Pumps, Motors and Valve

FLANGELOCK

FLUIDYNE FLUID POWER

14 x 3262 - cap 4 x 3261 - cap

20 x 3262U - black FlangeLockTM 20 x 3262 - cap

9.5

9.9

11.3

TM

8.9to vital

maintenance of hydraulic systems getting the most out of your Hitachi Mining Excavator. While TM are 4 x 3261U - black & silver FlangeLock maintenance plays the largest role in the prevention of unnecessary machine downtime, it can also expose the hydraulic system TM 14 x 3262 - cap EX5600,ofEX8000 9.5 toEX3600, high levels contamination rapidly decreasing component longevity.

The importance of contamination control is sometimes 4 x 3261 - cap overlooked when performing maintenance due to incorrect practices being used.

FlangeLock Stops Leaking Hydraulic Lines.

• No Tools Required • No Expensive Hardware Needed • No more Rags stuffed into hoses • No more messy Plastic Caps number of FlangeLocks * and caps to help reduce contamination.

FLANGELOCK TOOL AND CIRCUIT BLANKING CAPS *Note: FlangeLocks are not to be used under pressure • The Ultimate Contamination Control Tool • One hand Installation ACHI MAKING CONTAMINATION CONTROL EASY chi have packaged FlangeLock tool and caps specifically for Hitachi mining excavators. The Hitachi customised make sure no matter which component routine maintenance is being performed on, you will always have the exact • Eliminate Hydraulic Oil Spills & Clean up ber of FlangeLocks * and caps to help reduce contamination. e: FlangeLocks are not to be used under pressure • Quick Installation & Ease of Usage • Industry Acclaimed Call you local Hitachi Muswellbrook representative • Safe fororPersonnel & Environment the branch on 02 6541 6300 for more information.

• 50% Reduction of Labor Costs • 100% Made in USA THE ULTIMATE CONTAMINATION CONTROL TOOL

20 x 3262U - black FlangeLockTM

EX3600, EX5600, EX8000

9.9

THE FLANGELOCK™ TOOL AND CIRCUIT BLANKING CAPS

™ ™ The FlangeLock tool and caps are20thex 3262 ultimate EX3600, EX5600, EX8000 - cap contamination control 11.3 tools for protecting your hydraulic system. The FlangeLock allows for the simple sealing of open hydraulic flanges without tools while the caps can be bolted in place of a flange connection.

Easy on, easy off, they offer a leak-proof solution to hydraulic systems and environmental cleanliness. FlangeLock™ tools and caps TAMINATION CONTROL stop the mess. ne and scheduled maintenance of hydraulic systems are vital to getting the most out of your Hitachi Mining Excavator. While MAKING EASY system tenance plays the largest role in the prevention ofHITACHI unnecessary machineCONTAMINATION downtime, it can also CONTROL expose the hydraulic ™ gh levels of contamination rapidly decreasing component longevity.

The importance of contamination control is sometimes Hitachi have packaged FlangeLock tool and caps specifically for Hitachi mining excavators. The Hitachi customised ooked when performing maintenance due to incorrect practices being used. which component routine maintenance is being performed on, you will always have the exact kits make sure no matter

BOOMARCHCAP3262

Boom arch hose cap kit

™

™

™ ™ protecting your hydraulic system. The FlangeLock FlangeLock™ tool and caps are the ultimate contamination control tools for s for the simple sealing of open hydraulic flanges without tools while the caps can be bolted in place of a flange connection. on, easy off, they offer a leak-proof solution to hydraulic systems and environmental cleanliness. FlangeLock™ tools and caps the mess.

™

™

™

Call you local Hitachi Muswellbrook representative or the branch on 02 6541 6300 for more information.

20

Phone: 1.888.898.5031 Fax: 1865.933.5377 Email: sales@daltonnet.com www.DaltonHydraulic.com

6.4

CONTAMINATION CONTROL 14 x 3262U - black FlangeLock EX3600,and EX5600, EX8000 Routine scheduled

Weight (kg)

Let Dalton Hydraulic help you with your next custom design.

Custom Hydraulic Cylinders and Power Units - contact our highly trained custom sales department with your specifications, and let us handle the rest. We will provide you with a quote within 24-48 hours, and will offer you industry leading completion times. Let us be your trusted source for all things hydraulic. Contact us today.

SEPTEMBER 2020

FlangeLock 203.861.9400 • sales@flangelock.com www.flangelock.com

FluiDyne Fluid Power provides high quality new and remanufactured hydraulic pumps, motors and valves to the fluid power industry. With our large scale inventory, and streamlined shop, most of our products ship within one day. All of our products are always fully tested and a test report is enclosed with each shipment. FluiDyne is an ISO 9001:2015 company and has 30+ year history of supply and service to the distributors, repair shops and OEM’s using hydraulic components.

Call, email, chat…we’re ready to help!

FluiDyne Fluid Power 586.296.7200 sales@fluidynefp.com www.fluidynefp.com

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SPECIAL AD SECTION

Hydraulex Repair Services

Compressed Air Filtration

HYDRAULEX

LA-MAN CORPORATION

Brochure offers a comprehensive overview of the company’s complete line of compressed air filtration products. Highlighted is the patented family of Extractor/Dryers. These two-stage, point of use filters remove contaminates to a 5-micron rating with flow ranges of 15 to 2,000 scfm.

Additional products available include the SuperStar Membrane Dryer, .01 Micron Filter, Refrigerated Extractor/ Dryer, and much more.

Our Repair Services Brochure covers the types of components (pumps, motors, final drives, valves, control cards, amplifiers and cylinders) we can repair, why we’re an excellent choice for your repair needs, and also how the repair process works. View or download it by visiting our website at www.hydraulex.com.

Hydraulex Toll Free: 800.422.4279 Tel: 586.949.4240 Email: sales@hydraulex.com www.hydraulex.com

La-Man Corporation 800.348.2463 www.laman.com

Hydraulic Flanges and Components

304 & 316 Stainless Steel Liquid Level Gages

MAIN MANUFACTURING PRODUCTS

OIL-RITE CORPORATION

New 120 page catalog includes popular styles of MAIN Manufacturing’s extensive offering of carbon and stainless Hydraulic Flanges and Components – ready for immediate shipment. Metric ordering information, weld specs, and dimensional information included. The “Quick Reference Guide” helps specify less popular items often stocked or quickly manufactured (generally 3-4 days) at our US plant.

Corrosive resistant properties make stainless steel gages suitable to a variety of applications. Oil-Rite offers 304 and 316 stainless steel liquid level gages in sizes from 3" to 60". A red line on a white background enhances liquid level visibility. Available with adapters and thermometer. Visit Oil-Rite’s online product catalog for new cut sheets and detailed information.

Oil-Rite Corporation PO Box 1207 Manitwoc WI 54221-1207 Phone: 920.682.6173 Email: sales@oilrite.com www.oilrite.com

MAIN Manufacturing Products, Inc. Grand Blanc, MI 800.521.7918; FAX: 810.953.1385 E-mail: info@mainmfg.com www.mainmfg.com/fpj

Hydraulic Live Swivels Catalog

Yates Industries Your Cylinder Source®

SUPER SWIVELS

YATESIND.COM

Inline and 90° hydraulic live swivels.

Available in sizes from 1/8" to 2-1/2", rated to 10,000 PSI, heat treated, superior quality alloy steel, chrome or stainless steel ball bearings, withstands heavy side loads, burnished (micro smooth) barrel bores, Viton®, Aflas®, or Teflon® encapsulated seals, zinc or nickel plated, available in 304 and 440 stainless steel, full flow - low pressure drop, rebuilding kits available.

Yates Industries, Inc. 23050 Industrial Dr. E. St. Clair Shores, MI 48080 Ph: 586.778.7680 Fax: 586.778.6565

Super Swivels Phone: 763.784.5531 Fax: 763.784.7423 Website: www.superswivels.com

Yates Georgia 7750 The Bluffs Austell, GA 30168 Ph: 678.355.2240 Fax: 678.355.2241

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All Designs, All Sizes, One Result.

Yates Cylinders – an ISO-9001:2015 company with facilities in Michigan, Alabama, Georgia, and Ohio – Yates is your top-quality supplier for all cylinder applications. Hydraulic, pneumatic, NFPA, mill grade, or custom engineering – you name it, Yates can handle it. Complete catalog available. We also maintain an unmatched repair program used by the biggest names in the American Industry.

Yates Alabama 55 Refreshment Place Decatur, AL 35601 Ph: 256.351.8081 Fax: 256.351.8571

Yates Ohio 707 Mary Etta Street Middletown OH 45042 Phone: 513.217.6777 Fax: 513.217.5777

SEPTEMBER 2020

21

PNEUMATIC DEVICES MEET THE CHALLENGES OF

Dairy PROCESSING

By Amit Patel Product Marketing Manager, Emerson Fluid Control & Pneumatics, Food & Beverage

Operators know that dairy products must also meet strict regulatory guidelines, with food safety being more important than ever. To ensure a sanitary processing environment, equipment needs to withstand repeated washing in one of the industry’s most rigorous washdown procedures, including aggressive IP69K. On the processing side alone, a single piece of dairy mixing and blending equipment could have upwards of 40 hygienic process valves that help control the flow of raw ingredients. Those valves need to be kept clean, and that cleaning doesn’t take the wear and tear of ongoing, high-speed production into account.

Pneumatic technologies offer many benefits to dairy processors, as shown by a long history in the industry, whether in the form of food processing, retail packaging, or production motion control. In modern dairy operations, pneumatic devices are used in a variety of applications leveraging the compressed air already available throughout the facility.

Pneumatics technology also provides built-in solutions for many plant safety concerns, helping dairy operators comply more easily with regulations while protecting workers and maintaining a high level of production.

22

SEPTEMBER 2020

F

rom milking systems to cheese processing and packaging equipment, food processors in

the dairy industry are finding pneumatic devices that help them run more efficient, flexible, and reliable operations. Considering today’s market challenges, every advantage is critical. Equipment needs to run economically while providing versatility and the ability to respond quickly to changing consumer preferences and appetites. It also needs to achieve higher levels of capacity while being sustainable and reliable day in and day out.

Greater performance for the money

Compared to other technologies, pneumatics provides more power in a smaller footprint, and pneumatic devices generally cost less than electronics on a per-component basis. Using valves, pneumatics equipment can be engineered for high actuation rates to easily handle high-speed production or high-speed motion sequences. Pneumatically operated pilot valves can actuate a variety of critical on/off processes and equipment. Packaging lines also benefit from the light weight and high cycling benefits offered by pneumatics technology. And pneumatics equipment is ideal for work in hygienic or rugged environments that require frequent washdowns, all of which contribute to a high level of efficiency.

Pneumatics also reduces operational expenses through decreased energy use, high reliability, and low maintenance costs. Since compressed air is usually available throughout a dairy plant, connecting more devices when needed for a new application generally results in little incremental cost. In fact, when more pneumatic devices are connected to a compressor, the total demand is closer to the capacity of the compressor, making

pneumatics technology more efficient. Conversely, a smaller number of pneumatic components using a smaller portion of a compressor’s capacity would be less efficient in operation.

Increased flexibility and modularity

One of the greatest challenges facing the modern dairy industry is responding to the changing preferences of today’s consumers.

The advent of dairy alternatives like almond milk and soymilk have added complexity. And even for more traditional milk products, the varieties of products are growing rapidly, creating a virtual explosion of choice in

the dairy aisle. These rapid shifts in consumer preference require greater flexibility in processing and packaging. Solenoid and pneumatic technologies, including valves, offer the flexibility and modularity dairy processors need to respond to these dynamic market conditions.

More specifically, pneumatic devices offer quick setup and easy changeout, giving dairy operators the ability to upgrade, fix, replace, or change the parameters of their equipment with minimal disruption. For example, a machine that handles 6-, 12- or 18-ounce containers could be made to change sizes quickly for a new product run, while packaging operators

WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

might also need a fast way to convert from single-serve containers to club-size containers. In some cases, pneumatics functionality can readjust automatically based on the requirements for the new product run by simply changing parameters in the machine controller interface. This ability to adapt efficiently with minimal downtime increases overall production effectiveness.

Some pneumatic devices take this versatility even further by communicating across a wide range of industry protocols, like Ethernet-based protocols, OSI, IO link, Profibus, and DeviceNet. As a result, it’s easier for dairy processors to use pneumatic devices that comply with national and international standards anywhere in the world. And since compressed air is normally available throughout the typical dairy processing facility, dairy processors can deploy pneumatics almost anywhere in the plant.

As the industry moves toward increased acceptance and preference for pneumatics, dairy processors can react more quickly to consumers’ changing preferences, begin production more quickly, and reduce time to market. Dairy processors are deploying pneumatics throughout their plants while reducing ramp up and the amount of training required when they introduce new equipment. And dairy-plant workers are developing a high level of familiarity, which has spread deployment across the industry.

Equipment designers are also specifying pneumatics more easily than ever, helping dairy machine OEMs meet end-user requirements for speed and efficiency.

Reduced downtime and lower maintenance

Originally engineered for use in production environments, pneumatic devices have long life expectancy, typically enduring millions of cycles with high actuation rates. By avoiding some of the complexity found in other technologies, pneumatics equipment provides a more dependable operation with reduced downtime. They’re easier

to fix since the devices simply need clean air. These advantages help avoid costly shutdowns by providing dairy processors with equipment that is both reliable and easy to maintain.

But the advantages of pneumatics technology go even further. By leveraging new, Industrial Internet of Things capabilities, edge devices collect data from the pneumatics system to identify leaks, monitor energy usage and air consumption, and calculate the life expectancy or mission time of a pneumatics component. This helps maintenance technicians, for example, predict, by sensing an increase in its stroke speed, that a shock absorber at the

Emerson’s AVENTICS CL03 Clean Line pneumatic directional control valve

end of an actuator may deteriorate.

Having an idea of which equipment needs maintenance in advance before a failure occurs helps plant engineers avoid unplanned machine downtime, reducing costs even further.

Improved plant hygiene

Pneumatic devices are ideal for work environments in which frequent washdowns are common – and that’s exactly what’s needed to help ensure dairy processing equipment meets hygienic standards, such as those from 3-A Sanitary Standards Inc. in the U.S. and the European Hygienic Engineering and Design Group. The 3-A standard, in particular, is rigorous. It requires that wetted areas not harbor any pathogens or bacteria. This necessitates seals that are highly cleanable and able to withstand high temperatures

WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

and caustic media. There can be no grooves or crevices, and the maximum allowable surface roughness cannot exceed 0.8 micrometers.

In high-temperature, high-pressure washdown applications like those required by the 3-A standard, pneumatic directional control valves can be engineered to feature a hygienic design that can withstand aggressive detergents and chemicals while maintaining a high degree of versatility. In secondary packaging or handling applications that only require a dust-off or light washdown uses, companies like Emerson can provide air cylinders that meet FDA, NSF, and ISO 6431, 15552, and

AVENTICS Series ICS pneumatic cylinder

21287 standards and feature a clean profile design to minimize potential pocket areas where dirt and contaminants collect.

Electrically actuated valves typically require a design change or must be placed in an enclosure to meet these same washdown requirements. This adds cost and takes up valuable floor space, so they are not commonly used in the processing area of a food or dairy plant. Since pneumatic devices can be made hygienic by design, consumers are kept safe while your competitive advantage is increased.

A safer, more compliant facility

Plant safety should be a concern for any operator, and dairy processors are no exception. The compressed air used in pneumatic devices has inherent safety

advantages over other power technologies and can be extended throughout the processing plant.

For example, Emerson’s scalable, zoned-safety approach allows up to three safety zones to be isolated on a machine from a single pneumatics assembly. A valve manifold can be configured to shut down the pilot air and power for equipment down to the single operator level, leaving the rest of the system in operation. In this approach, up to three safety zones can be isolated on a machine from a single pneumatics assembly. Providing zoned safety helps design engineers satisfy machinery directive 2006/42/ EC while aiding compliance with ISO 13849-1 and ISO 13849-2. It also reduces the number of safety system components by up to 35%, requires fewer connections, and saves valuable real estate within the machine and manifold.

The shift to pneumatics technology

Employing pneumatics technology optimize production and packaging processes while achieving high levels of reliability, flexibility, and quality.

Pneumatic products withstand even the toughest environments and provide a longer life expectancy, thanks to their simple design and the limited number of internal components. Major valves and cylinders, flexible in both use and functionality, come standard, so spare parts are available from many distributors.

Pneumatic systems are easy to design, and the components are easy to configure. And it’s a clean technology that makes it an ideal match for sanitary food applications, particularly when compared to lubricated mechanical components or hydraulics. Perhaps that’s why dairy producers are increasingly turning to OEMs, integrators, and automation solutions experts to integrate pneumatic technologies and maximize their competitive advantage.  For more information, visit www.emerson.com/en-us/ automation-solutions.

SEPTEMBER 2020

23

PROTECTION IS KEY TO HYDRAULIC SYSTEM SAFETY

By David Bickford, Principal Engineer, Innovation and Performance Excellence, York Precision Machining & Hydraulics LLC

hen load-holding equipment fails, the results can be catastrophic and can include personal injury, death, property damage, investigations, fines, lawsuits, business-flow disruptions, and bad publicity with customers and the public.

There are many options for hydraulic load-holding safety equipment available for use in design selection and application. In this article, we will also discuss the various aspects of different safety options and considerations when designing your hydraulic system. Our goal is to inform the industry of legacy, low-technology options and other higher technology options to meet increasing safety and performance requirements being imposed by industry changes, liability avoidance, or regulatory mandates.

Hydraulic circuits contain load-holding valves (LHV), also sometimes referred to as counterbalance valves. LHVs are a legacy means used to hold a hydraulic system applied load in place and control its rate of motion. These valves are common safety components of load-carrying equipment and typically a staple of hydraulic safety and control design. When they operate as expected, they improve the safety and control of a hydraulic circuit. Many equipment operators and companies do not want to rest their safety on only the counterbalance valves – and for good reason.

Used alone, these items have limits to the measure of safety they provide. Any failure or sticking of the valve or components, failure of parallel check valves, hydraulic hoses, and fittings, or even seals in cylinders can cause load movement or drift if LHVs are the only means of safety. LHVs automatically regulate the extension and retraction speed of loads and holding equipment and help control and steady the system. Because of this smoothing out of pressure for speed and preventing pressure shock, typically LHVs cannot be eliminated from circuits, so they must be supplemented for higher-level safety design.

OPTIONS FOR A FAIL-SAFE LOCKING DEVICE There are various options for supplemental mechanical locking. They range from locking pin basic designs that are locked either by automated 24

SEPTEMBER 2020

or manual methods, up to solutions reflecting the highest technology cylinder-integrated, power-removed, spontaneous self-locking mechanisms. The appropriate mechanical locking mechanism design options are typically driven by power needs, space envelope, operating pressure, operating environment, and whether it is desirable for automatic lock or operator manual locking. These parameters set the stage for choosing options.

First levels of locking protection consist of automated or manual locking assemblies such as collars that will use pins, or other clamping options like spring pressure that locks a cylinder either at extended, retracted, or both positions.

These are easy options to find on the market and serve to lock out at the travel extremes of the rod. They do not provide instant locking at any point of travel between the two extremes, and they require additional automation and components that, if not maintained, could fail, wear, and result in degradation to the system.

Their application is limited by these considerations, but they can serve a distinct purpose when safety can be met in these means.

Supplementing these end-of-travel locks by adding an additional lock that can be engaged through the length of travel provides an additional level of protection. These locks

are typically spring loaded or contain another perpendicular and smaller hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder that is placed as a collar or an installable “head” on top of the cylinder rod end.

The lock will fit around and actuate to clamp against the rod and lock it at points in travel.

The systems tend to be limited to cylinder pressures of up to 2,500 psi and therefore limit their ability to be used in higher load applications or higher operating pressures. These solutions are inexpensive and common and can be effective with limitations. The assemblies are intended to prevent catastrophic failure. With some designs, they require removing the load and the cylinder in a specific direction to release the lock.

These designs could have limited repeatability and may cause sacrificial degradation to the cylinder rod and limit continued use after an emergency safety lock is initiated. Assess products you examine for this characteristic, especially when an unlock and instant resumption of cylinder operation would be desirable.

Reliability of the design and its ability to continue in service without maintenance burdens are critical considerations.

Integrated, power-removed, interference locking units are options for the highest level of safety. These designs are hydraulic cylinders with self-contained locking assemblies that can WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

meet the highest load demand, operating pressures and instant stop, rugged durability, and no drift. They eliminate any other component in the system that could cause a failure, including the cylinder fluid and seals. They narrow the safety dependency down to their integrated locking feature and the rod itself. These systems have the lowest count of possible component fail points and possible failure modes in the design that could cause an uncontrolled load movement or failure. These designs are the most robust locking options in strength. They have infinite-position locking, zero backlash, and high stiffness when required. They can have instant lock or unlock and facilitate repetitive life-cycle use with no sacrificial degradation of system components. As a positive lock, the system instantly locks when hydraulic pressure is removed, averting the risk caused by accidental pressure loss by whatever cause.

One locking system that meets all these criteria is the Bear-Loc, a design in which the cylinder has a supplementary section attached to the cylinder end. The Bear‑Loc consists of a sleeve that provides an interference clamping/ frictional locking system that locks the rod in any phase of the stroke when hydraulic pressure is removed. The sleeve has a fluid pressure lockand-unlock port integrated into the hydraulic circuit. The design is based on the principle of elastic expansion of metal under pressure.

When hydraulic pressure is applied, the sleeve expands radially, removing the interference fit of the rod inside the sleeve and creating enough clearance for the rod to be stroked with virtually no resistance. Removing the hydraulic pressure in any manner automatically causes the sleeve to instantly re-engage in its interference fit with the rod and clamp back down on the rod. The sleeve is lined with a material that prevents rod plating degradation for the life cycle of the rod.

This type of system is versatile in the ability to instantly lock or unlock simply by the application or removal of pressure; it does not require removal of load or depressurization to unlock.

These systems are superior in safety due to their ability to be integrated onto a cylinder. They can be used in most operating environments including underwater locations or other high-stress environments where other system components could be degraded and fail, yet the load control is maintained with no safety risk. Because movement takes place while “unlocked,” there is very little wear, and so the Bear-Loc system is known to last for years, even decades, when used according to the manufacturer’s specifications. These systems have very tight tolerance and are typically customized to meet performance needs. They can operate at higher loads WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

up to 4 million pounds and can be made for rod diameters of 1 to 25 inches.

The locking power of these systems is dependent on several factors, chiefly operating pressure, rod diameter, and available sleeve length. The force to cause the radial elastic expansion of the metal sleeve does require operating pressures from 2,000 to 5,000 psi, but it is these higher pressures that result in a fail-proof design without the need for supplementary subsystems or circuitry.

These features ensure that a hydraulic system with a Bear-Loc does not depend on valves, moving parts, or other components to obtain its positive mechanical lock. The Bear-Loc can work solo or in conjunction with existing equipment to keep people, equipment, and projects safe and productive.

A common question is whether the locking assemblies discussed above are also rod brakes to slow or bring them to a stopped position as a regular part of operation. The Bear-Loc may be used in an emergency for braking but not routinely. It is important to note that this article does not discuss cylinder or rod brakes; it discusses locking assemblies, i.e., features of a system that stop and prevent drift or motion and are applied instantaneously and triggered by something unsafe in the system. Braking is a separate functional purpose of load control and can be met with the use of an LCV. PRODUCTIVITY AND SAFETY Many forms of equipment use mechanical locking in their hydraulic systems, including

construction or mining equipment such as cranes, load handling equipment such as forklifts and stock pickers, aerial work platforms such as boom trucks, test equipment, weapon systems such as missile launchers, manufacturing equipment such as industrial presses, oil drilling rigs, and amusement park rides.

Design for safety can be a necessity, but sometimes safety implements can reduce productivity, either by design or process steps they introduce that add time to the completion of job tasks. Manual locking methods require an operator’s time and reduce productivity. Even automated tasks can impact productivity. As you consider your design, or lock-out, tag-out considerations, you will find that there can be a balance in which your safety implement does not affect your productivity, and in some ways can even enhance your productivity in other process steps.

An example of this is a hydraulic molding press. The press must be locked out at certain points when the operator may have to be near or under the press for other tasks. The system requires a locking capability for this. The press brings two molds together so they can be filled with a cast or injection molded product. When the mold halves come together, if pressure is not sustained or a nonslip lock is not used, there can be drift, in which a slight opening between the molds consumes extra material, requiring subsequent processing and added cost to remove additional flash around the part. In this situation, more advanced locking features can give the manufacturer a benefit that enhances productivity. A Bear-Loc system would provide the necessary safety, but also when the press brings the molds together and removes pressure, the rod does not drift and the molds stay compressed, preventing flash around the part being formed. This is just one example of the added benefit to using some of the more advanced locking systems rather than less-expensive systems. The higher priced system helps pay for itself in enhanced productivity during operation.

Making design decisions involves trade-offs associated with requirements for performance, safety, cost, schedule, reliability, and the life cycle cost of the system. There are numerous considerations as safety is designed into hydraulic systems to meet these project needs. While performance has a price tag, it can also create peace of mind, consistency of operations, and reduce waste. As you design or modify your hydraulic system, be certain to assess the capabilities of any system or component you consider. 

SEPTEMBER 2020

25

G L AC I E R S WEAR ON POWER PL ANT’S HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVES Adapted Eaton strainer removes particles

The Kraftwerke Oberhasli AG (KWO) power plant can generate energy on demand using water dammed in Switzerland’s Lake Grimsel, 6,263 feet (1,909 meters) above sea level. From its hydroelectric power plants in the Grimsel area, the Swiss energy company generates electricity and stabilizes the grid in Switzerland and elsewhere in Europe. In addition, reservoirs act as natural batteries that store energy in the form of water used later to generate electricity.

But the use of natural runoff from glaciers and rainwater poses a problem: suspended matter. The glaciers continuously erode fine stone particles from the mountains. The runoff transports these solids into the reservoir, where they collect with other suspended matter brought in by rainfall. These 25-to-200-micron particles pose a problem for the huge turbines in the KWO power plants, as they cause heavy wear of the slide valves. The valves use the pressure of the water to control the ball valves that, in turn, control the intake to the 26

SEPTEMBER 2020

By Ulrich Latz, Technical Sales Engineer, Eaton Technology GmbH, Germany

turbines. Due to the water’s drop height of 2,200 feet (670 meters), high pressures occur in the valves and their supply lines.

Heavy wear on hydraulic control valves Upstream, sand-settling tanks prevent the entry of coarse particles into the control valves, but they have demonstrated only limited success. “Until now, the valves had to be cleaned and repaired by KWO every three to four months,” said Franz Christen, sales and technical manager at BT-Hydraulik AG, which KWO commissioned to find a solution to the problem. In the past, the valves had to be completely replaced on a regular basis, but they are no longer available on the market. To reduce or eliminate costly and time-consuming repairs, the plant operator wanted a new solution.

“The installation of larger settling tanks was not an option,” Christen said. “At water pressures of 870, 1,160, or even more than 1,450 psi,

very large and complex tanks would be needed.

But that would not be feasible for economic and environmental reasons, and for lack of space.

Converting to oil hydraulics was likewise not feasible for the same reasons.”

So KWO decided to install filter systems directly upstream of the control valves and turned to the Berne-based BT-Hydraulik, a leading company in the field of hydraulic drive technology.

The experts from BT-Hydraulik advised KWO to use an automatic basket strainer. “Conventional filters clog up over time and need to be serviced and replaced at regular intervals,” Christen said. “An automatically self-cleaning filter is the more economical solution.”

The problem was that standard backwash filters are not designed for the high pressures in a hydroelectric power plant. BT-Hydraulik and Eaton continued to work on refining the Eaton Model 2596 strainer. This motor-driven strainer provides continuous removal of solids from fluids in pipework systems, though only within WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

A special version of the Eaton Model 2596 automatic self-cleaning strainer for pressures up to 1,450 psi.

The strainers are available in sizes from DN50 to DN900 (standard pressure ratings PN10/PN16), with automatic backwash and a broad selection of screen options.

Eaton Model 2596 automatic self-cleaning strainer.

With flow rates of up to 35,000 GPM, the strainer is designed for continuous, uninterrupted removal of entrained solids from liquids in pipeline systems.

a standard pressure range up to 232 psi. However, Eaton provides customization of the filter system to serve customer-specific applications.

Modifying the automatic basket strainer A version of the Eaton 2596 automatic basket strainer, designed for pressures up to 1,160 psi, was developed for KWO. A variety of measures were required to make it possible.

First, to withstand the high pressures, Eaton modified the entire housing by increasing the wall thickness and making the cover considerably sturdier. In addition, the flushing arm drive shaft was sealed with a quadruple mechanical seal.

“A particularly challenging problem was to find a filter element that offers the highest possible filter fineness that could also withstand the high pressures and was backwashable,” Christen said. A reinforced version of the DuraWedge filter elements proved the solution. Made of V-shaped stainless steel wire profiles, the standard version is capable in demanding applications. After further reinforcement, they now can withstand the high pressures in the hydroelectric power plant, filtering out a large part of the suspended matter due to a filter fineness of 25 μm.

“However, the system had to be additionally adjusted so that the screen baskets would not be deformed in the backwash phase,” Christen said. “A pressure reduction of 870 psi WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

to the ambient pressure would have been problematic despite the reinforcement.”

The high-pressure basket strainers used in KWO’s hydroelectric power plant – so far there are four – have also been adapted to the operating parameters used there. The connector size for two of the filters is 2 inches and for the other two is 3 inches, with a flow rate of between 53 and 106 gallons per minute. However, the design of the high-pressure strainer basket can also be adapted to other parameters – in line with whatever the application requires. The backwash is triggered by an Eaton control – in KWO’s case, whenever the differential pressure reaches 11.6 psi. Alternatively, control using predetermined time intervals or permanent backwashing would also be feasible.

Reduced wear and repair costs Even though the test phase of the new filter system at KWO is scheduled to run for several years, initial results are already clear. The company labeled the results “very good.” “So far we have had no outages and the system perfectly meets our needs in terms of maintaining and cleaning the baskets,” the company said.

Especially compared to the turbine lines where the sliding gate valves have not yet been retrofitted, it is clear that wear and tear has been significantly reduced. The high-pressure automatic basket strainer minimized required maintenance and associated costs.  SEPTEMBER 2020

27

N F PA U P D AT E

NFPA Announces Robotics Scholarship Winner

NFPA Supports MFG Day Oct. 2 Manufacturing Day, Oct. 2, seeks to inspire the next generation of skilled workers. It’s an initiative of the Manufacturing Institute, a workforce development and education partner of the National Association of Manufacturers, and is supported by the National Fluid Power Association.

Participating fluid power companies provide facility tours and encourage careers in other ways, including: • Employee

Q&A: Engineers explain to students what “a day in the life” is like.

• Team

Project: Engineers help students assemble a fluid power classroom kit. or a virtual information session: This option creates a shareable and repeatable experience.

• Video

Matthew Morley of Sunnyvale, California, won the 2020 NFPA Robotics Challenge Scholarship.

Matthew will use the scholarship to pursue a mechanical engineering degree at Northeastern University in Boston. The scholarship program helps build awareness of fluid power benefits and careers among high school students. It awards $40,000 ($10,000 per year for four years) to a high school senior who participates in a FIRST Robotics or National Robotics League Competition Team and uses fluid power in the competition robot.

For more information, visit https://nfpahub.com/ news/2020-nfpa-robotics-challengescholarship-winner-announced/.

For more information, visit https://nfpahub.com/news/mfg-day-2020-change-perceptionsand-inspire-students-to-choose-a-fluid-power-career-path/.

NFPA Issues Annual Report The National Fluid Power Association released its sixth Annual Report on the U.S. Fluid Power Industry in July. The report outlines the worldwide impact of the industry and serves as a tool for members to promote it. The report’s key conclusions include: • In 2019, the manufacture of fluid power components was a $22 billion industry in the U. S. key industries depend on fluid power. Ten of the largest include an estimated 21,189 • Many

companies in the U.S. that employ more than 920,340 people. fluid power industry is building for the future, with more than 588 schools in the NFPA Edu • The

cator Network and over $50 million in federal research grants focused on fluid power technology.

Download the report at https://www.nfpa.com/home/industry-stats/Annual-Report-on-USFluid-Power-Industry.htm.

28

SEPTEMBER 2020

WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM • WWW.IFPS.ORG

SPECIAL AD SECTION

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PRODUCT SPOTLIGHT Shelco Filter’s Bag Housings and Cartridges Shelco’s heavy-duty Bag Filter Housings are available in various sizes, construction materials and custom features, making them the ideal choice for stand-alone, pleated or duplexed filter systems. Shelco offers single-bag and multi-bag housings (in 2 to 6 bag capacity) to accommodates a wide range of flow rates and special parameters. Made in the USA – Shelco Filters is ISO 9001:2015 Certified.

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Shelco Filters Middletown, CT • (800)242-7769 www.shelco.com

Heavy-Duty Mill Cylinders for: • Induction-Hardened,

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Piston Design Think indestructible and call Yates. www.yatesind.com Yates Industries (HQ) 586.778.7680 Yates Cylinders Alabama 256.351.8081 Yates Cylinders Georgia 678.355.2240

Turned parts Innovative thinking – not just turning Quality is our commitment! More than 80 years of experience, competence and engagement shape the production of our turned parts in a range of Ø 2,5 - Ø 160 mm!

Precision is found in every detail. Reliabilty and innovative capacity characterize us.

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Yates Cylinders Ohio 513.217.6777

Retaining Adapters Inserta® 4-Bolt Retaining Adapters and Connectors provide an excellent means to retain and terminate a series of flange type modular components. They are ideally used with the Inserta® family of flange type ball valves, check valves, and modular fittings. The Adapter and Connector may be used together to sandwich modular components into an inline assembly, or the Adapter may be used alone to mount modular components onto a pump, manifold, cylinder, or the like, and terminate in an SAE J518 flange port. An Electroless Nickel plating option is available.

Corrosion Resistant Window Sights Stainless steel is resistant to corrosion, rust, and staining.

It maintains its appearance over long periods and minimizes unwanted bonding between parts. Sight glasses enable viewing inside a reservoir, hydraulic line, or machine compartment.

Oil-Rite offers 303 stainless steel window sights with straight or NPT threads. Made in the USA. Oil-Rite Corporation (920) 682-6173 • sales@oilrite.com www.oilrite.com

WWW.IFPS.ORG • WWW.FLUIDPOWERJOURNAL.COM

The adapters are available in Code 61 and Code 62 sizes from ½” to 3”, with the outlet port of the same or one reducing size. Adapters that permit conversion between Code 61 and Code 62 patterns are also available.

Inserta® Products Blue Bell, PA 215.643.0192 www.inserta.com

SEPTEMBER 2020

29

SPECIAL AD SECTION

Introducing—9S Series Investment Cast Swivels The "9S" Series swivels represent one of the most complete range of sizes and configurations available to industry. This series has been redesigned to incorporate a one-piece barrel arrangement, thus eliminating the need for braze joints. These swivels are pressure balanced with operating pressures up to 5,000 psi. All configurations are designed with a 4:1 Safety Factor and include RoHS compliant zinc plating.

P.O. Box 6479 • Fort Worth, TX 76115 V. 817/923-1965 • www.hydraulicsinc.com

Coxreels TDMP Dual Hydraulics Series The Coxreels dual hydraulic reels feature single sided access for both the spring and the swivel. The supply and return lines are conveniently located on the same side of the reel and hook-up to an external fluid path via a removable dual-port hydraulic swivel and are all installed over an easy-to-service spring cartridge motor.

www.coxreels.com

This design, unique to the industry, allows for service of the main components without removal of the reel when the reel is installed into truck body boxes.

The TDMP is robustly built for capacities up to 50’, with triple axel support, dual arm guides, heavy gauge steel construction, durable polyester powder coat, rolled and ribbed discs, and stainless steel hose guide rollers.

Clippard Eclipse Proportional Isolation Valves Utilizing the industry's most robust and powerful miniature linear actuator, the patent pending stepper-controlled Eclipse proportional isolation valve leads the industry in performance and durability. This valve is ideal in critical applications for liquid and gas delivery, medical, analytical and industrial automation requiring ultra fine resolution and excellent repeatability. In addition, the unique design allows for custom flow profiles.

877.245.6247 www.clippard.com

ADVERTISER INDEX Company............................................................Page...................... Phone.............................................................................................Web AGI - American Grippers Inc.............................................9............. 203-459-8345..........www.agi-automation.com/product-category/o-ring-assembly Aignep USA................................................. Back Cover, 20............. 615-771-6650...............................................................................www.aignepusa.com Bimba Manufacturing Company................... Inside Front............. 800-442-4622............................................................................www.bimba.com/airos Burling Valve - A Proportion Air Brand.............................8............. 888-200-9564..................................................................................... BurlingValve.com CFC Industrial Training................................................... 27..........1-513-874-3225........................................................................ cfcindustrialtraining.com

Rexroth Pure Power Filter Traps More Dirt Rexroth recently released its fifth-generation filter media, Pure Power, saying it captures up to 50% more contaminants unseen to the naked eye, ensuring failsafe operation of hydraulic systems.

Pure Power’s Cyclone technology increases the useable life of the filter element and lowers operating costs, Rexroth said in a press release. All filter elements in standard sizes are equipped with an electrical conductive fleece filter medium, reducing the risk of electric discharges in connection with zinc and ash-free hydraulic oils.

For more information, visit www.boschrexroth.com/en/us/.

30

SEPTEMBER 2020

Clippard Instrument Lab Inc.......................................... 30............. 877-245-6247...................................................................................www.clippard.com COXREELS................................................................... 5, 30............. 480-820-6396.................................................................................. www.coxreels.com Creative Services.............................................Inside Back............. 610-923-0380..............................................................................www.idpcreative.com Dalton Hydraulic Cylinders......................................... 3, 20..........1-888-898-5031..................................................................... www.DaltonHydraulic.com Flange Lock................................................................. 9, 20............. 203-861-9400...............................................................................www.flangelock.com Flow Ezy Filters Inc......................................................... 13............ 1-88-237-1165..........................................................................www.flowezyfilters.com Fluid Power Academy.................................................... 13....................................................................................................www.fluidpoweracademy.com FluiDyne Fluid Power...................................................... 20............. 586-296-7200 ...............................................................................www.fluidynefp.com Heinrichs USA............................................................. 7, 29............. 859-371-4999..........................................................................www.heinrichs-usa.com Hydraulex................................................................... 15, 21..........1-800-323-8416................................................................................ www.hydraulex.com Hydraulics, Inc............................................................. 5, 30............. 817-923-1965.......................................................................... www.hydraulicsinc.com Inserta Products.......................................................... 8, 29............. 215-643-0192 ....................................................................................www.inserta.com La-Man Corp................................................................ 7, 21............. 800-348-2463 ..................................................................................... www.laman.com Main Manufacturing Products Inc................................ 21..........1-800-521-7918........................................................................... www.mainmfg.com/fpj MOCAP INC..................................................................... 11............. 800-633-6775 ....................................................................................www.mocap.com MP Filtri USA Inc............................................................. 19............. 215-529-1300....................................................................... WWW.MPFILTRUSA.COM Oil-Rite Corp............................................................... 21, 29............. 920-682-6173....................................................................................... www.oilrite.com Shelco Filters - Division of Tinny Corp.................... 11, 29............. 800-242-7769..................................................................................... www.shelco.com Super Swivels.................................................................. 21..........1-763-784-5531.......................................................................... www.superswivels.com Targeted Display Advertising............................................3............. 610-923-0380.........................fluidpowerjournal.com/targeted-display-advertising/ VEST Inc.......................................................................... 31..........1-248-649-9550................................................................................... www.vestusa.com Yates Industries Inc.............................................. 1, 21, 29............. 586-778-7680.................................................................................. www.yatesind.com

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Email, call or fax with a list of your Surplus.

We’ll provide you with a price offer!

The correct answer to Test Your Skills on page 19 is b. The valve configuration as shown in the figure shows that valve 1.1 is installed so that when retracting the cylinder (raising the load) the return air is being metered-out with a speed control that imposes a restrictive force on the cap end of the cylinder. To remove this restriction, valve 1.1 should be reversed so that it is free flowing from the cap end of the cylinder.

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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT MANIFOLDS SINCE 1948

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If yes, which technologies? (check all that apply) 05  Hydraulic 06  Pneumatic 07  Vacuum 08  Electronic Controls

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2. What is your primary job title? (check only one) 10  Administration: Chairman, President, V.P., Secretary, Treasury, General Manager, Owner, Business Manager, Director, etc.

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A  Aerospace A  Marine & Offshore Equipment B  Agricultural Machinery B  Material Handling Equipment C  Automotive C  Mining Machinery D  Civil Engineering D  Packaging Machinery E  Cranes E  Plastic Machinery F  Drills & Drilling Equip.

F  Presses & Foundry G  Flame Cutting/Welding Equip. G  Railroad Machinery H  Food Machinery H  Road Construct/Maint. Equip.

I  Forestry I  Simulators & Test Equipment J  Furnaces J  Snow Vehicles, Ski Lifts K  Gas & Oilfield Machinery K  Steel Plants & Rolling Mills L  Heavy Construction & Equip. L  Truck & Bus Industry M  Military Vehicles M  Textile Machinery N  Construction & Utility Equip.

N  Woodworking Machines O  Machine Tools O  Other (specify)_____________ P  Government Related P  Fluid Power Industry

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