Cover Story

ALWAYS FAITHFUL SERVO VALVES IN HARM’S WAY By Matt McCall, Naval Systems Sales Manager; Tony Clarke, Missile Systems Sales Manager; and Brandon Gollwitzer, Defense Control Systems Engineering Manager, Moog Space and Defense Group U.S. Navy photo by PH1 David C. Maclean COVER STORY

The nozzle/flapper servo valve was invented and developed by Bill Moog shortly after World War II and was quickly incorporated into military applications. In the decades since then, the performance, reliability, and cost of these motion-control components have made them stand the test of time and endure an onslaught of new technologies. While many new servo actuation systems use electromechanical (EM) and electrohydrostatic (EHA) technology, electrohydraulic (EH) servo controls remain prevalent because pre-existing component designs and mature supply chains result in costs and development times that electrified systems often can’t match.

EH servo systems are highly modular and have development costs that can be a fraction of equivalent EM or EHA solutions in certain applications. Commercial EH hardware that is designed and suited for aerospace and defense applications, such as pumps, accumulators, cylinders, and plumbing, are readily available in various sizes and performance ranges. These elements are easily pieced together with lightly customized components, such as manifolds and valves, to create a system that balances cost and performance. A practical EH servo system can be compiled from these components to meet the needs of a unique application in as quickly as a few days. While other technologies are still being designed, an EH system may already be available for delivery. EH servo systems often offer performance comparable to EM or EHA counterparts while shedding many of their cost and lead-time downsides, offering project management benefits critical in today’s fast-paced, cost-sensitive environment. The Moog servo valve is at the heart of these systems and is one of the most easily modified components to yield significant performance improvements. While an EH solution is not always the best approach for an application, overlooking this proven technology without consideration is ill advised.

Every theater of military operation continues to use and develop EH servo valve systems. Servo valves can be found in difficult air, sea, and land applications ranging from missile and torpedo steering to motion control of vehicle-mounted weapons.

Missile control systems

Bill Moog’s innovative servo valve remains a relevant technology in missile applications today. The first application of Moog’s invention was the Bumblebee Missile Program, which resulted in the U.S. Navy’s 3-T missiles – Talos, Terrier, and Tartar. They are today’s Standard

Missile family. In the 1950s, the newly developed servo valve unlocked the ability to accurately position a control surface under high loads with fast dynamic response, all inside the small tail section of a fast-moving missile. As control actuation needs evolved and missiles continuously grew smaller, pneumatic actuation became widely used. This is largely because the actuation media – gas – can be dramatically compressed into high-pressure reservoirs, reducing the size and weight of the power source for the actuation system. Pneumatics are wellsuited for single-use actuation or short-duration proportional control. The drive for longer flight times, among other requirements, pushed missile steering control toward EM actuation systems. As electrical power storage capabilities improved, EM actuation systems became a viable missile steering control methodology.

In recent years, the maturation of additive manufacturing capabilities has affected the trade between hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric control actuation solutions. Additively manufactured components naturally align with hydraulic systems, as flow paths for the fluids can be dramatically optimized when compared to traditional subtractively machined designs. This manufacturing capability allows hydraulic solutions, along with their servo valve “brains,” to be integrated into almost any envelope or configuration, as the additive manufacturing design can effectively use whatever space is available inside a volume-constrained missile.

With heritage applications and new opportunities unlocked by complementary technology, servo valves remain relevant to the missile-steering market today. Moog is actively manufacturing and delivering servo valves to provide proportional steering control to missile control surfaces on various platforms around the world. Servo valves represent a mature and well-understood solution in the control-systems world and remain a viable method to solve many control-actuation needs.

Naval applications

For the U.S. Navy, servo valves are key to both survivability and lethality. Servo valves have been entrusted with catching planes on the decks of aircraft carriers for more than half a century and managing turbine controls on nuclear-powered ships and submarines. However, they’ve also been critically employed on one of the most lethal maritime weapons in history, the Mark 48 heavyweight torpedo.

At 19 feet (6 meters) long and 21 inches (53 cm) in diameter, the Mark 48 carries a 1,000-pound (453-kg) high-explosive warhead. It weighs between 3,400 and 3,700 pounds (1,542 and 1,678 kg) and travels at speeds greater than 32 mph. It’s capable of destroying a large enemy combatant by detonating underneath and severing the keel of an enemy ship or rupturing the pressure hull of an enemy submarine. With stealthy acoustic improvements, upgraded sensor platforms, and advanced guidance and control systems, the Mark 48 is arguably the most feared and regarded antiship and antisubmarine weapon in existence.

The Mark 48 was developed in the 1950s and '60s for effectiveness against the Soviet Union’s rapidly advancing submarine technology. Officially operational in 1972, the Mark 48 became the principle weapon of U.S. Navy submarines. The Mark 48 is also employed by NATO allies such as Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands. steering control gave the highest performance and greatest power density, and servo valves ensured weapon accuracy. With the compact, lightweight design of the Moog 30 Series valve, additional fuel storage extended the torpedo’s range beyond five miles. Multiple iterations of the steering fin control system were designed and tested for optimization, and thanks to the modularity of the servo valve design, various performance characteristics were quickly and cheaply tuned through various valve modifications. Null cut changes on the bushing and spool assembly allowed the control system to reduce unwanted movements within the torpedo’s flight path. Adjusting flow gains on the servo valves helped optimize steering response, improving accuracy, and ensuring an “on-target” hit. Improving pressure compensation capabilities

Consistently and accurately steering the Mark 48 under the ice of the Arctic and through the open oceans proved challenging. Temperature, salinity, current, and thermocline variations are unique environmental challenges not found in many actuation applications. With fluid power, the torpedo actuates linear cylinders that use crank arms to rotate each of the four control surfaces, or fins. These fins give full steering and depth control to the torpedo, allowing it to track its target and circle back should it miss its initial mark. The original servo valve that controls those linear steering actuators has remained largely unchanged, a testament to its enduring design and performance.

Power density was a critical requirement in the design phase of the Mark 48, as each ounce shed in the design allowed the torpedo to carry more fuel for greater stand-off ranges. Hydraulic of the servo valve helped the Mark 48 reach greater depths than any previous torpedo and ensured that it reached even the most advanced subs at their depth limits.

While submarines and surface combatants have undergone revolutionary design changes over the past half-century, the servo valve has remained largely unchanged across all platforms.

Ground vehicles

On military ground vehicles, servo valves provide precision motion control of stabilized turreted weapon systems and critical positioning of missile launch platforms. Moog technology is used extensively to control elevation and traverse motion in both applications. Stabilized motion control is an essential (Continued on page 14)

(Continued from page 13) capability in modern military fighting vehicles. Servo valves keep turreted weapons on target while the vehicle is traversing rough terrain and reacting to the recoil caused by firing the cannon. Hydraulic drives are the solution of choice for large-caliber platforms like main battle tanks and mobile artillery, and Moog servo valves are at the heart of those systems. These turrets, often wielding barrels with bore diameters ranging from 120 to 155 mm (5 to 6 inches), require the power density and high bandwidth of Moog servo valves to achieve performance under often high unbalanced loads. Missile-launching platforms differ from turreted weapons in that they typically execute their mission from a stationary position. As a result, missile launchers rarely require stabilized motion control. The job for these servo valves is to move a launcher payload weighing several tons from rest at one position to rest at the farthest extreme in a matter of a few seconds. This application requires high rates of acceleration and hydraulic braking, which are profiled carefully to meet the mission objective without overturning the platform or damaging sensitive equipment.

Ground-based warfighters benefit from mature and robust modular servo valve

Photo by Spc. Hubert D. Delany III, courtesy U.S. Army

technology for new system development and performance upgrades to fielded systems. New applications can leverage existing servo valve designs to reduce design costs and shorten development time. This approach supplies critical tools to the field and saves money. Additionally, legacy platforms can recover performance that has been eroded by supplemental payloads.

Over time, systems are saddled with new mission equipment to help maintain readiness. However, those new capabilities come at a cost to the performance of the hydraulic drive systems because they have to overcome the increased weight and inertia of the system. In these cases, servo valves employed in conjunction with increased system pressure restore and even increase performance beyond the original design points. These cost-effective modernization efforts allow technology insertion to the current force and extend the service life of the platforms. 

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CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

2021 Spring Meeting Recap

»THE IFPS SPRING Meeting was held virtually and in person in San Antonio, Texas. It was great to see everyone in person! IFPS thanks all the companies who support our volunteer board members.

Projects on the Horizon

Our committees have been hard at work, and the following projects are in development, with a few near completion: • Upgraded Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic Certification – just released. • Mentorship Program • Fluid Power Symbols Library • Fluid Power Symbols Guide (Just released, see page 18) • Beginners Guide to Fluid Power • Fluid Power Associate Certification

The IFPS Annual Meeting takes place Oct. 3-7 in Reno, Nevada.

Animated Hydraulic Circuits Available

»THE IFPS COLOR-CODED, animated mp4 and wmv files of each circuit operation use ANSI-recognized color designations. Each circuit shows the sequence of operations within a hydraulic circuit as well as the flow paths during operation. Key bullet points for each circuit assist understanding of the components’ function and interaction within the circuit. Available circuits (* indicates recently added) • Accumulator Circuit • Accumulator Circuit Operation • Boom and Bucket* • Boom Raising Circuit* • Brake Valve Circuit • Brake Valve Circuit with Check

Valve • Circuit for the Two Cylinders

Application • Closed Center Steering • Closed Center Steering • Closed Circuit Hydrostatic

Transmission* • Counterbalance Valve in a

Press Circuit • Cylinder – Motor Circuit • Cylinder – Motor Circuit 1 • Float Centre Spool used with

Pilot Operated Check Valves • Full-Time Regenerative Circuit • Full-Time Regenerative Circuit B

Port Blocked • High Low Circuit • High-Low Circuit • Intensifier System with an Air-

Oil Return Tank • Load Reaction Center Steering • Load Reaction Centre Steering • Load Sense Schematic • Open Center Steering • Open Centre Steering • Operational Description for Test

Bench Used for Testing Open and Closed-Circuit Pumps* • Over-Center Valve in a Press

Circuit • Part-Time Regenerative Circuit with Bleed • Part-Time Regenerative Circuit with Bleed-Off • Part-Time Regenerative Circuit with Counterbalance • Part-Time Regenerative Circuit with Counterbalance Valve • Pilot Operated Check Valve

Application • Pilot Operated Directional

Control Valve Circuit • Pressure Gauge Locations* • Pressure Reducing Valve • Pump Test* • Regenerative Circuit with

Regen Position in the DCV • Regenerative Circuit with

Regen Position in the DCV • Sequence Valve Circuit • Sequence Valve Circuit • Setting a Pressure Reducer* • Synchronous Circuit with a Displacement-type Flow

Divider • Synchronous Circuit with

Cylinders Connected in Series • Tandem Center Circuit

Equipped with a Relief Valve • Unloading Relief Valve

Visit ifps.org to purchase and download the circuit library for $149.

Keeping the Lights on During the Pandemic

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

»DURING THE PANDEMIC, Altec customers still had to keep the lights on. From utilities to telecommunications to tree care to lights and signs, all industries had to keep working as they responded to fires in California, hurricanes in the Gulf, and other necessary service calls. They continued to depend on Altec for products with hydraulic functions and related services. As a result, Altec associates met COVID challenges to support their customers’ essential work successfully.

Altec and the International Fluid Power Society worked together to create innovative ways to continue strengthening and advancing professional careers in the fluid power workforce during the pandemic.

“IFPS needed to be creative in its approach to how to conduct certification testing, with so many facilities closed to the public,” said Donna Pollander, ACA, IFPS executive director. “I believe with today’s technology, IFPS overcame the many obstacles COVID brought to so many industries, in ways we never imagined.”

To safely train service technicians who work on Altec equipment, the Altec Service Group adjusted its learning environments. With new safety protocols, the Altec Service Group facilitated several IFPS mobile hydraulic mechanic and job performance tests in addition to an IFPS Accredited Instructor and Job Performance workshop.

Tim Petrishen, CFPAI and training supervisor with Altec, said, “A week-long review and testing session is not an easy feat in itself without a global pandemic. Planning for social distancing and preventing virus spread called for military-like plans. Class sizes were reduced, gloves and cleaning supplies were provided for practice and test stations, and thorough cleaning processes were implemented.”

All in-person IFPS mobile hydraulic mechanic review sessions and certification testing sessions implemented CDC and Altec COVID-safety guidelines along with classroom modifications made for Altec’s IFPS accredited instructors so they could continue to teach and proctor certification tests.

Several job performance and written test sessions were held each month for Altec’s customers and internal technicians. Altec administered over 200 certification tests at 20 different locations across the U.S. from March 2020 through March 2021, all accomplished safely and without any resulting COVID cases.

Travel restrictions also called for new approaches for attending the IFPS Accredited Instructor and Job Performance workshop. Six Altec Service Group trainers were the first to participate in a virtual pilot program for the Accredited Instructor workshop held in December 2020. Each trainer gave instructional sessions individually using professional equipment in a multicamera virtual livestreaming setup. The participants were able to conduct their IFPS-required presentation in a relatively traditional classroom setting with peers and a remote IFPS subject-matter expert panel to observe and evaluate. At the end of the presentations, the trainers responded directly to questions from their peers in the room and the virtual panelists.

“Key personnel at Altec did a superb job of using technology to facilitate the logistics necessary to conduct the workshop, and it truly was highly effective and maintained the high quality expected from such a workshop,” said Tom Blansett, CFPAI, IFPS technical director. “This would not have been such a success without Altec’s commitment and support.”

Altec is a leading equipment and service provider for the electric utility, telecommunications, contractor, lights and signs, and tree care markets. The company provides products and services in more than 100 countries throughout the world. The Altec Service Group has service centers, mobile service vehicles, and technicians located throughout the United States and Canada.

MASTER MECHANIC

holds IHM, MHM, and PM certifications Kenneth Cryer, The Boeing Company Steven Downey, Hydraulic Parts Source

HYDRAULIC SPECIALIST

Dylon Ackerman, Bedford Industries Owen Bowles, Flodraulic Jaskaran Gill, Wainbee Ltd. Hiram Knapp, Spudnik Equipment LLC Andrew Slaght, Tigercat Arjun Sood, The Fluid Power House Inc.

PNEUMATIC SPECIALIST Abdulhakime Abdurhaman Benjamin Bersie

Austin Freiermuth, Force America

Eric Prince Joseph Provo Matt Savage

SPECIALIST

holds HS and PS certifications

Abdulhakime Abdurhaman Benjamin Bersie

Austin Freiermuth, Force America

Eric Prince Joseph Provo

MOBILE HYDRAULIC MECHANIC John Bray

Glen Cluff, Altec Industries Inc. Antonio Flores, Altec Industries Inc. David Rowe, Altec Industries Inc. Austin Swihart, Altec Industries Inc. Brennan Vaughan, Altec Industries Inc.

Evan Cesmat

PNEUMATIC MECHANIC

Kenneth Cryer, The Boeing Company Steven Downey, Hydraulic Parts Source John Osko, The Boeing Company

Christopher Scime Michael Sherman

Paul Younglove, The Boeing Company

INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC MECHANIC

Andrew Guajardo, Perfection Servo Hydraulics

Marty Jones Mason Will

CONNECTOR & CONDUCTOR

Amy Dowdy, Controlled Fluids Inc. Jose Hernandez, Controlled Fluids Inc. Bradley Little, Controlled Fluids Inc. Tarayan Short, Controlled Fluids Inc.

Geared-Up-Grad Sweepstakes Winner

»CONRAD ADAMS FROM Purdue University was the winner of the IFPS Geared-Up-Grad Sweepstakes. Conrad majors in mechanical engineering and has participated in some great engineering projects. He also has five years of summer internship experience, and he is open to relocating to the Midwest, South, and East regions of the country. Congratulations, Conrad!

LEAD TIMES OF HOURS, NOT WEEKS.

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Put a Hydraulex Reman™ unit to work for you.

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Fluid Power Symbology Guide

MEMBER PRICE: $12.85 • NON-MEMBER: $16.00

This 30-page guide presents fluid power symbols commonly used within ISO 1219-1 and 2 standards and illustrates the component function applied within fluid power systems. This Symbology Guide is permitted to be used during an IFPS certification test.

Note: ISO 1219 also specifies the drawing size and orientation of drawn components, which is not covered in this booklet; refer to ISO 1219 for further detailed information.

HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS • Basic Symbols • Pumps and Motors • Pressure Controls • Logic Valves • Accumulators • Cylinders • Directional Control

Valves • Common Directional

Control Valves • Fluid Conditioning • Sensors • Flow Controls • Flow Dividers • Accessory and Misc.

Components

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS • Basic Electrical Symbols • Electrical Relay

Diagram Symbols • Logic Gate Symbols

PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS • Basic Symbols • Air Compressor, Air

Motors and Vacuum

Components • Pressure Controls • Logic Elements • Cylinders • Directional Control

Valves • Common Directional

Control Valves • Fluid Conditioning • Flow Controls • Sensors • Accessory and Misc.

Components

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

IMPORTANT ANNOUCEMENT

Make Sure You Have the Most Up-To-Date Hydraulic Specialist Study Manual

Your Hydraulic Specialist Study Manual should be dated 4/5/2021. If your study manual has any other date, you can still use it. However, the updated study manual is streamlined and enhanced for easier comprehension. • We’ve reworded complex topics for easier comprehension, added additional examples, and enhanced graphics to support the material. • We’ve streamlined the equation formulas and subsequent text describing how to compute complex formulas for ease of calculation. • We’ve also added bar to the equations whenever pressure units are used to reflect the relevance to the fluid power industry.

Visit ifps.org to download the most up-to-date version of the manual.

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CFPAI Certified Fluid Power Accredited Instructor CFPAJPP Certified Fluid Power Authorized Job Performance Proctor

CFPAJPPCC Certified Fluid Power Authorized Job Performance Proctor Connector & Conductor

CFPE Certified Fluid Power Engineer CFPS Certified Fluid Power Specialist (Must Obtain CFPHS & CFPPS) CFPHS Certified Fluid Power Hydraulic Specialist CFPPS Certified Fluid Power Pneumatic Specialist CFPECS Certified Fluid Power Electronic Controls Specialist CFPMT Certified Fluid Power Master Technician (Must Obtain CFPIHT, CFPMHT, & CFPPT) CFPIHT Certified Fluid Power Industrial Hydraulic Technician CFPMHT Certified Fluid Power Mobile Hydraulic Technician CFPPT Certified Fluid Power Pneumatic Technician

CFPMM Certified Fluid Power Master Mechanic (Must Obtain CFPIHM, CFPMHM, & CFPPM) CFPIHM Certified Fluid Power Industrial Hydraulic Mechanic CFPMHM Certified Fluid Power Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic CFPPM Certified Fluid Power Pneumatic Mechanic

CFPMIH Certified Fluid Power Master of Industrial Hydraulics (Must Obtain CFPIHM, CFPIHT, & CFPCC) CFPMMH Certified Fluid Power Master of Mobile Hydraulics (Must Obtain CFPMHM, CFPMHT, & CFPCC) CFPMIP Certified Fluid Power Master of Industrial Pneumatics (Must Obtain CFPPM, CFPPT, & CFPCC) CFPCC Certified Fluid Power Connector & Conductor

CFPSD Fluid Power System Designer CFPMEC (In Development) Mobile Electronic Controls

CFPIEC (In Development) Industrial Electronic Controls

Tentative Certification Review Training

IFPS offers onsite review training for small groups of at least 10 persons. An IFPS accredited instructor visits your company to conduct the review. Contact kpollander@ifps.org for details of the scheduled onsite reviews listed below.

HYDRAULIC SPECIALIST CERTIFICATION REVIEW September 13-16, 2021 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio | Written test: September 16, 2021 September 27-30, 2021 - MSOE, Milwaukee, WI | Written test: September 30, 2021

ELECTRONIC CONTROLS CERTIFICATION REVIEW August 9-12, 2021 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio | Written test: August 12, 2021

CONNECTOR & CONDUCTOR CERTIFICATION REVIEW November 16-17, 2021 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio | Written and JP test: November 18, 2021

MOBILE HYDRAULIC MECHANIC CERTIFICATION REVIEW Online Mobile Hydraulic Mechanic Certification Review (for written test) offered through info@cfcindustrialtraining.com. This course takes you through all chapters of the MHM Study Manual (6.5 hours) and every outcome to prepare you for the written MHM test. Members receive 20% off. (Test fees are additional - separate registration required.) August 30 - September 1, 2021 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio | Written and JP test: September 2, 2021

INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC MECHANIC CERTIFICATION Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION REVIEW TRAINING Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

MOBILE HYDRAULIC TECHNICIAN CERTIFICATION REVIEW TRAINING Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

PNEUMATIC TECHNICIAN and PNEUMATIC MECHANIC CERTIFICATION REVIEW TRAINING Call for dates. Phone: 513-874-3225 - CFC Industrial Training, Fairfield, Ohio

JOB PERFORMANCE TRAINING Online Job Performance Review - CFC Industrial Training offers online JP Reviews, which includes stations 1-6 of the IFPS mechanic and technician job performance tests. Members may e-mail askus@ifps.org for a 20% coupon code off the list price or get the code in our Members Only area for the entire IFPS Job Performance Review; test not included.

LIVE DISTANCE LEARNING JOB PERFORMANCE STATION REVIEW E-mail info@cfcindustrialtraining.com for information.

Certification Testing Locations

Individuals wishing to take any IFPS written certification tests can select from convenient locations across the United States and Canada. IFPS is able to offer these locations through its affiliation with the Consortium of College Testing Centers provided by National College Testing Association.

Contact headquarters if you do not see a location near you. Every effort will be made to accommodate your needs.

If your test was postponed due to the pandemic, please contact headquarters so that we may reschedule.

TENTATIVE TESTING DATES FOR ALL LOCATIONS:

August 2021

Tuesday 8/3 • Thursday 8/26

September 2021

Tuesday 9/14 • Thursday 9/30

October 2021

Tuesday 10/5 • Thursday 10/28

November 2021

Tuesday 11/2 • Thursday 11/18

ALABAMA Auburn, AL Birmingham, AL Calera, AL Decatur, AL Huntsville, AL Jacksonville, AL Mobile, AL Montgomery, AL Normal, AL Tuscaloosa, AL

ALASKA Anchorage, AK Fairbanks, AK

ARIZONA Flagstaff, AZ Glendale, AZ Mesa, AZ Phoenix, AZ Prescott, AZ Scottsdale, AZ Sierra Vista, AZ Tempe, AZ Thatcher, AZ Tucson, AZ Yuma, AZ

ARKANSAS Bentonville, AR Hot Springs, AR Little Rock, AR

CALIFORNIA Aptos, CA Arcata, CA Bakersfield, CA Dixon, CA Encinitas, CA Fresno, CA Irvine, CA Marysville, CA Riverside, CA Salinas, CA San Diego, CA San Jose, CA San Luis Obispo, CA Santa Ana, CA Santa Maria, CA Santa Rosa, CA Tustin, CA Yucaipa, CA COLORADO Aurora, CO Boulder, CO Springs, CO Denver, CO Durango, CO Ft. Collins, CO Greeley, CO Lakewood, CO Littleton, CO Pueblo, CO

DELAWARE Dover, DE Georgetown, DE Newark, DE

FLORIDA Avon Park, FL Boca Raton, FL Cocoa, FL Davie, FL Daytona Beach, FL Fort Pierce, FL Ft. Myers, FL Gainesville, FL Jacksonville, FL Miami Gardens, FL Milton, FL New Port Richey, FL Ocala, FL Orlando, FL Panama City, FL Pembroke Pines, FL Pensacola, FL Plant City, FL Riviera Beach, FL Sanford, FL Tallahassee, FL Tampa, FL West Palm Beach, FL Wildwood, FL Winter Haven, FL

GEORGIA Albany, GA Athens, GA Atlanta, GA Carrollton, GA Columbus, GA Dahlonega, GA Dublin, GA Dunwoody, GA Forest Park, GA Lawrenceville, GA Morrow, GA Oakwood, GA Savannah, GA Statesboro, GA Tifton, GA Valdosta, GA

HAWAII Laie, HI

IDAHO Boise, ID Coeur d ‘Alene, ID Idaho Falls, ID Lewiston, ID Moscow, ID Nampa, ID Rexburg, ID Twin Falls, ID

ILLINOIS Carbondale, IL Carterville, IL Champaign, IL Decatur, IL Edwardsville, IL Glen Ellyn, IL Joliet, IL Malta, IL Normal, IL Peoria, IL Schaumburg, IL Springfield, IL University Park, IL INDIANA Bloomington, IN Columbus, IN Evansville, IN Fort Wayne, IN Gary, IN Indianapolis, IN Kokomo, IN Lafayette, IN Lawrenceburg, IN Madison, IN Muncie, IN New Albany, IN Richmond, IN Sellersburg, IN South Bend, IN Terre Haute, IN

IOWA Ames, IA Cedar Rapids, IA Iowa City, IA Ottumwa, IA Sioux City, IA Waterloo, IA

KANSAS Kansas City, KS Lawrence, KS Manhattan, KS Wichita, KS

KENTUCKY Ashland, KY Bowling Green, KY Erlanger, KY Highland Heights, KY Louisville, KY Morehead, KY LOUISIANA Bossier City, LA Lafayette, LA Monroe, LA Natchitoches, LA New Orleans, LA Shreveport, LA Thibodaux, LA

MARYLAND Arnold, MD Bel Air, MD College Park, MD Frederick, MD Hagerstown, MD La Plata, MD Westminster, MD Woodlawn, MD Wye Mills, MD MASSACHUSETTS Boston, MA Bridgewater, MA Danvers, MA Haverhill, MA Holyoke, MA Shrewsbury, MA MICHIGAN Ann Arbor, MI Big Rapids, MI Chesterfield, MI Dearborn, MI Dowagiac, MI East Lansing, MI Flint, MI Grand Rapids, MI Kalamazoo, MI Lansing, MI Livonia, MI Mount Pleasant, MI Sault Ste. Marie, M Troy, MI University Center, MI Warren, MI

MINNESOTA Alexandria, MN Brooklyn Park, MN Duluth, MN Eden Prairie, MN Granite Falls, MN Mankato, MN

MISSISSIPPI Goodman, MS Jackson, MS Mississippi State, MS Raymond, MS University, MS MISSOURI Berkley, MO Cape Girardeau, MO Columbia, MO Cottleville, MO Joplin, MO Kansas City, MO Kirksville, MO Park Hills, MO Poplar Bluff, MO Rolla, MO Sedalia, MO Springfield, MO St. Joseph, MO St. Louis, MO Warrensburg, MO MONTANA Bozeman, MT Missoula, MT

NEBRASKA Lincoln, NE North Platte, NE Omaha, NE

NEVADA Henderson, NV Las Vegas, NV North Las Vegas, NV Winnemucca, NV NEW JERSEY Branchburg, NJ Cherry Hill, NJ Lincroft, NJ Sewell, NJ Toms River, NJ West Windsor, NJ

NEW MEXICO Albuquerque, NM Clovis, NM Farmington, NM Portales, NM Santa Fe, NM

NEW YORK Alfred, NY Brooklyn, NY Buffalo, NY Garden City, NY New York, NY Rochester, NY Syracuse, NY NORTH CAROLINA Apex, NC Asheville, NC Boone, NC Charlotte, NC China Grove, NC Durham, NC Fayetteville, NC Greenville, NC Jamestown, NC Misenheimer, NC Mount Airy, NC Pembroke, NC Raleigh, NC Wilmington, NC NORTH DAKOTA Bismarck, ND

OHIO Akron, OH Cincinnati, OH Cleveland, OH Columbus, OH Fairfield, OH Findlay, OH Kirtland, OH Lima, OH Maumee, OH Newark, OH North Royalton, OH Rio Grande, OH Toledo, OH Warren, OH Youngstown, OH OKLAHOMA Altus, OK Bethany, OK Edmond, OK Norman, OK Oklahoma City, OK Tonkawa, OK Tulsa, OK

OREGON Bend, OR Coos Bay, OR Eugene, OR Gresham, OR Klamath Falls, OR Medford, OR Oregon City, OR Portland, OR White City, OR PENNSYLVANIA Bloomsburg, PA Blue Bell, PA Gettysburg, PA Harrisburg, PA Lancaster, PA Newtown, PA Philadelphia, PA Pittsburgh, PA Wilkes-Barre, PA York, PA SOUTH CAROLINA Beaufort, SC Charleston, SC Columbia, SC Conway, SC Graniteville, SC Greenville, SC Greenwood, SC Orangeburg, SC Rock Hill, SC Spartanburg, SC TENNESSEE Blountville, TN Clarksville, TN Collegedale, TN Gallatin, TN Johnson City, TN Knoxville, TN Memphis, TN Morristown, TN Murfreesboro, TN Nashville, TN

TEXAS Abilene, TX Arlington, TX Austin, TX Beaumont, TX Brownsville, TX Commerce, TX Corpus Christi, TX Dallas, TX Denison, TX El Paso, TX Houston, TX Huntsville, TX Laredo, TX Lubbock, TX Lufkin, TX Mesquite, TX San Antonio, TX Victoria, TX Waxahachie, TX Weatherford, TX Wichita Falls, TX

UTAH Cedar City, UT Kaysville, UT Logan, UT Ogden, UT Orem, UT Salt Lake City, UT VIRGINIA Daleville, VA Fredericksburg, VA Lynchburg, VA Manassas, VA Norfolk, VA Roanoke, VA Salem, VA Staunton, VA Suffolk, VA Virginia Beach, VA Wytheville, VA WASHINGTON Auburn, WA Bellingham, WA Bremerton, WA Ellensburg, WA Ephrata, WA Olympia, WA Pasco, WA Rockingham, WA Seattle, WA Shoreline, WA Spokane, WA WEST VIRGINIA Ona, WV

WISCONSIN La Crosse, WI Milwaukee, WI Mukwonago, WI WYOMING Casper, WY Laramie, WY Torrington, WY CANADA ALBERTA Calgary, AB Edmonton, AB Fort McMurray, AB Lethbridge, AB Lloydminster, AB Olds, AB Red Deer, AB

BRITISH COLUMBIA Abbotsford, BC Burnaby, BC Castlegar, BC Delta, BC Kamloops, BC Nanaimo, BC Prince George, BC Richmond, BC Surrey, BC Vancouver, BC Victoria, BC

CELEBRATING 60 YEARS

MANITOBA Brandon, MB Winnipeg, MB NEW BRUNSWICK Bathurst, NB Moncton, NB

NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR St. John’s, NL

NOVA SCOTIA Halifax, NS

ONTARIO Brockville, ON Hamilton, ON London, ON Milton, ON Mississauga, ON Niagara-on-the-Lake, ON North Bay, ON North York, ON Ottawa, ON Toronto, ON Welland, ON Windsor, ON

QUEBEC Côte Saint-Luc, QB Montreal, QB

SASKATCHEWAN Melfort, SK Moose Jaw, SK Nipawin, SK Prince Albert, SK Saskatoon, SK

YUKON TERRITORY Whitehorse, YU

UNITED KINGDOM Elgin, UK

GHAZNI Kingdom of Bahrain, GHA Thomasville, GHA

EGYPT Cairo, EG

JORDAN Amman, JOR

NEW ZEALAND Taradale, NZ