The Indian Trader Newspaper – May 2020 Issue – Celebrating 51 Years!

51 Years And Still Going Strong!

Volume 51, Number 5 / May 2020

Indian Trader News

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Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Bald Eagles (and their feathers) are highly reveredCassidy and considered withinofAmerican Indian Hopalong inspired asacred generation kids – much liketraditions, the one in culture and religion. They represent honesty, truth, majesty, strength, courage, power and freedom. this photo (Publisher Clay South - photowisdom, taken just a few years ago!)

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

May 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Collector’s Corner: Absentee “Max Bids” – What You Don’t Know Could Cost You ������������������������������������ 4 The Richardsons: Five Generations of Navajo Traders ................................................5 The Marias Massacre ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................6

The Indian Trader (928) 273-2933 Email: indiantrader68@gmail.com Mail: PO Box 518, Cottonwood, AZ 86326 www.IndianTraderNews.com www.facebook.com/theindiantradernews/

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Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8

Railroads Helped Open the West ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 7

Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10

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A Story of a Skinwalker ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 9

Business ............................................................................................15-17 COVID-19Directory vs. Native Cleansing & Healing Rituals – Is There a Solution Here? ������������������������������������ 10

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Order Form for Classified Ads ................................................................................18

The Hopi Girls Ceremonial Hairstyle ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19

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THE INDIAN TRADER May 2020

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May2015 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER November

4 Page 12 continued from Corner page 11 Collector’s

Absentee “Max Bids” – What You Don’t Know Could Cost You

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing.

This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native American, western fine art and ethnographic art, but with some 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious

By Jim and Bobbi collectors.

EvenJeen theOlson very famous decorators and interior designers attend the show, seeking just the right touch to create The earliest bid should win!

A max bid left before the auction starts the “perfect” southwest or native motif for their clients. should have preference!

The absentee bidder thinks, “I put my bid in first, I This year, as in the past, the show also drew representatives shouldmany win atofthat or below!” Weand agree with you—but from the amount major international domestic clothingwhat if…

Auctions have been for about 2,000 & years.

During and jewelry designers andaround their buyers.

Cowboys Indians hadsaid time, a lot of laws andfor standards of practices have been tested and re-tested. Today, there something everybody. is a long precedence of law andadmission standardscustomers auctioneers Proceeds from thecontract show’s general thisadhere to.

Online auctions have been around since the year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA1990s.

Arts ofDuring New this time, it has become increasingly convenient biddersHall to leave max bids at their leiMexico, University of New Mexico’sfor Popejoy SchoolTime sure and theAlbuquerque platform bidMuseum’s on their behalf.

Leaving a max bid ahead of time Series andlet The Magic Bus Program. works out to the buyers advantage most of the time if an item sells for what they bid or less. But once in a while, in a live auction format, the item will sell pagebid14left before the aucto someone else for the same amount ascontinued someone’sonmax

Original Native American Art & Jewelry Pendleton Robes and Shawls Native American Music Flutes • Pottery Rugs • Native American Church supplies Carvings • Native Bookstore Enamel and Cast Iron Ware On the corner of Nizhoni and Highway 602 in Gallup POB 636 • Gallup, NM 87305

505-863-4434 www.etanner.com Where you can always pawn for cash, and make a great deal

tion. Wait! How can that happen if I bid first!?

The simple answer given is that it wasn’t your turn to bid. For example, if a max bid is left at $500, but you are currently winning the bid at $475, and the auctioneer is now asking for $500 from another bidder (often not knowing the amount of the max bid you left). Then another bidder bids $500. It wasn’t your turn, and you don’t bid against yourself in a live auction. Some don’t agree with how this is handled. So this rare occurrence is the subject we address today.

First off, it is important to understand the differences in the types of auction formats.

There are online onlyTerri auctions (eBay and auctions auctionsMac, are Schurmeier her sonand withtimed her grandson, examples). This format usesCEO no auctioneer and ofthethecomputer software future and Chairman Cowboys & Indianshandles empire. bids. Then there are live auctions (an auction with an auctioneer, a live crowd and any one, or possibly several, internet platform(s). (There are other formats like silent auctions but here we will address the online only and live simulcast variants.)

In an online only auction (no auctioneer), the lot(s) are open for a specific time (usually from 3 to 14 days). There is a specific starting and ending

THE INDIAN TRADER May 2020 time designated. It’s a race against the clock to see who has the highest bid when the time expires. Preference is given to the first bidder in this format.

Meaning the computer will keep the first highest max bidder as the winner until his bid is exceeded. Example; if a max bid of $500 is left and someone subsequently places another bid of $500, the computer will not accept the second bid, it will put the first bidder in at $500, and tell the second bidder they have been outbid and need to bid again. In this scenario, no acceptance of the second bidder’s offer was ever acknowledged by the computer system.

Therefore, no agreement to purchase at that price was created between the potential bidder and the seller because the bid was automatically rejected in favor of the first bidder.

In a live auction with an auctioneer (which can also be simulcast online with today’s technology), it is different. In this format, a lot is open for bidding when the auctioneer announces it open and closes when he deems the highest bid has been achieved and he says SOLD or drops the gavel (this whole process takes about 30 seconds to one minute on average). In this type of auction, a bid is accepted when the auctioneer acknowledges it. He is the conductor. Once acknowledged, an agreement is created between the auctioneer (as the seller’s representative) and the bidder (buyer). But wait! It’s been online for 2 weeks!

As a matter of convenience to bidders, most live auctions today make pre-bidding available online. With regards to max bids left absentee (online or otherwise) before an auction starts, we must remember that they are offers to bid up to a certain amount on behalf of a bidder, the same as if that bidder was there in person, bidding against the other bidders.

A comment received was, “unless an auctioneer is going to observe an absentee bid up to and INCLUDING the max dollar amount, then, quite frankly, there’s no use submitting max bids.” Hmmm… I think some confuse the timed auction format with the live bidding format.

Think of it this way. In the live bidding format, pre-bidding is made available as a convenience for bidders who find it otherwise difficult to attend the live auction (when the lots are actually open for bidding with an auctioneer acting as the conductor). The ability to leave an absentee max bid ahead of time on a platform is the same thing as if a bidder sent someone to the auction on his behalf to bid up to a certain amount for them on an item.

If we give the absentee bidder preference for being first to bid (when they are actually just taking advantage of a convenience), then in order to play fair with all other parties, do we need to change how we deal other bidders? Does the phone bidder call in a week ahead of time and say, I am going to bid up to $500 on this particular lot next week, I just wanted to let you know ahead of time so I get priority up to and including that amount. Do the folks who plan to attend and bid live come by a week before and give the auctioneer a list of items they plan to bid on and the amount they will go up to in order to get priority up to and including their max bid amount? This would seem only fair.

Do auctioneers need this list of people who stopped by and the date which they did in order to claim their priority up to and including a certain amount, and then also look at the back end of the online software on each internet platform to see the time and date stamp of absentee bids left on the various online platforms? This way, when he gets to a certain number, he can make sure the first person who made the intent known to him last week gets the bid. Hmmm… If this is the case, why not just have a timed auction and let the computer figure all that out.

Conversely, something often heard from the live crowd is, “I am here in person, I made the effort to be here. I should get preference over the online person.” They also want preferential treatment! Everyone wants things their way! But auctioneers understand it is not always feasible for the absentee bidder to attend. Therefore, they make pre-bidding available online, by phone or email as a convenience to potential bidders. But does it deserve priority? Do those who show up deserve priority? When you understand the difference in the formats, neither deserve preference at the live auction, all bidders start off

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together once the auctioneer opens the lot for bidding.

Alas! There is, however, another way max bids can be handled. If we want our max bid to be the starting point of the live auction, then that is a different story. If a bidder desires their max bid to automatically be the new high bid, let the auction house know. Most will accommodate you. But generally bidders do not want this. They want to pay as little as necessary to win the item. If you want the auctioneer to start with your max bid, so be it. But you will probably pay more overall for the items you win.

So if you want your max bid left during pre-bidding to be an offer to pay up to that amount during live bidding, and you want to get it for as little as it takes to outbid the underbidder, remember the platform is standing in on your behalf just like you were there bidding in real time and that is a convenience for you. Not a way to gain priority before the auction starts. Most of the time, max bids will work to your advantage, but also be prepared to miss out on an item once in a while due to the way the bidding falls during the live bidding.

If there is a particular item you want badly, leave a higher max bid, or tell the auctioneer to jump the bidding to your max bid amount automatically.

In the long run however, you will save money on items won by using your max bid as an offer to go up to a certain amount and not as a starting point.

Most auctioneers are fair and try to acknowledge the first person (whether online or in person) who bids the amount they are asking for. But also remember that in live/simulcast auctions you do not raise your own bid and the option of leaving max bids ahead of time is for convenience. It is the bidder’s responsibility to understand how max bids are handled. If they don’t agree with it, they can always bid live. This can usually be done in person or by using the live online bidding option (watching it in real time on your device).

In our experience, there is generally one happy person (the winning bidder), and others not so happy (anyone else who didn’t win). But as long as auctioneers are consistent with their practices and follow basic contact law and standards of practice, it’s all you can ask for.

Please keep in mind, auctions are fun! Learn the nuances and use them to the best of your advantage! And good luck bidding!

May 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Marias Massacre Though receiving little attention in history, the Marias Massacre of January 1870 has been described as the greatest slaughter of Indians ever made by U.S. Troops. Declaring he did not care whether or not it was the rebellious band of Indians he had been searching for, Major Eugene Baker ordered his men to attack a sleeping camp of peaceful Piegan Blackfoot along the Marius River in northern Montana. In the aftermath of the attack, a hasty count by Baker’s men showed 173 dead (mostly women and children) with 140 women and children captured, while only one Calvary man died, after falling off his horse and breaking his leg.

The Marias Massacre occurred in the midst of the massive white American westward expansion.

Relations between the Blackfeet and whites had been hostile for years. The events leading up to the massacre involved a young Piegan Blackfoot named “Owl Child”, who in 1867 stole some horses from Malcolm Clarke, a white trader, as payment for his own horses, whose loss he blamed on Clarke. Clarke and his son tracked Owl Child down and brutally whipped him in front of a group of Blackfeet. In retribution, on August 17, 1869, Owl Child and a few other Piegan warriors shot and killed Clarke, and seriously wounded his son at their home near Helena, and then fled north to join a band of rebellious Blackfeet under the leadership of Mountain Chief.

Outraged and frightened, Montanans demanded that Owl Child and his followers be punished. The United States Army demanded of the Blackfeet, that Owl Child be killed and his body delivered within two weeks. When the two week deadline had passed with no sign of Owl Child, General Philip Sheri-

Due to the recent COVID-19 situation we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip. Thank you.

May 16 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 August 15-16 SANTA FE INDIAN MARKET Postponed until 2021 Do you have an Event or Show coming up?

Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

Lt. Colonel Eugene M. Baker (ninth from left) and group of army officers at Fort Ellis, Montana Territory 1871.

The only known photograph of JohnEugene Peters Ringo probably Baker’s soldiers began blindly firing into dan sent out a band of Calvary led by Major taken circa 1880.

Baker to track down and punish the offending party. the village, catching the peaceful Indians utterly

Sheridan’s order; “If the lives and property of the citizens of Montana can best be protected by striking Mountain Chiefs band, I want them struck. Tell Baker to strike them hard.”

Sheridan’s plan was a dawn attack on a village in heavy snow, when most of the Indians would be sleeping or huddling inside to keep warm (a strategy he had employed before, when George Custer attacked Black Kettles band of Cheyenne in the battle of Washita River).

Strengthening his Calvary units with two infantry groups from Fort Shaw near Great Falls, Baker led his troops out of Fort Ellis (near present day Bozeman, Montana) into subzero winter weather and headed north in search of Mountain Chiefs band. Soldiers later reported that Baker drank a great deal throughout the march. On January 22, Baker discovered an Indian village along the Marias River, and, postponing his attack until the following morning, spent the evening drinking heavily.

At daybreak of the morning of January 23, 1870, Baker ordered his men to surround the camp in preparation for attack. As the darkness faded, Baker’s scout, Joe Kipp, recognized that the painted designs on the buffalo skins were those of a peaceful band of Blackfeet led by Heavy Runner. Mountain Chief and Owl Child, Kipp quickly realized, must’ve gotten wind of the approaching soldiers and moved their winter camp elsewhere. Kipp rushed to tell Baker that they had the wrong Indians, but Baker replied, “That makes no difference, one band or another; they are all Piegans and we will attack them.” Baker then ordered a Sergeant to shoot Kipp if he tried to warn the sleeping Blackfeet, and later gave the command to attack.

unaware and defenseless. Heavy Runner himself was killed as he left his lodge with his gift of an American flag that was given to him as a promise for his camp’s safety. Knocking down lodges with frightened survivors inside, the soldiers set them on fire, burnt some of the Blackfeet alive, and then burned the band’s meager supplies of food for the winter. By the time the brutal attack was over, Baker and his men had, by the best estimate, murdered 37 men, 90 women and 50 children.

The troops initially captured about 140 women and children as prisoners to take back to Fort Ellis, but when Baker discovered many were ill with smallpox, he abandoned them to face the deadly winter without food or shelter.

When word of the massacre reached the East, many Americans were outraged. One angry congressman denounced Baker, saying “civilization shutters at horrors like this.” Baker’s superiors, however, supported his actions, as did the people of Montana, with one journalist calling Baker’s critics, namby-pamby, sniffling sentimentalist.”

General Sheridan expressed his confidence in Baker’s leadership, and managed to prevent an official investigation into the incident. Conflict between the settlers and Black Feet declined after this incident. The Blackfeet nation, already badly weakened by smallpox, did not have the numbers to attack this late in the Indian wars to respond.

The public outrage over the massacre did derail the growing movement to transfer control of Indian affairs from the Department of Interior and the War department – – President Ulysses S. Grant decreed that henceforth all Indian agents would be civilians rather than soldiers.

THE INDIAN TRADER May 2020

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s d a o r Rail e h t n e p O d Helpe

West

Perhaps the most significant factor in the settlement of the American West was the construction of the railroad, bridging the continent and connecting the cities of the East with California and the Pacific.

For years, efforts had been made to arouse Congress to the need of a transcontinental railroad. Some short railroads had been built in the West prior to the Civil War, but a transcontinental railroad was an enormous project required the government’s cooperation and financing.

Theodore Judah was the man who almost single-handedly pushed the Pacific Railroad act through Congress. He had unsuccessfully tried to get the legislation through several sessions. When the Civil War broke out lawmakers saw the need for such an enterprise, and on July 1, 1862, President Lincoln signed the act.

The legislation provided for the building and operating of a railway between Sacramento and the Missouri River. Two companies were given the contracts, the grants, and the financing for its construction; the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific.

Beginning in 1864, the two companies were to build simultaneously, Central starting from the west, Union from the east. For each mile built the railroad would get a loan for $16,000-$48,000, depending on the difficulty of construction in the specific area, and a grant of 10 alternate sections of land on both sides of the railway.

To augment the labor supplied, the Union Pacific brought west many Irishmen from New York as well as from Ireland. The Central Pacific found it easier to use Chinese laborers imported from China by way of San Francisco.

Workers from both companies faced enormous challenges and dangers.

Imposing mountains and bad weather were just a few of the obstacles they met and overcame. During the course of construction across Indian lands there was some trouble, most notably with the Sioux. Many of the Union Pacific men were ex-soldiers, and were supplied with firearms. There were many raids and fights, but they were more like harassment than actual battles. continued on page 8

Above: The painting depicts the ceremony of the driving of the “Last Spike” at Promontory Summit, UT, on May 10, 1869, joining the rails of the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad. Below: Indian viewing railroad from top of Palisades.

435 miles from Sacramento.

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May 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

continued from page 7 The competition was keen, ruthless and wasteful since no meeting point had been established; the company’s building after they had reached a point where they could have joined. Many miles of parallel track were built until the meeting point was agreed upon at Promontory Point near Ogden, Utah. This is where the famous last spike was driven on May 10, 1869, connecting the tracks of the Union Pacific with the Central Pacific - completing the first transcontinental railroad.

At the time it was considered the world’s greatest engineering feat. Soon federal subsidies were provided to three other transcontinental railroads, the Northern Pacific, the Southern Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe. These were completed by the 1880s. A total of 174 million acres of public lands, representing an area larger than New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and all of New England, was granted to the railroads.

A fifth transcontinental, the Great Northern was refused government subsidies, but promoter James Hill managed to construct a line by 1893. By that time, numerous connecting lines had also been built.

As the west was crisscrossed by railroad tracks, buffalo The ceremony for the driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit. At center left, Samuel S. Montague, migration was interrupted, greatly aiding in the annihilation Central Pacific Railroad, shakes hands with Grenville M. Dodge, Union Pacific Railroad (center right). of the bison and changing the Plains Indians way of life forever. Although a boom of some outlaws early on, the railroads also made it easier for lawmen to catch up to them as well as to other bandits, trafficked throughout the west was revolutionized, and mail was delivered with rustlers and murderers. In short, the railroads greatly contributed to the “civi- far more frequency than ever before. lizing” of the west.

There was a sort of “national” or “foreign” colony character to the mass The railroads instituted a nationwide campaign to promote emigration emigration. Scandinavians would settle in one area – – notably Minnesota, to the territory. Population, with its commerce and industry is the lifeblood of Germans in another – – notably Wisconsin, and so on. There was hardly a any railroad, the companies also had large tracts of real estate to sell or develop European country that did not have a “colony” somewhere in the west. In time, and one thing helped the other – – the more land sales, the more traffic, the all the Europeans became assimilated as Americans, but many of the traditions more land was worth. The company used all sorts of promotions and induce- and folk ways of the mother country lived on. ments, not only in the East and the Midwest, but in Europe as well. There were Without doubt, railroads played a major role in the conquest of the west. special “emigrant” trains featuring fantastically low fares.

By drastically improving transportation and communication, the “iron horse” Where rail lines went, towns flourished. If the tracks missed a commu- allowed Americans to impose a new level of settlement, business and industry, nity, the town either moved or died. Farmers complained about exorbitant and law & order across the vast western landscape. rates, but freight transportation invigorated the Western economy. Passenger

Original drawing of men hunting buffalo from the back of a train. Unknown artist.

THE INDIAN TRADER May 2020

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A Story of a Skinwalker One night a young woman was driving to Crownpoint from Kayenta real late, way after midnight. She was going over Narbona pass. She knew that place had a reputation about evil things, but she wanted to get home.

To save time, she had decided to drive straight through instead of staying overnight with friends in Tsaile. Near the campground just below the summit, she needed to stretch and since there were no cars on the road she stopped.

When she got back into her car, she noticed a pair of headlights approaching. She quickly locked the doors. She waited for the car to pass so she could pull back onto the highway, but the car stopped behind her and rolled up close. She got scared and put her car in gear and began to pull back onto the road. That’s when the car behind her suddenly lowered its headlights, causing her to glance up into the rearview mirror.

What she saw nearly made her faint.

The driver in the car behind her looked like a bear! She saw the pointy ears clearly. She went blank with terror, but for just a moment. Then she snapped, spun her tires and fishtailed back onto the road.

THE CHASE CONTINUES The car followed right behind her, almost touching her rear bumper. In no time, she was over the summit. Then she started down the east side, where the road drops 4000 feet in 12 miles.

At the first curve she noticed the car was trying to pull alongside her. She realized it could force her off the road if she let it, so she floored the gas pedal and the race began. Her old car roared and the speedometer climbed to over 90 mph, but the other car kept up. Stopping was out of the question. She knew that the driver of the other car meant to kill her, that even to look at the other car would mean certain death, so she kept her eyes glued to the road.

She made it to the trading post at the foot of the mountain but it was closed, so she pulled back onto the highway and headed south. Over the next 20 miles, the two cars reach speeds in excess of 100 mph and a couple of times she almost lost control. Several times she nearly lost consciousness but she began praying, that kept her awake and alert. She finally reached the all-night gas station at Tohatchi. She pulled into the parking lot and notice that the other car was no longer behind her she stayed there until daybreak

and then went directly to a friend’s house. This friend was a medicine man and she told him what happened.

WHY SHE SURVIVED He told her that she had been meant to die that night, but she had survived because she fought back. The skinwalker had been hired by the people her family had been having a land dispute with for years.

She had been targeted because she had been the one writing letters and doing research to back up her family’s case. Her friend conducted a ceremony for protection and she was able to go home.

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COVID-19 vs. Native Cleansing & Healing Rituals

Is There a Solution Here?

By Tom Surface

For centuries, Native Americans have, and still do, perform spiritual and physical cleansing and healing rituals and ceremonies. In times past, tribal elders were trained or apprenticed in various healing arts. These people were known as herbalists, healers, medicine men, and spirit communicators.

Even today, many of these rituals and ceremonies are still practiced, and bring about positive results.

Various tribal healing practices and spiritual ceremonies very often include the use or burning of cedar, sage and sweetgrass. For instance, sage is used in sweat lodge ceremonies by the Lakota tribe where sage is sprinkled over hot stones during sweat lodge ceremonies The Ojibwe people burn sage, along with cedar, sweetgrass, and bearberry, ceremonially in pipes. The Ojibwe would burn sage and other herbs for prayers, weddings, naming ceremonies, and vision quests.

On a recent trip to the Hopi and Navajo Reservations, I met with a Hopi tribal elder to talk about traditional healing and cleansing practiced today. According to the elder, “I grew up with these remedies and still use them.” He told me a common cure used for stomach and internal disorders is the steam from a potion of boiled cedar. “This serves as a detergent to cleanse your digestive system, and it works,” he confirmed.

My friend also told me that several years ago he fell prey to Bell’s Palsy, an ailment that paralyzes facial muscles. “I went to our tribal medicine man who had me wash my face in a boiled cedar solution while massaging the muscles and breathing in the steam. I did this several times a day for about four days or so. It worked and the Bell’s Palsy went away.”

Many Native Americans who practice traditional cures use raw sap gathered from the cedar tree as a “drawing salve” to cure infections, and heal cuts and wounds. “The cedar drawing salve sucks out the infection and cleans the cut,” he stated. In fact, Cedar Sap is commercially sold in many drug stores and is available online.

My friend on the Navajo Reservation, with knowledge of traditional remedies, discussed a myriad of ailments and cures from natural plants, minerals and animals, all growing wild on the Navajo Nation. My Navajo friend said they often mix certain plants and minerals into teas or potions. To relieve headaches, coughs and fever, they sometimes use desert thistle, white horehound, or snakeweed. He fixes a brew of antelope sage or Indian paintbrush to settle an upset stomach and digestive problems. He went on to say other traditional medicines including yucca, blue corn, green brier, yellowtop, sage and sagebrush, and other local plants are used as general tonics, antiseptics and skin treatments.

The Hopi, along with many Native Americans, also practice the ceremony called “The Sacred Smoke Bowl Blessing,” also known as Smudging. This ritual removes bad feelings and evil spirits and cleanses both mind and body. Practiced for thousands of years, this powerful cleansing technique removes negative energies by sending them up in smoke to the Great Spirit. Smudging cleanses your spirit, mind, and body. It is also used to cleanse a house, building, sleeping quarters, pets, vehicle, work place, or another person. Although best known by use with Native American tribes, other cultures have incorporated this practice for many years. The Celtic druids used sage along with oak moss, not only for burning and clearing, but also for medicinal purposes.

According to Native American spiritual advisor Cherokee Billie, cedar is used for cleansing. Sage removes negativity and promotes healing and sweetgrass attracts positive energy.

Over the years, I have visited many Hopi homes where a similar ritual is performed. There is a pan on the stove with simmering cedar or sage that produces steam that family and visitors walk thru to remove evil, bad thoughts, or feelings. They also simmer cedar branches and breathe in the steam to cleanse mind and body after a burial.

My Hopi and Navajo friends are in agreement with what Cherokee Billie believes; “You will be amazed at what starts changing in your life, along with the mind and body healing that can take place!”

From www.cherokeebilliespiritualadvisor.com

May 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER May 2020

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May 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

Deadwood, South Dakota

As early as the 1830s, Indian stories about gold brought prospectors to South Dakota’s Black Hills. The Sioux, however, considered the region holy ground and small groups of prospectors were in constant danger of attack.

But 1868, the Black Hills area was ceded by treaty to the Sioux, barring white settlement permanently. Six years later, General George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry arrived to locate a site for a fort, and two men accompanying the expedition discovered “gold in paying quantities.” Prospectors immediately swarmed into the area, triggering a war that would end with the final subjugation of the Sioux.

In August of 1875, seven prospectors set up a camp on Deadwood Creek near the future site of Deadwood but moved their camp a few days later after coming up empty. In November, prospector Frank Bryant returned and found gold just east of the log cabin his party had built a few months earlier. When news of the strike spread, thousands of claims were staked out along Whitewood, Deadwood, Gold Run, Blacktail and other area creeks.

A tent city quickly went up along Deadwood Gulch. The first building to go up was V.C. Gardner’s grocery store. Throughout 1876, one structure after another was erected on the floor of the narrow gulch. Eventually, there were more saloons and dance halls than stores. By the time the Grand Central Hotel was finished, a telegraph line had been strung to the outside world and upward of 20,000 men surged into the area.

THE INDIAN TRADER May 2020

Page 13

Photo, facing page, top: Deadwood, South Dakota, circa 1900 by Detroit Photographic Company. Facing page, bottom: Wild Bill Hickok, undated photo. Above: Photograph shows “Calamity Jane”, full-length studio portrait, standing, facing slightly right, holding rifle with right hand. Circa 1895.

Prospectors panned for gold and ran sluice boxes along Deadwood Creek and other nearby streams. The muddy main street was filled with men and horses, mule and ox-drawn wagons and huge piles of lumber for the frenzy of construction projects. The Chinese laundries, restaurants and import shops in the lower end of the gulch soon came to be known as Chinatown.

Wild Bill Hickok was the most famous of a stream of frontier notables who gravitated to the West’s newest boom towns. Wild Bill and two friends set up a tent, the most common accommodation, and Hickok was soon invited to make Number 10 Saloon his gambling continued on page 14

Page 14 continued from page 13

May 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER

murdered Wild Bill Hickok. The killer, who owed Hickok $110 and who may have been hired to headquarters. Wyatt and Morgan Earp turned up, assassinate the famous gunfighter, caught Wild as did Calamity Jane and a young Texas cowboy Bill off guard, seated with his back to the room. named Sam Bass.

After blasting Wild Bill with the only good Bass and Joel Collins drove a cattle herd to cartridge in his .45 (all other rounds proved Deadwood, operated a freight line and a saloon defective), McCall was captured, tried and for a time, and then went broke on a mining acquitted. But no legal system existed in Deadwood venture. The two men thereupon enlisted several and McCall was retried before the federal court eager desperadoes and systematically robbed seven in Yankton. Convicted and sentenced to hang on stagecoaches before leaving the Black Hills to March 1, 1877, McCall was asked, “Why didn’t continue their criminal activities in Texas. you go around in front of Wild Bill and shoot In addition to robberies and claim-jumping, him like a man?” McCall frankly replied, “I didn’t there were numerous shootouts. In one such want to commit suicide.” episode, Turkey Creek, Jack Johnson quarreled A devastating fire scourged Deadwood in with his two mining partners in a Deadwood 1879, and there was a roaring flood four years later. saloon. The three men marched out to the But the enormous Homestake Mine (the largest cemetery, followed by a large crowd of spectators. gold mine in the Western Hemisphere), along At a considerable distance, the two partners with other mines, continued rich production, and opened fire and grazed Johnson, who coolly shot “Wild Bill’s Monument.” James B. Hickoc [i.e. Deadwood was rebuilt again and again. them dead. Johnson paid for the burials, but the Hickok], alias “Wild Bill,” at Deadwood, S.D., The town remained lively for years. In 1897, graves had to be blasted out of the frozen ground August 2, 1876. for example, Wild Bunch outlaw Harvey Logan with dynamite. and two accomplices escaped from the Deadwood Deadwood’s first newspaper, the Black Hills Pioneer, ran the jail, and on June 12 of that year, the last legal hanging in South Dakota following editorial on July 13, 1878: “Anyone who has been here for a took the life of Isadore Cavanaugh, convicted of murdering a woman space of a week and has witnessed the shootings , robbing and brawls that with a meat cleaver. enliven our nights and interrupt our days must realize that it is high time Today, tourists can visit Deadwood’s historic sites—including the that some form of recognized law be established in Deadwood City.” graves of Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane—or they may indulge A couple of weeks later, one of the most infamous shootings in their sporting instincts at one of the town’s gambling establishments.

Western history occurred in the Number 10 Saloon, when Jack McCall

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Page 17

The Hopi Girls Ceremonial Hairstyle Very rarely today, but always in the past when a young Hopi woman passed the years of puberty and came to a marriageable age, she wore her hair in a special way. Above her ears, two large, parallel whorls or buns were formed from her long tresses.

It was tedious to arrange the hair this way, but it stays in place for a long time.

In order to qualify to have her hair arranged in the large buns or squash blossoms, a girl had to go through a rite of grinding corn in a darkened room for four days. Some say that this was to prove she was skilled in household affairs and ready for marriage, but the origins of this may be more complex. There is certainly a bond between the young maidens and the corn goddess of the Pueblo people, as Dr. J. W. Fewkes pointed out in 1895.

He said the squash blossom symbolized more than just flowers; they represented “the potential power of fortification,” which in the language of the 1890s meant a fertility symbol. In the ancient rites, and extending today to the Kachina – mana or female kachina figures in the Niman Kachina dance, the fertility figure of the corn maiden has been represented with these whorls of hair. Even though, in the Niman Kachina dance figures are female, they are danced by male members of the Hemis clan. The figures of the corn goddess on pottery that dates to ancient times are shown with large clumps or roles of hair that the marriageable maidens adopted. Pots from prehistoric Sikyatki ruins show women with squash blossom hair. The corn goddess is also associated with rain clouds, as are the Niman Kachina dancers.

The young woman who prepares for marriage by wearing the squash blossom coiffure also wears square earrings, traditionally about 2 inches across and made of bits of turquoise and cottonwood.

After a young woman had ground her corn ceremonially, she would go to her mother or a close female relative or friend to have her hair dressed in the squash blossoms. The process takes at least an hour, and was probably a time when a great deal of discussion of the village’s young men went on. After it was washed, the hair was parted in the center and the sides were brushed with a brush made from a handful of broom straws bound together with the ends flush and circular.

When the hair was well brushed, the hairdresser took a stick called a gnela, which was bent into a U-shaped. The width of the U was about 6 inches. Holding it so that the open ends faced her and using a piece of cord at times to secure the hair, the hairdresser wound the hair in and out around the sides of the U. As she worked, she turned the stick. At the end, the stick was removed and the section of hair between the squash blossom and the girls head was tightly wound with a cord, making a “stem” for the blossom. Sometimes oil pressed from squash seeds were used to stiffen the coils. Sideburns were cut off at cheek–bone level to finish off the hairstyle.

When a girl settled on one of her suitors to be her husband, she would

Hopi girl, half-length portrait, circa 1921.

take a gift of cornmeal to her prospective mother-in-law. She would stay with the woman for several days, grinding corn and proving that she was a worthy wife. In some villages, the mother-in-law was subjected to a mud fight (all in good spirits) by others in the family because she was letting their boy go. In some clans, the girl herself was pelted with mud when she came out of her future mother-in-law’s house; her squash blossoms were pulled down, and she was smeared with mud. Then the bride and groom would have their hair washed together in one bowl, a symbol of their unity.

She would go to the groom’s house and her mother would dress her hair in the two wrapped braids extending forward over her shoulders, the style that she would wear for the rest of her life, except when she was pregnant.

Then she wore her hair loose, always careful that there were no knots or snarls in it. They would, of course, parallel snarls in the development of her baby.

May2015 2020 THE INDIAN TRADER November

Page 18 18

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