The Indian Trader Newspaper – Celebrating 50 Years! – July 2019 Issue

50 Years And Still Going Strong!

Volume 50, Number 7 / July 2019

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Friends of Hubbell Auctions Make Scholarship Dreams A Reality See Page 5

Carvers Descend on the Heard Museum See Page 10

Navajo Treaty of 1868 Now Home on the Navajo Reservation See Page 17

Steven Tiffany

Blending Traditional Native American and Contemporary Southwest Designs See Page 8

Indian Trader Newspaper

A sampling of some of Steven Tiffany’s work.

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

July 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Friends of Hubbell Auctions Make Scholarship Dreams ATraders Reality ������������������������������������������������������������ The Richardsons: Five Generations of Navajo ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................66 More Bald Rocks Eagles Found Poisoned in Maryland Walking on Land – Maybe When�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Hell Freezes Over! ......................................86 Steven Tiffany – Blending Traditional Native American Contemporary Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 and Auction & ShowSouthwest Season Designs... �������������� ....................108

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THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019

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July 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019

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Friends of Hubbell Auctions Make Scholarship Dreams A Reality Proceeds from Semi-Annual Auctions Support Native American Students

By Tom Surface

An audience of several hundred active bidders recently turned out for the Friends of Hubbell (FOH) Trading Post’s Spring 2018 Native American Arts Auction of new and very collectable Native American artifacts. The semi-annual event, held at the Gallup Community Service Center in early May, featured some 370 lots of textiles, carvings, pottery, artworks, and jewelry creations by Native artists representing tribes throughout the American Southwest.

In years past, the auctions were held at the old Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site in Ganado, AZ. However, the team moved to its new Gallup, NM, location three years ago to better accommodate increased audience and artists participation. And this move has paid dividends for the organization.

“This auction is one of the best in recent years,” noted Bill Malone, a member of the FOH board of directors. “There was great audience participation and we had good sales and very fair prices.” But the real winners of the auctions are deserving Native American students who would be unable to pursue college studies without FOH financial support. In the FOH Spring Newsletter, Chairman Frank Kohler confirmed; “Our scholarships will continue in 2019 with awards upward of $25,000-$30,000 available to 10 Native American students.” Over the years, the FOH scholarship program has awarded close to $165,000 to Navajo and Hopi college students.

At the spring auction, a number of Native artisans were in attendance to help with the auction of their creations. Among them was noted Hopi carver Eddison Torivio Jr. who helped the auctioneers with the sale of several of his pieces. Also, renowned Navajo weaver Victoria John personally

A magnificent 3 panel Teec Nos Pos weaving by Betty Bahe measured 6’ X 9’ .

Auctioneer gaveled this beautiful piece “sold” at the Friends of Hubbell Spring Auction.

showcased her Two Grey Hills rug to bidders on the floor. Her intricate weaving sold for $1,765, and was a real bargain to the winning bidder.

A unique aspect of the FOH auctions is the opportunity of artists and buyers to directly negotiate post auction sales for items not sold during the auction. Once the item has gone through the auction and does not sell, the artists are free to negotiate with traders and buyers on a sale price.

The daylong spring auction also featured more than 15 Native vendors selling arts and crafts directly to guests throughout the preview hours and auction.

The Hubbell Trading Post in Ganado, AZ, has been a direct point of contact between cultures for more than 140 years. John Lorenzo Hubbell purchased the trading post in 1878; ten years after Navajos were allowed to return to their homeland from their forced exile at Bosque Redondo, Ft. Sumner, NM. During the four years spent at Bosque Redondo, Navajos were introduced to many new items. Traders like Hubbell supplied those items once they returned home.

Hubbell family members operated the trading post until it was sold to the National Park Service in 1967. The trading post is still active, and operated by the non-profit organization, Western National Parks Association, which maintains the trading traditions established by the Hubbell family.

Friends of Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, Inc. is a notfor-profit organization for charitable, religious, educational and scientific purposes. Its mission is to maintain, preserve and enhance the general public’s awareness of the cross-cultural heritage of the Southwest as represented in The Hubbell traditionally operated historic trading post. Friends of Hubbell aid and promote the management programs and objectives of the National Park Service at Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site and works to extend the Hubbell legacy by helping revitalize Native American arts and crafts, and provide scholarships for Native American college students.

The Friends of Hubbell Trading Post 2019 Fall Auction is scheduled for September 28, 2019, at the Gallup Community Service Center. For more information go to: www.friendsofhubbell.org.

July 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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More Bald Eagles Found Poisoned in Maryland

By Tom Surface

Due to possible website and show date changes, we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip.

Thank you.

July 12-14 2019 TAOS POW WOW Taos Pueblo Buffalo Grounds Taos Pueblo, New Mexico Info @ 575-758-1028

July 20 MUSEUM OF NORTHERN ARIZONA NAVAJO RUG AUCTION R.B. Burnham, Auctioneer Flagstaff, Arizona Info @ 928-774-5211 July 20 SMOKI MUSEUM CONSIGNMENT MARKET Prescott, Arizona Info @ 928-445-1230 July 20-21 26TH ANNUAL HOWARD COUNTY POW WOW West Friendship Fairgrounds West Friendship, Maryland Info @ 252-532-0821 or powwow@vance.net August 2-3 SANDBAR TRADING@THE GREAT SOUTHWEST ANTIQUE SHOW Lujan Building Albuquerque Fairgrounds Albuquerque, New Mexico Info @ 316-655-7477 August 2-4 GREAT SOUTHWESTERN ANTIQUE SHOW Lujan Center, Exhibition New Mexico Fairgrounds Albuquerque, New Mexico Info @ 505-255-4054 August 8-11 OBJECT OF ART IN THE RAILYARD El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ objectsofartshows.com

August 9-12 41ST WHITE HAWK INDIAN ART SHOW Santa Fe Community Center Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 505-988-9544

August 10-11 ALLARD AUCTIONS BEST OF SANTA FE Santa Fe Scottish Rite Temple-Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 888-314-0343 August 13-16 ANTIQUE AMERICAN INDIAN ART SHOW IN THE RAILYARD El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ objectsofartshows.com August 13-18 SANTA FE INDIAN MARKET Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 505-983-5220 August 14-18 R.B. BURNHAM NATIVE TREASURES SHOW El Dorado Pavilion Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 928-688-2777 August 15-18 WESTERN TRADING POST and SANDBAR TRADING at the Eldorado (Devargus Room) Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 520-426-7702 August 15-18 WESTERN TRADING POST at the Eldorado (Devargus Room) Santa Fe, New Mexico Info @ 520-426-7702 (Next auction in Casa Grande will be on September 7, 2019)

August 9-11 24th ANNUAL MIHSIHKINAAHKNA POW WOW Morsches Park, Columbia City, Indiana Info @ 260-486-8199 Pat Do you have an Event or Show coming up? Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

Editor’s Note: This is a follow-on story to an article that appeared in the May 2016 Indian Trader concerning the poisoning of 13 bald eagles found strewn throughout a field near Federalsburg on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in February 2016.

State and federal authorities in Maryland are investigating the poisoning of at least seven bald eagles and a great horned owl in the state’s eastern shore area this spring. This is the same area where 13 eagles were found poisoned in early 2016.

Authorities believe they were killed by carbofuran, a banned chemical used to kill farm pests such as foxes and raccoons that is highly toxic to birds. Investigators suspect that people are placing baits “spiked” with carbofuran, in fields and near animal dens. Carbofuran, also known as Furadan, is known to be particularly toxic to birds. In granular form, a single grain can kill a bird, according to a release on the State of Maryland website.

The release from the state added that the birds are probably not the target of the poisoning, but are rather unintended victims of the intentional poisoning of raccoons, foxes, and other so-called nuisance animals. In April of this year police were called to a farm in the area where three bald eagles showed signs of poisoning after feeding on the carcass of a red fox. One of the eagles died at the scene; the others were treated and are in stable condition, police said.

Maryland Natural Resources Police said the poisonings appear “to be a problem systemic to Maryland and specifically to the northern Delmarva Peninsula.”

So far, no one has come forward with any information on the poisonings or the “reckless” use of illegal toxins. “It is hard to believe that not one person has information of persons placing a toxic poison that has killed no fewer than twenty eagles in these areas,” noted Jay Pilgrim, agent in charge of the investigation.

The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act federally protects bald eagles. The law prohibits killing, wounding, trapping, disturbing or possessing any eagle and carries penalties up to a $250,000 fine or two years in prison. The federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act also protects both bald eagles, great horned owls, and hundreds of other bird species.

The Maryland Fish and Wildlife Agency is offering a reward of up to $10,000 for information that furthers the investigation.

From multiple sources

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019

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STRENGTH,

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July2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER November

8 Page 12

Steven Tiffany

5th Generation Arizonan & Southern Paiute Descendent Lives Among the Navajos

MAKING IT MY OWN When asked what sets his creations apart from the14 rest, his immediate continued on page one-word answer is “aesthetics.” He notes, “My works look old and modern

at the same time. Old and new style in the same piece – making each a unique one-of-a-kind creation with its own style and its own beauty.”

Steven readily cites three aspects that set his works apart in the market of Native American and Southwest style jewelry. He uses 18 karat gold or “coin silver”; creates unique designs that are both pleasing and comfortable to wear and; he “hand finishes” every piece.

He uses only 18 karat gold and “coin silver” when creating pieces. The materials and process are both time consuming and require the skill of a master artist. He explains, “I really take my time working with gold because of the process and added attention to detail it requires, but the beauty of the finished piece is unsurpassed.”

The style of jewelry Steven is best known for is inspired by the aesthetics of early Navajo, Pueblo, and Spanish Colonial metalsmiths. In their day, these smiths created jewelry using blacksmith techniques. Predating the regional availability of foundry silver, they often used money - silver coins - to make jewelry. The silversmith melted the metal, poured it into an ingot mold, and forged the ingot, with hammer andTerri anvil,Schurmeier to a usableand shape andwith size,her of sheet or wire. her son grandson, Mac, “Today, there arefuture very CEO few silversmiths who and Chairman of the Cowboys & Indians empire. still do their own foundry work. It is faster, easier, and cheaper, to utilize fabrication ready material,” he acknowledges.

“I exclusively use coin silver.

Quality hand craftsmanship, the way things used to be made, is what I strive to achieve with each piece I make,” he says. He adds, “Hand forged coin silver enhances the character of my jewelry and the technique is historically relevant. It is my belief that the jewelry I make, using coin ingot or gold, maintains its value.” Steven uses American coins, which are 90% silver and 10% alloy. The color and shine are nearly identical to sterling.

continued from page 11

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing.

This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national

By Tom Surfaceantique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor An heavily internationally recognized master leaning on early American artssilversmith, & crafts, goldsmith, Native and lapidaris, Steven works thatart, incorporate a natural American, westernTiffany fine artdesigns and ethnographic but with some blending of contemporary, Native American and Southwest 200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items for everyone – motifsthe in one-of-a-kind creations. from first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious With a lineage that combines Western pioneer with collectors. Even the very famous decorators and interior Shivwits Band of Southern Paiute, Steven has focused solely designers attend the show, seeking just the right touch to create on his jewelry business while living on the Navajo Reservation the “perfect” motifand for work their in clients. for more thansouthwest 11 years. or Butnative his study jewelry startThisearlier. year, asHe in the past, the show also drew representatives ed much explains, “I started working when I lived in from many of theback major international and17domestic clothingand Prescott, Arizona, around 1991. For years, I studied and jewelryworks designers andthetheir buyers.eyes Cowboys & Indians produced under watchful of master jewelryhad makers something for everybody. from several Native American families.”

Proceeds thedecision show’s general admission this Reservation He madefrom a bold in 2008, moving customers to the Navajo year supported additional beneficiaries, VSA thereafter, Arts of Newthe apprentice to focus solelythe onshow’s his jewelry business.

And soon Mexico, University Newthe Mexico’s HallI SchoolTime became the master! of “Over past 11Popejoy plus years, have focused on creating my own be it silver, gold, turquoise other materials,” he says.

Series andpieces, The Albuquerque Museum’s MagicorBus Program.

Original Native American Art & Jewelry Pendleton Robes and Shawls Native American Music Flutes • Pottery Rugs • Native American Church supplies Carvings • Native Bookstore Enamel and Cast Iron Ware On the corner of Nizhoni and Highway 602 in Gallup POB 636 • Gallup, NM 87305

505-863-4434 www.etanner.com Where you can always pawn for cash, and make a great deal

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019 TRADITIONAL PROCESS PRODUCES TIMELESS CREATIONS Steven strives to make each of his works a piece of “fine jewelry” that are of unique design and look, and are also comfortable and wearable all day, every day. “I don’t cut corners, I make each work as good as I can, both in look and design as well as comfort,” he states. Tomoyuki Iwaka, owner of the Four Corners Gallery in Shizuoko, Japan, echoes this sentiment. “Steven’s uncompromising quality brings out the beauty of the whole piece and focuses on making it comfortable to wear. His work is without compromise and reminds me of a Japanese swordsmith,” he believes.

Debbie Collins, manager of the Rainbow Man in Santa Fe, NM, believes Steven is one of the most well-rounded contemporary “smiths” in the marketplace today. “His creations are timeless,” she says.

His preferred method for finishing silver results in a burnished patina, which he refers to as ‘Shadow Sheen”. Without resorting to a buffing machine, he oxidizes, burnishes, and hand polishes the silver to a nice luster. He explains, “I don’t use a buffing machine, to cover up the beauty of the piece. I hand finish all my work. The result is that all my work is visible with subtle imperfections blended in, giving each its own style and personality. When the finished piece looks traditional and modern at the same time, I have made it my own,” he believes.

Ms. Collins notes that Steven blends contemporary with traditional, especially in his process and his meticulous attention to detail. “He is a master ‘smith’ and one of the few contemporary artists we carry in our store.”

Continuing to grow as an artist, he seeks new challenges and new inspirations. He still gets new ideas from studying the work of other artists. Steven admits, “Sometimes, I’ll get a special piece of turquoise or other stone. I’ll study it, then put it away and think about how to design a piece to best bring out its beauty. After a while, an idea will come to me and I’ll get it out and create a piece unique to that stone.” He believes; “My work is still a journey.”

Blending Traditional Native American and Contemporary Southwest Designs BUSINESS TODAY “I have to admit; I was worried at first when I made the move to start my own fine jewelry business,” he confessed. “Back in 2008, the economy was not good and I was out on my own. But I went to work and succeeded in building buyers’ confidence in the quality of my work. I got busy and I have stayed very busy ever since,” he said. He does stay busy. Ms. Collins of the Rainbow Man confirmed this. “We buy everything he brings in,” she says. “We have clients that look forward to his next pieces and come into our shop specifically for Steven’s creations,” she added Today, Steven is known across the nation and internationally for his unique style of blending old and new. His works are found in many fine jewelry shops through the Southwest and exclusively at the Rainbow Man in Santa Fe. Steven notes, “My works are also featured in far-away locations including the Four Winds Gallery in Sidney, Australia, and the Four Corners Gallery in Shizuoko, Japan, among others. I also take special orders and commissions and provide an antique jewelry repair service.”

Tomoyuki Iwaka of the Four Corners Gallery sums up Steven’s work this way: “His pieces have precision, strength, and elegance.”

People can take a look at samples of his work and can contact him directly through his website: steven-tiffany.com and e-mail at info@steven-tiffany.com.

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July 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Carvers Descend on the Heard Museum for the Highly Anticipated Annual Gathering of Hopi Carvers

By Tom Surface

Known as the nation’s largest gathering of Hopi katsina doll carvers, this year, more than 100 Hopi katsina carvers trekked to the Heard Museum in downtown Phoenix for the 18th Annual Gathering of Hopi Carvers.

The free admission, one-day event, held on April 13, 2019, took place in the museum’s Steele Auditorium and drew some 108 Hopi carvers from throughout the Southwest. The day also featured Native American entertainment, singing and dances.

Carvers reported that the visitor attendance was down from recent years and that sales of low- and moderatelypriced carvings sold the best. Most said the sales of more elaborate, high-end works were slow.

Many carvers entered their works in competition for Best of Show and awards in both the Contemporary and Old Style categories. Here are this year’s award winners for the 18th Annual Gathering of Hopi carvers: Best of show winner: Father & Son” by Arthur Holmes Jr. 1st place Contemporary winner: “Big Horn Sheep” (ram) by Gene Dawahoya

1st place Old Style winner: “Rainbow” by Kevin Honyouti

2nd place Contemporary winner: “Blessings of the Day” by Stetson Honyumptewa

2nd place Old Style winner: “Broadface” by Alrye Polequaptewa

3rd place Contemporary winner: “Butterfly Maiden” by Kevin Sekakuku

3rd place Old Style winner: “Hemsona with Clown” by Brandon Ross

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019

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Great Southwestern Antique Show August 3rd & 4th, 2019 ✧ Preview August 2 Albuquerque, Lujan Center, Expo NM

Gen Admission $12 or 2 day pass $20 Friday Charity Sneak Preview $100 Benefitting www.gswevents.com

with Special Exhibition: Skip Gentry’s

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July 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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AUGUST 8-11, 2019 El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe, NM

AUGUST 13-16, 2019 El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe, NM SPECIAL EXHIBITS The Museum of International Folk Art will curate a special exhibit on Alexander Girard.

Hosted by Objects of Art Shows and El Museo Cultural. Runs during both shows.

Four Winds Gallery presents a special showcase exhibition, “Tradition and Innovation, the Legacy of Julian Lovato”. Runs during The Antique American Indian Art Show only.

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THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019

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SANDBAR TRADING 414 South Commerce Street Wichita, Kansas 67202

Fannie Nampeyo

10 am-5 pm Thursday-Saturday or by Appointment

Buying, Selling and Consigning Rick 316-655-7477 rick@sandbartrading.com www.sandbartrading.com Follow us on Facebook

Daisy Slocum Claw 12’ x 5’

See us and these two amazing pieces at The Old West Show Santa Fe, NM June 21-23rd.

Great Southwest Antique Show at the Lujan Center August 2nd, 3rd and 4th.

The Sandbar Trading & Western Trading Post Show in the El Dorado Hotel DeVargus Room August 15-18th.

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July 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

RY

Leadership/ Customer Service Training

BILL’S TRADING POST

THE November 2019 2015 THEINDIAN INDIAN TRADER July Page 20 TRADER 2945 College Avenue Berkeley, CA 94705 (510) 841-1615 www.bills-tradingpost.com World traders since 1939

Turquoise jewelry by award-winning silversmiths Pottery and Fetishes Kachinas and Navajo rugs Northwest Coast Carvings Baskets and much, much more

Casino – Hospitality – Retail – Tribal Government

TANNING, DRESSING, & TAXIDERMY 208-245-4753 eidnesfur.com

Page 15 17 Page THE INDIAN TRADER

Enthusiastic and Participatory

David K. Aaker IOM

National Speaker/Trainer/Author

Aaker & Associates BUSINESS DIRECTORY BUSINESS www.davidkaaker.com

Page 17 FINE QUALITY FURS & BUCKSKIN 83363 Hwy 3 So. St. Maries, ID 83861-7175

August 2015

davidkaaker@verizon.net 760-323-4600

SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles 723 1st Ave. West 800-950-4232 Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 800-950-4232 (952) 496-2263 www.shipwreckbeads.com www.shipwreckbeads.com

nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

FOR SALE – Over 10,000 items!

Sweetgrass, Sage, Beads, Rawhide, Buckskin, Tanned Fur, Antlers, Quilts, Skulls, Teeth, Claws, Feathers, Etc. VIEW THE COMPLETE CATALOG ON THE INTERNET (PICTURES)

www.hideandfur.com P.O. Box 8918, Moscow, ID 83843 • 208.882.5715

Foutz Foutz Trading Trading Co. Co. P.O. P.O.Box Box1904 1904••Hwy Hwy64 64 Shiprock, Shiprock,NM NM87420 87420

Navajo Navajo Arts Arts & & Crafts Crafts 505-368-5790 505-368-5790•• 800-383-0615 800-383-0615 www.foutztrade.com www.foutztrade.com 800-950-4232 www.shipwreckbeads.com

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Featuring in antique antique Featuring great great exhibits exhibits and and the the finest finest in and Grey Hills Hills and contemporary contemporary Navajo Navajo and and Two Two Grey rugs rugs and and tapestries tapestries available. available.

P.O. N.M. 87455 87455 P.O. Box Box 8014 8014 –– Newcomb, Newcomb, N.M. (505) (505) 789-3267 789-3267

July2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER August

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BUSINESS DIRECTORY Galaxy Leather and Company November 2015 Sales THE INDIAN TRADER BILL’S TRADING POST James Burns Turquoise jewelry by

ORY

2945 College Avenue award-winning silversmiths Mailing Address: P.O. Box 849; Flagstaff, Berkeley, CA 94705 Pottery AZ and86002 Fetishes 5270 N. 89, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 Kachinas and Navajo rugs (510) 841-1615 www.bills-tradingpost.com Northwest Coast Carvings EMAIL: Galaxy_S99@yahoo.com FACEBOOK: galaxyleatherandsales

World traders since 1939

Baskets OFFICE: 928-774-0533 FAX: 928-774-4438 and much, much more

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SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

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• Turquoise Silver Jewelry • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums • Pottery • Books • Collectibles

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Navajo Arts & Crafts

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723 1st Ave. West Shakopee, Minnesota 55379 (952) 496-2263 nativeamerican@shakopeetradingpost.com

BILL MALONE January 2013 THE INDIAN TRADER TRADING Bill Malone

“Trader to the Navajo” 235 W. Coal Ave. Gallup, NM 87301

Phone: 505-863-3401 Email: trader@billmalonetrading.com

Navajo Rugs • Jewelry • Kachinas • Baskets • Pottery

We sell weaving supplies

SHAKOPEE TRADING POST Join Our Business Directory www.shakopeetradingpost.com • Turquoise Silver Jewelry YOUR BUSINESS HERE • American Indian Beadwork • Pipestone Pipes • Drums 12 Monthly Issues • Pottery • Books • Collectibles For Only $195723Per Calendar Year 1st Ave. West Minnesota 55379 CALL Shakopee, US AT 928-273-2933 (952) 496-2263

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FOR SALE – Over 10,000 items!

Sweetgrass, Sage, Beads, Rawhide, Buckskin, Tanned Fur, Antlers, Quilts, Skulls, Teeth, Claws, Feathers, Etc. VIEW THE COMPLETE CATALOG ON THE INTERNET (PICTURES)

www.hideandfur.com P.O. Box 8918, Moscow, ID 83843 • 208.882.5715

HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available.

P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267

THE INDIAN TRADER July 2019

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Original Copy of the Navajo Treaty of 1868 Now Home on the Navajo Reservation

By Tom Surface

An original copy of the treaty that helped the imprisoned Navajo people return to their homeland has a new home at the Navajo Nation Museum in Window Rock, Arizona. The treaty between the Navajo and United States was signed on June 1, 1868, and this is one of three original copies. The pact acknowledges tribal sovereignty and freed Navajos who were forcibly removed for internment at Bosque Redondo in eastern New Mexico.

It is one of only two known surviving copies of the treaty. The version signed by federal representatives and Navajo leaders is housed at the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C. The officially signed copy was on exhibit last year at the Navajo Nation Museum in Window Rock, Arizona, during the treaty’s 150-year anniversary. A third copy of the treaty was given to Navajo leader Barboncito for the tribe, but its location is unknown.

As part of the process, Indian Peace Commissioner Samuel F. Tappan, who assisted in treaty negotiations, hired three clerks to produce the copies.

This version of the treaty, known as the “Tappan Copy,” is Peace Commissioner Samuel F. Tappan’s copy that he kept. It was discovered last year by the great-grandniece of Tappan, Clare Weaver, in the attic of her home in Manchester, Massachusetts. Weaver recently donated it to the tribe.

Page According 20 to Ben Sorrell, the Navajo Museum’s associate registrar, the Tappan Copy is an abridged version. “It has all the same stuff in it, but the language is shortened.” Navajo

Museum Director Manuelito Wheeler believes that it is probably because it was a draft kept

by Tappan for his own reference.

Both Sorrell and Wheeler pronounced the 151-year-old document remarkably well preserved, considering it was sitting in an attic for a century before the family discovered it in the 1970s. “It got lucky,” said Wheeler, explaining that the enemy of paper documents is fluctuations in temperature, light, and humidity. “It was in a trunk undisturbed for most of those years.” Or maybe it wasn’t luck, Wheeler added, noting that many traditionalists, himself included, believe the “Naaltsoos Sani” (Treaty) has a spirit.

Historic and distinguished Navajo leaders Barboncito, Manuelito, Ganado Mucho, Delgadito, and 25 other Diné headmen at Ft. Sumner, New Mexico, signed the Navajo Treaty of 1868. The U.S. signatories included Lt. Gen. William T. Sherman. The treaty was ratified on July 25, 1868. President Andrew Johnson approved it in August of that same year.

“The treaty holds significant cultural and symbolic value to the Navajo people; the signing of the treaty marks the return of the Navajo people from Bosque Redondo to our traditional homelands, which is partly the present-day Navajo Nation. It is also an acknowledgment of our inherent sovereignty,” Navajo Nation President Jonathan Nez recently wrote August 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER in a letter to Clare Weaver.

Compiled from multiple sources

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