The Indian Trader Newspaper June 2019 - Celebrating 50 Years!

50 Years And Still Going Strong!

Volume 50, Number 6 / June 2019

www.IndianTraderNews.com

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Post Office Box 518 / Cottonwood, AZ 86326

Fred Kabotie

Great Hopi Artist and All Around Good Guy See Page 10

Evolution of the Western Saddle See Page 8

The

Tuzigoot Ruins See Page 14

Indian Trader Newspaper

A sampling of some of Fred Kabotie’s work.

November 2015

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THE INDIAN TRADER

June 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Lure of the River ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� The Richardsons: Five Generations of Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................6 The Woes of Sarah Sim �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6

Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8

Collector’s Corner: Evolution of the Western Saddle... ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8

Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10

Fred Kabotie – Great Hopi Artist and All Around Good Guy... �������������������������������������������������������������� 10

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Classifieds ..............................................................................................................18

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Publisher & Editor: Derek South Subscriptions: Lori McCall Associate Editors: Tom Surface, Danette McAfee

The Tuzigoot Ruins ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Business Directory ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 The Remarkable Weaving of the Ancient Basketmakers �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17

Drought and Wildfires Helping Looters Search for Native Artifacts ..........................19 Classifieds ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Clay South Phone: (928) 273-2933 Order Form for Classified Ads �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18

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US Periodicals Postage. Paid at Cottonwood, AZ, ©1998 by THE INDIAN TRADER. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, without the written permission from the publisher. Published monthly by Indian Trader, Cottonwood, Arizona 86326.

THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019

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SANDBAR TRADING 414 South Commerce Street Wichita, Kansas 67202

Fannie Nampeyo

10 am-5 pm Thursday-Saturday or by Appointment

Buying, Selling and Consigning Rick 316-655-7477 rick@sandbartrading.com www.sandbartrading.com Follow us on Facebook

See us at The Old West Show Santa Fe, NM June 21-23rd.

Great Southwest Antique Show at the Lujan Center August 2nd, 3rd and 4th.

Ruby Shroylate

The Sandbar Trading & Western Trading Post Show in the El Dorado Hotel DeVargus Room August 15-18th.

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June 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019

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The Lure of the River In 2017, nearly 551 million people rafted some portion of the Colorado River. They climbed aboard giant neoprene rafts and fiberglass, foam filled boats and an armada of other floating devices to float down sections of the river. Some started on a five to 10-day river trip navigating some 300 miles and 150 white water rapids of the great river. This will be over jagged protruding rocks and through giant whirlpools that churn the water to a froth and make even the largest of the river boats buck and roll like a young bronc with his first rider. The riders will get wet from the spray, burned from the sun, sore from the bucking, and sometimes even dunked when a boat takes a spill.

What is this great fascination the river holds over modern man? Maybe we shouldn’t say modern man. It has been going on for over 400 years that we know.

The ancient Indian ruins of the Anasazi tribes had been deserted for centuries when the Spaniards first discovered and crossed the Colorado River gorge in 1540; what the Anasazi’s did with the Colorado we will never know.

In 1825, six men led by William Henry Ashley, started in a quest for beaver pelts in the fast waters of the Green River, the headwaters of the Colorado River. Their journey ended at the head of Desolation Canyon, a distance of over 400 miles from what we now know as the Grand Canyon.

In the spring of 1836, Dines Julien and his Indian squaw embarked on a journey of the Green River in a skiff, also searching for beaver. Their adventures took them through Cataract Canyon and through the fast waters of the Colorado River to within eighty-six miles of the Grand Canyon.

During the 40’s and 50’s of the 19th century, others tried successfully and unsuccessfully to master portions of the Colorado.

In the mid 60’s, Captain John Moss started a journey at Lee’s Ferry with both the local Indians and the cavalry telling him it was sheer folly to attempt such a trip. Everyone of that day, believed the undertaking was impossible.

He started on a fourteen-foot raft constructed for him by the soldiers of Lee’s Ferry. For three and one-half days, Captain Moss and his raft were drenched, dunked, tumbled, upset and beat about until he finally reached Mohave half drowned, shivering and dejected.

On May 24, 1869, John Wesley Powell and ten brave men started at Green River with three twenty-one-foot boats, and 89 days later, on August 31, became the first to run all the rapids of the Colorado and complete a onethousand-and-fifty-mile cruise through the roughest uncharted river in what was to become the western states of our great country.

Why is it that 100 years after Major Powell’s conquest, hundreds of people go out of their way to face many of the same hardships that befell the earliest river runners.

Today, this is one of the few places left for a truly new experience. One that is rough and ready but not foolhardy.

This is a journey that is guaranteed to take that waistline bulge off the desk chair captain and it will provide many situations that will cause a man to have a new and deep respect for nature’s creations.

Once you have started on your journey of this big river with its steep canyon walls you are on your way to a predetermined destination — a point-ofno-return kind of trip where you can’t get scared, change your mind and back out. You pass the first couple of rapids, hanging on for dear life, wondering what in the world you are doing there but you soon get caught up in a common spirit of adventure with your fellow travelers and before long you are yelling for bigger and rougher rapids and you soon know why so called “River Rats” spend a lifetime on the big rivers.

Besides the search for new adventure, it is the rugged beauty in such giant proportions that captivate the river runners. The gigantic cliffs in their red and brown colors rise hundreds of feet high reaching for the blue Arizona sky and no matter whether it is midday or midnight there is a beauty that is unmatched anywhere else in the world.

You will see a great variety of rock formations that very vividly show how through eons of time the mighty river has sliced its way through the shifting and rising mountains exposing the many stages of the earth’s development.

Fossils of primeval time can be found in the slender canyons and wet weather stream beds that join the Colorado.

There are old mines and caves to explore. In the lofty ledges of the canyon walls, the cliff-dwelling type homes of the lost Anasazi Indians await exploration. There are beautiful waterfalls to admire and bathe in.

The wildlife is varied and numerous and include mountain sheep, deer, beaver, coyote, blue heron, geese, duck and almost the wild burro, a left-over reminder of the early prospectors.

The days are rugged and exciting, but the nights will remain long in your memory. Meals are eaten around a roaring campfire while the events of the just lived fun-filled day relived with each traveler telling of his own thrills and experiences. Comfortably tired from the day’s exciting events, you will tumble into your sleeping cot and after contemplating the remote silence of the canyon at night, you will drop off into a restful sleep under a sky so clear that the stars seem as close as the very edge of the cliffs that tower over the river.

Some travelers take the 5-day tour, and some take the 10-day trip but all with it could bee longer and that there were more rapids to run.

The economic impact is undeniable. According to the Colorado River outfitters Association, the 551,000 “river rats” contributed some $180 million to local economies along the river in 2017.

Add to this some 6.2 million visitors to Grand Canyon National Park in 2018, who viewed the river from the rim and walking trails. The National Park Service reported recently that these visitors spent an estimated $667 million in the nearby communities -- all drawn by the lure of the river.

June 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Woes of Due to possible website and show date changes, we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip.

Thank you.

June 22-23 30TH ANNUAL CODY OLD WEST SHOW AND AUCTION Santa Fe Community Center 201 W. Marcy Street Santa Fe, NM Info @ 480-779-9378 June 29 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION 403 Florence Street Casa Grande, AZ Info @ 520-426-7702 Westerntradingpost.com July 20 MUSEUM OF NORTHERN ARIZONA NAVAJO RUG AUCTION R.B. Burnham, Auctioneer Flagstaff, AZ Info @ 928-688—2777 July 20 SMOKI MUSEUM CONSIGNMENT MARKET Prescott, Arizona Info @ 928-445-1230 July 20-21 26TH ANNUAL HOWARD COUNTY POW WOW West Friendship Fairgrounds West Friendship, MD Info @ 252-532-0821 or powwow@vance.net August 2-4 GREAT SOUTHWESTERN ANTIQUE SHOW Lujan Center, Exhibition New Mexico Fairgrounds Albuquerque, NM Info @ 505-255-4054

August 8-11 OBJECTS OF ART IN THE RAILYARD El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe Santa Fe, NM Info @ objectsofartshows.com August 9-11 24th ANNUAL MIHSIHKIN AHKNA POW WOW Morsches Park, Columbia City, IN Inf @ 260-486-8199 Pat

Sarah Sim No frontier was harder on women than the plains. And few plains-women had it more stressful than Sarah Sim. In 1856, she and her husband Francis, New Englanders, bought 160 acres near Bennett’s Ferry, Nebraska. Unlike bleaker plains areas their land had a brook, a grove, and neighbors close by.

At age 32, Sarah started housekeeping with three children in a 10 by 10-foot cabin. The Sims had three cows, two oxen, a horse, pigs and hens. They hunted prairie chickens and rabbits and gathered wild strawberries and plums. Sar-

August 9-12 41ST WHITE HAWK INDIAN ART SHOW Santa Fe Community Center Santa Fe, NM Info @ 505-988-9544

ah wrote her parents: “There is no school nor

August 10-11 ALLARD AUCTIONS BEST OF SANTA FE Santa Fe Scottish Rite Temple-Santa Fe, NM Info @ 888-314-0343

died following whooping cough and prolonged

August 13-16 ANTIQUE AMERICAN INDIAN ART SHOW IN THE RAILYARD El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe Santa Fe, NM Info @ objectsofartshows.com August 13-18 SANTA FE INDIAN MARKET Santa Fe, NM Shows and auctions EVERYWHERE! August 14-18 R.B. BURNHAM NATIVE TREASURES SHOW El Dorado Pavilion, Santa Fe, NM Info @ 928-688-2777

church…There is preaching (occasionally) at private houses.” The weather was very dry, the water was hard, and, she added, “it seems as if (the wind) would blow our little house away.”

Then her travails began: her second child diarrhea. Her hand got badly infected, and a finger was amputated. Her husband sickened. And the first winter was bitter cold. “It almost breaks our spirits down,” wrote Sarah. She became severely melancholic: “Pray for me… that I may overcome my present fear.” But she could not.

For some eight months she acted demented, tearing her clothes, biting herself and the children, breaking the windows and smashing belongings.

She even attempted suicide. Finally, Francis had to tie her to their bed.

Yet, gradually, she improved and wrote, “I sometimes quite despair…I would do anything to get better.” Fortunately, the second winter was mild, and Francis, recovering, built additions to the home, grew potatoes and superb corn, and salted 1,560 pounds of the best pork for sale.

More settlers arrived and built a school. Cheered, Sarah greeted her second spring by planting flower seeds that came from home. And although she had to face death—from diphtheria and

Do you have an Event or Show coming up? Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

mumps—of four more of her nine children, she never broke down again. She died in April 1880.

THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019

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June2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER November

8 Page 12

Collector’s Corner

continued from page 11

Evolution of the Western Saddle

collection of his body of work ever assembled for public viewing.

This show continues to grow every year and is one of the top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor

By Jim Olson leaning heavily on early American arts & crafts, Native American, western fine art and art,ofbut with some Humans domesticated theethnographic horse thousands years ago.

Man began look200 dealers in attendance, it also offered items ing for an improved way to ride them almost fromfor theeveryone start. The–earliest known from the first time buyer to the buyer serious saddle-like apparatus was more of a veteran riding pad andand is said to have been used collectors.

Evencavalry, the very by the Assyrian datingfamous back todecorators around 700and BC. interior There is recorded history the Sarmatians early form of aright saddle in the century BC and designers attend the used show,anseeking just the touch to 5th create there“perfect” are depictions of Alexander the Great in aclients. saddle during the 300’s BC. the southwest or native motif for their One This of theyear, earliest, treethe type saddles, was used by the Romans around as in solid the past, show also drew representatives the first century BC. The Western type saddles we know and love today are from many of the major international and domestic clothing known world-wide asand being “American,” but actually trace their and jewelry designers their buyers. Cowboys & Indians had roots back to the Spanish and Colonial times. something for everybody.

The Spaniards picked much admission of their equine knowledge from the Proceeds from the show’supgeneral customers this Moors who were nomadic horseman and warriors. As the Spanish settled into year supported the show’s additional beneficiaries, VSA Arts of New what is now Mexico and blended with the Indigenous culture that was alMexico, University of New Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime ready there, a new breed of Mexican cowboy, or Vaquero, as they are called, Series and The Albuquerque Museum’s Magic Bus Program. emerged, and they were fine horseman. These were the guys who were taking care of livestock in the American Southwest and California when the EuroAmericans moved into the area. continued on page 14 From the days of the thirteen colonies through the Civil War era, most

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Terri Schurmeier and her son with her grandson, Mac, future CEO and Chairman of the Cowboys & Indians empire.

THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019 Americans rode a pretty flat type of saddle without a saddle horn, similar to an English style saddle. Along the way however, the Mexican saddle had a growing influence on how the Americans rode. This is evident starting from the early 1800s. By 1859, Captain George B. McClellan invented a saddle for military use and it was a blend of the English and Mexican saddles. It was light weight, had a deep seat, but no saddle horn (like the Mexican saddles did). The military used this basic saddle right up until the U.S. Cavalry was disbanded before WWII. Many civilians also used McClellan saddles. It was after the Civil War, in the late 1860s, that the men who would eventually be known as “cowboys,” started driving great herds of wild cattle north out of Texas.

They were entrepreneurs trying to satisfy a hungry Eastern population. It is out of this class of men and these events that what we now know as the “Western” saddle was developed. It was an adaptation of the Mexican vaquero’s saddle.

What is now known as the “American” Western Saddle, has undergone a few style changes and improvements along the way. One of the earliest western saddle types was known as the “Mother Hubbard,” which was basically an improved version of the Mexican saddles found at that time in Texas. Meanwhile, out in California, Vaqueros were also improving and modifying their saddles. These guys were a little more “flashy” and covered their saddles with leather stamping and silver accents. As western expansion continued, certain regions developed their own styles. Each thought to be better suited to cowboys in their areas. There were Montana, Cheyenne, Oregon, Colorado, and as mentioned, Texas and California styles (to name a few).

Nowadays, many of those styles have blended, others have just gone by the wayside.

As important as riding and roping was to the American cowboy of the late 1800 and early 1900s, there were bound to be innovations to their gear. This was an exciting time for innovation in American history. It seems like many were trying to build a better “mouse trap.” Saddles were no different. There were numerous variations such as the Sam Stagg rigging, other types of single rigging, double rigging, centerfire rigging, wood saddle horns, metal horns, large square skirts, short rounded skirts, wood stirrups, metal stirrups, on and on. Many of these early saddles had a “loop” seat (the stirrup leathers were exposed as they passed over the tree) and a high cantle. Big swells soon followed. These saddles were designed to keep a cowboy in them. It was their work station aboard, what was often, very feral horses. A saddle to the cowboy of that time was the single most important thing he owned.

As time went on and rodeo burst onto the scene as a way for cowboys to showcase their talent, saddles starting adapting again. By the 1920s, you start to see the cantles and swells drop so ropers can get out of their saddles easier. The horns disappeared on saddles specially designed for riding rough stock. There were even special “trick” saddles built for the performers of those events. Today, there are special saddles for roping, barrel racing, cutting, bronc riding, and just about every equine discipline you can think of.

As time went by, collectors began searching out the old, getting harder to find, type of saddles. There was a time when collecting saddles was all the rage and many folk had a “Western” room in their homes with an antique saddle or two as centerpieces. That fad has waned a bit and old saddles now fall into a couple of different categories. There are “decorators” which are basically old saddles without much collectibility in todays market. They are usually in pretty poor shape and often have a lot of repairs or replacement parts. You see them hanging up in bars, restaurants, out in peoples yards, in tourist traps and the like. These saddles, even though they may be old, have very little monetary value today.

Then there are old saddles that are “somewhat” collectible, but not top tier items. They are “entry level” collector stuff and generally sell because they are “almost” the good stuff. They have an attraction because of a lower price point. They are often unmarked, plain, or not in the best of condition.

The saddles most experienced collectors search out are the best of the best. Truly old, or rare pieces in good to great shape. Usually they are made by known makers and have good eye appeal or maybe some history with them. This is where the money is. My best advice is to try and stick with this class of collectible (saddles or otherwise) if you can. These are the types of items that tend to hold or gain in value over time (no matter what the current market conditions may be).

Great saddles are still being made today.

There is no shortage of them. However, the old saddles which trace the roots of the evolution of the Western Saddle are always getting harder to find, especially in great condition and with some history. Who knowns, maybe you will come across one!

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June 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

Fred Kabotie

Great Hopi Artist and All Around Good Guy

By Tom Surface

An internationally celebrated artist, silversmith, illustrator, potter, author, curator, and educator, Fred Kabotie (1900-1986) was born into a highly traditional Hopi family at Second Mesa, Arizona. Born of the Bluebird Clan, his family was one of the founding families of the village of Hotevilla, where his family and clan members were committed to preserving the Hopi culture and traditions that were under constant attack from growing Western influences. Even as a young child, he drew images of Hopi Katsinas with bits of coal and earth pigments on rocks near his home.

His given Hopi name was Naaqavo’ma, meaning “The sun coming up day after day.”

His paternal grandfather gave him the nickname Qaavotay, meaning “Tomorrow.” However, his Anglo teacher at his first school mistakenly spelled his name “Kabotie”, which became his official name to the outside world.

He was soon sent off to the Indian School in Santa Fe where his art teacher – against government policy - encouraged her students to embrace their culture in their paintings. (She was ultimately fired for her efforts.) Kabotie painted Katsinas because he missed home, and reportedly sold his first painting for 50 cents to the school’s carpentry teacher. As a teenager during his summer vacations, Kabotie learned from established Native artists and worked on archeological excavations. Soon after his graduation from Indian school, the talents of the 20-year-old Kabotie were in high demand. continued on page 12

Left: Kabotie in the early 1920s.

Above: This mural at the Petrified Forest park was painted by Kabotie in 1947 and 1948.

THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019

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Reputation matters.

30th Annual Cody Old West Show & Auction June 22-23, 2019 Santa Fe, New Mexico CODY OLD WEST SHOW & AUCTION SCHEDULE: Saturday, June 22nd - 5:00 pm The 30th Annual Cody Old West Auction Saturday & Sunday, June 22nd & 23rd: 9am-4pm & 10am-4pm The 30th Annual Cody Old West Show Auction and Show both held at the Santa Fe Community Convention Center.

At Auction: (above): Mandan/Hidatsa Quilled Men’s Shirt; (right): Northern Plains Pictorial Model Tipi Live, online, mobile, phone and absentee bidding available.

OldWestEvents.com | 480-779-9378 | #CowboyUpSantaFe IT-full-May-19.indd 1

4/12/2019 4:59:56 PM

June 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

Page 12 continued from page 10 A LIFETIME OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS Shortly after completing his schooling, The Museum of New Mexico hired Kabotie to paint and bind books for a salary of $60 per month and his former art teacher, who had previously lost her job encouraging Nativeinspired art, hired him to illustrate books. The George Gustav Heye Center in New York City commissioned the young Kabotie to paint a series depicting Hopi ceremonies and Kabotie began selling to private collectors under his Anglo or Hopi names. His notoritity continued to soar in the 1930’s when he was commissioned to paint the murals in the Desert View Watchtower at the Grand Canyon, a popular visitor’ site to this day. Kabotie was chosen as an advisor and Native culture curator for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco. The following year, he was commissioned by the Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Mass., to reproduce the prehistoric kiva murals uncovered at the destroyed village of Awatovi on the Hopi Reservation.

Building on his recognized expertise in Native American cultures, Kabotie won a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1945. This monetary grant enabled him to complete an in-depth study of the culture and pottery of the Mimbres people and write his subsequent book, Designs From the Ancient Mimbreños.

Kabotie’s true calling in life was preserving Hopi culture and traditions for future generations. He had a strong desire to “spread Hopi culture to young children.” In 1937 when Oraibi High School opened for Hopi students, Kabotie was among the first teachers hired and taught art there for 22 years until 1959. Kabotie taught hundreds of Hopi students, some of whom went on to have very successful art careers. In 1960, Kabotie travelled to New Delhi, India, where he represented the United States Department of Agriculture at the World Agricultural Fair.

ACCOMPLISHED SILVERSMITH At the encouragement of the Museum of Northern Arizona, Kabotie along with his cousin Paul Saufkie, developed a jewelry style unique to the

Above: Clown illustration.

Left: Flag created by Kabotie that hung in the hall outside of a classroom on the reservation and that is coming up for sale in the upcoming Allard Auction in August.

Right: An example of Kabotie’s artwork.

Hopi people – a distinct overlay technique with designs inspired by traditional Hopi pottery. This process and designs helped distinguish Hopi silver works from silversmiths of Zuni, Navajo and other Southwestern Pueblo tribes. Kabotie’s first piece of jewelry was commissioned as a gift to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Following the end of World War II, the Indian Service and GI Bill funded jewelry classes for returning Native American service members as a way to encourage a trade craft. Kabotie and Saufkie created the Hopi Silvercraft Cooperative Guild in 1949 to showcase their students’ work. As part of his drive to promote Hopi traditional culture and to assist his students in marketing their work, his lifelong dream was realized with the opening of the Hopi Cultural Center in 1971.

But Kabotie’s many pursuits and cultural interests left him very little time to paint and he produced very few pieces after the mid-1950s. However, he remains best known for his painting, and is estimated to have finished around 500 paintings in his lifetime. Kabotie did not always sign his work, unless the piece was for sale. Some of his creations remained unsigned. The fact that Kabotie’s Hopi culture was almost taken away from him made him determined to preserve the Hopi culture in his art. His paintings are seen as realistic, and colorful with dynamic solid strong figures. They reflect his love for his culture and the Hopi people. The Katsinas used in his paintings are still seen at Hopi ceremonies. His style and vision continue to influence future generations of Native American artists.

Editor’s Note: Recently, Fred Kabotie’s original murals were painstakingly restored at the Painted Desert Inn, a National Historic Landmark located in the Petrified Forest National Park along Interstate 40 in Arizona.

THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019

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June 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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The Tuzigoot Ruins There are those who travel to far away places – Egypt, for example – to see where ancient primitive people once trod Mother Earth. But right here in Arizona are found the artifacts of equally fascinating Ancient Ones, known to have occupied the Salt River Valley and its environs centuries ago.

Their communal pueblos are legendary and the way of life as primitive children of the soil – peaceful but sophisticated enough to have developed intensive modes of agriculture with complicated irrigation systems – proving to intrigue many visitors.

One of the more interesting centers, where bushels of artifacts and utensils were recovered and are on display, is Tuzigoot National Monument, the pueblo of “the crooked waters.”

Tuzigoot, heralded in songs of the late Stan Jones, is located two miles east of Clarkdale, off U.S. 89-A, in the Sedona-Flagstaff area. Archaeologists rate the ancient site as an excellent example of pueblo-type Indian ruins, inhabited from about 1000 to1,400 A.D. There are self-guiding trails and a museum, open 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Ironically, although Tuzigoot was visited in 1583 by one of the searchers for the Seven Cities of Cibola, he was disappointed at the lack of wealth, meaning silver and gold. Little did he realize, the immense wealth, which lay directly under his feet in the fabulous copper deposits of Jerome.

Tuzigoot clung to the cliffs of the Verde Valley and its occupants farmed the green, rich lands next to the Verde River. Halfway up the mountainside, above the valley, a great vein of copper ore lay exposed. Here and there were the pits and short tunnels the Indians had made to pick out the bright green malachite and vivid blue azurite to make their paints.

The museum collection includes delicate beads made from shell traded from the Pacific Coast and the Gulf of California. There is turquoise, as fresh and bright

as it was when it was laid away with one of the honored dead, with tributes of shell bracelets and pottery.

Their thriving trade also brought them curious figurines of birds, deer and human, and toy clay pots for children, including a figure of a duck, apparently the Donald Duck of its day. The Tuzigoot ruins themselves, hang from the side of the hill, a honeycomb of crude masonry walls, 110 rectangular rooms hugging each other as though to keep from slipping off the steep slopes.

At the bottom of the hill is another block of ten rooms, built in a dangerously unprotected spot. The inhabitants there, had to take to the upper rooms at the first sign of attack. But they had the advantage of living nearer to the river and their fields. Still further in the valley bottom, modern farmers irrigate the same fields today that the pueblo dwellers cultivated…and even their ditches are about in the same locations. The Ancient Ones had not learned the art of extracting the metal from the ore but used the material for decorative purposes only.

When Don Antonio de Espejo came with his party in 1583, he gave only a passing glance to the wealth of Jerome and the sleeping giant lay undisturbed for another 300 years until the white man returned in the 1880s to establish his brand of civilization.

Although other ancient pueblos suffered at the hands of pot-hunters and vandals. Tuzigoot lay relatively undisturbed and protected by the deeply buried core and the deep refuse on the east slope of the hill. When uncovered by archaeologists in 1930s. 170 Indian burials were found.

At the museum are some of the largest exhibit rooms of the Southwest, displaying a major portion of the unusually complete collection of implements, ornaments and various other traces of material life at Tuzigoot as it was in the 10th to 14th centuries.

The pottery is exceptional, an entire alcove full of vessels, painted and unpainted bowls, jars and pitchers. Included are carefully decorated bowls, far beyond the technical achievement of the Verde Valley people. These they traded from Jeddito mesa area near the Hopi villages and from other pueblos north of Flagstaff and Winslow.

RY

Leadership/ Customer Service Training

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THE November 2019 2015 THEINDIAN INDIAN TRADER June Page 20 TRADER 2945 College Avenue Berkeley, CA 94705 (510) 841-1615 www.bills-tradingpost.com World traders since 1939

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BUSINESS DIRECTORY November 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER BILL’S TRADING POST

ORY

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THE INDIAN TRADER June 2019

Page 17

The Remarkable Weaving of the Ancient Basketmakers During the last century, the Wetherill family of Mancos, Colorado, were very active in solving the archaeological riddle of the ancient people who inhabited the lands of the southwest. They are credited with the discovery of many of the most important Pueblo sites ever found, including the great ruins of Mesa Verde, near Cortez, Colorado.

The explorations of the Wetherills were a continuing series of exciting new discoveries that gradually pieced together the story of the mysterious people who had roamed the land over a thousand years before. Through information they had uncovered on their expeditions, archaeologists were able to establish the existence of a people whose culture they called the “Pueblo.” Where they came from and when they arrived was still veiled in mystery, but their demise appeared to occur with some suddenness about the middle of the thirteenth century.

A group of the Pueblo, who lived in caves dug into the sides of cliffs and who were appropriately referred to as the “Cliff-dwellers,” had left tell-tale evidence in their homes of their unexpected and abrupt departure.

Among the many customs of the Cliff-dwellers, brought to light by the Wetherills through their thorough study of their artifacts, their environment, and their remains, was the strange practice of skull deformation. At the outset of this discovery, it was suggested that an entirely new culture of people had been discovered. But this theory was soon discarded in favor of the more logical assumption that, about 700 A.D., the Cliff-dwellers had accepted the practice of strapping their babies onto a hard cradle-board, resulting in a permanent flattening of the skull. This practice probably originated in Mexico.

At this point, Richard Wetherill made another of his many important discoveries when Page he 20came upon a number of skeletons in the Grand Gulch area of Colorado. Unlike most Pueblo ruins where pottery shards were generally strewn about, this site contained examples of prehistoric basketry…

Of even greater significance was the fact that the skulls of this new group of ancient people were misshapen in a distinctly different manner than those of the familiar Cliffdwellers.

Richard Wetherill made mention of still another unusual circumstance: their method of burial was entirely different than that of the Cliff-dwellers. He discovered a great many depressions in the form of “pot-holes,” some of which were lined with clay. Their use may well have been for storage of grain or other provisions primarily, but a secondary and final utilization was for a grave. Into the bottoms of these carefully prepared holes, the doubled-up bodies were placed, wrapped with beautiful feathered or rabbit-skin robes, and finally covered with baskets…either several small ones or one large carrying basket. No matter what the character or quality of the other mortuary articles might be, the basket was almost invariably in evidence.

This fact suggested to Richard Wetherill that the name “Basket-Maker” would be an appropriate appellation for the ancient people whose remains he had found.

Additional evidence was uncovered to further substantiate the suggestion that the Basketmakers were not a part of the Cliff-dwellers. Trivial perhaps, but nevertheless significant was the difference in the woven sandals found in association with the remains of the two respective groups of people; those of the Cliff-dwellers had a square toe, while those of the Basketmakers had a pointed toe, almost without exception, and also the dates of their occupations are different. Hopefully, more research and studies will clear up some of our questions.

August 2015

THE INDIAN TRADER

BUSINESS DIRECTORY SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

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IndianTrader1212

12/18/12

8:41 AM

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June2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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