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Volume 50, Number 4 / April 2019

Modern Day “Indiana Jones” Collected More Than Just Artifacts See Page 8

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Battle of the North Fork of the Red River See Page 11

Antique Firearms

Advancements 1300 - 1898 See Page 5

“Comanche”

Sole Survivor of the Custer Battle See Page 14

Oldest Indian Trader Issue

Contest Winners See Page 6

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Hopi Flag made by Fred Kabotie in the 1940s.

November 2015

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April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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Antique Firearms Advancements 1300 - 1898 �� The Richardsons: Five Generations of Navajo Traders ................................................55 Upcoming Events & Shows �� 6 Upcoming Events & Shows ......................................................................................6 Oldest Indian Trader Issue Contest Winners �� 6

Walking Rocks on Land – Maybe When Hell Freezes Over! ......................................8

Modern Day “Indiana Jones” Collected More Than Just Artifacts... �� 8

Premiere Events Highlight the Autumn 2015 Auction & Show Season ....................10

American Horse: Oglala Sioux... �� 10

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THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019

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April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019

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Antique Firearms Advancements 1300 - 1898 By Jim Olson

It has been reported, “the oldest surviving firearm is the Heilongjiang ‘hand cannon’ dated to 1288, which was discovered at a site in modern-day China, where recorded battles were fought.” In the beginning, “firearms” were fired by lighting a wick to spark the powder. Loading and firing it was similar to how one would fire an antique cannon (hence the term “hand cannon”). One hand steadied it while the other lit the fuse. The operator had to brace the gun on something to fire it and accuracy was not that great. Sometimes two men were used to improve accuracy. Then, in the 1400s, the first device, or “lock,” for mechanically firing a gun came about. It was called the matchlock and the Portuguese are credited with its invention. With a matchlock, powder was held in a “flash pan,” and ignited by a match (or wick) in a revolving clamp (which the operator had to light first). The lock held the slow burning match in a clamp at the end of a small curved lever (the serpentine). When you pulled the trigger, the clamp dropped down, lowering the match into the flash pan and igniting the powder. The powder ignition in the flash pan went through a touchhole, igniting the main charge of powder in the gun barrel, firing the weapon. With this new method, both hands could remain on the gun, vastly improving aim. Authentic matchlocks are a rare find now-a-days. The next major advancement in firearms came in the early 1500s. It was called the wheel-lock and it was a German innovation. The wheel-lock generated a spark mechanically. The wheel-lock works by spinning a steel wheel against a piece of pyrite to generate spark (similar to a Zippo lighter). This ignited the gunpowder in the flash pan, which flashed through a small touchhole to ignite the main charge in the barrel. With no match to lite, the wheel-lock was more reliable than the matchlock (especially on windy days). However, wheel-locks were expensive to produce, so matchlocks remained in common use for a number of years alongside the wheel-lock. There were a couple improvements to the wheel-lock along the way (the snaplock about 1540 and the snaphance about 1560), but these were more or less improvements to the wheel-lock type system and were predecessors (which paved the way) for the flintlock. In the early 1600s, the flintlock was invented in France. It was an improvement over the other lock systems which had been in place for over a century. The flintlock mechanism had a piece of flint which is held between a set of jaws on the end of a short hammer. This hammer was pulled back into the “cocked” position. When released by the trigger, the spring-loaded hammer caused the flint to strike a piece of steel called the “frizzen.” At the same time, the motion of the flint and hammer pushed the frizzen back, opening a cover on the flash pan which contained the gunpowder. As a flint struck the frizzen, it created a spark which fell into the pan and ignited the powder. Flame burned through a small touchhole in the barrel and ignited the main powder charge, causing the weapon to fire. This greatly improved firearms as powder ignition was now even more reliable (and less susceptible to weather conditions). The flintlock system was in use for almost two centuries, with very little alteration. In the early 1800s, the percussion firing system was invented in Europe. The percussion cap is a small cylinder of copper or brass with one closed end. Inside the cap is a small amount of explosive material, such as fulminate of mercury. The percussion cap is placed over a hollow metal “nipple” at the rear of the gun barrel. Pulling the trigger releases the hammer that strikes the percussion cap and ignites the primer. A tiny flame travels through the hollow nipple to ignite the main

powder charge. It was an improvement over the flintlock system and firearms continued to advance and become more user friendly. For 50 years or so, the percussion system was king (although there were other inventions tried at various times). However, there were no major changes to firearms until the invention of metallic cartridges in about the 1850s. This was revolutionary! It was faster, easier and more reliable than anything else up to this point. About 1852, a man named Rollin White, came up with the idea of having a revolver cylinder bored through to accept these new metallic cartridges. Although the very first in the world to use bored-through cylinders was reported to be a Frenchman named Lefaucheux (about 1845). He invented a pepperbox type revolver that loaded from the rear, using bored-through cylinders. However, White, who worked for Samuel Colt at the time, patented the idea. He tried to sell Colt on it, however, Sam Colt refused this innovation. So White left Colt, went to Smith & Wesson and rented them the license for his patent. This is how Smith & Wesson wound up producing the first widely used cartridge revolver. Their patent didn’t expire until 1870 and by then, Sam Colt realized the error he’d made. So in 1871, the first Colt Single Action revolver was produced at Colt’s factory. This

continued on page 6

Above: Two colt revolvers. Below (from top): French flintlock pistol circa 1790–1795. Early German musket with serpentine lock. Spanish wheellock pistol from the late 17th century.

April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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continued from page 5

Due to possible website and show date changes, we urge you to verify dates before planning your trip. Thank you. March 9 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION 403 Florence Street Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 or Westerntradingpost.com March 15 & 16 ANNUAL NAVAJO RUG AND ART SHOW R. B. Burnham, Auctioneer Smoki Museum Prescott, Arizona Info @ 928-445-1230 March 16 & 17 ALLARDS AUCTION BIG SPRING PHOENIX AUCTION Hilton Garden Inn 7290 S. Price Road Tempe, Arizona Info @ 480-897-5100 or 1-888-314-0343 www.allardsauction.com March 19 ST. JOSEPH’S FEAST DAY Old Laguna Pueblo Laguna, New Mexico Info @ 505-552-6654 April 4-7 WESTERN NAVAJO SPRING FESTIVAL Tuba City, Arizona Info@ 928-283-5544 April 13 WESTERN TRADING POST AUCTION 403 Florence Street Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 or Westerntradingpost.com

April 13 HEARD MUSEUM CARVERS SHOW Heard Museum Phoenix, Arizona Info @ 602-252-8840 April 13 & 14 CONTEMPORARY NATIVE ARTS FESTIVAL Smoki Museum, Prescott, Arizona Info @ 928-445-1230 April 19 HALIWA-SAPONI 54TH ANNUAL POW WOW Hollister, North Carolina For info visit tribe’s website April 25-27 GATHERING OF NATIONS POW WOW Albuquerque, New Mexico Info @ 505-836-2810 (Indian Traders Market) Or www.gatherinofnations.com

became the most widely known metallic cartridge revolver ever. From the 1870s thru the 1890s, most firearm inventions that were conceived of and tried eventually went by the wayside. However, lever action repeating rifles and revolving cylinder pistols (both using metallic cartridges) pulled ahead of all others and reigned top dogs. This is the period where men like John Browning, Samuel Colt and Oliver Winchester became household names—and also a part of history. The 1800s was an exciting time for firearm innovations. There were numerous inventions tried and produced during this era and firearms advanced more during this 100-year period than any other, before or since. As the century closed out, smokeless powder was invented and this change, from black powder to smokeless in late 1890s, marked the end of the antique firearm era. According to statutes, the cutoff for firearms to be considered an antique is 1898. Anything from 1899 or later likely fires modern ammunition and is thereby considered a modern firearm (with a few exceptions). Modern firearms have gotten lighter and quicker as time went by, but the same basic way they function has been in place since the turn of the last century. The 19th century (last 100 years of the period of antiques) was the most exciting era for firearms, in the opinion of this author. It is what a large majority of firearms collectors look for and collect to this day.

Congratulations

April 27 & 28 MATA ORTIZ SHOW & SALE Smoki Museum, Prescott, Arizona Info @ 928-445-1230 May 4 SPRING FRIENDS OF HUBBELL AUCTION Gallup Community Services Building Gallup, New Mexico Info @ 928-755-3495 May 18 WESTERN TRADING POST 403 Florence Street Casa Grande, Arizona Info @ 520-426-7702 or Westerntradingpost.com

Do you have an Event or Show coming up? Please let us know at indiantrader68@gmail.com

To our two winners in the search for the oldest Indian Trader issues! First Place: A couple from Las Vegas, Nevada November 1971 issue Second Place: Jan Musial from Flagstaff, Arizona May 1981 issue

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019

LET’S MAKE SOMETHING BEAUTIFUL TOGETHER.

Turquoise Rough, Cabs, Strands, OxyBeads©, Jewelry Findings, Bezel Cups, Stamps & More

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April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

Modern Day “Indiana Jones” Collected More Than Just Artifacts By Tom Surface

Editors Note: This is a follow-up story to an article that appeared in the April 2014 edition of the Indian Trader – “FBI Raid Nets Real-life Indiana Jones.” At that time, the FBI had raided and seized thousands of cultural artifacts, including some Native American items, and other objects gathered from around the world and displayed in the home of 91-year-old Donald Miller. When the FBI came knocking on the door of Donald Miller’s “home museum” in April 2014, they were following up on reports of cultural artifacts obtained in violation of existing international agreements and items that were in violation of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). What they found far exceeded their expectation. FBI investigators discovered about 2,000 human bones, nearly all of which are thought to have been taken from ancient Native American burial sites. “To the best of our knowledge right now, those 2,000 bones represent about 500 human beings,” noted Tim Carpenter, who heads the FBI’s art theft unit, “It’s very staggering.” According to researchers, most of the bones found in Miller’s home were removed from burial sites in North Dakota, and that many belonged to the Arikara tribe. It’s unclear whether Miller had shown off the remains to people who visited his home, and whether he had dug them up himself or purchased them from someone else who did. “All too often here we have been treated as curiosities rather than a people,” said Pete Coffey, a tribal official with North Dakota’s Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation. “They could very well be my own great-great-great-great grandfather, or grandmother.” Coffey is one of the tribal leaders now working with the FBI to return the misappropriated remains to their original resting places. The FBI is planning a large-scale repatriation of remains to the Arikara and other tribes in the coming months. INTERNATIONAL TREATIES VIOLATED Robert A. Jones, the FBI special agent in charge of the case, reported during the April 2014 raid that Miller’s methods for procuring some of those objects had violated multiple laws and treaties. Nearly five years later, the investigation is still ongoing, and could take decades to sort through the some 42,000 objects that the FBI seized. It takes much time determining their legality as well as figuring out where and when each was purchased and then relocated to Miller’s

home. Miller died in 2015. “Without his help, it’s just going to be enormously difficult to figure out which ones he legitimately purchased, which are legal, and which ones aren’t,” said attorney David B. Smith, an expert in asset forfeiture. Until late February 2019, officials had provided little information about the case, and had declined to go into detail about exactly what the art crimes detectives had found inside the prolific collector’s home. However, officials recently reported that some of the artifacts have already been repatriated to Columbia, Canada, Ecuador, New Zealand, Spain and China. In addition to numerous Native American artifacts, Miller also collected priceless relics from Australia, Greece, Haiti, Italy, New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Peru and Russia. NO LONGER A LOCAL HERO Miller, a volunteer missionary and amateur archeologist who died in 2015, was known in his southern Indiana town of Waldron as a modern day “Indiana Jones.” He collected items from around the globe throughout his life. His museum-like collection reportedly included shrunken heads, a piece of Hitler’s bunker, Egyptian antiquities – including a life-sized sarcophagus, and collectables from the Manhattan Project (the United States’ Top Secret World War II Atom Bomb Project). Also reportedly his collection included a rifle used in the Battle of Little Big Horn, a dugout canoe, figurines from the Aztec Empire, and a human skeleton with an arrowhead still embedded in it.

Arikara medicine ceremony--the Bears.

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019 Over the years, Mr. Miller made no secret of his collection. He frequently gave tours of his homemade museum to schoolchildren and curiosity seekers, played music for guests on his pipe organ, and even opened his museum-home to the local media. According to eyewitness accounts, he had built a 150-foot underground tunnel that connected two homes on his property - all used by Mr. Miller to display his lifetime of finds. However, before his death, Miller reportedly admitted that he had come by many of the items illegally, and that he had gone on unsanctioned archaeological digs all over the country and the world. He also agreed that the artifacts should be returned to their proper homes. But because he died while the investigation was just getting underway, many aspects of his life and the massive archeological collection he left behind remain a mystery. “It’s a huge problem,” asset forfeiture attorney Smith admitted. Developed from multiple sources.

A group of Indian Scouts of the tribes of Arikara, Hidatsa and Skidi Pawnee, also Dr. M.R. Gilmore and a G.A.R. man. They are all Red Cross members listed under the McLean County Chapter, Washburn, North Dakota

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April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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American Horse Oglala Sioux

Often known as “the peace chief,” American Horse, an Oglala, was noted as a wit, expert mimic and impersonator. Even in his early years, he showed talent as an actor and an ability as a speaker. He was the nephew of the American Horse (or Iron Shield, as he was better known to the Indians) who was killed by General Crook’s forces at Slim Buttes, South Dakota in 1876. After his uncle’s death, he took both the uncle’s name and place in the tribe, a frequent custom. On one occasion in 1889, he spoke before President Harrison’s Indian Commission and six hundred of his tribesmen at Pine Ridge Agency for three consecutive days, in what is still considered one of the greatest oratorical efforts in Indian treaty negotiations! Because he spoke in favor of the government’s proposed Sioux Bill, a new law designed to purchase additional land from the Indians, the Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs and Secretary of the Interior wanted American Horse to be named, over Red Cloud, the current power, as head chief of the Oglala Sioux. He was never officially given the title, due to objections by Red Cloud’s white supporters. Though, not a recognized leader until after his uncle’s death, American Horse, during all the troubled times from 1865 to 1877, advocated yielding to the U.S. government at any cost. He was convinced of the uselessness of Indian resistance. In later years, when most of the Oglala came onto the reservations, he allied himself with the peace element at Red Cloud Agency, helping to keep the young braves quiet and trying to dissuade his people from participating in the growing Ghost Dance or messianic craze that was sweeping the Sioux nation. American Horse made two “peace trips” to

U.S. allotting surveyor and his interpreter making an American citizen of Chief American Horse, Oglala Sioux. Circa 1907.

Washington, the first with a group headed by Red Cloud in 1875, to discuss government negotiations for the Black Hills of South Dakota. This helped to bring about better rations and fairer treatment of the Sioux, who were then living on the reservations. In 1891, he was chosen to head a delegation from Pine Ridge, composed of both friendly and the lately hostile leaders of his nation. The conference with the President and the Secretary of the Interior was to reach final agreement with the various chiefs on the land agreement contained in the Sioux Bill. He was one of the earliest advocates of education for Indians. His son, Samuel, and his nephew, Robert, were among the first students at Carlisle Indian School. American Horse, was often depicted in his later years, wearing a hair fringed scalp shirt. It was decorated with beaded strips on the shoulders and a beaded neck yoke, terminating in a disk on the breast of his shirt and made of trade beads sewn in a circular pattern.

His braids were made to look longer by the addition of extra lengths of hair, skillfully plaited into his own. Short strips of red cloth wrapped around the braid, helped hide the juncture of the false braids with his own. This was often the case with older men whose hair became brittle with age and too short to make presentable braids. American Horse preferred a single feather and a small medicine bundle in his hair to the more elaborate eagle feather headdress. The contents of the medicine bundle would be an object or objects personally sacred to the wearer. In this late period, American Horse would have worn leggings and breechcloth made of trade blanket material, decorated with colored felt bindings on the edges and wide strips of beadwork. Pipe bag and full-beaded moccasins would have completed his costume. He wears a silver medal, a pendant hanging from a black velvet ribbon, around his neck. This medal was presented to him by the President on a trip to Washington in 1891.

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019

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Battle of the North Fork of the Red River That Followed the First Battle of Adobe Walls in 1864 The Battle of the North Fork or the Battle of the North Fork of the Red River occurred on September 28, 1872, near McClellan Creel in Gray County, Texas, United States. A monument on that spot marks the site of the battle between the Comanche Indians under Kai-Wotche and Mow-way and a detachment of cavalry and scouts under U.S. Army Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie. There was an accusation that the battle was really an attempt “to make a massacre,” as during the height of battle some noncombatants were wounded while mixed in with warriors. This battle is primarily remembered as the place where the army, for the first time, struck at the Comanche in the heart of the Llano Estacada in the western panhandle of Texas. PRELUDE TO THE RED RIVER WAR This battle was a precursor to the Red River War of 1873-4. In early 1872, the new Military Commander of the District of Texas decided it was time to strike at the Comanches in the heart of their homeland on the Comancheria, much as the Texas Rangers had done 14 years before, at the Battle of Little Rob Creek. The Grant administration’s “Quaker Peace Policy” was still in effect, which placed the appointment of Indian agents in the hands of Protestant religious organizations (Quakers were the first to participate, thus the name of the policy), not political patrons. In addition, Indians were to be moved to reservations peacefully or forcefully, and U.S. troops were not to engage in combat against them. Under the policy, federal troops at Fort Sill could not be deployed against the Comanche. Troops from the Texas District, however, could be. CAMPAIGN IN THE STAKED PLAINS Mackenzie marched out of Fort Concho in early June 1872, to begin his campaign. He reestablished Camp Supply on Duck Creek, on the edge of the Llano Estacada where he established his command. From there, McKenzie dispatched several scouting parties, one of which discovered a well-traveled path with hoof prints of a large herd of cattle stretching west. This find caught Mackenzie’s attention, and on July 28, 1872, he marched 272 troopers, 12 officers, and 20 Tonkawa scouts into the heart of the Comancheria. On August 7, 1872, the detachment obtained supplies and rested at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. They then marched north to Fort Bascom, New Mexico, arriving August 16, 1872. Ortiz, who accompanied Mackenzie, led the command to the east, skirting Palo Duro Canyon. Mackenzie split off smaller detachments to search possible locations of the Indian camps but with no success. They returned to Camp Supply on August 31, 1872. The expedition had marched close to 700 miles (1,127) over a five-week period and discovered two new routes through the Staked Plains. These routes were reported to be shorter and had better water access than the Goodnight-Loving Trail that was being used to drive cattle to markets in Kansas. Mackenzie rested his men until September 21, when he marched his troops north to search the last potential campsite of the Comanche, on the north fork of the Red continued on page 12

April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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River. On September 28, a scouting patrol under Lt. Boehm and Captain Wirt Davis, discovered a large Kotsoteka Comanche village. The cavalry moved within a half mile of the village. From there, they charged the village, capturing it after a half-hour battle. Mackenzie lost three men and three were wounded. The Comanche lost an estimated fifty or more, including Chief Kai-Wotche and wife, who were both killed. Mow-wa (Shaking Hand) escaped.

Comanche braves, c. 1867–1874.

THE BATTLE OF NORTH FORK The army had caught the village completely unaware, and white captive Clinton Smith in later years would accuse Mackenzie and the army of a massacre. Mackenzie reported officially twenty-three Comanche killed, although there may have been more. The warriors, who sustained heavy casualties, threw some of their dead into a ten-foot-deep pool to keep them away from the Tonkawas’ knives and cooking pots; the Tonkawas were reputedly cannibals. As a justification for the attack, the army claimed it found overwhelming proof of the band’s raids on white settlements in the wreckage of the village. For instance, a survivor of the wagon train massacred at Howard’s Wells the previous spring recognized forty-three of its mules. Almost 800-3000 horses were rounded up by the troops while the lodges, along with the stores of meat, equipment, and clothing, save for a few choice robes, were burned. About 130 Comanches, mostly women and children, were taken prisoner, but six of these were too badly wounded to be moved long distances. After dark, Mackenzie’s command moved to the hills several miles away from the burned village and camped. Fearing that the captured pony herd would stampede the cavalry horses. Mackenzie had them corralled. That night and the next, however, the Comanche succeeded in recovering most of their horses, plus those of the Tonkawa scouts. The Col. Mackenzie who led the Comanche prisoners were kept under guard cavalry at the Battle of the as the command rejoined its supply train and North Fork. retraced its route back south to the main sup-

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November 2015

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ply base on Creek. The captive natives were transferred to Fort continued fromDuck page 11

Concho, where they were kept prisoner through the winter. MacKenzie collection of his body work ever assembled for public viewing. used the captives as aofbargaining tool to force the off-reservation Indians This show continues to grow every year and is one of the back to the reservations, and to force them to free white captives. top national antique events of its kind. Due to its Southwest location, the show traditionally has a unique American flavor AFTERMATH leaning heavily early American & crafts, MacKenzie’sonstratagem worked, arts for shortly afterNative the battle, MowAmerican, western fine art(Bull and ethnographic butbands with some way and Parra-o-coom Bear) movedart, their to the vicinity of 200 dealers inAgency. attendance, it also offered items for everyone – the Wichita The Nokoni chief, Horseback, who himself counted from the first time buyer to the veteran buyer and serious family members amount the Indian prisoners, took the initiative in percollectors. the veryto famous decorators andand interior suading theEven Comanches trade stolen livestock white captives, indesigners attend the show, seeking just the right touch to create cluding Clinton Smith, in exchange for their own women and children. the “perfect” southwest or native motif for their clients. THEThis RED RIVER CAMPAIGN year, as in the past, the show also drew representatives This marked the time the and United Statesclothing had successfully atfrom many of the majorfirst international domestic tacked the designers Comanches in the heartCowboys of the Comancheria and jewelry and their buyers. & Indians had and showed that the Llano Estacado were no longer a safe haven. Further, this battle something for everybody. emphasized theshow’s army general wishedadmission to force the wild Comanches onto Proceedsthat fromif the customers this reservations, way toadditional do it wasbeneficiaries, to destroy VSA theirArts villages and leave them year supportedthe the show’s of New Mexico, University of Newthe Mexico’s Popejoy Hall SchoolTime unable to survive during Red River War of 1874. His attack on the Series Albuquerque Magic Bus villageand at The the Battle of PaloMuseum’s Duro Canyon, andProgram. his destruction of the Comanche horse herd at Tule Canyon, both in 1874, mirrored this battle in strategy and effect. continued on page 14

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Terri Schurmeier and her son with her grandson, Mac, future CEO and Chairman of the Cowboys & Indians empire.

April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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“Comanche” Sole Survivor of the Custer Battle The big sorrel horse, destined to become famous as the Seventh Cavalry’s “sole survivor” at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, was purchased by the Army at St. Louis in 1868. It caught the eye of Captain Myles Keough, Seventh Cavalry, who requisitioned the beautiful animal for his personal mount. Soon after, during the Battle of Beaver Fork along the Cimarron River, it was wounded by the Comanche. After the horse had recovered and was returned to duty, Captain Keough named him “Comanche,” in memory of the epic battle. As years passed, Comanche weathered many skirmishes with hostile Indian groups. Then came that fateful day of June 26, 1876, when the Seventh, under the command of General Custer, rode into the trap set for them by the Sioux at the Little Bighorn.

The grim evidence of the carnage was examined by a detachment of General Terry’s men the following day. Apparently, nothing survived, and the troops busied themselves with the gruesome task of burying the dead. Then, as most accounts agree, Lieutenant H. I. Nowland saw and recognized Comanche. The horse had been shot seven times and, although still able to walk, was weak from loss of blood. Orders were given to save the animal at all costs, and Comanche was carefully taken to the steamer FAR WEST, anchored at the junction of the Little and Bighorn rivers. Later he was transported downstream to Bismarck, North Dakota, where Army veterinarians from as far away as Kansas were despatched to care for him. Slowly,

Comanche in 1887 photographed by John C. H. Grabill.

Comanche recovered. Many generous offers to purchase Comanche were received, but the Army decreed that the continued on page 17

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ORY

April2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER August

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BUSINESS DIRECTORY November 2015 THE INDIAN TRADER BILL’S TRADING POST 2945 College Avenue Berkeley, CA 94705 (510) 841-1615 www.bills-tradingpost.com World traders since 1939

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HISTORIC TOADLENA TRADING POST & WEAVING MUSEUM Featuring great exhibits and the finest in antique and contemporary Navajo and Two Grey Hills rugs and tapestries available. P.O. Box 8014 – Newcomb, N.M. 87455 (505) 789-3267

THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019

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continued from page 14 horse would never be sold. For the remainder of his life, he was given every care and used only during ceremonial occasions commemorating the Custer massacre. He was draped in mourning and led by a mounted trooper of Company I, seventh calavry, the unit Comanche’s owner had commanded on that ill-fated day. Old age finally took its toll, and Comanche died peacefully during the winter of 1892, far away from any battlefield. The carcass of the old veteran was mounted and presented by the Seventh Cavalry to the University of Kansas. The following year, it was shipped to the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair where it was viewed by millions. Like almost every facet of the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the fact that Comanche was the Army’s sole survivor of the massacre has occasionally been challenged. Regarding the generally accepted theory that Comanche was the only living survivor, Mr. C. C. Cole of Garden Grove, California, wrote in 1960: “I am eighty-two years old, and over sixty years ago worked on the Crow Reservation. I knew Curley, who was in the fight; Bravo, who was chief of the thirty Crow scouts; and Major Cummings, who was with the first of Terry’s Page 20 detachments to arrive on the battlefield after the fight...

“I cannot agree that Comanche was the sole survivor of the fight. In fact, there were few cavalry horses killed in that fight. “When Custer came to the bank of the Little Bighorn river and saw that the opening in the chokecherry thicket was very narrow, and no place for cavalry action, he drew back, dismounted his men, and advanced on foot with only the officers retaining their mounts. “The Cheyenne went below the fight and killed the horse-holders. As every fourth man in the cavalry held horses, every horse-holder killed meant the loss of four horses.” Mr. Cole’s observations are more than likely true; many horses of the Seventh Cavalry survived the battle. But Comanche was the only life that remained on the battle site proper on the day after the massacre when he was discovered by the burial detail. It is generally accepted that at the outset of the fighting, the Cheyenne chased off many cavalry horses; among them was Custer’s personal mount which, if true, gives some credence to the theory that one of the Cheyenne warriors, perhaps Two Moons, actually killed “Yellow Hair.” Meanwhile, Comanche’s distinguished reputation remains untarnished in the minds of horse-lovers everywhere. August 2015

THE INDIAN TRADER

BUSINESS DIRECTORY SHAKOPEE TRADING POST www.shakopeetradingpost.com

FOR SALE – Over 10,000 items! Sweetgrass, Sage, Beads, Rawhide, Buckskin, Tanned Fur, Antlers, Quilts, Skulls, Teeth, Claws, Feathers, Etc. VIEW THE COMPLETE CATALOG ON THE INTERNET (PICTURES)

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April2015 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER November

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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

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November 2015

THE INDIAN TRADER

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THE INDIAN TRADER April 2019

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April 2019 THE INDIAN TRADER

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