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Yiddish - The Letter of Aristeas

Page 1

ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืขืœืžืื–ืœื™ื•ื•ืจืข.ืกื•ืคืœืขื“ืืœื™ืคื™ืžืขืœืื˜ืค--ืœื™ืคืื™ืœื‘ื™ื‘ืŸืกื™ื•ืจื’ืŸื˜ืฉืจืขืืขื“ืŸื’ืขื•ื•ืŸืขื ืขื™ื™ืœืื“ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืŸื™ื™ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ื•ืฆื˜ืคืืฉื ื“ื™ื™ืœืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ื,ืฃื•ืกืื•ืฆ."ื˜ืœืขื•ื•ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืจืขื›ื™ื‘ืขืœื"ืขื™ืจื“ื ืืกืงืขืœืืŸื™ืืงืขื˜ืื™ืœื‘ื™ื‘ ืจืขื“ืืžืชืกืžื–ื™ืืกืื“ืšื•ื‘ืืขื ืขื™ืจืืคืขื ืขื’ื ืืคืขื’100,000ืจืขื˜ืฉื™ื•ื˜--ืŸืฆืขื–ืขื’ืขืฉื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ื“--ืงืจืขื•ื•ืกื™ื•ืจื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืกืขื›ืขืœื˜ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืžื•ืืŸืืจืืคื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืกืื“ืงืจืขื•ื•ืงื™ืฆื ื™ื™ืืŸืืจืืคื˜ืœืืฆืื‘ืŸืขื•ื•ื˜ืื”ืŸืขืžืกืื•ื•ื–ื™ื™ืจืคืจืขื˜ืกื›ืขื”

ืขื›ืขืœืจื™ื˜ืื ืื˜ืื”ืจื™ืื–ื,ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจืืคืšื™ืืœึทื•ื•,ืšึทืืจืืคืŸื™ื ืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื ื•ืจืขืœืงืจืขื“ืขืจืืœืงืืŸืคืืฉื•ืฆื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ืจืค ื•ืฆ"ืŸื•ื•ื•ืจืคืงื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉื•ืฆ--ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคืฅื™ื–ืื‘ืจืขื˜ืกื›ืขื”ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืœืื•ื•ืงื,ืŸืขื ืจืขืœื•ืฆืขื‘ื™ืœ ืŸืขืžืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืืขืงืื˜ืšืจื•ื“ื™ืฆืขื˜ื›ื™ืฉืขื’ืŸืจื™ื“ื•ื˜ืฉืšืจื•ื“ื™ืฆ",ืŸืขื’ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ืจื’ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืืŸืกื™ื•ื•ืŸื•ืคื˜ืืจืจืืคืŸึทื–ืŸืจืขืกืขืจื’ืจืืค

,ื˜ื™ื™ืงื ื™ื™ืจืŸื™ืื˜ืงื™ื˜ืกืขืคืื‘ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื“ื˜ืจืขื•ื•,ืŸื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืขืขื˜ืกืœืขื“ืขื™ื“ืšื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืขืžืขื ืคื™ื•ืืšืจื•ื“,ืœื˜ื™ืžืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“2 ืจื™ืืกืœืืกืื“ื™ื–ื˜ืฆื™ื ,ืŸืขืžืขืœืืŸื•ืคืœื™ืฆืขื˜ืกืœืขื“ืขื™ื“,ื˜ื™ื™ืงืžื•ืจืคืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ื˜ืกืขืคืœื™ืฆืจื™ืืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื

ื™ื“ืŸื•ืื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืŸื•ืคืŸืกืขืจืขื˜ื ื™ืื™ื“ืŸื™ืืšืื–ืืกืขืคืขืŸืจื™ื ืืœืคืŸื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืžืขื ื™ื™ืจื˜ื™ืžืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸืขื•ื•ืœื™ื™ื•ื•32 ืื•ืฆืŸืงืขื•ื•ืฆืŸื•ืืŸืขื’ื ื•ื’ื ืขืจื˜ืฉื ืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื’ืจืขืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืžืœืืจืขื“ื˜ื’ื ืขืจื‘,ืื™ืฉืขืžืขืœืขื“ื™ื™ืืŸื•ืคื’ื ื•ืจื™ืคืกื™ื•ื ืื™ื ืคืŸื›ื™ืœื™ื™ืจืคืื˜ื™ืžืจื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืงื•ืงืขื’ืŸื•ืืคืืงืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ื™ื•ื”ืขื’ืคื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“)--ืจื™ืคืกื™ื•ืืืขื ืขื’ื ื•ืœืขื’

?'ืŸืœื™ื™ืฆื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืขื•ื•ื•ื˜ืกื ื™ื™ืžืจืขื˜ื ื–ื™ื•ื˜ืœื™ืคื™ื•ื•,'ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’

."ื˜ื ื–ื™ื•ื˜ื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืจืขืžืœืกื™ื‘ื:"ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”,ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืกืืขืจื“ื ื33 !'ื–ื“ื ื•ืืŸื•ืคื˜ืขื‘ืกืืขื˜ืกื™ืจืืกืื•ื•,'ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืšืœืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”,'ื”ื›ืจื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืœืงืืขืงืื˜ื–ื™ืืกืข34'

ืŸืงื™ืฉื•ืฆืŸื˜ืขื‘ืื™ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ืœืฉื•ืจื™ืŸื™ืืœื•ื“ื’ึพืŸื”ื›ืื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ืจื‘ืืŸื‘ื™ื™ืจืฉืŸืขืžืœืื–,ืšืœืžื,ืšื™ื™ืื˜ืœืขืคืขื’ืกืขื‘ื™ื•ื9 ื˜ื ืืงืื‘ื˜ืกืจืขืžื™ื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸื•ืืŸื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืกืœืขื“ืขืกืื“ื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžโ€“ื˜ื‘ืฉืŸื“ืขื™ืŸื•ืคืขื˜ืกื˜ืœืขืกืงืขื– ,ื™ื•ื–ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ื›ืกืžืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื”ืจืขืžื™ื“ืขื›ืœืขื•ื•ืŸื™ืืŸื˜ืงื ื•ืคื™ื“ืŸืขื ื™ืคืขื’ืกื™ื•ืืŸืœืื–ืจื™ืžื™ื“ื›โ€“ืฅืขื–ืขื’ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ื ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืจืืŸืจืืœืงืืŸื™ืืŸืœืขื˜ืฉืกืขืจื™ืžืŸืขื ืขืง,ื’ื ื•ืฆืขื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืืขื›ืขืœื˜ืงื ื™ืคืืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืžืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ื›ืื 

ืŸื’ืขื•ื•ืจื–ืขืœืื•ืฆื•ื•ื™ืจื‘ืืŸื‘ื™ื™ืจืฉื•ืฆืŸืœื™ื•ืคืื‘ืšืœืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”,ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืงื ืขื“ื ืืขื’ื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืŸืขื•ื•11

ืŸื•ืืŸืขื–ืกื™ื•ืื™ื•ื•-ืฅืขื ืื˜ื™ืž,ืกื•ื‘ืžืืจืืŸื•ืคืืขืจืืคืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ืขื‘ืจืืขื’ืกื™ื•ื,ืงื™ืืื–ืืžืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ื46

ื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’,ืจืขื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืขื“ื™ืฉืจืืคืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืŸื“ืœื™ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืœืง,ืŸื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ื47 ื™ื“ื˜ืงืจืื˜ืฉืจืืคืŸื‘ืื”,ื˜ื™ื™ืจื‘ืจืขื’ื ื™ืคืจื™ืคื™ื•ื•ืจืขืงื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ,ื˜ืจืืกืŸื™ืืงื™ื“ื ืจื™ื™ืจืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ืื ืจืขื˜ืœื .ืŸืขื–ืกื™ื•ืืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ืงื ื™ื™ืฉ ืŸื•ืคืกืจืขื˜ืกืืœืงืขื ืขื˜ื›ืืœืคืจืืคืŸื•ื,ืกืขื™ืœื™ืœืขืงื™ื“ื ืขื™ืœื‘ืŸื•ืคื’ื ื•ืจื™ืฆืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื“ื ืืจืŸื•ืคืฅื™ืคืฉืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ื48

ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืจืขื‘ื,ืจื–ืขืœืืŸื™ื™ืงืขื–ื™ื™ืจืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ื™ืจืื‘ืื–ื™ืื’ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจืขื“ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ืงื ื•ืคืจืขื˜ืกืงืขื ืจืขื“2 .ื“ื ืืœืŸืฆื ืื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืจืฉืื‘ืืšื™ื™ืืŸื‘ืขื’ืกื ื˜ืฉืจืข ืฃื™ื•ืื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ืฅื ืื’ืŸื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ืื˜ื’ื™ืœืกืื•ื•ื˜ืื˜ืฉื™ื“ืŸืขื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”,ืŸื“ื™ื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื“ื ืืœืŸื™ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื ืืŸืขื ืขื–ืจื™ืžืŸืขื•ื•3

ืŸืขืžืขืœืืจืืคืงื™ื˜ื ืขืงื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขื ืขื–ืขื›ืœืขื•ื•,ื—ื‘ื–ืžืืขื ื•ืคืŸื“ืื‘ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืจืืคืŸืขื’ื ื•ื ืขืคืขืšืืกืืื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืข17

ืŸื•ื,ืŸื˜ื ืืœืื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆื™ื•ื•ืจืขืžื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืขื“ืขื™,ืœื‘ืœืขืงืืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื™ืœื’ื™ื“ื˜ื ืขื”ืขื“ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขืžืขื ื™ื™ื–ืœื™ื™ื•ื•23 ืœืืžื ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืขืคืจืืคืŸื•ืื—ื‘ื–ืžืืขื ื•ืคื˜ืจืืŸื›ื™ื•ื”ืŸืคื™ื•ืืŸืคื•ืืŸืจืื‘ืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื“ืขื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื–ืŸืคืจืื•ื• .ื˜ืจืืŸื’ื™ื˜ื›ื™ืจืŸืคื™ื•ืืŸืœืขื˜ืฉื•ืฆื˜ืฉื™ื 

ื™ื™ืกืŸื•ืื’ืื•ื•ืจืขื™ื™ื–ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื™ืกืจืื‘ืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืŸื’ื™ืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืšื™ื•ืืŸื•ืืกืคืขืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขืงื™ื˜ืฉื™ื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืšื™ื•ืื™ื•ื–ื24

.ืŸืฆื™ื–ื˜ื›ื™ืœืคืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ืจืคืื‘ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืื•ื•,ืŸืขื•ืจื•ืฆืกื™ื•ืืšื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืจืืคื˜ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื’ืคืื˜ืจืืœืขื™ืฆืขืคืกืืื“ื–ื™ืืกืข26 ,ืŸื˜ื›ื™ืœืคืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ื™ื™ื”ื ืืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸื•ืื˜ื•ืจืขื’ืกื™ื•ืืŸื™ื•ืฉืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“,ื˜ืจื™ืกืืคืกืื“ืŸืขื•ื•27 ืชื•ื ื‘ืจืงื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื“ืกืืขื“ืŸื’ืขื•ื•ืŸืœืขืคืื‘ืŸื‘ืขื’ืœืื–ืกืื•ื•ืื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขื ื™ื™ืงื–ื™ืืกืขืœึทื•ื•,ืŸืื˜ื ืืคืกืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขื™ื™ื˜ืฉ

ืŸืืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ืืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืกืขื˜ืคื•ืจืŸืขืžื™ื•ื•,ืืจืื™ื˜ืืŸื’ืืจื˜ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”ืคืืงืŸื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ื34 ืขืงื™ืœื™ื™ื”ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ื™ืจื’ืขื’ื ื™ื™ืื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžืื ืŸื˜ื™ืžื“ื•ื‘ื›ื˜ื™ืžืœื•ืคืืขื“ืื™ื“ืขื›ืขืœื’ื™ื ืขืงื™ื“,ืŸืื‘ืจื•ื˜ืŸื›ืขืœื›ืืžื›ืื ืžื•ื ืŸื˜ืกื ื™ื“ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืœืื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื“ืŸื’ืืจื˜ื•ืฆื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืจืืคืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸืขืžืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื“ืœืื’ืŸื•ืคืจืขืœืขื˜ืืฃื™ื•ืืชื•ื™ืชื•ื

ืŸื™ื™ื’ื•ืฆื ึทืจืืŸื“ืžืขืจืคืŸื™ื™ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืจืขื“ื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ื•ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืกืขืคื•ืจื’ืŸื™ืืจืื ื˜ืœืืžืขื“ ืŸื™ื™ืจืืŸื–ืืœื•ืฆืจื™ืฆื™ืคืื˜ืคื™ื•ื”ืืขื ื•ืคืœืขืคืื‘ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸืขื•ื•ื’ื™ื˜ื›ื™ื–ืจืืคืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืšื™ื•ืืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–42

.ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื ื•ื˜ืขื‘ืจืืื‘ืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ืจืืคื™ื™ื–ืกืื•ื•ืขื™ื’ืจืขื ืขื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกื™ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื•ื•17 ืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื•ืืŸืงืื˜ืฉื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ืž,ืŸืขื’ื ื•ืœืŸื•ืื”ืื•ื‘ืชื˜ื™ืž,ืจืขืžื™ื™ื‘ื˜ืจืขื‘ืœื™ื™ืืšืกืื˜ื™ืžื˜ืฆื ืืœืคืื‘ื–ื™ืื“ืจืขื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•18

.ืŸื’ืœืืคื›ืื ื•ืฆื’ืขื•ื•ืจืขื˜ืกืขื‘ืจืขื“ืงื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉื–ื™ืืกืื“ืŸื•ื--ื’ืขื•ื•ึพืœื˜ื™ืžืืขื“ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–40

ืŸืฆื ืื’ื ื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื,ืŸืจื™ืคืคื™ื•ืืŸื˜ืจืขืคืžื•ืœืขื’ืžื•ืืŸื•ืืŸื‘ืืจื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืคืืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–41

ื•ืฆืฉืจืขื“ื ืืฅืœืื™ื•ื•ืจืขืžื˜ื’ืจืื–ืื‘ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸื•ืืœืœื›ืืขื“ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ืจืขืกื‘ืืงื™ืœื•ืคืจืขืงืŸื‘ืื”ืขืœืื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื42

ืŸื•ึทืฅื˜ืขืกืขื™ื“"ึทืžื˜"ื˜ืจึทื•ื•ืŸื˜ื™ืžื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืžืŸืขืžืกึทื•ื•ืŸื–ึทื•ื•ืกึทื•ื•,ืŸืฉื˜ื˜ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืื™ื’ื”ื˜ื™ืžื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื˜ื•ืจืขืœืงืจืขื“ .ืขื™ื’ึทืœึทื™ื–ื™ืคืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ืงื›ืขืœื˜ึทื’ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืจืฉึทื‘ืขืฉืจืขื“ืœื™ื‘ึทืŸื‘ืขื’48-44ืื™ืงื•ืกืค".ืŸื‘ื™ื•ืœื’-ื˜ึทื’"ืŸื•ืคืึทื˜ืฉืคึท .ืกืขื’ืืจืคืขืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืขื™ืฆืืžืจืืคื ื™ืื™ื“ืฅืจื•ืงืŸืขื ืืžืจืขื“ื•ืฆื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืืกืข1

ืŸืฆื ืื’ืŸืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื˜ื›ืืžืŸื™ื™ื–ื–ืืŸื•ืื˜ืื’ืŸื™ื™ืืื“ืจืื ื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ืกื ื˜ืฉืจืขื˜ืื”ืจืขืœื™ื™ื•ื•6 ืื™ื™ื”ืขื’ืŸื™ืืŸืื˜ืขื’ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื ื™ื™ืืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื•ืื˜ืคืืฉืจืขื”ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžืœื•ืคื–ื™ืื˜ืจืืจืขื“ืขื™ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืกืจืขื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื

.ืŸืกื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืคื™ื•ืœื˜ื ืื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืšืจื•ื“

.ืื™ืืจืืคืจืืœืงื–ื™ืื˜ืคื ื•ืงื•ืฆืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจื™ืกืืคื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ืฅืœืืŸื•ืื˜ื•ื˜ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืกืื•ื•ืฅืœืืœื™ื™ื•ื•7

ื‘ื™ื•ืื•ืœื™ืคืื–ืืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืจืืœืงื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ื›ืื ืŸื•ืืœื•ืคืจืขืงืŸืชืžืื™ื“ืงื™ื“ื ื˜ืขื‘ืจืืกื™ื•ื8 ืŸื•ืคืŸืคื™ื•ืœื˜ื ืื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขื˜ืขื•ื•,โ€“ืŸืจื™ืคืกื™ื•ืืขืงืื˜ืกืขืŸื•ืคืŸื“ืขืจื•ืฆื˜ืฉื™ื โ€“ืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸืื˜ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืœืื–ืฉื˜ื ืขืžื

ืขื ืขื“ื™ืฉืจืืคืŸืกืขื™ื™ื–,ื˜ื™ื™ืงื ื™ื™ืจืจืขื™ื™ื–ืšืจื•ื“ืšื™ื–ืŸื“ื™ื™ืฉืจืขื˜ื ื•ืืŸื•ืืืืฆืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸืฆื™ื ืจื™ืžืกืื•ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืคืขืœืืœื™ื™ื•ื•27 ืขืœืืŸื•ื,ื–ื“ื ืื’ืšื™ื•ื,ืกืขืฉื–ื“ื™ืจื˜ืจืืค,ืŸืงื™ืจืขืฉื™ื™ื”,ืŸื‘ื™ื•ื˜-ืœื˜ืจื•ื˜,ืŸื‘ื™ื•ื˜ืœืฉืžืœื™ื•ื•,ืŸืกื ื™ืจื’ืŸื•ืื”ืื•ื‘ืชืื™ื ื™ืž .ืกืืœืงืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื’ื™ื™ืคืขืจืขื“ื ื ืจืขื‘ื™ืืงื™ื“ื ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืืจื™ื˜,ืงื™ื“ื ืกืข-ืฉื™ื™ืœืคืŸื•ืื“ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืŸืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื˜ืื‘ืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืคื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื28 ืกืื•ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืคืขืžืืฆื™ื“ืŸื‘ื™ื•ืจืšืจื•ื“ืŸืกืขืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ืืื–ื™ื•ืจื’ืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ืืžืจืืคื™ื™ื–ืกืื•ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืงืจืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ื˜ื™ืžืขืจืขื“ื ืื™ื“

ืŸืกื™ืจื’ืื‘ื˜ื ืขืงืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื ึทืจืืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ื–ื™ื‘ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืจืขื˜ึทื•ื• ื™ื“ืขื›ืœืขื•ื•ืฃื™ื•ื,ืŸื˜ื ืขืžืื’ืจืขืคืขืœื•ืคื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืื”ืŸืขืžืกืื•ื•ืชื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ืจืืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•6 ืจืื‘ืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ื ืขืžืื’ืจืขืคื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืชื•ื™ืชื•ืืขืฉื™ื“ื™ื™ืŸื™ืื“ืœืื’ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ื™ืจืฉืขื’ื ื™ื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืฅืขื–ืขื’

ืŸื•ืื’ืื˜ืจืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ืื™ื•ื•ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ืœืื–,ืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื ืื˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ื“ืŸื›ืœืขื•ื•ืฃื™ื•ื,ื’ืื˜ืจืขื“ื–ืื˜ืžื™ื˜ืฉืื‘ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื13 .ืŸื‘ืขืœืฅื ืื’ืŸึทืžืšืขืœืจืขื™ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืจืขึทืคืขื’ืœืื–ืจืข

ืŸื™ื™ื–ืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“.ืกื•ื ืื’ื™ื˜ื ืืจืขื‘ื™ืื’ื™ื–-ืื™ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ืฆืจืื™ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืืšื™ื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ืกืข14 .ื˜ื ื™ื™ื”ืšื™ื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸ'ื”ื“ื•ืขืกื•ืฆืŸื“ื™ืจืคื•ืฆ ืืฃื™ื•ืืšึทืืจืืคื˜ื™ื™ืจื’ืขื’ื•ืฆืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•,'ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,'ืŸืฆื•ื ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืืŸื‘ืื”ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืืกืื•ื•ืฅืœื15

ืšื™ื™ืื˜ืื’ืจืขืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืžืœืืจืขื“ืœืื–.'ื”ืœื™ืคืชืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืกื ืงืจืขืžืื‘ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ืืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ืคื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื28

ืื•ืฆืฅืœืืŸืื˜ืŸืขืงืจืขื™ื•ื•,ืŸืืžืŸื˜ืกืงืขื ืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืšืื ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืืขื“ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“34

ืงื™ื˜ื›ื™ืจืŸืขืœื“ื ืื”ืงื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉืจืขื˜ืขื•ื•,ืŸืขืžืขืœืื•ืฆื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืœืื”ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืื‘ื™ื•ื,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื35 ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืืจื•ืžื™ื“ื˜ืžืขื ืจื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื.ื˜ืื’ื•ืฆื˜ื ืืงืื‘ื–ื™ืืงื ืื“ืขื’ืจืขื“ืขื™ื–ืืงื™ื“ื ืงื ืขื“ืขื’,ื˜ื™ื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืจืขื“ืขื™ื™ื™ื‘

ืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื™ืงืกื˜ื•ื’ืขื˜ืกื›ืขื”ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,'ืŸื˜ืกืงืขื ืื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืšืื ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืขื’ืšืœืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืŸืืžืืขื“44

?'ื˜ื•ืžืŸื•ืคืœื™ืฆืขื’ื™ื˜ื›ื™ืจื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,'ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸืืžืืขื“ืจืขื˜ืื”ืšืื ืจืขื“51

ื™ื“ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืšืœืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”,ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืŸื˜ื™ืžื”ืžื›ืกื”ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ื ืืŸื˜ื ืขืžืกื™ื“ืืœืคืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ืขืœืืŸืขื•ื•53 ืŸื™ืื˜ื ื›ื™ื™ืฆืขื’ืกื™ื•ืืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ื–ืืŸื™ื™ืžืšื™ื),'ื˜ืจืื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืงื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ื•ื•(ืŸืคืืกืืœื™ืค

ืšืืกืื˜ื™ืžืŸืจื™ื•ื‘ืขื’ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืŸื•ืื˜ืกืงืื•ื•ืขืกืืจืขื›ืขืœืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ื–ืืŸืงืจืขืžืื‘ืšืจื•ื“,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื11 ื•ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ืžืŸืจื™ืคื ืื™ื™ื–ืจืขื“ืืŸืคืืจื˜ืฉืื‘ื˜ื›ื™ื™ืœื˜ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื–ื•ื˜ืกืจืื˜ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“:ืŸื“ื™ื™ืœืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ืŸื•ืืชื•ืจืฆ ืกืขืœืื˜ืกืœืื•ื•ื•ื“ื‘ื™ื•ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•.ืŸืคืืจื˜ืฉืŸื•ืืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸื•ืคื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ื ืขืžืื–ื•ืฆื–ื™ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคืŸื‘ืขืœืกืื“ื–ืื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื• !ืงื™ื“ืชื•ื ืžื—ืจืšื™ื•ืื–ื™ืื˜ืื’ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืชื•ื ืžื—ืจื˜ื™ืžืœื•ืคืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื˜ืกืœืื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจืืค

ืขื˜ืกืงื™ื˜ื›ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,'ืŸื˜ืกืงืขื ืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ื™ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืจืคื•ืฆื˜ื™ืžืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืกืื“ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื ืื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“12

ื™ื™ื–ื–ืืœื™ืคืขื’ืกืื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืชื•ืžืฉื ืขืจืขื–ื ื•ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•.ืœื›ืฉืšืจื•ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ืœืืจื˜ื ืืงื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขื ืขืงืกืื•ื•ืกืขื™ื–ืื˜ื ืืคืšืจื•ื“ ืจื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ืืชื•ืขื˜ืืŸื›ืืžืจื™ืžืจืขื‘ื.ืฃืืœืฉืชืขื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืกื•ืื•ื•ืื‘ืจืขื–ื ื•ืืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ืจืืŸืขื™ื™ื’ืกืื•ื•ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืขืงืื˜ืŸื”ืขื–

ื˜ื–ื•ืžืจื™ื.ืื ืงืกืžืจืขื“ื ื’ืœืืคืจืขื“ื•ืฆืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘,ืŸืกื™ืœืฉืื‘ื•ืฆืจื™ืžืจืืคืšืขืœื’ืขืžื–ื™ืืกืขื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื21 ืจื™ืื–ื,ื˜ื™ื™ืงืžื•ืจืคืŸื•ืคื˜ืคืืฉืจืขื”ืจืขื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœืื™ืฉืขืžืŸื•ืืจืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืขืจืขื™ื™ืืŸืจื™ืค,ืšืœืžื,ื’ืขื•ื•ืŸื›ืขืœื’ืขืžืŸื“ืขื™ืฃื™ื•ื ื•ืฆืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ื™ื•ืœืงืกื™ื•ืื˜ืฉื™ื ืœืืžื ื™ื™ืงื˜ืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ืื–ืืŸื•ืื˜ื™ื™ืงืกื˜ื•ื’ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืœืื”ืจื™ืื–ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืกื•ืื•ื•ืื‘ืกืื“ืŸื‘ืื”ื˜ืœืื– .ื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืŸืขืžืขืฉืจืืคื˜ื›ืืžืจืขื™ื™ืืŸื›ื™ื•ืจื‘ืกื™ืžืšืจื•ื“ื˜ืฉื™ื ืœืืžื ื™ื™ืงืŸื•ืืœื›ืฉืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื‘ืฉื—ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืงื™ื“ื™ืจืคืื‘

ื’ื ืืœืงื ื™ื™ืืŸื™ืื˜ืขื˜ื™ืจืื˜ื™ื•ืืŸื›ืขืœื’ื™ื ืขืงืืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืจื™ื“ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืšืœืžืืขืงืื˜ื˜ืกื™ื‘ืจืื ,ืขืœืืจืŸื™ื™ืงื˜ืฉื™ื 

ื•ืฆืŸื˜ืขื‘ืขื’ื˜ืกืขื’ื™ื“ืŸืขืžื˜ืื”,ืŸืคื•ืืŸื’ื™ื“'ืŸื—,ืŸื˜ืกืจืขืžืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืจื™ื“ืืœืคืื’ื ืืœืŸื•ืืšื™ื•ื”ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“ืŸืขื•ื•25 .ื”ื“ื•ืขืกืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื ืื’ืŸืงื™ื“ืจืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืื•ืฆื˜ืขืžื“ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืšื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”,ื˜ืงื™ื“ื ืขืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืกืขื•ืžืฉื™ื“ืŸืขื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื.ื•ืจืŸื›ื•ื– ืืŸืขื ื•ืคืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืงืจืขืžืื‘ื’ื ื•ืจื™ืฉื–ื“ื ืืจืืขื‘ืœืขื–ื™ื“ื–ื™ืื’ืื˜ืŸื’ื™ื“ื ืขืžื•ืงืŸืคื™ื•ื26 ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸื‘ื™ืœื‘ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืฉืจืขืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืฆืกืขื’ืืจืคืŸืœืขื˜ืฉื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ ?ืืขืจืืค-ืกื’ื ื•ืจื™ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืกื›ืขื”ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ื’ื ื•ืฉืจืืคืกื™ื•ืืจืขื˜ืกืงืขื ืจืขื“ืจืืค ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืœื™ื™ื•ื•.ืŸืกืœื•ืคืžื™ืืšืจื•ื“ื˜ืจื™ืคืจืืคืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ืืšื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืฉืจืขื”ื•ืฆ,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื27 ืŸืขืงื ื™ืจื˜ืŸื•ืืŸืกืขื•ืฆื”ื™ื™ื˜ื ืืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื‘ื•ืจื–ืืืžืชืกืžื–ื™ืืกืขื”ื™ื™ื˜ื ืขืฉื™ื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืขื›ืขืœืจื™ื˜ืื ืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืืŸื‘ืื”

ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ืฆืจืื”ื˜ื™ื™ืจื‘ืŸื–ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸืคืจืื“ืจื™ืžื–ืืŸืขื ืขืงืจืขื ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœื,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื36 ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ืฆืจืื”ื˜ื™ื™ืจื‘ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸืคืจืืฉืŸื‘ืœืขื–ืืขื“ืŸื–ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸืคืจืื“ืจื™ืžื–ืื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืšื™ืืจืขื‘ื,ื–ื ื•ืื•ืฆื˜ื•ื’

'ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸื•ืคืชื•ื›ืจื‘ืขืœืืืขื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ืŸื™ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืกืื”ืกืื“ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืขื‘ื™ืœ

ืจืขื‘ื™ื•ื,ื™ื•ื•,ืŸื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸื•ืืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืืขื“ื˜ืจื™ื“ืืœืคืืŸืคื•ืืŸื’ื™ื“ืขื ื’ืŸื˜ืกืจืขืžืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“41

?ื“ืืจื’ืŸื‘ืœืขื–ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืขื™ืฆืื˜ื•ืคืขืจืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืฆืจืขืŸืขืง,ืŸืœืืคื›ืจื•ื“ืœืื– ื™ื“ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื™ื–ืขื’ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืŸืœืืคื›ืจื•ื“ื•ืฆืจื™ื“ืจืืคืšืขืœื’ืขืžื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืกืข,'ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื42 ืขื˜ืกืงืจืื˜ืฉื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจืขืงืจืื˜ืฉื–ื™ืืกืื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืœื™ื•ื•ืŸื˜ื•ื’ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืืกื™ื•ืจืืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ืกืื•ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืงืจืื‘ืงื ืื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžื™ื•ื– ื™ื“ืŸื•ื˜ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขืžืœืืžื ื™ื™ืงืจืขืจืื˜,ื˜ืœืืคื›ืจื•ื“ืจืขื ื™ื™ืื‘ื™ื•ืืจืขื‘ื.ื˜ื™ื™ื”ืจืขื›ื™ื–ืขื˜ืกืขืจื’ื™ื“ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื ืืจืื’ืŸื•ืืŸืคืื•ื• ื–ื™ืืกืขืœื™ื™ื•ื•.ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืŸืขืœื“ื ืื”ืŸื•ืืŸื˜ืคืืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ืจืคืŸืคืืฉื–ื•ืžืจืขืจืื ,ืœืืคื›ืจื•ื“ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืืจื•ื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ืŸื›ืื– .'ื˜ืจืขืงืจืืคื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ืืื™ืฉืขืžืขื˜ื•ื’ืŸื•ื˜ืŸืขื ืขืงื•ืฆื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคื”ื ืชืžื™ื“

?ืจืขื™ื•ืจื˜ืŸื•ืคื™ื™ืจืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืจืขืŸืขืงื™ื•ื–ืื™ื•ื•,ืŸื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืšืœืžืจืขื“ื˜ืื”,ืจืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸื“ื™ืจืคื•ืฆ43 ืŸื“ืขื™ื•ืฆืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืจืื ,ื˜ื’ื™ื“ืขืฉืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืขื ื™ื™ืงืœืืžื ื™ื™ืงื˜ืื”ืจืขื‘ื™ื•ื,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื44

ืŸื’ืขืงื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืกืขืคืขืŸืื˜ื•ืฆืŸื“ื™ื™ืžืกื™ื•ืืจืขืŸืขืงื™ื•ื–ืื™ื•ื•ืŸื˜ืกืงืขื ืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“9

.'ืŸื’ืœืืคื›ืื ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ืื˜ืขื•ื•,ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืืจืขื’ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸืœืื–ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคืกื ื‘ืขืœื™ื“ื–ืืจืขื‘ืขื’-ืฅืขื–ืขื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ืค

?"ื”ื—ืคืฉืžืŸื•ืคื”ืœืขืžืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•:"ืŸืจืขื“ื ืืŸืื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืŸื•ืืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืกื ืืžืืขื“ื˜ื ืขืงืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“11 ืŸืœืืคืกืื•ื•ืŸืงื™ืœื’ืžื•ืื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ื˜ื’ืืœืคืขื’ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ืœืืจื™ืžื–ืืŸื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืื‘ืจื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื12 ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ืงืจืื˜ืฉื™ื“ื–ื™ืื˜ืœืืžืขื“--ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืขืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื“ื™ื™ืœืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ืืื™ื‘ื•ืจืงืขืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืฃื™ื•ื ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื’ื ื•ื˜ื›ืืŸื•ืื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸืขื ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืจื™ืžืŸืœืขื•ื•ืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืœื™ืคืขื’ืื–ืืŸืขื•ื•ืจืื ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืšื™ื™ืœื’ืจืืœืงื˜ืคืืฉื‘ื•ืจืง ืŸื•ืืšืขืœื›ืขืจื‘ื•ืฆืžื•ืืจืื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ื“ื ื•ื‘ืืšื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ื,ื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ืฆืจืื”ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ื™ืžืŸื“ื ื•ื‘ืจืืคื–ื™ืื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•,ืฃืœื™ื”ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸื’ื™ื•ื ืขืœืื™ื™ื–ืŸืขืงื ืขืฉื•ืฆื˜ืื’ืŸื˜ืขื‘ืŸื–ื•ืžืจืื ,ืŸื’ืขืžืจืืคืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืšืื ืŸืขืงื ืขื‘ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืžืŸืจืื˜ื”ื—ืœืฆื”ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื’ืื˜ืŸื™ื

ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืฉื™ื˜ืขื’ืจืขื ืขืŸื•ืืงืจืื˜ืฉืคืืงืจื•ื˜ืื ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸืขื™ื•ืจืคื–ืืŸืขื ืขืงืจืขื“ืšืจื•ื“,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื27 ,ืงื™ื’ืืœืขืฉืœืืคืšืจื•ื“ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืŸืขื’ื ื•ืจืขื“ื ืขืขื’ื ื™ืœืฆื•ืœืคื•ืฆืงื™ื ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืชื•ื•ืืชืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื’ืœืืคื›ืื  ืŸืคื•ืจืกื™ื•ืจืื•ืฆื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ืื’ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืœื“ื ืื”ื•ืฆืงื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืืกืข.ืšืื•ื•ืฉืฅื ืขืกืขืŸื™ืื–ื™ืืจื•ื˜ืื ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื ืšืจื•ื“ืจืื .ืกืจื•ืงืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื˜ื›ื™ืจืœืื–ืจืขืŸื›ืœืขื•ื•ื•ืฆืœื™ืฆืืขื“ืŸืกื™ื•ื•ืจืขืจื™ืคืจืขื“ื–ื•ืžืŸื‘ืขืœืŸืงื™ื“ื—ื™ืœืฆืžืืจืืค.ื˜ืงื™ืœืคื ืืง .'ืŸื˜ื™ื™ืฆืขืœืืŸื™ืืกืจื•ืง-ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸืชืžืืŸืืŸื˜ื›ื™ืจืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸืขื ืขืงืฃืœื™ื”ืก'ื˜ืื’ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืคื•ืจ

ื˜ื›ื•ืจืคื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•:ืŸื˜ื ืขืฆืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ืื”ืŸืืžืจืขื“ืšื™ื•ืื–ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“42

ืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸื™ื™ืงืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืืšื™ื–ืŸื™ืืงื™ื ื™ื–ื˜ืกื•ืื•ื•ืื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืœืื–ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืื–ื,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื43 ืขื˜ืกืขืจื’ื™ื“ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆื˜ืžื•ืง,ืšืœืžืจืขื’ื™ื˜ื›ืขืžื•ื“,ืขื’ื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืœื™ื™ื•ื•.ืชืžืืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืขืœืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืขืœืœืื–ืจืขื–ืืŸื•ื .'ื˜ื™ื™ืงืžื•ืจืคืŸื™ืืชื•ื›ืœืžืŸื™ื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ืฉืจืขื”ื•ื“ื‘ื™ื•ืื˜ืื’ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ืจืขืงืจืื˜ืฉืŸื•ืื”ืžืฉื ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ืงื˜ืกืขืคืŸื•ืื“ื™ื™ืจืค ืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืšืื ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื’ื ื•ืจื™ื“ืืœืคืืขื›ื™ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืžืŸื’ื™ืจืฉืขื’ืขืœืื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขื™ื“ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื44

ื•ื“ืจืขื‘ืืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸื™ืืจืขื˜ืขืจืจืืคืื–ื™ืืกื ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืืงื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉื˜ื›ื•ื–ืกืื•ื•ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืจืขื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•61 .ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ืื’ืกืื•ื•ื”ืฆืขืŸื˜ื•ื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืฃืœื™ื”ืจืขื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืขื ืื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื•ืืขื ื™ื™ื“ืขืœืืŸื•ืคื˜ืคืืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ื˜ืฆื™ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืœืื”ืกืื•ื•ืกืขื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืŸืจืขื“ื ืืŸืื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื’ื•ืœืงื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“62

ืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืœืื–ืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸื™ื™ืงื–ืื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืขื’ืจืืคืŸื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ื’ืจืื–,'ืขื’ืืจืคืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื63 ื’ื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉืจื™ืื˜ื•ื˜ืกืื“ืŸื•ื,ืงืœืืคืŸืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ืขื˜ื™ืจืื˜ื™ื•ืืŸื•ืคืขื™ืฆื™ื–ืืคืืŸื™ืื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•

ืงื™ืจื•ืฆืจึทื™2000ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื˜ึทื”ืชืžึทื™ื•ื–ึทืŸืขื˜ืขื–ืกึทื•ื•ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸื›ืขืœื’ืขื˜ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืžืขืœื‘ึทืจืคืขืจืขื“ื˜ึทืŸื•ึทื’ื˜ื•ืจืขื“ื˜ื•ื•ื•ึทื‘ื˜ืจืขื•ื• ืŸื•ืคื”ืžื›ื—ื™ื“ืŸื‘ึทืจืฉึทื‘21-22ืื™ืงื•ืกืคืจืขื˜ึทืขื˜ืืขื“ืŸืจื™ื“ื˜ืขืžึทืงืขืจืจึทืคืงื™ื“ื•ื•ืขืงืจืขืžึทื‘ืŸืขื˜ืขื–15-17ืื™ืงื•ืกืค

ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื?ืŸื’ืœืืคืื™ื›ืœืžืŸืคืจืื“ืกืื•ื•,ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“6 ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคืกื ื‘ืขืœื™ื“ืŸืœืขื˜ืฉืงื™ืจื•ืฆืŸืขื ืขืงื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืื–ืŸืฆืขื–ืขื’ืขื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืšืจื•ื“ื™ื“ื›,ืŸืฆืขื–ืขื’ื™ื“,'ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ .'ืงื ืขื“ื ืืŸืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืŸืืšื™ื–ืจืืคื˜ืœืžืื–ืขื’ืคื™ื•ืื•ื˜ืกืื”ืœืขืคืื‘ืŸื›ืขืœื˜ืื’ืืขื“ืŸื’ืœืืคืŸื™ืื’ื ื•ืจื™ืคืคื™ื•ืืื–ืืšืจื•ื“ ืจื™ืžืŸืœืื–ืŸืขืžืขื•ื•:ืŸื˜ืกืงืขื ืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ืื”ืŸืืžืจืขื“ืšื™ื•ืื–ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“7

ืŸืขื•ื˜ื’ื ื•ืจื™ืคืคื™ื•ืืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืจืขื™ื™ืืŸื›ืืžื›ืื ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸืกืื”ืกืื•ื•ืขืœื,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื

ืจืขืžื™ื™ื–ืŸืจืขื•ื•,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืžื”ืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืฉืจืขื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•,ื˜ื™ื™ืงืžืขืจืืŸื•ืคืงืœื—ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื’ืืจื˜ืขื’ืŸื•ืืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉ

ืŸืขื ืืจื™ื˜ืขื–ืืœื˜ืื’ื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืื–ื™ื•ืจื’ ื•ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉืจืขื”ื•ืฆื’ื™ืืขืคื–ื™ืื˜ืขื“ืœื™ื‘ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื’ื™ื˜ื›ื™ืจื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืจื•ื˜ืื ืขื˜ื•ื’ื,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืŸื™ื•ืฉื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื™ื•ื•,ืจืขื‘ื22 ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืื˜ืคืืฉืจืขื”ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื“ื•ื‘ื›ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื ื›ื™ื™ืฆืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ืคื™ื•ื–ืื˜ืฉื™ื ,ืšืœืžืจืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ืื˜ืกื™ื‘ ื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•ื˜ืื’ืงื ืื“,ืขื™ืคืืจื˜ื ืืœื™ืคืŸื•ืืชื•ื ืžื—ืจืŸื™ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืŸื’ื™ื˜ืฉืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืจืื ,ืื•ื˜ื›ื™ื™ืจ .ืŸื˜ืคืืฉื ื’ื™ื™ืื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืงื ืืฉืื‘ืจื™ื“ ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืขืœืืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืฆืขืœืืขื“ื˜ื’ืขืจืคืขื’ืšืื ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืืŸืืžืืขื“ืŸื‘ื™ื•ืœืŸื™ืื˜ึทืฆืื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืจืืคื˜ืื”ืšืœืžืจืขื“23

ื’ืื˜ืŸื’ื™ื“ืจืขื™ืจืคืืขื ื•ืคืจืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืŸื•ืืื™ืฉืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืœืืงืื˜ืืจืคื™ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื’ืื˜ืŸื’ื™ื“ื ืขืžื•ืงืŸืคื™ื•ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•9 ืšืื–ื™ื“ื˜ืจืขื•ื•,ื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืจืžื•ืืืกืขืคืขืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืŸืืšื™ื–ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื”ื˜ืคืขืฉืขื’ื™ื“ืจืขื“ื™ื™ืื˜ื ืขื™ื™ืœืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ื

ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืกื“ืจืืงืขืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื ืคืขื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื™ืฆืืžืจืืคื ื™ืืขื›ืขืœื˜ืงื ื™ืค,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื•ื•,ืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื10

ืขื›ืขืœืฆื•ื ืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ื•ืฆื˜ื ืขื–ืจื™ืืŸืจืขื’ื™ื•ื•ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืšื™ืืœึทื•ื•ื’ื ื•ื ืขื“ืจืืŸืงื™ื˜ื›ื™ืจืŸื™ืืŸื˜ืงืืคื™ื“ื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื‘ืื”

ืืขื“ืŸื™ืื’ื ื•ืจืขืงืœืขืคืื‘ืขืฉื™ื“ื™ื™ื™ื“ื˜ืœืžืื–ืขื’ื ืขืžืื–ื•ืฆืกื•ื™ืจื˜ืขืžืขื“ื˜ืื”,ื˜ืงื™ื“ื ืขืจืืคืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ืขื‘ืจืื™ื“ืŸืขื•ื•21 ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื”ื ื–ืขื•ื•ื ืืจืขื“ืŸื™ื,ืŸืขืžืขืœืืจืืคื˜ื ืขื™ื™ืœืขื’ืจืืคืกืขืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื–ื™ืื’ื ื•ืฆืขื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืื™ื“ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืจื

ืจืขื“ื–ืื˜ืœื™ืคืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ื˜ื™ื™ืจืคืขื’ืงืจืื˜ืฉืšื™ื–ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืšืœืžืื•ืฆืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸื“ืœืืžืขื’ื–ื™ืืšืื–ื™ื“ืŸืขื•ื•26 .ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืจื™ืคืขื’ืกื™ื•ืืจืขื›ื™ื–ื–ื™ืื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืŸืืœืค

-ืฅืขื–ืขื’ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื ื™ื•ื˜ืฉืจืขืงืจืื˜ืฉืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ืืšื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืื’ืกืื“ื˜ื ืขื™ื™ืœืขื’ืจืืคืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸืขืž27 .ืจืขื‘ืขื’ ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื˜ืขืืคื™ื“'ืจืขื“ืืจืขืงื™ืจืื˜ืกื™ื”ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ืงื–ืืกืขื–ื™ืื™ื•ื–ืื™ื•ื•,'ืกื•ื™ืจื˜ืขืžืขื“ื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื28 ?'ื’ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ืจื’ืจืขื“ืขืจืื‘ืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืื–ืืŸืขื ืืžืจืขื“ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืฆืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื–ื™ืืกืขื–ืื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืœืืžื ื™ื™ืง ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื›ืขืœื˜ืขืŸื•ื.ืืื˜ืฉืคืืŸื›ืขืœื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืงื™ืœื™ื™ื”ื–ื™ืื”ืจื•ืชื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื29 ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืื˜ืื’ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸื’ืืœืฉืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื˜ื™ืžืจืขื“ืŸืงื™ื˜ืคืขืฉืื‘ื•ืฆืšื™ื–ื”ื ื•ื•ื›ื™ื“ื˜ืื”ืขื’

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