Yiddish - The Book of Revelation

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:ืจื™ืืŸื™ืืŸื‘ื™ืจืฉืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•,ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืŸื˜ื™ื”ืŸื•ื,ื”ืื•ื‘ื ืจืขืงื™ื–ืื“ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื“ืŸืจืขื”ืกืื•ื•,ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ื™ื™ืœืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืœื™ื•ืื•ื•3

ื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืื™ืืŸื•ืค,ืื•ืœืฉืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืื•ืฆืŸื™ื™ื–ื“ืกื—:ืขื™ื–ืืŸื™ืืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืชื•ืœื™ื”ืงืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸื ื—ื•ื™4 ;ืŸืืจื˜ืŸื™ื™ื–ืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื;ืŸืขืžื•ืง ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืื™ื›ืœืžื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืฅื ื™ืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืจื™ื•ื‘ืขื’ืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ื“ืขื™ื™ืจื˜ืขื’ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ื—ื™ืฉืžืขืงืฉืื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื5

ื•ืฆืฑื–ื,ื˜ื ืื”ืขื˜ื›ืขืจืŸืฒื–ืจื™ืžืฃืฑืื˜ื’ืฒืœืขื’ืคืฑืจืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื.ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืกื™ืคืขื ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืŸืœืืคืขื’ืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ืื™ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื–ืืŸื•ื17 :ืจืขื˜ืฆืขืœืจืขื“ืŸื•ืืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื;ืŸื‘ืื”ืืจื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–:ืŸื’ืื– ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืื•ื ื”ื™ื’ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืœืกื™ืœืฉื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื;ืŸืžื,ืงื™ื‘ืฒืืฃื™ื•ืื‘ืขืœืšื™ื,ืขื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืชื•ืžืŸื™ื‘ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื‘ืขืœืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื18 ;ืงื™ื˜ืืžืื˜ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืื•ื•,ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ื‘ื™ื™ืจืฉ19 ื™ื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืชื•ืจื•ื ืžืขื ืขื“ืœื™ื’ืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืื”ื˜ื›ืขืจืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืื•ื•ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื™ืจืขื˜ืกื™ืžื™ื“20

ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื‘ื™ื™ืจืฉืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื;ืŸื™ื™ื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืœื›ื™ื”ืืขื“ืŸื™ืื“ื•ืžืขืืŸื›ืืžืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ื—ืฆื ืžืกืื•ื•ืืขื“12

.ืชื•ืžื™ืชืกืŸื‘ื™ื–ืŸืฒื–ืŸื–ืฒืœื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ืšื•ื‘ืกืื“ืŸืขื ืขืคืข ืกืขื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ืืืืœืืŸืขื ืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ื,ืื™ื ืงื–ื™ื“ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ืจื™ืคื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืœื•ื˜ืฉืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ื,ืขื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื6 .ื“ืจืขืจืขืฆื ืื’ืจืขื“ืฃืฑืื˜ืงื™ืฉืขื’ื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืค.ืจืขื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•,ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืŸื‘ื™ื–ืŸื•ืืจืขื ืจืขื”ืŸื‘ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืž,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืขื’ื–ื™ื ืœื•ื˜ืฉืŸืคื™ื•ืืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื˜ื›ืขืจืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืšื•ื‘ืกืื“ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื7

ืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืื™ืื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื;ืŸื’ื™ื•ื‘ืื˜ืื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”,ืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ืื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืคืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืฉืจืข,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื2 ื—ืฆื ืžืŸื•ืื—ืฆื ืžืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื•ืจืงืืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ .ื˜ืขื–ืŸื•ืืื•ืง:ืŸื’ืื–ื”ื™ื—ืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆื™ื“ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”,ืืชื•ื—ืŸื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืืขื“ื˜ื ืคืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื3

,ืขื–ืŸื•ื;ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคืืจืืคืŸื˜ืฉืจืขื’ืกืืžื™ื™ืจื“ืŸื•ื,ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคืืจืืคืฅื™ื™ื•ื•ืกืืžื:ืŸื’ืื–ืชื•ืžื”ื‘4ื™ื“ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืœื•ืงืื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื6

.ื˜ืขื–ืŸื•ืืื•ืง:ืŸื’ืื–ื”ื™ื—ืจืขื˜4ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื•ืงืกืื“ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”,ื”ืžื™ืชืกืŸื˜ืจืขืคืืขื“ื˜ื ืคืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื7 ื–ื™ืืื•ื ื”ื™ื’ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ื,ืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ืื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืŸืขืžืื ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืคื–ื™ื™ืœื‘ืื˜ืฉืจืข,ื˜ืงื•ืงืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื8 ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื’ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืฐืฉื˜ื™ืžืŸื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืฆ,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸื˜ืจืขืคืŸืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ื›ืืžืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืฒื–ื˜ืื”ืขืžืŸื•ืืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื›ืื  .ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืชื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื˜ื™ืž ,ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืื•ื•ืืขื“ืจืืคื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืขื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืชื•ืฉืคื ื™ื“ื—ื‘ื–ืžืŸืจืขื˜ื ื•ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”,ื”ืžื™ืชืกืŸื˜ืคื ื™ืคืืขื“ื˜ื ืคืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืืŸื•ื9

ืœืื–ื˜ื ื™ื•ื•ืจืขื“ื–ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ืคื™ื“ืŸื˜ืœืื”,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืงืขืจื™ืคื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืื™ื›ืืœืžืจื™ืคืŸืขื–ืขื’ืšื™ืืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืšืื ืŸื•ื1 .ืื™ื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ืงืฃื™ื•ืืจืขื“ื,ืื™ืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืจืขื“ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื–ืืœื‘ื˜ื™ื  ืšื™ื•ื”ืื˜ื™ืžืŸื’ื™ืจืฉืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ืงื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืขื‘ืžืืœืคื™ื“ื˜ื™ืž,ื—ืจื–ืžืŸื•ืคืฃื™ื•ืจืืšืืœืžืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื2

.ื˜ืื’ื˜ื ื™ื“ืขื’ืšื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขืžื™ื ืคืจืขื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ื

ืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืื’ืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื•ืฆืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–,ื˜ื›ืืžืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ืืžืŸื•ื,ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸื•ื,ื”ื™ื“ื•ื”ืŸื•ื,ื”ืžื›ื—ืŸื•ื,ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸื•ืื”ื›ืจื‘:ืŸืžื:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื12 .ืŸืžื.ืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืŸื•ื

ืŸื•ื?ืื™ืฉื•ื‘ืœืžืขืกืฒื•ื•ืŸื™ืืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ืืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•,ืกืื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ื ืขืขื’ื˜ืื”ืื™ื ืงื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ืืŸื•ื13

ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกืฑืจืืŸืขื ืฒื–ืกืืฐ,ื™ื“ืŸืขื ืฒื–ืกืื“:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื.ื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื•ื“,ืจืื”:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื14 ืืืœืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื•ืœื‘ืืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืกืฒืฐืฒื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ืฒืœืงืขืจืขืฒื–ืŸืฉืืฐืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื”ืจืฆืจืขืกืฑืจื’

ืŸื•ื,ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ืคืŸืœืื•ื•ืงืขืงื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœื•ืฆืŸืจื™ืคื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืขื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•,ืœื•ื˜ืฉืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืืืœืกืื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•17

ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืื”ื’ืื˜ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคืจืืคื–ื™ืื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื˜ื™ืจื“ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื;ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื˜ื™ืจื“ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ื”ื ื‘ืœ

ืŸื˜ืืฉื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื—ื›ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸืงืขืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸื›ืขื˜ืฉืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืขืŸื•ื,ืื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงืขื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ืืŸืงืขื˜ืื”ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื10

ืŸื•ืฉืœืฉื™ืืขืจื‘ืขื”ืฃื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืŸืขืžืื ืŸืฒื–ืกืื•ื•,ืŸื•ืชื—ืชืŸืื‘ื•ืจื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืšืืœืžืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ื™ื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืืšืœืžืื˜ืื”ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื11 .ืŸื•ื™ืœื•ืคืืŸืขืžืื ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจื’ืฃื™ื•ืืจืขื‘ื,ืŸื•ื“ื‘ื

ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื—ืฆื ืžื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื™ื™ื–ืŸื’ืขืงื”ืžื—ืœืžืŸื›ืืžืŸื•ืชื—ืชืŸืื‘ื•ืจื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื”ืœืขืกืื•ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื˜ืขื•ื•,ืชื•ื“ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืื™ื™ืกืŸืœืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื–ืืŸื•ื7

ืขืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืจืื”ืšื™ื•ืื•ืื•ื•,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื•ืืื•ื“ืกืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืกืื•ื•,ื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกืื’ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื‘ื›ืฉืŸืœืขื•ื•ืื™ืชืžืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื8

ืŸื–ืืœื˜ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื‘ืœืื”ืืŸื•ืื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืจื“ืจืขื‘ืœืœืื™ืชืžืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื–ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืชื•ืžื•ืืŸื•ืืชื•ื ื•ืฉืœืŸื•ืืชื•ื—ืคืฉืžืŸื•ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื9 .ืื™ืจื‘ืงืŸื™ืืŸืœืขื˜ืฉืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืจืขื‘ืœืœื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื– ืœืฒืฐ;ืŸืจืขื“ื ืืืขื“ื•ืฆืจืขื ื™ื™ืืชื•ื ืชืžืŸืงื™ืฉืŸืœืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื™ื™ืจืคืšื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื™ื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸืขื™ื™ืจืคืšื™ื–ืŸืœืขื•ื•ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืื‘ืฉื™ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ื10

ืจื™ืืฃื™ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืกื™ืคืขืจื™ืืจืขื˜ื ื•ืื”ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ื–ืจืขื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ืื™ื•ืจืคื;ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื™ืืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืจืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ืืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืกืขืŸื•ื1

ืŸื‘ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื ืจืขื”ืŸืขืฆืŸื•ืืคืขืงืŸื‘ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืž,ื’ื ืืœืฉืจืขื˜ื™ื•ืจืจืขืกื™ื•ืจื’ื,ืขื–ืŸื•ื;ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื™ืืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืกืขืŸื•ื3

ื‘ื™ืœื˜ื™ื ืŸื‘ืื”ืฒื–ืŸื•ื;ืชื•ื“ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืื•ื•ืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸื•ื,ืืืœืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื•ืœื‘ืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸื‘ื™ืœืงืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื11

ืื•ืจืืฐ!ืื™ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื•ืื•ื•ื ื™ื™ืื™ื“ื•ืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืขื ื™ื•ืื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ืจื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืœืžื™ื”ืจื™ื,ืจื™ืื˜ื™ื™ืจืคืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“12 .ื˜ืฒืฆืจืขืฆืจื•ืงืืจืื ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ื,ืกืฒืฐืจืขืœืฒืฐ,ืŸืจืืฆืžื™ืจื’ืกื™ื•ืจื’ื˜ื™ืž,ืšืฒืื•ืฆื˜ืจืขื“ื™ื ืขื’ืคืืจืื˜ืื”ืŸื˜ืฉืจืขื“

,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ืŸื™ืื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืจืขื™ื™ืคื˜ื–ืืœืขื’ืคืืจืื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืื™ื•ื–ื,ืจืขื“ื ื•ืื•ื•ืกื™ื•ืจื’ืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื13

ืŸืขืงืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื•ื;ืื™ื ืงื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืืชื•ื™ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื“ืจืืคืŸื•ื,ืŸืืจื˜ืืขื“ืจืืคื’ื ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืขื™ื•ื•ืŸืขื’ื ื•ื–ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื3

ืŸื™ื”ื•ืื•ื•ืืืœื™ื“ืŸื’ืœืืคื›ืื ืกืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื“ืŸืขืฑืจืคื’ื ื•ื™ืŸืขื ืฒื–ืฒื–ืื•ืจืืฐ;ืื™ืฉื ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืืžื˜ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืกืื“4

ืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขื ื™ื•ืื•ื•ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸืงื™ื“ื™ื™ืจืคื•ืฆื”ืจื•ืฉื‘ืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืž,ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ื™ืžื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืขื™ืœืคืšืืœืžืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื6 ,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืื’ื ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื”ื—ืคืฉืžืŸื•ื,ืงืœืืคืจืขื“ืขื™ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืข ืกืื•ื•ืื™ืืŸืงื•ื‘ืŸื•ื:ืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ืคืฉืžืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื”ืขืฉื™ื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•;ืื™ืื•ืฆื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸื‘ืขื’ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ืืจื•ืž,ืœื•ืงืšื™ื•ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’7 .ืŸืจืขืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ืคืŸืœืื•ื•ืงืŸื•ื,ืื™ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืŸื•ืืœืžื™ื”ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ื˜ืื˜ืฉืกื™ื•ืจื’ื™ื“,ืŸืœืืคืขื’ื–ื™ื,ืŸืœืืคืขื’ื–ื™ืืœื‘ื‘:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืšืืœืžืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื›ืื ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื8

ืฅืืœืคื,ื“ืจืขืคืŸื•ืคื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื“ื–ื™ื‘,ืกืกืขืจืคืขื ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืกื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืื˜ื•ืœื‘ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกื™ื•ืื“ื ืื˜ืขืจื˜ื–ื™ืืกืกืขืจืคืขื ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ื20

ื–ื™ืื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืื™ืจืื•ื•;ืชื•ื›ืžืขื˜ืฆืขืœืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืื™ื›ืืœืžืŸื‘ื™ื–,ืšืขืœืจืขื“ื ื•ื•ื•ืŸื•ืืกื™ื•ืจื’,ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื™ืืŸื›ื™ื™ืฆืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื1

ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืขืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ืกื™ื•ืืกืื’ืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจืขืฒืื™ื™ื’:ืื™ื›ืืœืžืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืœื›ื™ื”ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื•ืงืกื™ื•ืจื’ืื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื1

ื˜ื ืขืจื‘ืจืืคืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื™ื’ืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ื™ื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ืื™ื“ื–ื™ืื™ื–ื•ืœื™ืคื,ื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ืืŸื•ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ืŸื•ื11 ื˜ื›ืืžืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ืจืขื‘ื;ืชื•ื›ืœืžืŸื™ื™ืงืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ื˜ืฉื™ื ืšืื ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืื™ื›ืœืžืŸืขืฆืŸืขื ืขื–,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื ืจืขื”ืŸืขืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ื12 ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื”ืขืฉืŸื™ื™ืืื™ื›ืœืžื™ื•ื• .ื”ื™ื—ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืงืจืื˜ืฉืŸื•ืื˜ื›ืืžืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืขื’ืŸืœืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–13 ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืื™ื›ืœืžืŸื•ืคืšืœืžืŸื•ื,ืจืื”ืŸื•ืคืจืื”ื–ื™ืืจืขืจืืค:ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ื˜ืขื•ื•ืืืœื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืืืœื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื”ืžื—ืœืžืŸื›ืืžืŸืœืขื•ื•ืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“14

.ืจืขืฆืŸื™ื™ืงืŸืขื–ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื”ื ืžืœืืŸื™ื™ืงื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื™ื‘ืŸื•ื,ื”ื›ืœืž ืื•ืจืืฐ,ืจืขืฒืคืŸื™ืืŸืจืขืฐื˜ื ืขืจื‘ืจืืคื˜ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ืจืขื’ื ื•ื”ืŸื•ื,ืœื‘ืืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืž,ื’ืื˜ืŸื™ื™ืืŸื™ืืชื•ื›ืžืขืจื™ืืŸืขืžื•ืงืŸืœืขื•ื•ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“8 .

ื”ืืจืŸืœืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื•ื•,ืจื™ืืฃื™ื•ืืŸื’ืืœืงืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ืืœืงืจื™ืืฃื™ื•ืืŸืœืขื•ื•,ื—ืžืฉืจื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ืืชื•ื ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืฅืจืื”ืŸื•ืคืื™ื›ืœืžื™ื“ืŸื•ื9

ืŸืฒืืŸื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ!ื”ืœื•ื‘ื’ื”ืจื™ึธื™ื“,ืœื‘ื‘ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ืจื™ึธื™ื“,ื™ื™ื•ื•,ื™ื™ื•ื•:ืจืžืื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืจื•ืกื™ืจื™ืืŸื•ืคื“ื—ืคืจืขื“ืจืืคืงื—ืจืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื“ืžืข10

ืขืœืืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื•ืจื›ืขืœืจืืฉืŸื•ื,ื“ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืœืคืจื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื ื™ืœืŸื•ื,ืœืจืขืคืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืจืขื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจืขื™ื™ื˜ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื‘ืœื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื“ืœืื’ืŸื•ืคื”ืจื•ื—ืกื™ื“12

.ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ืกื™ืฐื™ื–ื–ื™ืื”ืขืฉืŸืฒืืŸื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ!ืšื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืื™ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืคื™ืฉืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ืขืœืืšื™ื™ืจืŸืขื ืขื–

ืจื™ืืฃืฑืืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ื ืืšืฒืื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืื•ืจืืฐ;ืื™ืื™ื‘ื ืŸื•ืืื™ื—ื™ืœืฉืขืงื™ืœื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ืŸื•ื,ืœืžื™ื”ื•ื“,ืจื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ืืšื™ื–ื™ื™ืจืค20 ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ื–ื:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืคืจืื•ื•ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœื™ืžืกื™ื•ืจื’ืื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืืŸื‘ื™ื•ื”ืขื’ืคื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืšืืœืžืงื™ื“ืœืื•ื•ื’ืืŸื•ื21

ืŸื•ืค,ื”ื›ืืœืžืœืขื‘ืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื•ื;ืจื™ื“ืŸื™ืืขืžืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขืžื˜ืขื•ื•,ืชื•ืจืคื•ืฉืŸื•ื,ืื™ืจืคืœืžืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืื™ื ื’ื ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืคื•ืจื—ืŸื•ืคืœื•ืงืจืขื“ืŸื•ื22 ;ืจื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจืขืฐื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžื˜ืขืฐืŸืฒื˜ืฉืœื™ืžืืŸื•ืคืœื•ืงืจืขื“ืŸื•ื;ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸืขื ื•ืคืขื’ืจื™ื“ืŸื™ืืจืขืžื˜ืขื•ื•,ื–ื™ืืจืขืขื›ืืœืขืžืจืขื›ืœืขื•ื• ืŸืจืขืฐื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžื˜ืขืฐื”ืœื›ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืŸืชื—ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื•ืงืจืขื“ืŸื•ื;ืŸืขื ืฒืฉื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžืจื™ื“ืŸื™ืืœืื–ื˜ื›ื™ืœืืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ื™ืœืกืื“ืŸื•ื23

.ื”ืื•ื‘ื ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืขืงืฉืื™ืŸื•ืคืชื•ื“ืขื™ื“ืจืืค:ื˜ืื’ืŸืงื•ื‘:ืขืงืฉืื™ืŸื•ืคืชื•ื“ืขื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืค ืŸื•ืื™ื™ืจื˜ืขื’ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื–ื™ื,ืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ืื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื;ื“ืจืขืคืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืืขื–ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืคืขืขื’ืœืžื™ื”ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื11 .ื”ืžื—ืœืžื˜ื›ืืžืŸื•ืืจืขื˜ืคืฉืžื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื,ืชืžื ื–ื,ืŸื‘ื™ืจืฉืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸืขืžืื ืืŸื•ื;ืื™ืจืชื›ื‘ืจืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืคืืงืŸื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื•ื,ืฉืืŸื•ืคื”ื‘ื”ืœืื™ื•ื•ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืขื ื™ื™ื–12

.ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸืขืžืื ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื•ืœื‘ืŸื™ืืŸืขืงื ื•ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ืœืื˜ื™ืžืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื13 ืŸื™ื™ืจืŸื•ืืกื™ื™ื•ื•,ืŸืขื ื™ืœืŸื™ืืŸืื˜ืขื’ื ื,ื“ืจืขืคืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ื›ืื ืื™ืืŸืขื ืขื–ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ืชื•ืื‘ืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ื14

;ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืื™ื•ืงืžืŸืœืื–ืจืื™ื˜ื ื–ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื“ื–ื™ื‘,ืชื•ืžื•ืื™ื“ืŸืจื™ืคืจืืค ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื›ื™ื™ืฆืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืขืžื•ืงืื‘ื˜ื™ื ืŸื•ื,ื“ืœื™ื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ื ;ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื ืืจื˜ืŸืขื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื4 .ืจืื™ื˜ื ื–ื™ื•ื˜ืŸื—ื™ืฉืžื˜ื™ืžื˜ื’ื™ื ื™ืงืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ื˜ื ืขื”ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืจืขื“ื,ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขื™ื™ื– ืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืื“ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืงื™ื“ื ืขืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื–ืจืื™1000ื™ื“ื–ื™ื‘,ื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืŸื‘ืื”ืื™ืชืžื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขืงื™ืจืขื‘ื™ืื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื5

ืŸืขื ื™ื•ืื•ื•ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื˜ื™ืžื–ื™ืื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืŸื›ืฉืžืจืขื“,ืขื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืกื™ื•ืจื’ืœื•ืงืื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื3

ืŸื•ื,ื™ื™ืจืฉืขื’ืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื•ืืจืขื™ื•ืจื˜ืŸื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืŸื™ื™ืงืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืขืŸื•ื;ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขืจื˜ืขืœืืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ื˜ืขื•ื•ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื4

ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืขืŸื•ืคืšื™ื™ื”ื™ื“ืŸื•ืื˜ื™ื™ืจื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ืื’ื ืขืœื™ื“;ื˜ื™ื™ืจื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ืกื™ื•ืจื’ื–ื™ืื’ื ืขืœื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืงื™ื“ื›ืขืงืขืจื™ืคืŸื’ืขืœืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ืื˜ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ื16

.ืšืืœืžืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ืืกืื“,ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืŸื•ืคืกืืžืจืขื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœ,ืŸืœืฒืืงื™ืฆืจืขืคืŸื•ืืจื™ืคืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”,ืจืขืฑืžืจื™ืืŸื˜ืกืืžืขื’ืคืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื17 .ื–ืืœื’ืŸืจืืœืงืŸื•ืคื™ืฐืฑื–ื,ื“ืœืื’ืืขื ืฒืจืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ืื˜ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื–ื™ืคืฉืื™ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืฐืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืฑืžืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื ื‘ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื18 ื–ื™ืื“ื•ืกื™ืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขืจืขื“ืจืขื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจืขื™ื™ื˜ืŸื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืžืขืœืื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆืื‘ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ืขื–ื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื™ื•ืžืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืชื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ื19 ;ื“ื’ืืจืืžืฉืŸื,ื˜ืจืขืคืจืขื“;ืขื™ื ืื“ืขืกืœืื›ื,ืขื˜ื™ืจื“ื™ื“;ืจื™ืคืืฉ,ืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆื™ื“;ืจืขืคืกืืฉื–ื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ ;ื–ืืคืื˜ื,ืจืขื˜ื ืฒื ืจืขื“;ืœื™ืจืขื‘,ื˜ื›ืื™ื“;ืขื˜ื™ืœืืกื™ืจืฉื˜,ืจืขื˜ืขื‘ื™ื–ืจืขื“;ืกื•ื™ื“ืจืืก,ืจืขื˜ืกืงืขื–ืจืขื“;ืกืงื™ื ื•ื“ืจืืก,ืจืขื˜ืคื ื™ืคืจืขื“20

ืŸื•ืคืกื™ืคื™ื“ืจืืคืŸืงื•ื‘ืšื™ื–ืŸืœืืคืขื’ืคืืจืืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื–ืืŸื•ื.ื˜ืจืขื”ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ืกืื“ื‘ืื”ืŸื ื—ื•ื™ืšื™ืืŸื•ื8

ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืื™ื‘ื ื™ื“,ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืจืขื˜ืขื‘ืจืื˜ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืŸืื˜ื˜ื™ื ืกืขื˜ืกืœืื–ื•ื“,ืขื–:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืจืขื˜ืื”ื˜ืœืืžืขื“9

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