Yiddish - Testament of Gad

Page 1

.ืฅืจึทื”ืŸื™ึทืจืขื“ืจืขืžึทืจืขื‘ึทืฉื˜ื ืขืžืงืจึทื˜ืฉืŸื•ึทืšืขื˜ืกึทืค.ื”ืคึฟื™ื™ืŸื•ึทืŸื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื™ืจืขื˜ื ึทื ืจืขื“,ื“ื’

ืŸื•ืืฃื ื™ืคืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืŸื™ื,ืŸื™ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•,ื“ื’ืŸื•ืคื“ื ื•ื‘ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืขื™ืคืึธืจืขื“1

ื”ืจื•ื‘ื’ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ึธืขื™ื•ืฆืŸืจื™ื•ื‘ืขื’ืŸื•ื–ืจืขื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืจืขื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืขืžืฉ2

ื“ืœื™ืฐืืจืขื“ื,ืฃืœืืฐืจืขื“ืจืขื“ื,ืŸืขืžื•ึธืขื’ื–ื™ืื‘ึทืœืจืขื“ืŸืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื;ื”ืœื™ืœื‘ืŸืืฆื™ื“ืจืžื•ืฉืšื™ืื‘ืื”ื™ื•ื–ื3 ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืื”ืŸึทืžื˜ื™ืžืŸื’ืืจื˜ืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืื™ื–ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ื˜ื’ืื™ืขื’ื›ืื ื™ื–ืšื™ืื‘ืื”,ึธืœืืคืืขื“ืŸื’ืขึธืื”ื™ื—

.ื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืจืขื“ืื™ืื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืฃืจืืฐึพืŸึทื˜ืฉืื˜ื™ืžืŸืคืจืืฐืขื’ึธืขืฐืืื™ืื‘ืื” ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื’ื ื•ื™ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸื•ื,ื’ืขื˜30ืจืขื›ืขื”ืฃืืฉื™ื“ื–ื“ื ื•ืื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื”ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸึทืžืŸื•ื4 .ืฅื™ื”ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ึธื ืืจึธื–ื™ืืจืข ืŸื‘ืขืœื‘ื›ืฉื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื˜ืืคืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื•ืฆืŸื•ืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืจืขึธืขื’ืžื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื5 .ื˜ืื”ืขื’ื‘ื™ืœืื™ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืœึทื•ื•,ืื™ื ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืฃืืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื˜ืกืขื‘ื™ื“ืŸืขื ืขื’ืจื”ื”ื”ืœื‘ืŸื•ืื”ืคืœื–ืŸื•ืคืŸื™ื–ื™ื“ื–ื,ื•ื ื™ื‘ืื˜ืœึทืฆืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ื6 .ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ืŸื•ืืŸื‘ื•ืืจืŸื•ืคื˜ืคืฉืžืืขื“ืŸื’ืขึธืŸืกืข ืชื•ืžื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื‘ืืŸื•ืคืœื™ื•ืžืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืกืคืขืฉืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืฆืžื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื–ืืŸืขื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืืขืจืื•ื•7 ื–ืืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืขืœื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขึธืกืขื–ืืื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ืึธื™ืจืขื™ื•ืจื˜,ืกืคืขืฉืกืื“ืŸื’ืืœืฉืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขืจืขื‘ื;ืจืขื‘ืืขื“

ื˜ืคื™ื•ึธืจืืคื–ื™ืืจืขืกืื•ื•ื’ืื˜ืืขื“ื–ื™ื‘ืฃืกื•ื™ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ื ืจืขืฆืขื’ืšื™ื–ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืšืื–ืจืขึธื™ื–ืื“ืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื•ื8 .ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืฃืกื•ื™ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขื”ื•ืฆื˜ืœืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืžืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื”ืื ืฉืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื9 ื–ืืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ื ืคืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื•ืฆืŸื’ื™ืจืฉืขื’ื–ื“ื ื•ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืื™ืืŸืขื–ื•ืฆืจืขื“ื,ืŸืจืขื™ื•ื .ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ืŸืืฃืืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืกืขืจื™ืž .ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ืขื’ืื™ืืจืขื˜ืื”,ืจืขื˜ืืคืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•ืฅืœืืืขืจืื•ื•10 ื˜ื ื™ื™ืคืšื™ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืื™ืืŸื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื˜ืœืื•ื•ืขื’ืšื™ืืœืืžื˜ืคืื–ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืŸื™ื™ืž,ืŸื™ืฉื–ื“ืŸื™ื™ืžื˜ืฆื™ืื”ื“ื•ืžืšื™ื11 .ืฅืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืื™ื ืŸื•ืคื“ื ืืœืŸื•ืคืŸึธืขืœืื™ืื˜ืœืืฐืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื;ืชื•ืžื•ืœื—ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืจืืคื˜ื ื™ื™ืคืจืขืžืšืื ืื™ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื12

.ื“ืœืขืคืŸื•ืคื–ืืจื’ืกืื“ืŸึธืขืœืกึธืืŸืื™ืฐืฑื–ื,ืขึธื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœื™ื“ .ืื™ืœืืขืžืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ืฆืื™ื™ื”ืขื’ืŸื™ืืŸืคื™ื•ึธืจืืคืื™ืื˜ืื”ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ืŸื•ื13 ื”ืœื•ืขื”ืฉืขื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืœืื–ืจื™ืžื™ื“ื›,ื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืŸื•ืคืœื™ืฆืžืื™ืื˜ืื”ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ืืŸื•ืคืื™ึธื•ืœืืจืขื“ืŸื•ื14

ืŸื•ืคื”ืจื•ืชืขืฆื ืื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื™ึธื™ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืŸืื˜ื•ืฆืชืžืืŸื•ืคื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆืขืžืฉ,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ื“ื ื•ืฆืืŸื•ื15 ืŸื•ืคืื™ืฉืขืžื™ื“ืขืœืืŸื™ืื–ื™ื™ื‘ื–ื™ืืกืขืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ื”ืื ืฉืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืŸืื˜ืŸื•ื,ืŸื˜ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ื•ืืืขื“

ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ืจืืคืืจื•ืžื˜ืื”ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืฉื˜ืื›;ื‘ืขื•ืชืื™ืื–ื™ื,ืื ืฉืืขื“ื”ืฉืขืื“ืืŸืืกืื•ื•ืฅืœื16

,ืชื•ืืฉื ืชื”ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืจืข,ืขืจื”ืŸื•ืฉืœืŸืกื™ืจื’ืื‘ื˜ืื”ืจืข,ื—ื™ืœืฆืžืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ืื ึธืžืจืข,ืชืžืืืขื“ื–ื•ื‘ืจืข17 .ืฃืกื•ื™ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ึธื•ึธืขื’ื˜ืœืืžืขื“ืšื™ื•ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื;ืฉืคื ืŸื™ื™ื–ืชืจื•ื•ืขื”ืื ืฉืืขืจืื•ื• .ืŸื™ื™ืœื'ื”ืŸื’ืขึธื•ืœื™ืคืื”ืœื•ืขื˜ื•ื˜ืกืขืืขืจืื•ื•,ื”ืื ืฉืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืšื™ื™ืื˜ื™ื”18

1ืœื˜ื™ืคืืง
.ืกึทื”ืŸื•ืคืขื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืคืขื“ึฟึทื‘ึทื˜ื•ึทื ึทื™ื™ึท25ืกืจืขื•ื•
:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆืฑื–ื,ืŸื‘ืขืœืŸึทื–ืŸื•ืคืจืื™ืŸื˜ืกึธื™ืฆื ืืฐืฆ
.ืŸืืฆื™ื“ืŸื˜ื™ื”ืŸื™ื
.ืŸืกืขื’ืขื’ืกืขืŸื‘ืื”ืจื™ืž
.ืœืืจืฉื™ืŸื™ืื”ืœื•ื“ื’
.ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืž
.ื‘ื™ืœื˜ื™ื ืื™ืืจืขื˜ืื”,ึธื™ื“ืฆืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืกื™ื ืขื’

ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืจื‘ื—ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ืคืืฉื‘ื™ืœืืขื“ืŸื’ืขื•ื•ืชื•ื•ืฆืžืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืื™ืจื‘ื“ื™ื“ืขืžืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืกืขืืขืจืื•ื•19

ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืŸืจื™ืžืืœึธืืจืคื•ืฆืฃื›ื™ืชืกืขืŸืขื™ื™ืจืคืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืกืข,ื˜ืœืคืžืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืื‘ื™ื•ืืื™ืจืื•ื•20 .ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืขื’ืŸื•ืื˜ืคืืจื˜ืฉืื‘ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืืจืืคื˜ืคืฉืžืขื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ืœืื–ืจืขื–ืืšืขืœื’ื ื™ืจื“ื–ื™ืืกืข ื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืกืขืกืื•ื•ื”ืจืฆืจืขื“ืขื™ื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื’ืขึธืื™ืืŸืจื™ืœื•ืžื™ื˜ืกืกืข,ื˜ื›ืขื ึธืื–ื™ืืกืขื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื21

.ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืชื•ืžืŸืขื ืขึธืจืขืšืขืœื’ืขืžื‘ื™ื•ื,ืื™ืืŸื’ืขึธ ืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื–ืจืขื“ืื˜ืจืขื”ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ื ืืœื™ื•ื–ื;ืœื’ืฆืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื’ืขึธืšื™ื•ืื”ืื ึธื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขื‘ืจืื”ืื ืฉืืขืจืื•ื•22

ืกืื•ื•,ื™ื“ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ึธื™ืจื•ืฆื˜ืœืื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืชืžื™ื“ื•ืœื™ืคืื˜ืจืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืจืขื“ื˜ืื”ื˜ืคืืฉื‘ื™ืœืื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ืืื™ืจืื•ื•23 ื˜ืื•ื•,ื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืขึธื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœื™ื“ืŸื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื”ืื ืฉื™ื“ื˜ืœืื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืŸืขื‘ืจืื˜ืฉื•ืฆืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืœื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ืืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื–

.ืŸื‘ืขืœื•ืฆืŸื˜ื™ืœืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืœืื•ื•,ืšื™ืœื’ื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื˜ึธื™ื“ื ื™ื–ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื” ืฅืœืืŸื™ื,ืจืขื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ึธืœืขื ืฉืืšืจื•ื“,ืŸื˜ืฉื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืžืื–ื•ืฆื˜ืขื‘ืจืื”ืื ืฉืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืจืขื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•24 ืŸื™ืื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืฅืขื–ืขื’ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืžืื–ื•ืฆื˜ืขื‘ืจืืขื‘ื™ืœืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืจืขื“ืจืขื‘ื;ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืื•ืฆื–ื™ื‘

.ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ืฆืกืขืจืืฆ-ื’ื ืืœ ื˜ื›ืืžืกืขืŸื•ื;ืชืžืืืขื“ืŸื’ืขึธื˜ื“ืขืจืŸื•ื,ืจึธืฉื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืžืชื–ื™ืื™ื–ืืขืจืื•ื•,ื”ึธืจื”ืื ืฉื–ื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“25 ืŸื•ืฉืœื˜ื ืจืขืœืŸื•ื,ืจืขื˜ื™ื‘ืกื™ื–ืกืื“ื˜ืคื•ืจืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ื™ืœืกืื“ืฉื™ื ืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคื˜ื›ืืžืŸื•ื,ืŸื›ืื–ืขื ึทืœึธืกืฑืจื’ ื˜ืœื™ืคืกืข;ืชื•ื•ืืชืจืขื“ืขืฐื˜ืขื™ืŸื•ื,ื“ืœืื•ื•ื’ืŸื•ื,ื”ืžื—ืœืžื˜ึธืขืฐืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืืฆืžื™ืจื’ืŸืื˜ื“ื ื™ืฆืŸื•ื,ืขืจื”

.ืืกืšืขืœืฐึทื˜ืŸื•ืื–ึทื‘ื˜ื™ืžืฅืจืื”ืกืื“ ื˜ืœืื–ืจื™ืื–ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืŸื™ื™ืž,ื’ื ื•ืจืืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจื™ืื•ืฆืŸื’ืื–ืšื™ื,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“,ืŸื›ืื–ืขึธื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“26 .ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืขื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸืขื’ื ืขื”ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ืŸื˜ืฉืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืกืื”ืŸื‘ื™ื™ืจื˜ืกื™ื•ืจื

.ื”ืื ึธื˜ืจืขื˜ืฉืจืืคื”ื•ื ึธ,ื”ืื ืฉืฉืจื’ืžื”ึธื“ืฆ27 ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ืžื•ืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืŸืื˜ื•ืฆืšื™ื–ื˜ืžืขืฉืจืืค,ึธื™ื“ืกืขื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸื•ืึธื™ื“ืฆื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ืืขืจืื•ื•28 .ืจืฆื™ืŸื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืขื–'ื”ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืŸืฆืจืื”ืืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื ,ืŸืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืŸื•ืคื˜ืžืขืฉืจืืคื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจืขื•ื• .ื”ืื ืฉืฃื™ื•ืืจื‘ื’'ื”ืŸื•ืคืืจื™ืืขืจืื•ื•,ืฉื•ื“ึธืืŸื’ืขึธื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ื“ืขืจืจืข29 ืŸื™ืื•ืœื™ืคื,ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื™ื™ึธื•ืฆืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸื™ื™ึธืŸืื˜ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืข',ื”ืขื’ืคื•ืฆื˜ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขืื™ืจืื•ื•30 .ื”ื‘ืฉื—ืž .ืฃืกื•ื™ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืื˜ืขื’ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ื›ืื ,ื˜ื ืจืขืœืขื’ืšื™ืœื“ื ืขืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืกืื“31 ,ืฉื™ื ืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคื™ื“ึธืขื•ื•ืืŸื‘ื™ื™ืจื˜ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื™ื™ึธื™ื“ื ืกื™ื•ื•ืžื•ืืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืขืฆืŸื™ืžืื•ืจืคืืšืื ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชืชืžืืื™ืจืื•ื•32 .ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืืขื“ื˜ืจื™ืคืŸื•ื,ื”ืžืฉื ืจืขื“ื•ืฆืŸืกื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื’ืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ื˜ื ืขืœืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืŸื•ื .ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชืšืจื•ื“ื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืกืข,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคื˜ื ืจืขืœืขื’ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืกืื•ื•,ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืŸื•ื33 ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทืžืŸื•ืคืชื•ืœื™ืคืชื™ื“ื–ืืŸื•ื;ื“ื‘ื›ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื”ืœื—ืžืืจื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืื™ึธื•ืœืืืขืจืื•ื•34 .ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ึธืขืฐืื–ื™ืื˜ืกึทื’ืŸึทืžืจืื ,ืŸืœืืคืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื•ึธืกืขื–ื™ื,ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืšื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ื‘ึธืขื™ .ื˜ืคืืจื˜ืฉืื‘ืจืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•,ื˜ื™ืžืจืขื“ืšื™ื•ืื˜ืขืจื˜ืจืืคืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ื˜ื™ืžืื™ืจืื•ื•35 ืจืขื‘ืขืœืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืšื™ื•ืืšื™ืื‘ืื”,ืฃืกื•ื™ืฃื™ื•ืืื™ืžื—ืจืŸืื˜ืœืขื˜ืฉืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ื‘ืขืœืŸื™ื™ืžื–ื,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“36 ื˜ื ืจืขืฆืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื™ื•ื•ื’ื ืืœื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ืฉื“ื—ืฃืœืขืฃื™ื•ืืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืคืฉืžืขื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ืžื—ืจืŸืืŸื˜ื™ืœืขื’

ืชื•ืจืฆึฟื™ืคื™ื•ื™ึทืŸื™ึทื˜ื›ึทืจื‘ืขื’ืื™ึทื˜ึทื”ืกึทื“ื™ืฐื˜ื™ึทืฐ,ื”ึทื ืฉืŸื’ืขืง,ืจืขืจืขื”ื•ืฆืขื ึทื™ื˜ืคื•ืจื“ึทื’

'.ื”ืŸื’ืขึธื˜ึธื™ื“ื ื™ื–
.ื˜ื›ืืžืฉืจืืคื“ื™ืžืชื™ื–ื–ื™ื,ื”ื—ืœืฆื”
.ืฃืกื•ื™ืฃื™ื•ื
2ืœื˜ื™ืคืืง
.ึฟึทื‘ึทืจืขืžืขืžืŸืขื ืขื™8-11ืกืขืกืจืขื•ื•

ื”ืื ืฉื™ื“ึธืขื•ื•ืืืขื ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”,ืšื™ื™ืืšื™ืื’ืื–,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ื“ื ื•ืฆืืŸื•ื1 ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืฆื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจืื•ื•ืŸื™ืืŸื•ืืื™ืฉืขืžืŸื™ืืŸืจืขื“ื ืืืขื“ืจืขื ื™ื™ืื‘ื™ืœ,ืจืขืฆืจืขื”ืขืจืขื™ื™ืืŸื•ืค

ืจืขื“ื˜ืื”,ืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืกืฑืจืืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืื–ืืŸื•ื;ืฃืกื•ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืœืฉืจื‘ื“ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืžืจืืคืืขืจืื•ื•2 .ืŸื˜ึทื˜ื•ืฆืื™ืืœืขื–ืŸึทืžื˜ึธืขืฐืขื’ืคืฑืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื—ื•ืžืŸึทืžื˜ืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคืจืืคื”ืื ืฉืŸื•ืคื˜ืกึทื’ ,ืื•ืœืฉืื™ืื•ืฆื“ืขืจ,ืจื™ื“ืŸื’ืขึธื˜ึธื™ื“ื ื™ื–ืŸืืžืื–ืืŸื•ื;ืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขื“ื ืืืขื“ืจืขื ื™ื™ืื‘ื™ืœืšื™ื™ืื‘ืื”3 .ืื™ืืœื—ื•ืž,ื”ื“ื•ืžืŸื•ืื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชื˜ื•ื˜ืจืขื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื;ืœืขื–ืŸึทื“ืŸื™ืื”ืื ืฉืŸึทึธืŸื˜ืœืื”ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–ืŸื•ื ืŸื•ืคืืกืืขื“ืŸืคืื›ื•ืฆื™ื“ื›,ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžื˜ืคืืฉื ื“ื™ื™ืœืืŸื™ืืŸืขืžื•ึธืื‘ื˜ื™ื ืŸืื˜,ืกืขืŸืขื ืขึธื™ื™ืœืจืขื‘ื™ื•ืืจืขื‘ื4 .ืœืคื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืขึธื™ื“ื ื™ื–ื•ื“ื™ื•ื–ืืŸื•ืืŸืจืขื•ื•ืฉื•ืฆืŸืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืจื™ื“ ื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ื“ืœืื–ืจืขื™ื“ื›,ืชื•ืžื—ืœืžื˜ื™ืžืŸืขืžื•ื ืจืืคื–ื™ืืจืขืŸืขื•ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืกืขื ื™ื™ื“ืขืžืฉื˜ื™ื ืจืขืจืขื“ื ืืŸืืœืื–5 ื“ืœื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืฆืจืขื˜ื“ืขืจืœืืžื˜ืคืืื•ืจืืฐ;ืœื•ื“ื’ืื˜ื—ืจื™ื“ืŸื’ืขึธืืŸื•ื,ืื ื•ืฉืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื•ืืื ืฉืื•ื‘ .ื”ื ื•ื•ื›ืขื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืื˜ื™ืžืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืšื™ื–ืŸืขืžื•ื ืจืืคืจืขื“ื ื•ืฆืื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸื‘ืขื’,ื“ื–ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจืจืขืŸืขื•ื•,ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื ื™ื–ืืŸื‘ืื”ืšืื ืŸื•ื,ืกืขืŸืขื ืขึธื™ื™ืœืจืขืฉื˜ืื›ืŸื•ื6

ืšื™ื•ืืšื™ื“ืŸืขึธืจืข,ืื™;ืŸื˜ื›ืขืจืžื•ืื•ืฆืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืšื™ื“ื™ื“ื›,ืŸืื˜ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชืŸืขึธ,ื˜ื ืขึธื™ื™ืœืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•7 .ืจื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืื•ืœืฉืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืืืจื•ืžืŸื•ื,ื“ื•ื‘ื› ื•ืฆื–ืืœืŸื•ื,ืฅืจืื”ืŸื•ืคืื™ืืœื—ื•ืžื™ื•ื–ื,ื˜ื›ืขืจืžื•ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืœืื”ืŸื•ืื”ืฉื•ื‘ืŸืื–ื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื8

ืจืขื™ื“ื›,ืื™ืืจืืคืšื™ื•ืืŸืขื ื•ื•ืื“ื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื ,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืจืขืฆื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–,ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ืจืขืžื”ื—ืžืฉืฉื˜ื ืขืžืื‘ื™ื•ื9

.ืจื™ืืจืืคึธื™ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ืืกืขื™ื•ื–ืืจืืค10 ืฉื™ื™ืœืคืขืœืื–ืื˜ึธื ืขื“ืขื’,ืื™ืืฃื™ื•ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืื ึธืžื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกืœืื–,ืŸื‘ื™ื•ื”ืจืขื“ืจืขื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืจืขื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื11 .ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืื•ืฆืšืขืœืฆื•ื ืŸื•ืื˜ื•ื’ื˜ื™ื’ืกืื•ื•,ื˜ืื’ื•ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืœืŸื‘ืขื’ืŸื•ื;ืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉื˜ืขื•ื• .ืื•ืœืฉื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืืŸืขื•ืจื˜ืขื•ื•ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ื',ื”ืŸื•ืคืื™ื˜ืคืฉืžื™ื“ืŸื›ื•ื–12 ื˜ืœืื–,ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืจืขื“,ื•ืฉึธื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ืขืฉืจืšืจื•ื“ืจื™ืฉืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืฉื˜ืื›ืŸื•ื13 .ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืฃื•ืกืืขื“ื–ื™ื‘ืŸื˜ืจืื•ื•ืจืขื‘ื;ืื ึธืžื˜ื™ื ืšื™ื– ื‘ื™ื•ืืื™ืืœื—ื•ืžืจืขืœื˜ื™ืžื–ื™ื™ื‘ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืขืžื•ึธืื‘ืชื•ืจื™ืฉืขืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืŸื•ืคึธืขื•ื•ืื˜ืžืขื ืจืขื‘ื™ื•ืืื™ืจืื•ื•14 ;ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชื˜ื•ื˜ืจืข ืืขืจืื•ื•,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืŸื•ืคืšื•ืจื‘ืจืขื–ื™ื,ืฅืœืืŸื™ืื”ืื ึธืŸื•ืคืฅืคื—ื–ื™ืืจืขื–ื,ืŸืืžืขืจืืจืขื“ืืขืจืื•ื•15 .ืื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืŸื•ืคืœืžืขืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืื”ืจืข ืŸื•ืคืจืฉื•ื™ื˜ื™ืžืŸืจืขื“ื ืืืขื“ืจืขื ื™ื™ืื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืฉืคื ืขืจืขื™ื™ืืŸื•ืคื”ืื ึธื™ื“ึธืขื•ื•ืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืืขื 16

.ืŸืฆืจืื” ืŸื•ืคืืขืจืื•ื•,ื™ื•ืœืŸื•ืื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ื“ื‘ื›ืŸืœืื–ื™ื™ื–ื–ื,ืื™ื ื‘ืขืจืขึทืื•ืฆืŸื›ืื–ืขึธื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืŸื’ืื–ืšื™ื•ืืจื™ืื˜ืœืื–17

.ืœืืจืฉื™ื•ืฆื”ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืคื™ื•ื'ื”ื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ,ืชื•ืขืฉืจืŸื™ืืšืœื”ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืืŸื•ืคืจื•ืกืšื™ื–ืื™ื ื‘ืขืจืขื™ื™ืืŸืœืขื•ื•ื˜ืฆืขืœืื•ืฆื–ืืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืšื™ืืืขืจืื•ื•18 '.ื”ืจืืคื”ื—ืคืฉืŸื•ืืชื•ื ึธืŸื•ื ืŸึทื“ื•ืฆื˜ืจืขื”,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ึทืž;ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืจืขื˜ืื”,ืขืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืœึธืื˜ื•ืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืืŸื•ื19 .ืŸืจืขื˜ืœืขืขื ึทืžืŸื‘ืขื ืšื™ืžื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ืŸื•ื,ืจืขื˜ืืค

.ืื•ืœืฉืŸื™ืึธื™ื“ื ืคืืœืฉื–ื™ืืŸื•ื,ืื™ืœื’ืจืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ื™ื•ื”ืขื’ืคื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื20 .ืชื•ื‘ืืขื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื‘ื‘ื›ืฉืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ึธื”ืœืขืื™ืื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืจืื™ืฃื ื™ืคืšืื ืŸื•ื21

.ื”ืžืฉื 
.ื”ืžึธื ื™ื“ื˜ืื’
.ื”ืœื•ื’ืืŸื‘ืื”ืœืื–
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