Yiddish - Testament of Benjamin

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ื˜ืกื™ืคืึธื˜ื˜ืึทื™ื™ืŸื•ืืฃืืกืึทื™ื™ื˜ึธืขื•ื•,ื”ื—ืคึผืฉึธืขื“ืŸื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืขื‘ื™ื“,ึทื—ึธืŸื•ืื‘ึฟืขื™ืŸื•ื™ืŸื•ื–ืฃึทืขื•ื•ืฆึธืขื“,ืŸื™ืฉื™ื˜ื‘ ืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืœืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขืšืื ,ืŸื˜ื™ื”ื•ืฆืŸื™ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸืœื™ื•ืคืื‘ื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•,ืŸื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื™ืคืึธืจืขื“1 ืจืื™ึธื™ืฆื ืื•ื•ืฆืŸื•ืืฃื ื™ืค ืšื™ืืŸื™ื‘ื™ื•ื–ื,ืจืขื˜ืœืขืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืขืžื”ืจื‘ืื•ืฆืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืจื™ื•ื‘ืขื’ื–ื™ืึธื—ืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืฉื•ึธืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื2 ืŸื‘ึธืขื™ื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืšื™ื•ื ืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืŸื’ื™ื•ื–ืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืื•ืจื“;ืšืœื™ืžืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืื”ืšื™ื,ื˜ืจื•ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืžืŸื‘ืขื’ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืืœื—ืจืจืขื˜ื•ืžืŸื™ื™ืžื˜ื ื™ื–ืŸื•ื3

ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืื’ืŸืขืฐืขื’ืœืœืคึผืžื˜ืื”ื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ืฃืกื•ื™ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ืืขื“ื›ืื ืจืื™ืฃืœืขื•ื•ืฆื”ืจึธืขืŸื‘ื™ืœื‘ืขื’ื–ื™ืืœื—ืจืืขืจืื•ื•4 .ืŸืจืื‘ืขื’ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ึธื™ื“ืขื’ืืจื˜ื–ื™ืื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื’ืขื˜ืฃืœืขืฐืฆืŸื˜ืกืืค .ืจื™ืืŸื•ืคืŸืจื™ื•ื‘ืขื’ืŸื™ื–ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸืขื–ืœืื–ืจืขื–ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœืœืคึผืžื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืœื—ืจื˜ืื”ืขื’ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืžืื™ืจืื•ื•5 ื’ืขื˜ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื–ื,ื˜ืกื™ื™ื”ืกืื“,ืŸื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ืšื™ืžืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“6 ืกืืฐ:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืจืขื˜ืื”,ื˜ื ืขึธืจืขื“ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸึทืžืŸื•ื,ืŸืคืกืกื™ื•ืฆ,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸึทึธืŸืขื’ื ืื’ืขื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืื–ืืŸื•ื7 ?ื˜ืคึฟึธืจืืคืšื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸืขืฐ,ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸึทืžื•ืฆื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ึทื–ืŸื‘ืื” ืŸื™ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืกืื“ื™ืฆืขื“ื™:ืจืžืืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื—ืœืฉืกืขืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื˜ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื™ืžืœื˜ื ืืžืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–:ืจืžืืื™ืื•ืฆื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื8

ื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืšื™ืžึทื–ืŸื‘ืื”,ืœื˜ื ืืžืŸึทืžืŸืื˜ืขื’ืกึฟืืšื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸืขืฐ,ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘,ึฟื–ื:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืจื™ืžื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื9 ืŸืคื™ื•ืœื•ืฆืŸืœึฟืคืื‘ืšื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ืืœืฉืขื’ืšื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืœึทื˜ึพืŸื“ื ืขืœืืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืจื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืœืืขืžืฉื™

.ื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืจืขื“ืื™ืืŸื•ื,ื‘ึทืœืื˜ื ื’ืขื’ืื‘ืื™ืื˜ืื”,ื˜ื•ืจืื˜ื™ืžืŸื’ืืœืฉืขื’ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ืืŸื•ื10

.ืŸึธืืจืฉืจืขื“ืšื™ื–ืื™ืจื‘ื—ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื•ื–ืืŸื•ื11 ืืขื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœ,ืŸื˜ืื‘ืขื’ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืŸื•ืืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคื˜ืื’ืจืื”ืืขื“ืŸื‘ืื”ื‘ื™ืœ,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืšื™ื•ืืจื™ืื˜ืœืื–12 .ืฃืกื•ื™ืฉื˜ื ืขืžึธื™ืœื™ื™ื”ืŸื•ืื˜ื•ื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื™ืคืฉื™ื™ื‘ ืฅืœืื˜ืขื–,ื˜ื›ืขืจื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸึทื–ื˜ืจืขื“ืื‘ืกืืฐ,ืจืขื“ืื•ืจืืฐ;ืšื™ืžื˜ื ืขึธืจื™ืื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืŸื˜ื•ื’ื•ืฆืŸื™ื™ื–ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืจืขึทืืœืื–ืŸื•ื13 .ื˜ื›ืขืจ ืšึทืื˜ืœืื–ืจื™ืื–ื,ืšึทืืŸื’ืขืจืคืจืื™ืœื‘ืŸื•ืคึผื•ื˜ืกึทื’ื™ื“ืฉื˜ืื›ืŸื•ื;ึทืจืจืขื™ื™ืื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื',ื”ืŸื•ืคืืจื•ืžืจื™ืื˜ืื”14 .ืฃืกื•ื™ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸึทืžืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ืื”ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ื™ืฐึฟื–ื,ืšึทืืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸึธื™ื˜ืœืขืฐืขื’ื˜ื™ื ึทื–ืŸืœืื–,ื–ึทื‘ืขืœืื˜ื™ืžืŸึธื™ื ึทืค !ืื™ื™ื”ืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืืŸืขื ืขื’ืจื”ื•ืฆื˜ืœืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœื™ืคื™ื•ื•15 ,ืจืื™ืœืขื‘ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸื’ืืœืฉืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขึธ,ืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ื–ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ืจืืคืืจื•ืžื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•16 .ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืืจื•ืžืจืขื“ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืฆื™ืฉืื‘ื–ื™ืืจืขืœื™ื™ื•ื• ืจืื”ื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืคืœืื”ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืืขืจืื•ื•,ึผื•ืžื”ื‘ืจืขื“ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคื”ื‘ืฉื—ืžืืขื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ืจืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขึธืจืขืŸื•ื17 .ืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืจืขืกืื•ื•ื˜ืคืืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ ืจืืคื™ื™ื–ืจืืคื‘ืฉื—ื˜ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื–ืœืื–'ื”ื™ื“ื›,ืื™ื—ืืขื ื™ื™ื–ืจืืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืœืœืคึผืžืœืื–ืจืข,ื•ื ื™ื‘ืืŸื˜ืขื‘ืขื’ื˜ืื”ืฃืกืกื™ืšื™ื•ืืืขืจืื•ื•18 .ื”ืฉืขืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ื”ึทืจืกืื•ื•ืื˜ื—

.ื‘ึธืขื™ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืื™ื™ืขืžื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืืจื•ื‘ื’ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“,ื“ื ื™ึธื˜ื•ื’ืŸื™ื™ืž:ืŸื’ื™ืจืฉืขื’ื‘ึธืขื™ื˜ืื”ื™ื•ื–ืืŸื•ื19 :ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆื˜ืฉื•ึธืขื’ืื™ืื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืžื•ืจืืื™ืื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื20 ึธื™ืขื–ืžื•ืื–ืืŸื•ื,ื˜ืœืขื•ื•ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœืื•ื’ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืืืœืืขื“ืŸื’ืขื•ื•ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคื”ืื•ื‘ื ื™ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืื™ื•ึธืžื˜ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื“ืŸื™ื21 ืŸื•ืคื˜ื•ืœื‘ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืื™ืขืฉืจืจืืคืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขื ื™ื™ืึธื™ื“ื ื™ื–ืืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื˜ื›ืขืจื™ื“ืจืืคืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืจืขื‘ื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ืขื ึธืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืืจืื™ืœื‘ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืขืฆื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืœืืจืฉื™ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืื™ื•ื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื”ืขื•ืฉื™ืจืขื“ื•ืฆ,ื“ื ื•ื‘ืืขื“ ?ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื˜ื•ื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืฃื•ืกืืขื“,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืจื™ืื˜ืขื–22 .ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸื•ืคืŸืขื ื™ื•ืจึธืŸื’ืืจื˜ืœืื–ืšื™ื•ืืจื™ืื–ื,ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžื˜ื•ื’ืื˜ื™ืž,ึผื•ื ืžื—ืจืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืกืจืขื’ื ืขื”ื ืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ื˜ื™ื™ื–23 ืขึธื™ื“ื ื™ื–ืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืฉื˜ืื›,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืื•ืฆึผื•ื ืžื—ืจื˜ื•ื˜ืจืขืื™ืจืื•ื•;ื’ื™ื•ืืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื”ืจืขื˜ื•ื’ืจืขื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•24 ;ื˜ืื’ืšืจื•ื“ื“ืœื™ืฉืŸื™ื™ื–,ืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉื™ื“ื—ืฆื ืžืจืข,ืกื˜ื•ื’ืŸืื˜ืšืจื•ื“,ืื™ืืŸื’ืขื•ื•.ื”ืขืจื”ื ื•ื•ื›ื˜ื™ืžื˜ื›ืืจื˜ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–ืฉื˜ืื›ืŸื•ื25 .ื”ืžืฉื ืจืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืŸึทื–ื™ื•ื•ึธื™ื“ืฆืืขื“ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื ืื–ื™ืืจืขื ื™ื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื;ืื ึธืžื˜ื™ื ืจืขื–ื™ื,ื˜ืจืขื›ึทืจืื‘ื–ื™ืืจืขืฆื™ืžืขื–ื;ืื™ืื“ื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืขื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ืืจืข,ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขืฆื™ืžืขื‘ื™ื•ื26 ืจืขื˜ืื”ืขื›ืื•ื•ืฉื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ื;ึผื•ื ืžื—ืจืจืขื˜ืื”ืŸืืžืขืจืืืขื“ืฃื™ื•ื;ืจืขื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืŸืืžืŸื›ืขืœืจืขืืขื“;ืื™ืื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœืจืข,ืฉื™ื“ืœืขื”

.ื”ืžืฉื ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ื‘ื™ืœืจืขื˜ืื”,ื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸื˜ื•ื’ืืŸื•ืคืŸื—ืืขื“ื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืืขื“ืŸื•ื27

1ืœื˜ื™ืคืืง
.ืœื˜ื ืืžืก'ืŸื•ื–
.ื”ื”ืœื‘ื˜ืกื ื™ื“
ึผื•ืœื™ื”ึผืจืขื˜ื’ื ื™ื–ื˜ืื’ื•ืฆ;ึผื•ื ืžื—ืจ

ืŸื•ืืื™ืžืฉึผืืจื™ืšื™ื“ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืื™ืขืฉืจื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืšื™ื™ืื˜ื™ืžืื•ืœืฉืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืื™ืขืฉืจืขื“ื™ื™ื‘ืŸืœืขื•ื•,ืœื›ืฉืŸื˜ื•ื’ืื˜ืื”ืจื™ืืšื™ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ื28 ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืื™ืฆืคื—ื™ื“ืŸื‘ืขื’ืšื™ื•ืื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื ,ื”ื•ืึผืŸืกื™ื•ืจื’ืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืŸืจืขื”ืคื™ื•ืืจืื ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืื™ืจื™ื–ื—ื™ื“ืŸื•ื;ืŸื˜ื•ื’ื•ืฆืŸื“ื ืขื•ื•ืšื™ื– ืขื’ื ื™ื“ื•ืฆื”ื•ืึผ .ืŸึธืขืจืฉืšื™ื“ืŸืœืขื•ื•ึผื•ืžื”ื‘ื™ื“ืŸื•ื;ืšื™ื™ืืŸื•ืคืŸืคื™ื•ืœื˜ื ืืจืขื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืขื ื™ื™ืจืžื•ืื™ื“ื•ืœื™ืคืืŸืœืขื•ื•,ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ื•ื˜ืจื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื29 ื˜ื™ืœืคืฉื™ื ืจืขื˜ืฆื ื™ืคืจืขื“ื•ืœื™ืคื,ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืŸื•ืืื™ืฉืขืžืขื˜ื•ื’ืจืืคืื™ืžืฉึผืืจื™ืŸืืจืืคื–ื™ืืกืขื•ืื•ื•ืืขืจืื•ื•30 ืื™ืืŸื•ืคึธืขื•ื•ื ื˜ืžื™ืจืื‘ืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืฉื˜ื ืขืžืจืขึธื™ืœึทื”ืจืขื“ืื•ืจืืฐ;ื”ื‘ื•ืฉึผื˜ื•ื˜ืจืข,ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸึธื™ืœื™ื™ื”ืื•ืฆื“ืœืื•ื•ื’ื˜ื•ื˜ืจืขืฆื™ืžืขื‘ื™ื•ืืื™ืจืื•ื•31 ื˜ื’ึทืฐืฉืจืขืŸื•ื,ืจืขื ื“ืขืจืŸึทื–ืฃึฟื ื’ื ืืœื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขื‘ื,ื˜ึธื™ืจืขื“ื™ื ืจืขื“ืœืกื™ื‘ืื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืจืขืื’ื”;ึธื™ื“ืฆืจืขื“ื˜ื ืขื•ื•ืื“,ึธื™ื“ืฆืื˜ืืจืจืืคืจืขืฆื™ืžืขื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ื32 .ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืฃืกื•ื™ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืจืขืžืœื™ืคืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ืจืขื–ื™ืืืขื“ื›ืื  ืŸืจื™ืคืื•ืœืฉืŸื•ืคืšืืœืžืจืขื“ืœื™ื™ื•ื•,ืจืื™ืœื‘ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืœื“ื ื™ื•ื•ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ืืžืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ืืŸื˜ื•ื’ืืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจืฆื™ื™ื“33 .ื”ืžืฉื ืŸื™ื™ื– .ืŸื’ื™ื ืขื’ืจืืคืŸื•ืคื’ื ืืœืจืืคืืšืจื•ื“ืกืขืจื™ืฉืืฅึธืขืœืึธื˜ื™ื ืŸื•ื,ืŸื›ืื–ืŸื‘ืจืื“ืจืืคื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืคืืฉื ื“ื™ื™ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ื”ืจืขืŸื•ื34 ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื”ื’ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืจืข,ึผื•ืจึผื•ืžื˜ื™ืžื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ื–ืขื‘ืฉืจืข,ึทืจืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืฉื™ื ืจืขืฆืจืข,ื’ื•ื ืขึผืŸื™ืื—ืžืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืข35 .ึธืœื—ืŸื™ื™ื–ื–ื™ื'ื”ืืขืจืื•ื•,ืŸื’ื™ื•ืื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืื•ืจ

,ืจึธืฉืจืขื“ื,ื”ืื ืฉืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคื”ืฉื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ืื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืžืขื ื‘ื•ื˜ืจืฆื™ืจืขื“36 ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืื“ืจืื•ื•ืืšื™ื–ื˜ึทืจืคืจืขืŸื•ื,ืœืขื–ืŸึทื–ึธื™ื˜ื›ื™ืœืŸื•ืืื™ืืŸื™ืืŸืกืขื–ืขื’ื–ื™ืื˜ืื’ืื•ืจืืฐ;ื“ืœื•ืฉืจืขื“ื,ึผื•ืžื—ืœืžืจืขื“ื

,ื“ื™ื™ืจืคืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืืจืขืฆืŸื•ืค,ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืื“ืœืื•ื•ื’ืŸื•ืค,ื”ืœืœึธืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืื”ื›ืจื‘ืŸื•ืค,ึผื•ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื”ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืจืขื˜ื•ื’ืจืขื“37 ืŸื™ื™ืื˜ืื”ืกืขืจืขื‘ื;ึผื•ืจื™ืฉืขืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืื˜ื™ื™ึธืžืขืจืืŸื•ืค,ึผืžืืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืึผื•ืขื™ื‘ืฆืŸื•ืค,ื’ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืขืฆืŸื•ืคืŸื•ืื˜ื™ื™ึธืœื™ื˜ืฉืŸื•ืค

.ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืŸื’ืขื•ื•,ืŸื™ื™ืจืŸื•ืืŸื‘ืจืื“ืจืืคืžื•ื,ื’ื ื•ึธื™ื˜ื™ื™ื–ืื‘ ื–ื,ืจืขืกึทืฐ,ื˜ืขื–ืจืขื“ื,ื˜ื“ืขืจืจืขื“ื,ื˜ื•ื˜ืจืขืกืืฐืฅืœืืŸื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ื”ืขื™ืžืฉืœืคื›ืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ื,ื”ื™ืืจืœืคื›ืŸื™ื™ึธื˜ืฉื™ื 38

.ื˜ืื’ืšืจื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืšืจื•ื“ื˜ืคืฉืžืจืืคืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ื ืœืื–ืจืขื–ื,ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ึธื™ื ื™ื™ืจืจืขืŸื•ื39 .ื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื™ึธึธื™ืฆื ื™ื™ืืŸื™ื™ึธืื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืกืขืŸื•ื2ืจืื™ืœื‘ืŸื•ืคืื™ืฉืขืžื™ื“ืŸืขื ืขื–ืšื™ื•ืื™ื•ื–ืืŸื•ื40 ืกืืฐื™ื“ื•ืฆื“ืจืขืฐืฉืื˜ื™ื’ืจืขืื•ืจืืฐ;ืจืื™ืœื‘ืŸื•ืคึผื•ืขืฉืจืจืขื“ืจืืคื˜ืคื™ื•ืœื˜ื ื,ืšื™ื™ืืšื™ืื’ืื–,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“41

ืกื ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆ;ื˜ื™ื’ืจืืคื˜ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืฉืจืขืŸื•ื,ืจืื™ืœื‘ืšืจื•ื“ืšื™ื–ื˜ื’ืืจื˜ื—ื•ืžืจืขื“ื˜ืฉืจืข.ื–ื™ื™ื‘ืŸื‘ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ื•ืžื™ื“ื–ื™ืื“ืจืขื•ื•ืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ื42 .ื’ื ื•ืจืขื˜ืฉืขืฆ,ึธื™ื“ื ืขื‘ื™ื–;ึธื™ื ืืค,ืกื ื˜ืกึธืขื–;ื˜ืขื’ืจื”ืจืขื“,ื™ืœื˜ืคื ื™ืค;ึผื•ืœื’ืŸื˜ืจืขืค;ื”ืจืฆ,ืกื ื˜ื™ืจื“;ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืขืฆ ืŸื™ื™ืืื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’'ื”ื˜ืื”ืจืื™ื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืŸื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืืืขืจืื•ื•',ื”ืŸื•ืคื”ืžึธื 7ื•ืฆืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸึผื ืŸื™ึธืšื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“43 .ื”ืคื’ืž

.ืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื‘ื•ืจื—ืจืขื–ื™ืืจืื™ื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืŸึทื ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื,ืŸื“ื™ื™ืœืŸื‘ื™ื•ื”ืขื’ื ืืจืขื˜ืื”,ื˜ืœืืจืื™200ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขื–ืืŸื•ื44 .ืŸื‘ื™ื–ืœืืžึธื™ืฆืขื‘ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžืšืžืœื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื ,ืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืขืœืื˜ื™ืžืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืคืฉืžืขื’ืจืขื–ื™ืืœื‘ื”ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฆืื™ืจืื•ื•45 ื˜ืคืฉืžืขื‘ืœืขื–ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืคืืจื˜ืฉืื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•,ืจืขื“ื™ืจื‘ื•ืฆืกืื”ืŸื•ืื”ืื ึธืŸื™ืืŸื™ึธื™ื•ื•ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•,ื™ื“ึธื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืฃื™ื•ืืื™ืจืื•ื•46

2ืœื˜ื™ืคืืง

.ืกืขึผื˜ึธืื™ึธื˜ืืคืขื˜ึทืื™ื“ืŸื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ึธืŸื•ื™ื–ึธืขื™ื’ื™ื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ื™ึฟื™ื“ืขื‘ืขึทืšืื˜-ื˜ื™ื™ึฟึผื™ืฉื™ื™ื”ื™ื“ืŸื•ื™ึทื™ืคึผื™ื™ื‘ื’ื˜ื™ึฟื™ื™ึธื˜ืกืึทึทื•ื›3ืกึธืขื•ื•

ื˜ืคืืฉื‘ื™ืœืŸื•ืืกื˜ื•ื’ื•ืฆึธื‘ื“ืŸื•ื,ืื™ื—ืื•ืฆื”ืื ืฉืŸื•ืื”ืื ึธ,ืกื˜ื›ืขืœืฉืŸื•ืคื˜ืคื™ื•ืœื˜ื ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืจื™ืืŸื•ื1 ืŸื™ืืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืืจืืคืŸึทึธื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื”ืจืขืื•ืจืืฐ;ึผื•ื ื–ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืจืคืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ื”,ื”ื‘ื”ืืŸื™ืื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ืจืื˜ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืจืขื“2 .ืื™ืืฃึฟืื˜ื•ืจื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกึทื’ืจืขื“ืœึทืฐ,ืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸึทื– ืŸื•ืืขื“ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ื ึธื™ืจื˜ืจืืคื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื ,ืฅื•ื‘ืŸื•ืื˜ืกื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืื’ื ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืžืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืขื•ื•ืืจืžื•ืืจืืคื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื–ื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ืืื™ืจืื•ื•3 ืŸื•ื,ื™ื™ื–ืŸึธื™ื ื™ื™ืจืืœื,ื“ืจืขืŸื•ืคืืžื˜ื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ื˜ืœื’ื ื™ืจืขื’ืžื•ืจืืฉื˜ืื›,ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ื™ืจืจืขื“ืšื™ื•ืื™ื•ื–ื;ืขืจื”ื—ื™ืจืืขื“ืŸื‘ื™ืจื˜ืจืืค

ืŸื™ื™ื–ื”ื ื–ืžื˜ืœืื–ืจื™ืื–ื:ึธื™ื“ืฆืืขื“ืšื•ื ื—ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ืจืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืค,ึผื•ืขืฉืจืšื™ื™ืืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸื™ื™ื–ืšื™ื•ืืŸืœืขื•ื•ืกืขื–ื,ื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ืšื™ืืŸื•ื4 ืŸื•ืคื”ื›ื•ืœืžืกืื“ืŸื•ื.;ืื™ืฉื ื˜ื™ืžืŸื›ืื–ืŸืขื™ื™ื ืื‘ื˜ืœืื–ืŸื•ื,ืœืกื™ื‘ืืจืขืกื™ื•ืืขืœื,ืŸืขืžื•ึธืžื•ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืื•ื“ืกืŸื•ืคึผื•ื ื–ืจืขื“ื˜ื™ืž ืŸืขืžืขื ืคืืšึทืœื’ื™ื–ื˜ืขืฐืจืขืื•ืจืืฐ,ืšึทืืŸืฉื™ืฐืฆืŸึทื–ื˜ื™ื ืœืื–ื˜ืื’ .ืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืจืขึธื™ื˜ื›ืืจืคืจืขืžืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืœื›ื™ื”ืจืขื˜ืฆืขืœืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ึธืœื—ืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืœื›ื™ื”ืจืขื“ืจืขื‘ื5

.ึธื™ื“ื ืขื˜ืฉ
ืœืขื–ืŸึทื–ืฃึฟืื˜ึธื•ึธื˜ืื’
.ืื™ืืŸืจืขื”
.ืืžื˜ื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ื

ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸึธื™ืฉืกื™ื•ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขื˜ืฉืจืขื‘ื™ื™ืืจืขื“ื–ื™ื‘,ืื™ื™ื•ื’ืขืœืืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืžืื–ืจืืคืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืื™ื˜ื‘ืฉืฃืœืขื•ื•ืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ื6 .ืื™ื‘ื ืŸึธื™ืฆื ื™ื™ืืŸืืŸื•ืคืšื•ื–ืื‘ืจืขื“ืŸื™ื ืืฃื™ื•ืืŸืจืขื•ื•ืืฉื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืจื—ื˜ื™ืžืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸืื˜ืขื’'ื”ื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื˜ืจืื“ืŸื•ื,ืœื›ื™ื”ืŸื˜ืฉืจืขืืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื’ื ึทืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื7 .ืื™ื•ื‘

.ืŸืกืื’ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื–ื™ืืจืขื™ื™ืคืื™ื•ื•,ืื™ืกึนื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸืจืืคื˜ืขื•ื•'ื”ืŸื•ืคื˜ืกื™ื™ื’ืจืขื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืขืจึธื˜ืขื•ื•ืœื›ื™ื”ืŸื•ืคึผื›ืกืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื•ื8 ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื™ืื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืจื‘ืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืฉื“ื”ืŸื•ืคื”ืœืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื9 .ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื™ืื˜ื›ืืจืคื™ื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืœืคืฉื™ื•ื•ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื10 ื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸื•ื;ืื™ื ืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื”ืจื•ืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ืื˜ืœืื˜ืฉืขื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื–ื•ืฆื˜ืขื‘ืขื’ืšื™ืื‘ืื”,ืื™ืจืฆืžืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืฃืกืกื™ืŸืขื•ื•ืŸื•ื11 .ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขื™ื•ื•ื˜ึธื ื•ืคื˜ืœืื˜ืฉืขื’ืขืฆื ืื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืœื™ืคื,ื’ืื˜ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืšืื•ื•,ืŸืขื–ืขื’ืื™ืืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืŸื‘ึธืขื™ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคึผื•ืœื™ืคึผ .ื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืšื™ืื–ื,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืจื™ืื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ืจืืคืจืขื“:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืจืขื˜ืื”,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืกืื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืืŸื•ื12 ืŸื˜ืื‘ืขื’ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื'ื”ืŸื•ืคื”ืจื•ึผื™ื“ืŸื˜ื™ื”ืŸื•ื,ืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆืจืขื›ืขืœื˜ื™ืืŸืžืืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืจื™ืื˜ืœืื–13 .ื”ืฉื•ืจื™ื˜ืื˜ืฉื ืืจืขื‘ื™ืืšื™ื™ืืšื™ืื–ืืœืขึธื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ืื™ืจืื•ื•14 ึทืกืŸื•ื,ืื”ืจื‘ืึทืกืŸืื˜ืขื’ื˜ืื”ึฟื–ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ืื•ื˜ื ื’ึทืืŸึธื™ื‘ึทืืŸืืจืืคืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขืจืขึทืื•ืฆื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืขื’ืšื™ื•ืืจื™ืื˜ืœืื–15 ื‘ึธืขื™ืŸื•ื,ึธื—ืฆื™ ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸึธืขื“ื˜ื ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืื”ื™ื“ื–ื™ื‘,ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืื‘ืขื’ื™ื“ืŸื˜ื™ื”:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื”ืœื—ื ืืจืืคื–ื“ื ื•ืืŸื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื™ื™ื–ืŸื›ืื–ื™ื“ืขืœืืจืืค16 .ืื™ื™ื•ื’ืขืœืื•ืฆื”ืขื•ืฉื™ ืŸื™ืื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื˜ื›ืขืจืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืคื™ื•ื,ื‘ึธืขื™ืŸื•ื,ึธื—ืฆื™ืŸื•ื,ืื”ืจื‘ืืŸื•ื,ืืฉืŸื•ื,ื—ื ,ืšื•ื ื—ืŸืขื–ืจื™ืื˜ืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืืžืขื“ืŸื•ื17 ,ื“ื™ื™ืจืค ืกื™ื•ืจืื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•,ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืšืœืžืืขื“ื˜ื ื™ื“ืขื’,ื˜ื‘ืฉืจืขื–ื“ื ื•ืืจืขื‘ื™ืืจืขื ื™ื™ืืจืขื“ืขื™,ืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืคื™ื•ืืšื™ื•ืืจื™ืžืŸืœืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืืžืขื“18 ึผื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸื™ืืฉื˜ื ืขืžืืŸื•ืคื˜ืœืื˜ืฉืขื’ื™ื“ืŸื™ืื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ื .ืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื™ื™ืจืคืšื™ื–ืŸืœืขื•ื•ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืื™ืืŸื™ืืŸื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ืกืื•ื•ืขืœืืŸื•ื19 .ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืฆืขื›ืขืœื˜ืขืŸื•ืื“ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืฆืขื›ืขืœื˜ืข,ืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืคื™ื•ืืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืœืืšื™ื•ืืŸืœืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืืžืขื“20 ื•ืฆืฉื™ื™ืœืคืืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ืื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸืขื•ื•ืื™ืจืื•ื•;ื˜ื›ืขืจืžื•ืืจืขื™ื™ื–ืจืืคืœืืจืฉื™ื˜ืคืฉืžืื“ื•ึธื˜ืขื•ื•'ื”ืŸื•ื21 .ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–,ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขื™ื™ืจืคืื‘ .ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ืืŸื–ื™ื•ื•ืื‘ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸืขื•ื•ืื™ืื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ืขืœื™ืคื™ื•ื•,ืื™ื™ื•ื’ื™ื“ืขืœืืŸื˜ืคืฉืžืจืขื˜ืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืืžืขื“ืŸื•ื22 ืกืื•ื•,ืื™ื ื™ื“ืžื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืฉึทื˜ื“ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืื”ืจืขื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ื™ื•ื’ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืขื˜ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืจืขื“ืกื™ื•ืื™ื“ืšืจื•ื“ืœืืจืฉื™ื˜ืคืฉืžื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื23 ,ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืŸืขืฐืขื’ืขื“ืžืขืจืคืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸื•ื;ื”ืจื–ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืขืŸื•ืึผื•ื ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืœืืคืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ื–ืื™ื•ื–ื,ืื™ื—ืืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ืจื™ืคืจืืคืŸื‘ืื”

.ื˜ืื’ืจืืคืืจื•ืžืŸื‘ืื”ืกืืฐื™ื“ืŸื•ืคึธืœื—ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืŸืจืืฐืขื’ืจืืคืจืขื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืŸื•ื ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžืจืขื›ื™ื–ืŸืขื ื™ื•ืื•ื•ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ืื˜ืขื•ื•',ื”ืŸื•ืคึผื•ื•ืฆืžื™ื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื“ึธืŸื™ืืŸืขื™ื™ื’,ืจืขื“ื ื™ึธืขื ื™ื™ืž,ืจืขื‘ื™ืจืขื“ืจื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื24 .ื˜ืื’ื•ืฆืŸืจืขืฐื˜ืœืžืื–ืขื’ื ึทืืœืขืฐืšื™ื.ืœืืจืฉื™ืฅื ืื’ืŸื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืฆืกืื•ื•,ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืจืขื˜ืขื‘ืจืืื˜ืจืขื™ื™ื ,ึผื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ืขืจืขึทืื‘ื™ืœื•ืฆื‘ืื–ื‘ืื–ืืŸืจืขื•ื•ืŸืคื•ืจืขื’ื˜ื™ื ืจืขืžืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืŸื•ื25 .ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ืขื‘ืจืืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸืกืข ,ื”ืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸื—ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื”ืฉืกืขืŸื,ื™ื•ืœืŸื•ืื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ืฉืŸื•ืค',ื”ืŸื•ืคื‘ื•ื”ืืจืขื ื™ื™ืืŸื™ื™ื˜ืฉืคื™ื•ืื˜ืขื•ื•ื’ืขื˜ืขื˜ืฆืขืœื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื26 ืื™ืกึนื”ึผืืจื™ื›ื—ืž,ึผืกืขื™ื“ื ื˜ื™ืž ืŸื™ืื”ื ื™ื’ื ืื™ื•ื•,ืื™ืจืฉืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ืื™ืกึนื™ื“ืŸื•ืคึผืกื ื›ื™ึผื‘ื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ืจืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืืœืกืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคื”ื›ืืœืžืจืขื“ื–ื™ื‘27 .ืŸืขืžืขืœืืŸื•ืคืœื™ื•ืžืืขื“ ื˜ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืจืขื“ืกื™ื•ืืืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ืจืื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ืกืŸื•ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื™ื,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื‘ื•ึผื›ืจืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืื™ืฉื•ื“ึธืื™ืจืคืกื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื28 .ึธื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืจืขื ื™ื™ื .ื˜ื‘ืฉืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืœืขืคืกืื•ื•ืกืื“ืŸืœื™ืคื ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืข:ืŸื’ืื–ื•ืฆื™ื•ื–ื,ื‘ึธืขื™ืจืขื˜ืืคืŸื™ื™ืžื™ื•ื•ึธื™ืจื•ืฆืŸื•ืืŸื™ื”ืจืขื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืšืจื•ื“ืŸื•ื29 ืกื™ืคืขื ื™ื™ื–ื˜ึธืขืจื˜ืฉืขื’ืกื™ื•ืืจืขื˜ืื”,ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ืกืื“ื˜ืื”ืจืขื–ืืŸื•ื30 .ืฃืืœืฉืŸื˜ื•ื’ืŸื•ืืŸื™ื™ืฉืืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืจืื˜ืฉืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸื•ื31 ืŸื™ืืŸื‘ืืจื’ืื‘ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืฃื•ื’ืŸึทื–ืŸืขืžื•ื ืขื’ืคึฟืืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืœึฟืคืื‘ึทื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขื™ืฐึฟื–ืืŸืื˜ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื™ื–ืขื ึทื–ืŸื•ื32

.ืจืื™25ืŸื•ืื˜ืจืขื“ื ื•ื”ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืŸื‘ืขืœืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื’ืขื˜ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืœืืฆื™ื“ืŸื•ื33

ืŸืจืขื˜ืœืขืขื ึทื–ึทื‘ืŸื•ืจื‘ื—

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