My MA Thesis

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Acknowledgements: This thesis wouldnâ€&#x;t have had been possible without the constant help and support of mainly Prof. Nigel Dunnett, my supervisor Zoe Dunsiger at the University of Sheffield, Ar. Adrian Hallam, and most importantly Dr. Vangara Rama Prasad, My father and my mentor, my mother and my sister for the blessings and faith in me without whom this project may have not been practically possible. Also to mention Jeevan and Srikar, who had faith in me.

I thank one and all from the deepest of my heart.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

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Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Acknowledgements: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Chapter 1: Abstract: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Chapter 2: Introduction: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Chapter 3: What are Green Roofs? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3.1. Definition: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3.1.1. Extensive Green Roofs: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 3.1.2. Intensive Green Roofs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 3.1.3. Semi-intensive Green Roofs: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 3.2. Benefits of Green Roof and its usage on top of buildings: --------------------------------------------------- 10 3.3. Effects on various elements on a typical Green Roof: --------------------------------------------------------- 10 3.3.1. Effects of rainfall on Green Roof- Storm water runoff: -------------------------------------------------- 10 3.3.2. To help lower down the internal building temperatures: ------------------------------------------------ 11 3.3.3. Preservation of habitat and Biodiversity:---------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 3.3.4 Temperature control-Moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect: --------------------------------------- 12 3.4 Sedum Roofs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.4.1 Sedum mats:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 3.4.2 Substrate based roof: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.4.3 Green Roof/Brown Roof for biodiversity: ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Chapter 4: Scenario between United States and Europe: --------------------------------------------------------- 16 4.1 Introduction: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 4.2 Why is Production cheap? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 4.3 First Steps: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 4.4 How it started: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 4.5 Price comparison: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Chapter 5: Case Study 1: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad: --------------------------------------------------------- 24 5.1 Introduction: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 5.2 Few fast facts: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25 5.3 Green Roof: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26 Case Study 2: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Mr. G.Krishna Rao in Gowliguda, Hyderabad: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Chapter 6: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Environmental Building guidelines for Hyderabad: (Authority, 2008) --------------------------------------- 29 6.1 Where is Hyderabad heading: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

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6.2 Facts in comparison to the world: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 6.2.1 Renewable energy ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 6.2.2 Water: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 6.2.3 Pollution: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 6.3 National Policies- A Rational for incorporating Green roofs in GRIHA Rating: ------------------------ 34 6.4 Influence of local policies: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 Chapter 7: Orienting the feasibility issue to Hyderabad: ---------------------------------------------------------- 37 7.1 Hyderabad’s projected climate change: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 7.2 Hyderabad’s projected climate change by these impacts. ---------------------------------------------------- 37 7.3 Hyderabad’s Adaptation measures: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38 7.4 Average Climate conditions of Hyderabad:-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 7.4.1 Temperatures:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 39 7.5 Adverse effects of Pollution: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Chapter 8: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Specifications of Green roof or roof garden in Hyderabad: ------------------------------------------------------ 42 8.1 Technology and use of Machinery: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 8.2 Alternative (Manual labor): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 8.3 Local Materials: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 8.4 Manipulative Standards: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 8.5 Green Roof Construction: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Conclusion: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 9.0 Figures: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 11.0 Bibliography (Other references) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 1. Background Books -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 2. Technical Reports and Government Reports ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 3. FLL Guidelines ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4. Helpful Journal Articles: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 5. Additional Materials: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57 6. Online Resources on green roofs: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 7. Green Roof Examples --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 8. Green Roof Feasibility Review --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 9. Organizations, Associations and Research Centres -------------------------------------------------------------- 59 10. Literature Cited ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 11. Economic Benefits: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

4

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

The Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Chapter 1: Abstract: Green roof technology is the main trend in today‟s times of growing economy and changing global conditions, be it about global warming, ocean pollution, air pollution, deforestation and endangered evaporating water. One m2 of plants can evaporate 0.5 Litres of water on a summer day and accordingly annually, the same area can evaporate up to 700 Litres of water.

This phenomenon reduces the “Urban Heat Island Effect” in summer. This UHI effect is basically the difference between temperatures of a city and the surrounding country side. The main reason being the radiating heat of hard materials like concrete and hard surfacing such as roofs which absorb heat and re-radiate it as heat reduction of UHI effect will considerably reduce the dust distribution and production of smog, which finally reduces the green house gas emissions and adapting urban areas with warmer summers in the future.

Green roofs cannot deal with all the above factors, but can have a mitigating effect on some of them, like reducing carbon emissions, reducing storm water runoff (Bengtsson 2002) and mitigating urban heat island effects (Akbari et al. 2001) and keeping building temperatures low in summer (Eumorfopoulou & Aravantinos 1998; Onmura et al. 2001). Green roofs also improve urban biodiversity (Mann 1998; Brenneisen 2003). This technological trend had been started by Germans from the 1960s and the Americans and Europeans have widely been following this ever since. Today an estimate of 10% of roofs has been greened. Major cities and growing economies like Japan and China have also been looking into this in detail. Cities in India have a good scope for this science.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

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Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Hyderabad, (India) has a tropical wet/dry climate with hot summers between March and June, the damp monsoon season between July and October and mild, dry winter between November and February. It has an average annual rainfall of 810 mm every year, and the maximum temperature recorded was 45.5 oC.

Green roofs are not a common feature in Indian cities as they are in the United States and in Europe, because they are not very well understood.

Green building technologies have started to consider this technology as a must for lessening the adverse effects for environmental contribution.

This study investigates the benefits of green roofs on building rooftops and some case studies comparing it with European climates. An analysis is made how feasible it has been, for the conditions in Hyderabad and observing how this can be practically made possible.

Perhaps this can be promoted by architectural and landscape firms to create awareness of green roofs and its advantages.

The main aim of this research is to see how a green roof can be built economically considering the climatic facts for urban-central property in Hyderabad.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

6

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 2: Introduction: “The Green roof technology is a tool well suited for densely developed urban environments, where they can add to the amount of vegetation and green space. They are an encouraging growth to urban environments where people, supplies, and resources are concentrated and have numerous environmental impacts that can affect human health through poor water quality, poor air quality, urban heat islands unwanted noise, the amount of available green space contribute to the slowly depreciating land. This as a whole acts as a pivoting point to the climate change where and everything goes in circles and comes back to the same point.”

(Sutic, 2003)

There are many reasons to promote green roofs in India in an urban centre because of the rapidly changing city skyline and urbanization which led to the unplanned urban sprawl with increase in urban density and less open and recreational spaces. This had lead to the permanent loss of significant agricultural lands.

Stitching green roofs on both new and existing dwellings helps in bringing back the lost ecohabitats in urban cities and also provides additional benefits of cleansing the system, creating new chances for „urban agriculture‟1 and „urban footsteps‟ leading to creating „livable cities‟

But how can a household have it built cheaply and reliably in a suburban setting in a tropical semi-arid steppe climate2 of Hyderabad, India.

1 2

Urban agriculture is the practice of agriculture, processing and distributing food in or around a city Tropical semi-arid steppe climate: Typical Hyderabad climate

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

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Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 1 THE MAP OF INDIA, SHOWING ANDHRA PRADESH AND HYDERABAD.

FIGURE 2 ZONAL MAP OF HYDERABAD SHOWING RING ROADS AND WATER BODIES SOURCE: http://www.vrealtors.net/images/orr_map.jpg

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

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Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 3: What are Green Roofs?

3.1. Definition: A Green roof may be defined as “Vegetated roof surfaces, consisting of a layer of plants and growing medium (artificial soil) and a drainage layer on a rooftop. The planted layer can consist of anything from a thin layer of low-growing sedum, a wildflower meadow or a public amenity rooftop terrace with lawns and flowerbeds.” (Dunnett, 2006) “A roof area of plantings/landscape installed above a waterproofed substrate at any building level that is separated from the ground beneath it by a man-made structure.” (NRCA Green Roof System Manual, 2007)

Mostly all green roofs have a membrane layer underneath or immediately above the roofing, which could be roof shingles or concrete. There might also include additional layers such as root barrier or irrigation or drainage system.

In general green roofs can be categorized as “semi-intensive”, intensive or extensive, depending on how thick the planting medium is and the maintenance it needs.

3.1.1. Extensive Green Roofs: This type of Green roof is between 3 and 6” of growing medium. This type consists of lowmaintenance ground cover plants, and does not require watering after one year. It is ideal for large-flat roof buildings, apartments and low-sloped residential roofs. Succulent plants and desert variety plants grow best and are advisable to be used here.

3.1.2. Intensive Green Roofs: This type of Green roof comes in between 8 and 12” of growing medium. This type consists of good and well maintained plants and is fully landscaped. A diverse range of plants and trees can be used, however requiring a regular maintenance. This kind can be used places as parks and playgrounds or even vegetable gardens.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield

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Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

3.1.3. Semi-intensive Green Roofs: This type is a mixture of both intensive and extensive systems; however combinations of both these types are adopted to connect both the environmental benefits of a Green roof as well as varied features of a garden with a manageable budget of maintenance.

3.2. Benefits of Green Roof and its usage on top of buildings: There are various uses of having a Green Roofs on top of a roof for a building; also known as “living roofs”, which can have effects which would absorb rainfall reducing the runoff, help to lower the internal building temperatures by providing insulation, creating a wildlife habitat, help to decrease the urban air temperatures and controlling the “heat island effect” 3, It may be possible also to grow vegetables and fruits, increase life span of roof, filter pollutants and carbon-dioxide.

3.3. Effects on various elements on a typical Green Roof: 3.3.1. Effects of rainfall on Green Roof- Storm water runoff: Vegetated platforms retain greater quantities of storm water than the conventional roofs with gravel ballast. While vegetation does affect storm water retention, it will be minimal when compared to the effects of growing media. The media depth also influences the water retention on extensive green roofs.

Other studies indicate that if a green roof is to maximize rainfall retention, then factors such as slope and media depth must be varied.

“Although Green Roofs are not recent to other parts of the world, they are promising new technology to mitigate storm water runoff quantity. With continual spread of area covered by impervious surfaces, the already important problem of storm water management will only be more of an issue”. (Kasmin, Stovin, & Hathway, 2008)

3

The increase in ambient temperature that occurs in cities because paved areas and buildings absorb more heat from the sun than natural landscape and additional heat is generated by vehicles, lighting, and other equipment.

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 10

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Research into a simple conceptual model for a Green Roof hydrological process is shown to reproduce monitored data, both during a storm event, and over a longer continuous and a transistent storage component. The storage within the substrate represents the roofâ€&#x;s overall stormwater retention capacity. (Nicholaus D. VanWoert, 2005)

Green roofs not only retain the rain-water, but also significantly change the temperature.

3.3.2. To help lower down the internal building temperatures: There is reduction in heat flux through the roof, however less energy is taken to cool or heat the roof which is a significant cost savings. Having the building envelope in shade will in turn be significantly effective than internal insulation.

FIGURE 3 : THE CROSS SECTION SHOWING THE AFFECTS OF GREEN ROOF ON ROOF TOPS. (CENTRE FOR ARCHITECTURAL ECOLOGYCOLLABORATIONS IN GREEN ROOFS AND LIVING WALLS, 2006)

In summer- The building is protected from the direct solar heat by Green roof.

In Winter- The building is protected from the heat loss through added insulation on the roof.

The roofâ€&#x;s insulation properties can be maximized by using a low soil density growing medium and by choosing plants with high leaf area, which could generate high moisture content.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 11

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

3.3.3. Preservation of habitat and Biodiversity: Green roof tops can be specifically designed to imitate endangered ecosystems, since soil on these roofs are less likely to be disturbed, it becomes a safer habitat for insects, and the deeper the soil is the more diversity it can support.

In Germany for instance, research has shown that Green roof can sustain from 10 to 14 different insect species and nesting birds. (ICOPAL, 2003)

3.3.4 Temperature control-Moderation of Urban Heat Island Effect: The plants on vertical and horizontal surfaces are able to cool cities during warm temperatures due to Evapotranspiration4, when plants use heat energy from their surroundings when evaporating water. One m2 of plants can evaporate 0.5 liters of water on a summer day and accordingly annually, the same area can evaporate up to 700 liters of water.

This phenomenon reduces the “Urban Heat Island� (UHI) effect in summer. This UHI effect is the difference between temperatures of a city and the surrounding country side, the main reason being the radiating heat of hard materials like concrete and hard surfacing such as roofs which absorb heat and re-radiate it as heat. Reduction of UHI effect will considerably reduce the dust distribution and production of smog, which finally reduces the green house gas concentrations.

4

Evapotranspiration= Evaporation + Transpiration

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 12

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 4 DIAGRAM EXPLAINING URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT, (ARIZONA STATE, 2002)

3.4 Sedum Roofs: 3.4.1 Sedum mats: A Sedum mat consists of pre-grown medium of sedum cuttings (2cm app.), which is laid above polyester, porous polythene and other protection layers. These grow into substrate to maturity. When it is harvested the sedum carpets are rolled up from the nursery and delivered to the site. It is then rolled back on a 5-7cm of growing medium or directly onto a moisture retention carpet.

Sedums are used because they are tough; they can withstand wind, frost and drought. Its ability to absorb water makes it drought resistant.

FIGURE 5: SEDUM MAT SYSTEM (ROOFS, 2009)

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 13

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

3.4.2 Substrate based roof: Substrate roof is where 7cm of crushed recycled brick is spread on the green roof system with all necessary conditions and then plug planted with Sedum or with Sedum mats.

FIGURE 6: SUBSTRATE BASED ROOF MAT (ROOFS, 2009)

3.4.3 Green Roof/Brown Roof for biodiversity: This is similar to the one above but in some cases, recycled aggregate is used from the site and is left to colonize naturally. It could also be from a local seed source or an annual wildflower mix.

Figure 7: Green roof/Brown Roof system for biodiversity (roofs, 2009)

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 14

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 8 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF GREEN ROOFS(BIODIVERSE ROOFS, 2008)

Although brown roof systems are devised to be left unseeded for an ecosystem to evolve, a small amount of maintenance is required which characteristically involves an intervallic removal of aggressive species whose roots could damage the underlying waterproofing or drainage layer system.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 15

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 4: Scenario between United States and Europe: 4.1 Introduction: As already discussed, Green roofs have acquired technological acceptance worldwide, it has the ability to lessen the complicated inconvenience caused to the environment.

Although local policies tend to encourage having Green roofs, the costs how ever to install remain high and would take time to recover the costs.

Green roofs improve the environment and alleviate the flood or storm water problems, not all Green Roofs have the same ecological effects. Extensive roofs have a better cost benefit ratio compared to other types of roofs. Choosing the right kind of Green roof specification, the cost benefit can either be influenced by providing higher benefits by reducing the costs, however benefits work on long term and are difficult to analyse as opposed to having the costs cut down in the first place.

Germans have started this trend in the 1960s and this has spread to different countries. About 10% of all Green roofs in Germany are green and from recent times, it has been popular in the United States.

4.2 Why is Production cheap?

We compare the United Stated and Germany roof production costs; they have a huge difference in prices, German roofs costs only 10% of what it costs in the United States where material and market costs shows reasons for higher costs and cutting down prices can be an important issue because we are talking about feasibility here and maximise profits in a longer run of the building.

Certification and standardisation of Green roof products and a complete Green roof package can minimise material costs. Training and specialisation of manual labour can decrease the installation costs. Introducing modern technology and conveyance to building sites can be an economical way to Green roof installation.

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 16

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

The Urban heat island effect has a ghastly affect on many of North American states and they are fighting for storm water management, as Green roofs are an ideal tool to improve the urban environment and to preserve storm water, this depends on considering the project costs for each and every project. Building landlord takes decisions which are mainly based on financial comparison of additional costs for a Green roof and also may get additional benefits. So, by extending the benefits either by reducing the costs for the owner of the building, the Green roofs can be promoted.

4.3 First Steps: The first step would be to influence the cost benefit ratio by choosing the right kind of Green roof. To increase the ecological effect due to the water retention, spending more money and by constructing an intensive Green roof than an extensive green Roof could be advantageous for a single project, but if situations where Green roof is not limited, like having it on school roof tops or any big university roof tops, then benefits can be optimised by covering as much roof area investing on extensive Green roofs rather than in intensive ones. Not only will it have ecological benefits like storm water retention and heat island effect, it will also have roof expansion, energy savings, smog, noise reduction, air quality and aesthetics will also be improved.

Researchers are trying hard to prove more benefits of having a Green roof, it is appreciable to have an optimised Green roof for air pollution but there are marginal cost benefit ratios. It will be worth knowing if maintenance and increase in construction costs associated with optimisation are even taken into account.

There is a huge potential for cost reduction in much more effective way to improve cost benefit ratio, which ultimately is dependent on the market development.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 17

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

4.4 How it started: The first approach began in the early seventies by Germans, when the first complete green Roofs was completed and marketed on a bigger scale and to offer reliable technology providing sophisticated irrigation and protection in opposition to root ingress for roof top gardens. The second stage in the late eighties was the development of extensive Green roofs.

Their goal was to create lighter and cheaper options which could be applied in large scales on flat roofs.

The main driving force in those times was recovery of roof membrane protection from temperature changes. Ecological aspects like storm water and Heat island effect have come afterwards.

The present day scenario shows that almost 80% of the green roofs in Germany are extensive because all are best optimised for cost benefit ratio and perhaps United States will expand in the same direction too.

4.5 Price comparison: The elementary part of the success of an extensive green roof installation is related to the establishment and development of the growing media. Collapse of the vegetation during the initial phase means that new plant material has to be brought to the site at an extra cost, and there is also a danger for erosion of the substrate if it has a lower cover during a comprehensive establishment period (Wolfgang, 2002).

In Germany, an average green roof costs approximately 12.00 â‚Ź/m2 (1.33 $/ft2) (14.31$/m2) excluding waterproofing, where as in the United States it is close to 32â‚Ź/m2 (4.3$/ft2) (46.2$/m2). From the past 2 years, there has been long market development hence the low price level.

The progress was slow because the developments of the necessary know how, and testing of new systems and standards had to launch. These certainly could not be transferred to the

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 18

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

States; however there are lessons to be gained which might further speed up development of green roof.

The conditions of the site are a medium size extensive Green roof in the mid-Atlantic region and to the one in Germany.

Further conditions consists of protection membrane with 15 oz/yd2, one inch drain pipe, and a 9 oz/yd2 filter, the growing medium is going to be 4 inches and 1.5 plugs of sedum per square foot.

The prices are in dollars per square meter.

The following figure shows the price comparison for a defined Green roof system between Germany and the United States. (Prices in comparison to India are given in the conclusion)

FIGURE 9 GREEN ROOF BED PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND UNITED STATES. (PHILIPPI, 2006)

There is a great difference between prices; the cost to produce is almost two-and-a-half times in the States compared to Germany, The main reason being there is a little competition for small quantities of materials. There will be more suppliers for there has to be a material demand, hence to minimize margins there has to be competition.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 19

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

In Germany the lesser prices is due to the availability of light weight materials like lava rock and pumice stone and also recycled crushed brick; and moreover the great distances for transportation is a significant factor.

Below is an image which explains how the prices are different. There is obviously a great variation between prices between the two in the case of a medium; this is because of great transportation overheads and is almost similar to the other cases.

The German market has primarily been driven by system providers like Bauder, ZinCo, and other leading companies, so selling a complete established product under their brand name will fetch many positive results. This is where green roofs can become a typical product which will be then easy to design and specify and when the system supplier gets a reasonable share in the market, they could invest on researches and launch new products and technologies.

Where as in the United States, almost any built Green roof is an individual solution, and hence bespoke solutions are expensive and different, they might also bear a risk of failure.

FIGURE 10 GREEN ROOF BED MATERIAL COSTS COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND UNITED STATES. (PHILIPPI, 2006)

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 20

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

In general, establishing a complete system with one supplier or system with a certified standard of quality will make a good value for money on any project. 

Mainly it will be cheaper for both Landscape Architects and designers to specify Green roofs.



It will be a simple process for contractor and supplier to estimate and buy materials.

FIGURE 11 GREEN ROOF BED COSTS-TO-PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND UNITED STATES. (PHILIPPI, 2006)



Finally, because materials have been standardized and can be produced and used proficiently with lower risk, it will be cheap for the client.



In this way, the Green roof will last longer and the costs can be recovered quicker.

The main component is Green roof hence special care must be taken to the plant specification, building cheaper does not mean cheap plants but efficient plants.

Good bio-diversity supporting plants which need fair maintenance are suggestible.

Growing media is the biggest contributor and a key cost element in Green roofs.

The Green roof market in Germany is competitive, only expert workman get the contract, Well-trained and professional teams work very proficiently which will in turn cut down the costs.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 21

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Modern pneumatic conveyance technology is in use in present Germany, It is a state of the art blower truck to minimize on-site transportation and installation.

It not only sprays growing media but light materials and even river run pebbles.

FIGURE 12 SPEED MAXX USED ON ROOF TOPS IN GERMANY. (PHILIPPI, 2006)

This technology however is not available in the United States. Americans are taking examples from the Switzerland and Germany which have a specialization in pneumatic conveyance, which could mean good business.

There are additional ways of reducing the costs of Green roof construction, which is laying in single course. Most eco-roofs are built in single course in Germany, where the growing media specially designed eliminates filter fabric and the need for a special drainage layer.

The growing media however is replaced by spreading the sedum cuttings far off each other, or by hydroseeding5, which totals the costs in half.

5

is a planting procedure which utilizes a slurry of seed and mulch.

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 22

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

This particular type of Green roof has lower water retention ability because of the lesser organic content and better drainage function. Hence, single course construction Green roof can be used only in the areas with enough precipitation.

FIGURE 13 ESTABLISHED SINGLE COURSE CONSTUCTION IN GERMANY. (PHILIPPI, 2006)

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 23

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 5: Case Study 1: CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad: The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) inaugurated its first chapter in Hyderabad, India, in early 2000. Having a good support from the U.S Green Building Council (USGBC), IGBC shaped its own Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)6 building standards by altering the ratings to the Indian conditions and its priorities of pollution and particularly for water conservation.

The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) building is the first LEED Platinum rated building, opened in 2004. There are a very few LEED Platinum buildings in the world. The IGBC has six chapters, with main control located in Hyderabad.

5.1 Introduction: This building had evolved from an idea which is the process of a growing awareness in ecology, economics and building sustainability. It is a centre for innovative materials processes and systems showcasing technology. This was designed by Ar. Karan Grover and associates who had to tackle a far from a simple idea of a completely new building structure which could address these key issues. The building draws attention for all sustainability seekers acting as a model for reference in Hyderabad for aspirants in green building technology.

This building is located in Hyderabad which is one of the quick developing cities of southcentral India in the state Andhra Pradesh(AP), in the out-skirts not far from the centre of the city, it is placed in the northern district of “Cyberabad�, near HITEC city, the IT hub of Hyderabad.

The main aim was creating an energy efficient architectural model, considering it as an organism which tries to benefit from the effectiveness of natural materials without imitating them. This building is used as an advertisement for the green movement which, in India has started to gain pace.

6

Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

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The University of Sheffield 24

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

A circle was used as a design idea; the structure in itself consists of different radii while the actual energy centre circle courtyard remains empty. The design elements appear to be clearly distinguished presented in both individual parts and functional terms. The technology centre and the auditorium face each other as bigger radii of the circle and small rooms attempt to forge a relationship, while other office rooms and special bodies remain fixed to the composition.

The circular design form reduces the wall surfaces, which are exposed to severe heat, minimizing the floor area space making sure that it maximizes open and green areas.

FIGURE 14 THE CII-SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTRE IN HYDERABAD

5.2 Few fast facts: The CII is the first building in Hyderabad, India to achieve LEED certification on October 2003, started as an experimental building trying to be as green as possible; it was aimed to create a balance between locally available materials with imported technologies. Performance

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 25

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

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windows, wind tunnels, biological water treatment ponds and even waterless urinals are its other features.

The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Building Green Building Centre is a successful model of public- private partnership between the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Godrej &Boyce, and CII with technical support from USAID.

It is not a huge space, it houses 18 staff, and the office spaces are day lit, also including a large conference room and covered walkways.

5.3 Green Roof: This building has a footprint of 20,000 Ft2. (1,858 m2.) Almost 55% of this buildingâ€&#x;s roof is covered by extensive Green roof. This building uses this Green roof feature as a CII building value for its insulating qualities, but this benefit is not likely advantageous under the concrete sheltered walkways because of the benefit from the sunlight, crossing from both sides instead of hitting the Green roof and also from the shallow depth of the roof on the walkway.

This curved building has roofs divided into segments connected by parapets. It is a concrete roof and because of the intense rainfall conditions in Hyderabad, three layers of waterproofing are built-up as leaky roofs are a great concern in Green roofs.

FIGURE 15 EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS COV ERING 55% OF ROOF AREA (CII, HYDERABAD)

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The University of Sheffield 26

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

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It is a simple stepped design making it easy for the water runoff to irrigate all the levels then collect in a pit at ground level.

The waste water and excess water runoff from the building is recycled by “root zone treatment”, this is where specially selected plants purify and filter the run-off water. This water is then used for everyday use. (Except drinking) A reduction of 35% of the local municipal water supply is achieved.

The roof comprises of 2” (5cm) sandy soil with similar pervious paver blocks used at grading time (gradual slope) and finally topped up with turf grass. The pedestrian and the parking areas have an identical look to the one on the roof.

Water is a key design element for green buildings in India. The long monsoon periods can either save or lose water from runoff over buildings. The zero discharge design in this particular building recycles the water used from the runoff and is used for irrigation and excess runoff is collected at the ground. The roofs are watered regularly from the collection pit, in the case of dry periods.

The building sets an example in Hyderabad for all Green roofs.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 27

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Case Study 2: Mr. G.Krishna Rao in Gowliguda, Hyderabad: Gardening for people in Hyderabad is stimulating. Residents have their own niche and because of lack of space in apartment blocks for an individual to have green space, the main reason will be having it on rooftops for either an individual or for a community.

Gowliguda resident Mr. G Krishna Rao who is a printer by profession is also an active participant on his roof garden. He is in this process for the past 19 years. He had been awarded seven awards for his garden. His garden consists of 120 different varieties of plant species; his annual spending on the maintenance does not exceed 250 Rs (ÂŁ3.21). The 650 ft2. roof houses both fruit and flower bearing plants, also kitchen garden for vegetables and lawn.

The roof is covered in Shahbad (local grey) stone and a four inch thick black soil as a growing substrate for the plants. The tallest tree is 10 feet (3m) in height.

He also says having a structural engineer for consultation reduces the structural risks of the building to ensure compatibility before planning a Green roof. Good insulation is also the key, proper waterproofing is also needed; another horticulture consultant Dr R. Narsing Rao says, “If the roof is properly covered with stone tiles, there is no risk of plants damaging the construction,"

FIGURE 16 THE ROOF OF AWARD WINNING ROOF OWNER, MR. G KRISHNA RAO. (HINDU, 2005)

His garden also has Sedum variety plants and bonsai, ornamental, and vegetable varieties Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 28

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 6: Environmental Building guidelines for Hyderabad: (Authority, 2008)7 Hyderabad is growing rapidly like many other cities in India. Information technology, biotechnology and entertainment have a high economic growth.

Obviously there has been a change in the built environment over the last decade, use of electricity has been increased by 7%, and the construction permission given by the government had increased to 88.7 % from 2007 and is rapidly growing. Residential area is foreseen to have increased by 133% in the next 15 years. There is expected an increase in commercial areas by 21 times and with a consequent decrease in conservation and agricultural lands.

There is good news about economic growth on one hand and increasing pollution, loss of green cover, water shortage, shortage in electricity, water logging on roads in monsoons and loss of both heritage buildings and rock formations on the other hand in the present situation in Hyderabad.

Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) comes up with a brilliant idea of sustainable development, which points towards energy and water supply, sewage disposal and storm water drainage and mainly ecology both flora and fauna and local geological features such as rock formations which represent the sustainable growth of the city.

6.1 Where is Hyderabad heading: More energy-intensive buildings are being built across Hyderabad, leading to a rise in the use of fossil fuels and increase in current energy systems and bringing down the ability to build new energy generation facilities both in traditional and large scale facilities.

7

http://www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/home/issueswefaceinourcity.html

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 29

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

These major sectors in Hyderabad contribute to the energy consumption.

Out of the total 45 % of the building sector, 25 % is used by domestic sector, 8% by commercial and 8% by industrial sectors, which indicates that commercial sector is energy intensive by three times. The residential sector is not a high contributor compared to the earlier. In household, the consumption is by the use of low and standby computers which consume 500kWh per year per household and consumer electronic devices add up to 31% of CO2 in 2004.

Traditional and vernacular Hyderabad focuses on:

1. Keeping the building temperatures down by natural cooling and ventilation, 2. Daylight advantage in buildings, 3. Solar shading.

Whereas present day Hyderabad, which is influenced by the west, with a clash of climatic conditions focuses on:

1. Energy radiating glazed facades without external shade membranes.

2. Improper use of cross ventilation for floor plans 3. Exposed facades on south and west without use of external shading features.

4. Designing projecting verandahs without considering wind direction.

5. Light weight external building fabric.

6. Low height ceilings with no ventilators.

7. No courtyard which provide cool air and 8. Use of evaporative cooling features

This is because almost all countries in Europe, United States, Singapore and Australia have compulsory building regulations as part of building by-laws for buildings to achieve a certain level of energy efficiency.

All countries have strict minimum standards on fabric performance, infiltration pits on ground and faรงade treatment, both India and Japan have voluntary energy systems which is very well promoted in Japan and not likely in India.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 30

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

6.2 Facts in comparison to the world: 6.2.1 Renewable energy

The voluntary national and state level policies for energy and their implementation is limited in Hyderabad; however a niche of builders incorporate these energy efficient technologies for their new constructions without foreseeing the energy and potential cost savings.

FIGURE 17 PERCENTAGE RENEWABLE ENERGY TO WHOLE: INDIA HAS 2 % AS COMPARED TO SWEDEN (12%) SWITZERLAND (9%) AND AUSTRIA (8.5%) (AUTHORITY, 2008)

6.2.2 Water: Hyderabad, until a few years had ample water resource available with a number of natural and artificial water bodies which could fulfill the water supply and demand for the city. Few rivers Himayatsagar, Osmansagar, Manjira (present water resource) and Singur serve the local water demand.

The present condition and lifestyle of the city will have a deficit of 10% of the total water demand; the predicted deficit is predicted to increase by 15% by 2011 and almost 32.5% by the end of 2021. The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water board is planning to have a new water source from a river which is 250km away from the city which is not a sustainable way for then.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 31

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 18: EXISTING AND PREDICITED WATER DEMAND IN MGD 8 AND SUPPLY GAP (AUTHORITY, 2008)

6.2.3 Pollution:

Below are the graphs which show the world wide comparison with that of Hyderabad, the particulate matter9.

8

Million-Gallons Per Day (MGD): A measure of water flow Particulates also referred to as particulate matter / fine particles, they are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas or liquid.

9

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 32

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 19 PARTICULATE MATTER GRAPH SHOWING THAT HYDERABAD RECORDS 260.

(AUTHORITY, 2008)

FIGURE 20: PARTICULATE MATTER (AUTHORITY, 2008)

FIGURE 21 NOISE POLLUTIONS AT CONSTRUCTION SITES (AUTHORITY, 2008)

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 33

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

6.3 National Policies- A Rational for incorporating Green roofs in GRIHA Rating: The root cause for the fading environmental quality is rapid urbanization. People are exploring sustainable approaches in the present scenario. Anything built solid is the main energy consumer and major contributor to the effects on environment. Newer technologies are in use for a sustainable environment, passive techniques; smart and intelligent faรงade, Green roof and all contribute to the less adverse effects for environment.

Unlike American and European cities, cities in Hyderabad have lesser knowledge about the positive effects of Green roofs. There are different new policies and rating systems which support the Green roof technology to create an understanding amongst people and lead them towards sustainable development.

Sustainable development movement is at the point being global, as there are awareness now in regard to sustainable methods and practices and is crucial for practices and designers.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) are the two rating systems practiced in India, the launch of the IGBC green home had started in May 2008 (IGBC, 2008) while the later was inaugurated on 6 August, 2008 (TERI, 2008)

The main aim of GRIHA for sustainable building practice (Arpita, Mahua, & R, 2009) is to promote the integration of Green roof in the GRIHA building code.

There is only one point given for additional vegetation on at least 50% of roof covering area out of 104 points. This might discourage the designers and house owners as they can look for a cheaper and much better alternative which can gain more points. There is a lot more critical approach in terms of effort and time to achieve these criteria. But the main criterion of GRIHA reveals the potential of Green roofs to earn more points than just one.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 34

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Few of these criterions – 

Reducing landscape water requirement, to reduce the quantity of serviced water used for landscaping. Hence the appropriate choice of plants might mitigate high use of water needed for irrigation. Here, rain water can be of use if saved. Maximum of 1 point of 3 can be scored.



Rain water reuse and recycle; the Green roof acts as a natural filter for any water that happens to run off. This could be used again, scoring a maximum of 3 out of 5 points.



Acceptable indoor and outdoor noise levels; for 12 cm of substrate which can lower the noise levels by 40 decimals, a maximum of 1 point out of 3 can be scored.

Through this it can be learned that Green roof construction and its aspects can fetch up to 1620 points under GRIHA rating system. Additional 4-8 points can be earned in case of an intensive Green roof.

Comparing the present day scenario to the past few years where roofs have been used for relaxation and social activity, it is seen that it is still used for similar activities but in the same time the scarce space is used to solve the storm water drainage problem and reduce energy prices and building heating and cooling.

GRIHA is encouraging communities to have Green roofs as a major component of building and have more points making it a better way of sustainable living.

6.4 Influence of local policies: Local policies from Environmental Building Guidelines for Greater Hyderabad (EGBR) list points for roof treatment to cut heat gains. This policy was amended in early 2008 so that, “All exposed roof shall have maximum U-factor of 0.261 W/m2 oC or the Insulation shall have minimum R-value of 3.5 m2 oC/W. The roof insulation shall not be positioned on a suspended ceiling with removable ceiling panels which is mandatory.

Roofs with slope less than 20 degrees 1. Shall have an initial solar reflectance of no less than 0.70 and an initial emittance no less than 0.75. Solar reflectance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E903-

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 35

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

96 and emittance shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E408-71 (RA 1996) (Voluntary) 2. Shall have 100% shading by use of solar water heating panels, solar photovoltaic panels 3. Shall be covered with Green roof by use of integrated roof garden.� (Razdan, 2008) (TVPL, 2008) (Efficiency, 2009)

There is a significant amount of solar radiation gained by a roof around the year in Hyderabad whose incident solar annually on a horizontal roof is 2170kWh/m2. Hence to provide comfort inside the buildings a proper treatment to the roof levels is given which in turn reduces the cooling loads. Having a thermal insulation on roof tops significantly lowers heat gains by reduced conduction. To reduce the u value of the roof, thermal insulation plays an important role for the roof section.

Technically it is better to have insulation on the hotter side of any surface; therefore rooftop insulation is advised for hot and dry Hyderabad

Roofs which are colored dark gain heat quickly and take longer cooling time for the building under it, but in the case of a reflective roof, it absorbs less heat and reflects the incident radiation, hence it cuts down the air-conditioning costs. Flat roofs can either have high reflective coating which has high emissivity property or have Green roofs where plants can absorb the radiation and keep the room underneath cool.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 36

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 7: Orienting the feasibility issue to Hyderabad: 7.1 Hyderabad’s projected climate change: AOGCM (Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models) have the most advanced knowledge on global climate change projections. Here 22 different AOGCMs were driven by a standard set of global emissions scenarios SRES, (Nakićenović and Swart, 2000). This generated varied results, one for temperature and precipitation change. The region of Hyderabad is found in the intermediate global emission scenario (A1B) for the end of the century.

The points state that: 

There is an increase of about 4oC (more in around January and less around July) in the annual mean temperature.



The frequency of heat waves has a significant increase.



The average rainfall intensity will also increase significantly (observed from the trend from the past 100 years in Hyderabad)

There is a high consistency according to these results which reflect from these statements and within this range, the present knowledge on generating mechanisms of climate, can be viewed as certain under the understood emission scenario. The projected change in annual precipitation in this region of Hyderabad is significantly inhomogeneous. Some models decrease by 15% while some increase moderately by 30%; other models project a predicted value in-between.

Hyderabad here has to significantly adapt to a possible significant change in the annual total precipitation taken from the average projections which increase slightly.

7.2 Hyderabad’s projected climate change by these impacts.

Regardless of this problem‟s obvious importance, systematic assessments for these impacts for Asian megacities is limited and does not exist so far as compared to the cites in the North.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 37

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

By comparing historical events, projected increase in the frequency of extreme events. The impact of the projected rise in rainfall intensity and heat wavesâ€&#x; frequency there are examples from history and they show us that there is an expectation on the impact of climate change on Hyderabad. The last extreme rainfall event in August 2000, had a recorded precipitation value of half the annual rainfall for the last 40 years, destroyed over 77 slum areas in Hyderabad (Oxfam, 2000).

Heat waves killed about 1300 people in Andhra Pradesh- AFP, in June 2003. This expected rise in extreme weather conditions has to be taken into account in new construction, particularly in conjunction with ground water levels and its implications in water quality.

7.3 Hyderabad’s Adaptation measures:

FIGURE 22: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK UNDERLYING PROPOSED ADAPTATION/IMPACT STUDY (MATTHIAS, PIK, 2007)

This is an obvious image which is shown in the investigated system that climate change is interlinked via the adaptation studies and impacts. The projected impacts are mainly dependent on sensitivity of the system which is the cause of the adaptation to climate change.

Both projected climate changes in Hyderabad and other development activities and drivers of changes by the mitigating the climate point towards the sensitivity of the system.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 38

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

7.4 Average Climate conditions of Hyderabad: 7.4.1 Temperatures: Mo

Averag

nth

e Sunlig

Temperature Average Min

Max

ht in

Discomfo

Relative

Average

Wet

Recorded

rt from

Humidity

precipit

Days (

Mi

heat and

AM

ation in

+.25

mm

Mm)

Max

PM

Humidity

n

Hours Jan

10

16

29

8

35

Medium

73

41

8

0.5

Feb

10

18

32

11

37

Medium

64

34

10

1

Mar

9

21

36

16

41

High

54

27

13

1

Apr

9

24

39

16

43

High

53

34

31

2

May

9

27

40

19

44

Extreme

52

35

28

2

Jun

7

24

35

18

44

Extreme

70

55

112

7

Jul

7

23

31

19

37

High

81

65

152

11

Aug

4

23

31

19

36

High

80

68

135

10

Sep

5

22

31

18

36

High

81

70

165

9

Oct

6

21

31

14

36

Medium

72

53

64

4

Nov

9

17

29

8

33

Medium

71

45

28

2

Dec

10

15

28

8

33

Medium

73

41

8

0.4

TABLE 1: BARCHART FOR HYDERABAD SHOWING THE YEARS AVERAGE READINGS IN RAIN, MAXIMUM AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE, AND MINIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURE. (BBC, 2006)

Having Green roofs and solar Photo Voltaic Panels, which absorb the sun‟s heat rather than having it transmitted it below, there is a reduction by almost 4 to 5 degrees Celsius. About 15-20% of the building‟s electricity is provided by the panel.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 39

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan

Sept 2009.

Average Sunlight in hours Precipitation in mm Wet Days (+0.25mm)

0

50

100

150

200

FIGURE 23 FIGURE 24: BAR CHART FOR HYDERABAD SHOWING THE YEARS AVERAGE READINGS IN RAIN, MAXIMUM AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE, AND MINIMUM AVERAGE TEMPERATURE. (BBC, 2006)

FIGURE 25 : THE AVERAGE MEAN TEMPERATURES AGAINST THE RAINFALL FRO HYDERABAD (BBC, 2006)

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 40

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Rainfall in Hyderabad has changed its pattern from the past few years, conserving water is yet another important priority in India, and water can be saved in many different ways, one of which being saving excess runoff water, especially when it comes from the aspects of CII Green building which wastes no water, hence is a zero discharge building.

7.5 Adverse effects of Pollution: Air pollution levels are exponentially rising because of the increase in number of vehicles.

Averages of 600 new vehicles are taking their place on roads everyday making pollution levels go beyond acceptable levels. The numbers of vehicles have increased from 1 million in 2001 to 1.8 million in 2007; recently there has been a vehicle count of 2.7 million alone in Hyderabad. (Search Andhra, 2007) The total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) should be 200 mg per meter cube in air. The average values rise above 230. In fact traffic intense areas like Panjagutta, Paradise Circle, Abids and Charminar (major public and traffic junctions) have a recorded TSPM of 300-400 on average any given day.

In Hyderabad, vehicles alone contribute 50%, dusts on roads contribute 25%, burning refuse and vegetation about 15% and rest of 10% by industries; this is the amount of total air pollution contributed. (Jeevananda, Eenadu, & Hindu, 2007) The intensity of RSPM (respirable suspended particulate matter) is more hazardous than TSPM and is constantly increasing. (Jeevananda, Eenadu, & Hindu, 2007)

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 41

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Chapter 8: Specifications of Green roof or roof garden in Hyderabad:

8.1 Technology and use of Machinery: Not many people use huge power machinery like those in Germany where Speed Maxx can sprinkle almost any material from light weight soil substrate to hard pebble coarse substrate.

This is because the of readily available man power. In recent years human labor is become increasingly expensive, particularly where special workmanship is involved.

8.2 Alternative (Manual labor): Generally speaking, if one landscape contractor has a team of 10 people, 5 men and 5 women, the work is distributed in a way where unskilled women can do the material transfer from a dumpsite in the site to where ever it is needed, while menâ€&#x;s activities involve tree transplantation (2.5-3 meters in height) or laying turf grass or activities involving leveling the ground, or planting, Women also help them in these tasks.

FIGURE 26: LABOUR FIXING A DAMAGED PATCH OF TURF GRASS

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 42

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

8.3 Local Materials: Locally and readily available materials are soil, sand, aggregate, and rubble.

Crushed brick and River run pebbles are either brought from dumping site or from far off places which would obviously expensive but effective and long lasting. It is quality assured and does not comply with any standard. This is only a way of using a better quality because the soil and rocks are different in different parts of Andhra Pradesh; so are the plants.

The Landscape Architect has to be first satisfied by the contractor, only then the material is procured to the site.

8.4 Manipulative Standards: There are a very few practices which follow standards imitated form the United States or Germany apart from the material and customized to the local environment, but in general there are no such standards of building a Green roof.

A contractor has a manipulative strategy on the building costs. He is the role player, the cost effective and standard way to get hold of quality material lies with him, this is with a local knowledge about the building demolishing sites nearby for rubble and building wastes; quarries for Sand, Soil, Slate, Granite, Rock, and other softscape and hardscape requirements.

Even if the plants are working slightly above the estimated budget, the quantity of material wherever to be used can be negotiated. This is manageable but time consuming practice and not preferred by the contractor as the client and the Landscape Architect have ideas which can change and need necessary not be as quoted in the documents.

Throughout the years some small and big Landscape Architectural firms have evolved with a better workable design solution which works fairly similar to all projects on roof tops.

There is more labor involved on a roof as compared to the building a garden on ground, because of the obvious logistics involved.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 43

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 27: IMAGES SHOWING THE CROSS SECTION OF AN EXTENSIVE ROOF TOP AT A HOUSING COMMUNITY

The above pictures show the cross section of the roof, the layers involved the soil type and thickness, waterproofing membrane and gravel thickness.

The localized (site-specific) way of doing this might involve: 

Waterproof membrane:

Mostly Poly flex, which is a trusted product, is a long lasting product unlike Bitumen which was preferred in the past.

This, if brought from a retailer at Rs 236.72 per Sqm. (£3.07 per Sqm.) 

Egg Trays:

A sub contractor is set out for cheap alternative for drainage layer which is egg trays, made of plastic. Available size is 30CmX30CmX2.5Cm, and costs about Rs16 each and 172.16 per Sqm (£.21 per egg tray and £2.23 per Sqm) including installation

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 44

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India. 

Sept 2009.

Shade net:

This is a local and readily available material. This is used in place of a protection membrane which holds soil and coarse aggregate together, so that the excess rainwater just slips off and collected at the pit. Costs from somewhere around Rs35 per Sqm (£0.45 per Sqm) 

Gravel Layer:

Procured from a local Stone quarry and costs Rs 1000 a Cubic meter. (£ 12.97 a Cubic Meter) 

Red Soil and sand:

Procured from local farms or empty fields and costs Rs450 a Cubic meter (£5.84 a Cubic Meter)

FIGURE 28 : CROSS SECTION OF THE GREEN ROOF CONSTRUCTION IN HYDERABAD. INDIA

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 45

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

8.5 Green Roof Construction: 

Firstly treat the roof top with lime paint (white wash) to make sure all the pores are evenly closed and are generally used as a marker to indicate the area needed to be water proofed.



Second layer is a waterproof membrane. It will either be the contractor who gets this done by experienced professional or the supplier getting the material and installing as per his standards. There are chances of time delay because of communication gap between contractor and specification, it can however be solved then and there. The waterproof membrane gives greater security even if the roof is soundly waterproof.

Unlike another layer of a butyl liner which does efficient job, this is a one in all solution.



Thirdly, Egg Trays are installed with fasteners ensuring a firm grip at the roof end.



The Egg trays are then topped up with 20mm gravel or small stones till the brim of the trays which would both keep them in place and act as a drainage layer.



Shade net is a mat which keeps them firm and acting as a filter for the rain water runoff and for the layers above.



An additional 20 mm of gravel is laid with sand mixed together ensuring a proper 30mm of bed.



This is the main part which most practices have a different approach; three parts of red soil with good moisture retaining capacity, one part of sand and one part of manure (vermicompost) and watered until the layer is 200mm in depth after compaction. This layer can be manipulated depending on the plant mix or turf.



Plant mix is then laid on top of these layers. It can either be turf grass or diverse variety of species.



The soil depth is varied on the chosen plant species.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 46

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

In detail the cost is going to be (in Indian Rupees against GBP) Sr.

ITEM

SPECIFATION

1

Water proofing

Acc to speciation

2

Egg Trays

3

UNIT

Indian Rs

GBP

236.72

236.72

£2.96

Closely tied

16.00

16.00

£0.20

Shade Net

Tightly packed

35.00

35.00

£0.44

4

Stone

20 mm stone -2 layers

40.00

40.00

£0.50

5

Sand

To fill to the brim

50.00

50.00

£0.63

6

Soil

To the 3:1:1 mix

56.25

56.25

£0.70

7

Vermi-compost

To the 3:1:1 mix

30.00

30.00

£0.38

8

Lawn

Per Sqm.

200.00

200.00

£2.50

9

Labour

Per day Per person

100.00

100.00

£1.25

£763.97

£9.55

No.

PRICE

Total Per Square Mt.

$ 15.34

TABLE 2: PRICES IN HYDERABAD MARKET IN COMPARISON WITH ENGLISH AND AMERICAN PRICES

FIGURE 29: GREEN ROOF MAT AND ITS PRICES COMPARISON WITH GERMANY, UNITED STATES AND INDIA

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 47

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

Detail Quote for the design and execution.

S.NO

ITEM DESCRIPTION

QUANTITY

RATE IN INR

AMOUNT IN INR

Per Sq Mt

1

WATER PROOFING

100 Sq mt.

240 PER Sq mt.

24,000

240

2

20 MM METAL ( 2 LAYERS OF 20 MM EACH )

4 Cu Mt.

1500 PER Cu Mt.

6,000

60.00

3

SWEET SAND

5 Cu Mt.

6,000

60.00

4

GARDEN SOIL

12.5 Cu Mt.

7,500

75.00

5

VERMICOMPOST

2 Cu Mt.

6,000

60.00

6

FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDES & FUNGICIDES

1 Cu Mt.

5000 PER Cu Mt.

5,000

50.00

7

KOREAN CARPET LAWN

70 Sq mt.

200 PER Sq mt.

14,000

140.00

8

PLANTS

30 Sq mt.

30,000

300.00

9

IRRIGATION

100 Sq mt.

30,000

300.00

10

DRAINAGE

100 Sq mt.

25,000

250.00

11

GARDEN LABOUR

100 Sq mt.

200 PER Sq mt.

20,000

200.00

12

DESIGNING & EXECUTION

100 Sq mt.

300 PER Sq mt.

30,000

300.00

TOTAL in IRS

203,500.00

2,035.00

TOTAL in GBP £

£2,543.75

£25.44

TOTAL in USD $

$4,522.22

$45.22

1200 PER Cu Mt. 600 PER Cu Mt. 3000 PER Cu Mt.

1000 PER Sq mt.

30,000 LUMPSUM 25,000 LUMPSUM

FIGURE 30: DETAIL PRICES IN HYDERABAD MARKET IN COMPARISON WITH ENGLISH AND AMERICAN PRICES

Different prices for different top layers can be varied; plants might top the price a little.

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 48

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

FIGURE 31: PRICE ESTIMATE FROM M/S RAMA PRASAD ASSOCIATES

Harish Vangara

MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 49

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

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FIGURE 32: PERICE QUOTE FROM M/S SHRISTHI CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS

However the use of extensive turf is mostly preferred in large spaces in an average house hold. This is because of the aesthetic value and its maintenance instead of different plants

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 50

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

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Different Plant Species can be used. The most commonly used species are as follows: Acalypha Hispida Acalypha „Holland Red‟ Adenium Asparagus Myers Asparagus Sprengeri Bamboo cane palm – Seafortiiana Elegans Bambusa - Buddha Belly Bamboo Bambusa vulgaris Brassaia Actinophylla Cane Palm –Calamus scipionum Caryota mitis-fishtail palm Chamaedorea elegans Chlorophytum Coadium Croton „Petra‟ Dieffenbachia „Rudolph Roehrs‟ Dracaena „Colorama‟ Dracaena „Mahatma‟ Dracaena „Victoria‟ Eranthemum Tricolor Euphorbia Millii Ficus Benjamina Ficus Blackiana

Harish Vangara

Hurricane palm Ptychosperma macarthurii Hymenocallis littoralis Hyophorbe Lagenicaulis Ixora „Nora Grant‟ Kentiopsis oliviformis Leacoccina „Burgundy‟ Pendanus Pigmiana Philodendron selloum Phoenix Dactyly Ferrous Palm Phoenix roebeleniia Phoenix Sylvestris- Wine palm Pisonia Alba Plumeria Alba Plumeria „Calcutta star‟ Plumeria Rubra Portulaca Ravenea rivularis- Feather Palm Rhoeo Schefflera hicolor Spathiphyllum Spp. Veitchii merrilli – Golden palm Vernicosa Wodyetia bifurcata

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Conclusion:

The reliable way for building economical Green roofs in Hyderabad is interesting, where every designer wants to see what is the best way to make use of the soil in an intensive or an extensive case, the options are from varying soil depths, the manure/aggregate/sand ratio to the type of plants used, everything is mostly based on the experience of the user and their feedback.

Few Landscape Designers and Horticulturists feel that using localized materials from the local neighborhood saves money and time and also since they are natural, they are no harm and the life expectancy can be calculated, unlike the engineered way which is painstakingly expensive and a common man is not literate enough to install them. There are small risks involved with any common man laying such engineered structures of layer. Craftsmanship has not yet been a player in Green roofs hence very few Design firms still survive because of the demand and supply.

However, the usage of heavy building machinery is rapidly increasing, Foreign capital is been invested in large scale production to have the project done in split time, but there is not much of a need in a below average building budget where a constructing a Green roof needs such an advanced equipment.

Few small scale design firms practice the general way of Green roof build and maintenance, there are freelance designers and Architectural Consultants who suggest a different technology Most of the designers feel, there is a definite temperature drop of at least 4 degrees in summer, and the users are happy to spend time on roof tops in any given season, hence calling it Roof gardens because they prefer it that way.

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 53

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

9.0 Figures: Figure 1 The Map of India, showing Andhra Pradesh and Hyderabad. ........................ 8 Figure 2 zonal map of Hyderabad showing ring roads and water bodies ...................... 8 Figure 3 : the cross section Showing the affects of green roof on roof tops. .............. 11 Figure 4 diagram explaining Urban heart Island Effect, (Arizona State, 2002) ........... 13 Figure 5: Sedum MAT SYSTEM (roofs, 2009) ................................................................. 13 Figure 6: substrate based roof MAT (roofs, 2009) ........................................................... 14 Figure 7: green roof/brown Roof for biodiversity (roofs, 2009) ...................................... 14 Figure 8 Different layers of green roofs(Biodiverse roofs, 2008)................................... 15 Figure 9 Green roof bed price comparison between germany and United States. (philippi, 2006) ....................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 10 Green roof bed material costs comparison between germany and United States. (philippi, 2006) .......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 11 Green roof bed costs-to-price comparison between germany and United States. (philippi, 2006) .......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 12 SPeed Maxx used on roof tops in germany. (philippi, 2006) ...................... 22 Figure 13 established single course constuction in germany. (philippi, 2006) ........... 23 Figure 14 The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad .................. 25 Figure 15 Extensive Green roofs cov ering 55% of roof area (CII, Hyderabad) ......... 26 Figure 16 the roof of award winning roof owner, mr. g krishna rao. (Hindu, 2005) .... 28 Figure 17 Percentage renewable energy to WHOLE: india has 2 % as compared to sweden (12%) switzerland (9%) AND Austria (8.5%) (Authority, 2008)....................... 31 Figure 18: Existing and predicited water demand in mgd and supply gap (Authority, 2008) ....................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 19 Particulate matter Graph showing that Hyderabad records 260. (Authority, 2008) ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 20: Particulate matter (Authority, 2008) ................................................................ 33 Figure 21 noise pollutions at construction sites (Authority, 2008) ................................. 33 Figure 22: conceptual framework underlying proposed adaptation/impact study (Matthias, PIK, 2007) ............................................................................................................ 38 Figure 23 Figure 24: Bar chart for Hyderabad showing the years average readings in rain, maximum average daily temperature, and minimum average temperature.

(BBC, 2006)............................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 25 : Average mean temperatures against the rainfall fro Hyderabad (BBC, 2006) ....................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 26: lABOUR FIXING A DAMAGED PATCH OF TURF GRASS ....................... 42 Figure 27: images showing the cross section of an extensive roof top at a housing community .............................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 28 : cross section of the Green roof construction In Hyderabad. India ............ 45 Figure 29: Green roof mat and its prices comparison with germany, United States and India ................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 30: Detail prices in Hyderabad Market in comparison with English and American prices ..................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 31: Price estimate from M/s Rama Prasad Associates ...................................... 49 Figure 32: perice Quote from M/S Shristhi Construction Chemicals ............................ 50

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 54

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

10.0 References: 1. (2006). (bcit.ca, Producer) Retrieved August 23, 2009, from Centre for Architectural Ecology- Collaborations in Green roofs and Living Walls: http://commons.bcit.ca/greenroof/faq.html#3 2. Arpita, S., Mahua, M., & R, S. (2009, June 12). Green roof. Retrieved August 20, 2009, from coa.gov.in: http://www.coa.gov.in/mag/Archi_June09-pdf%20Lowres/3034-Green%20Roof-Arpita-W.pdf 3. Authority, H. M. (2008, August). Environmental Building guidelines. Retrieved August 30, 2009, from Environmental Buildign guidelines for Hyderabad: http://www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/home/issueswefaceinourcity.html 4. BBC. (2006, August). Hyderabad Weather. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from BBC.co.uk: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002250 5. Biodiverse roofs. (2008, September). Retrieved August 24, 2009, from safeguard Europe: http://www.safeguardeurope.com/applications/biodiverse-roofs.php 6. Dunnett, N. (2006, August 10). Nigel Dunnett's research pages. Retrieved August 22, 2009, from Dr. Nigel Dunnett: http://www.nigeldunnett.co.uk/page_1190755664093.html 7. Efficiency, B. o. (2009, July). ECBC- userguide. Retrieved September 19, 2009, from bee-india.nic.in: http://www.bee-india.nic.in/ecbc/ECBC-userguide.pdf 8. Hindu. (2005, July 16). property plus hyderabad. Retrieved September 05, 2009, from hindu.com: http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/16/stories/2005071600310200.htm 9. IGBC. (2008, May). Green building council. Retrieved August 19, 2009, from igbc.in: http://www.igbc.in:9080/site/igbc/gbc.jsp?eventid=180439 10. Kasmin, H., Stovin, V. R., & Hathway, E. A. (2008). Towards a generic rainfallrunoff model for greenroofs. Retrieved August 22, 2009, from the Green roof centre: http://www.thegreenroofcentre.co.uk/pages/RainfallRunoff%20model%20for%20green%20roofs_Kasmin.pdf 11. Nicholaus D. VanWoert, D. B. (2005, may 11). Green roof Stormwater Retention: Effects of Roof Surface, Slope, and Media Depth. Retrieved August 22, 2009, from thegreenroofcentre.co.uk: http://www.epa.gov/region8/greenroof/pdf/green%20roof.pdf 12. philippi, P. M. (2006, May 11). boston paper. Retrieved August 25, 2009, from green roof service: http://www.greenroofservice.com/downpdf/Boston%20Paper.pdf 13. Razdan, A. (2008). Roof treatments to reduce heat gains. Retrieved September 18, 2009, from www.hmda.gov.in: www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/.../images/pdfs/Ene%20Bg%202.pdf 14. roofs, G. (2009, May 29). Green Roof types; extensive includes sedum mats.

Retrieved August 24, 2009, from www.living roofs.org: http://www.livingroofs.org/livingpages/typeextensive.html 15. Search, A. (2007, August). Pollution on the rise in Hyderabad. Retrieved August 19, 2009, from Searchandhra: http://searchandhra.com/articles/pollution-on-the-rise-inhyderabad 16. Sutic, N. (2003, April). http://www.environment.uwaterloo.ca/ers/research/490s/Sutic-GreenRoofs.pdf. Green Roofs , 98.

17. TERI. (2008, August 6). launch of GRIHA. Retrieved September 1, 2009, from Teriin.in: www.teriin.org/events/docs/agenda_griha.pdf

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18. TVPL, T. (2008). Roof treatment to reduce heat gains. Retrieved September 19, 2009 , from hmda.gov.in: www.hmda.gov.in/EBRG/site/.../images/pdfs/Ene%20Bg%202.pdf 19. Various. (2007, August). FBH- Automobile Pollution. Retrieved August 2009, from Hyderabad Greens: http://hyderabadgreens.org/automobile.html 11.0 Bibliography (Other references) 1. Background Books       

Dunnett, Nigel, and Noel Kingsbury. Planting green roofs and living walls. Portland, OR, Timber Press, 2004. 254 p.

Green roofs: ecological design and construction. Earth Pledge. Atglen, PA, Schiffer Pub., c2005. 158 p.

Osmundson, Theodore. Roof gardens: history, design, and construction. New York, W. W. Norton, c1999. 318 p.

Big & green: toward sustainable architecture in the 21st century. Edited by David Gissen. New York, Princeton Press; Washington, National Building Museum, 2003 92 p.

Mendler, Sandra, William Odell, and Mary Ann Lazarus. The HOK guidebook to sustainable design. Hoboken, Wiley, 2006. 464 p.

Sajeva, Maurizio, and Mariangela Costanzo. Succulents II: the new illustrated Dictionary. Portland, OR, Timber Press, 2000. 234 p.

Spiegel, Ross, and Dru Meadows. Green building materials: a guide to product selection and specification. 2nd ed. Hoboken, Wiley & Sons, 2006.322 p.

2. Technical Reports and Government Reports    

King, V. J., and C. Davis. Isolating and managing urban heat islands effect for Selected South-eastern cities. Orangeburg, SC, South Carolina State University Transportation Center. May 2004. 86 p. http://www.utc.scsu.edu/Research/Reports/2002/heat_island.htm Vegetated roof cover: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Washington, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Oct. 2000. 3 p. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS50931

3. FLL Guidelines

 

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) The LEED Green Building Rating System creates national standards for sustainable buildings, which are available through the U.S. Green Building Council http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CategoryID=19 Low Impact Development (LID) Urban Design Tools LID technology is an alternative comprehensive approach to storm water management.18 http://www.lidstormwater.net/

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The University of Sheffield 56

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4. Helpful Journal Articles:         

Calkins, M. Strategy, use and challenges of ecological design in landscape architecture. Landscape and urban planning, v. 73, Aug. 15, 2005: 29-48.

Curtis, Doug. It‟s alive! Sustainability news, spring 2005: 7-8. http://www.nature.nps.gov/sustainabilityNews/ Eisenmen, Theodore. Chicago‟s green crown. Landscape architecture, v. 94, Nov. 2004: 106-113.

Lubbell, Sam. Big and green: one of the tallest buildings in Manhattan will also be eco-friendly. Architectural record, v. 192, Aug. 2004: 30.

Meadows, Dru. ASTM International and Sustainable Development keeping pace with a new global market. ASTM standardization news, v. 32, Apr. 2004: 30-33.

Sherman, Rhonda. Compost plays key role in green roof mixes. BioCycle, v. 46, Mar. 2005: 29-33.

Shufro, Cathy. Living roofs. E: the environmental magazine, v. 16, July/Aug. 2005: 18- 21.

Theodosiou, Theodore G. Summer period analysis of a planted roof as a passive cooling technique. Energy & buildings, v. 35, Oct. 2003: 909-917.

VanWoert, Nicholaus D., and others. Watering regime and green roof substrate design affect sedum plant growth. HortScience, v. 40, June 2005: 659-674.

5. Additional Materials: 

   





Boxwood of Seattle, and Roofscapes Inc. Vegetated roof design specification example. Appendix 9. In Low impact development technical guidance manual for Puget Sound. Olympia, WA, Puget Sound Action Team; Washington State University Pierce County Extension, 2005. p. 225-229.

Frazer, Lance. Paving paradise: the peril of impervious surfaces.

Environmental health perspectives, v. 113, July 2005: A456-462. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYP/is_7_113/ai_n14924799 Green roof feasibility review, King County office project. Seattle, Palladino & Co., Inc., 2004. 10 p.

Impervious surface reduction: green rooftops. In Minnesota urban small sites best practice management manual. St. Paul, MN, Metropolitan Council, 2003. p.3.29-3.34. http://www.metrocouncil.org/environment/Watershed/BMP/CH3_RPPImpGreenRoof .pdf Kuhn, Monica, and Steven Peck. Design guidelines for green roofs. Ontario, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and the Ontario Association of Architects, 2003.

22http://www.cmhc.ca/en/inpr/bude/himu/coedar/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/securi ty/getfile.cfm&PageID=70146 Multnomah County green roof project. In Stormwater demonstration project reports. Portland, OR, Portland Bureau of Environmental services, December 2004. 7p. http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=78291 Use of vegetated roof covers in runoff management. Philadelphia, Roofscapes, 2002. http://www.roofscapes.com/PDF/Runoff_Management.pdf

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The University of Sheffield 57

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6. Online Resources on green roofs:      

Boston City Hall Green Roof Project http://www.cityofboston.gov/bra/press/PressDisplay.asp?pressID=285 Chicago City Hall Green Roof http://www.asla.org/meetings/awards/awds02/chicagocityhall.html Chicago Green Roofs Search for Green Roofs to view a matrix of related sites from the city of Chicago. http://egov.cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/home.do City Hall Greenroof, City of Atlanta Online The first city-owned green roof in the Southeast. http://www.atlantaga.gov/mayor/energyconservationgreenroof.aspx Green Roof, Cleveland Environmental Center Description and pictures of the Cleveland Environmental Center project. http://www.clevelandgbc.org/cec/components_roof_greenroof.html Green Roof, Falls Church, VA Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation project at a condominium site. http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/sw/docs/greenroofffx.pdf

7. Green Roof Examples 

From the U.S. General Services Administration, examples of green roofs on Government buildings. http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=8195&channe lId=-16607

8. Green Roof Feasibility Review         

Prepared by Palladino & Co. for the King County Office Project, King County, Washington.http://www.metrokc.gov/dnrp/swd/greenbuilding/documents/KCGreenR oofStudy_Final.pdf Green Roof Project, Albemarle County, Virginia Pictures and a brief description of the project, completed in July 2005. http://www.albemarle.org/department.asp?department=planning&relpage=689 Green Roof Projects for City Buildings, City of Alexandria, Virginia Description of green roof projects for several city buildings. http://alexandriava.gov/fyi_alexandria/apr_05/fyi_alexandria5.html Heat Island Effect: Green Roofs Basics on green roofs, with some illustrations and examples, from the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/heatisland/strategies/greenroofs.html Heat Island Group-The Heat Island Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory conducts research on the summer warming trends occurring in urban areas, the socalled „heat island‟ effect. http://eetd.lbl.gov/HeatIsland/graphic.html Pentagon Renovation and Construction:Includes several green roofs. http://renovation.pentagon.mil/pac/sustainable.htm Portland Bureau of Environmental Services: EcoRoof information and tours. http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=34663 Stormwater Management and Green Roof Technology From the Maryland Dept. of the Environment. http://www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Green%20Roof.pdf Vegetated Roof Design Specification Example Point Defiance Zoo, Tacoma, WA, from the Puget Sound Action Team,Washington. http://www.psat.wa.gov

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 58

Economic Feasibility of Green Roof construction in Hyderabad, India.

Sept 2009.

9. Organizations, Associations and Research Centres             

American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) Green Roof Project http://www.asla.org/land/050205/greenroofcentral.html Casey Trees Endowment: Green Roof Initiative Works to preserve Washington, DC‟s green infrastructure. http://www.caseytrees.org/programs/greeninitiatives.html Center for Green Roof Research at Penn State University Information on research, news, industry, and many links. http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/ Earth Pledge Initiative: EPF Green Roofs Supports vegetated rooftops in urban areas to prevent stormwater runoff pollution, lower urban temperatures, and improve air quality. http://www.earthpledge.org/GreenRoof.html Green Roof Research Program at Michigan State University Descriptions and photographs of several projects. http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/ Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Non-profit industry association site. http://www.greenroofs.org International Green Roof Association International network about green roof technology and public relations. http://www.igra-world.com/intro.html The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Research on using native drought tolerant plant species in extensive greenroofs. http://www.wildflower.org/?nd=green_roof U.S. Green Building Council A coalition from across the building industry. http://www.usgbc.org/ Earth and Sky: Green Roofs Transcript of interview with green roof experts, and links to Web sites. http://www.earthsky.org/earthcare/shows.php?s=o GreenRoofs.com Greenroof industry portal for resources and information. http://www.greenroofs.com/ Livingroofs.org Independent U.K. site promotes green roofs and provides information and advice. http://livingroofs.org Whole Building Design Guide a web-based portal providing government and Industry practitioners with information from a whole buildings‟ perspective. http://www.wbdg.org/

10. Literature Cited       

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Bass, B. and B. Baskaran, 2003: Evaluating Rooftop and Vertical Gardens as an Adaption Strategy for Urban Areas: Impacts and Evaluations Progress Report. April 1, 1999 – March 3, 2001.

Luvall, J.C., and H. R. Holbo, 1989: Measurements of short-term thermal responses of coniferous forest canopies using thermal scanner data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 27:1-10.

Oke, T.R., 1976: The distinction between canopy and boundary layer urban heat islands. Atmosphere, 14: 268-277.

Nakamura, Y. and T. R. Oke, 1988: "Wind, temperature and stability conditions in an E-W oriented urban canyon," Atmospheric Environment, 22:2691-2700.

Hoyano, A., 1988: Climatological uses of plants for solar control and the effects on the thermal environment of a building. Energy Buildings, 11:181-199.

Wilmers, F., 1988: Green for amelioration of urban climate. Energy and Buildings, 11:288-299.

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The University of Sheffield 59

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Alkemade R, Bakkenes M, Bobbink R, Miles L, Nelleman C, Simons H and Tekelenburg T (2006) GLOBIO3: Framework for the assessment of global terrestrial biodiversity. In MNP, Van Klimaatdoel Naar Emissiereductie. Publication # 5001 14001, Bilthoven: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency Brenneisen S (2003) Biodiversity on European green roofs. First Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference, Awards and Trade Show, Chicago, IL. Toronto, ON: Green Roofs for Healthy Cities.

Clark MR and MacArthur s (2007) Green Roof Soil Arthropod Functional Diversity, Does it exist? Fifth Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Cities, Minneapolis.

Toronto, ON: Green Roofs for Healthy Cities.

Coffman R (2007) Comparing wildlife habitat and biodiversity across green roof type, Fifth Annual Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities Conference, Awards and Trade Show, Minneapolis, MN. Toronto, ON: Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Kadas G (2002) Study of Invertebrates on Green Roofs – How Green Roof Design can Maximize Biodiversity in an Urban Environment, Masters Thesis, Department of Geography, University College, London. Page 76.

Kadas G (2006) Rare Invertebrates Colonizing Green Roofs in London Journal of Urban Habitats 4: 66-86. MNP (2008) The Netherlands in a Sustainable World, Bilthoven: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), 146 pp. Sala OE, Chapin III FS, Armesto JJ, Berlow E, Bloomfield J, Irzo R, Huber-Samwald E, Huenneke KLF, Jackson RB, Kinzia A, Leemans R, Lodge DM, Mooney HA, Oesterheld M Poff NL, Sykes MT, Wlaker BH, Walker M and Wall DH (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100, Science 287: 1770-1774.

Scholes RG and Biggs R (2005) A biodiversity intactness index, Nature 434: 45-49.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, (2006) Evaluation of an Extensive Green Roof, York University, Toronto, Ontario. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, www.sustainabletechnologies.ca Acks, K. (2003), "A framework for cost-benefit analysis of green roofs: initial estimates," pers.comm..

Adams B.J. and Fabian P. (2000) Urban stormwater management planning with analytical probabilistic models, John Wiley Sons Inc. Akbari, H., (2002) Heat island reduction: an overview – effects of trees and implementation issues. Presentation by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvannia, LAPR 760, November 13th, 2002.

Akbari, H. (2003). Measured energy savings from the application of reflective roofs in two small nonresidential buildings. Energy. Vol 28. Issue 9, 953-967.

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Akbari, H., Kurn, D.M., Bretz, S.E., Hanford, J.W., (1997). Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees. Energy and Buildings, 25, 139 – 148.

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The University of Sheffield 60

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Cline, W. R. (1992), The Economics of Global Warming, Institute for International Economics,Washington, DC. Chandler, T.J. 1976. Urban Climatology and relevance to Urban Design. Technical Note No. 149. World Meteorological Organization, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.

Cheney, C., 2005, Green Roofs: Ecological Design and Construction. Earth Pledge Foundation. Lancaster: Schiffer Publishing.

Currie, Beth Anne, (2005), Air Pollution Mitigation with Green Roofs Using the UFORE Model, Unpublished MASc Thesis, Ryerson University, Toronto.

Currie, B.A., (2005). Urbanspace PROPERTY Group, Environment, Health and Safety Coordinator. Pers comm.

Cohnstaedt, J., Shields, J., & MacDonald, M., (2003). New workplace commons, a study of innovative support for cultural and social enterprises in both the not-forprofit and for-profit sectors (401Richmond). Commissioned by Canadian Heritage; City of Toronto, Culture Division; and Ministry of Culture. (unpublished) Crackowski, J.M., Nasar, J.L. (2003). The restorative effects of roadside vegetationimplications for automobile driver anger and frustration. Environment and Behaviour, 35, 736-751.

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The University of Sheffield 61

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 62

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 63

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MA Landscape Architecture,

The University of Sheffield 64

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The University of Sheffield 65